4664:
concesión, de procurar e ynduçir y traer los pueblos dellas y los convertir a la nuestra Santa Fe Católica y enviar a las dichas islas y Tierra Firme prelados, religiosos y clérigos y otras personas doctas y temerosas de Dios para instruir a los vecinos y moradores della en la Fe Católica, y los enseñar y dotar de buenas costunbres y poner en ellos la diligencia debida, según más largamente en las letras de la dicha concesión se contiene; por ende, suplico al Rey, mi señor, muy afectuosamente y encargo y mando, a la dicha
Princesa, mi hija, y al dicho Príncipe, su marido, que así lo hagan y cunplan y que esto sea su principal fin; y que en ello pongan mucha diligencia y no consientan ni den lugar que los indios vecinos y moradores de las dichas Yndias y Tierra Firme, ganadas y por ganar, reciban agravio alguno en sus personas ni bienes, mas manden que sean bien y justamente tratados; y si algun agravio an recebido, lo remedien y provean, por manera que no escedan cosa alguna lo que por las letras apostólicas de la dicha concesión nos es injungido y mandado."
1379:
1024:
during Henry's reign. To make money, Henry had sold off royal estates at prices well below their value. The Cortes of Toledo of 1480 came to the conclusion that the only hope of lasting financial reform lay in a resumption of these alienated lands and rents. This decision was warmly approved by many leading nobles of the court, but
Isabella was reluctant to take such drastic measures. It was decided that the Archbishop of Toledo would hold an enquiry into the tenure of estates and rents acquired during Henry IV's reign. Those that had not been granted as a reward for services were to be restored without compensation, while those that had been sold at a price far below their real value were to be bought back at the same sum. While many of the nobility were forced to pay large sums of money for their estates, the royal treasury became even richer. Isabella's one stipulation was that there would be no revocation of gifts made to churches, hospitals, or the poor.
2028:
1918:
1960:
1078:
justice that
Castile had not seen before. The Council of State was reformed and presided over by the king and queen. This department of public affairs dealt mainly with foreign negotiations, hearing embassies, and transacting business with the Court of Rome. In addition to these departments, there was also a Supreme Court of the Santa Hermandad, a Council of Finance, and a Council for settling purely Aragonese matters. Although Isabella made many reforms that seem to have made the Cortes stronger, in actuality the Cortes lost political power during the reigns of Isabella and Ferdinand. Isabella and her husband moved in the direction of a non-parliamentary government and the Cortes became an almost passive advisory body, giving automatic assent to legislation which had been drafted by the royal administration.
1605:. Other descriptions, however, describe her hair as golden (blonde), and period illuminations show her several times with golden or strawberry-blond hair. Some portraits show her as a brunette. This is due to the fact that many old portraits from the 15th and 16th centuries are victims of a phenomenon that causes hair pigments to go dark brown. However, the statue of her in Granada Cathedral, by Burgundian sculptor Philippe de Vigarny (born in Langres, in what is now France), also shows her as a dark-haired brunette. Her daughters Joanna and Catherine were thought to resemble her the most in looks - both are similarly described in contemporary sources as having auburn hair, but surviving paintings often show them as brunettes due to the same pigmentation problem.
1946:
1932:
1057:. The council, under the monarch, had full power to resolve all legal and political disputes. The council was responsible for supervising all senior administrative officials, such as the Crown representatives in all of the major towns. It was also the supreme judicial tribunal of the kingdom. In 1480, during the Cortes of Toledo, Isabella made many reforms to the Royal Council. Previously there had been two distinct yet overlapping categories of royal councillor. One formed a group which possessed both judicial and administrative responsibilities. This portion consisted of some bishops, some nobles, and an increasingly important element of professional administrators with legal training known as
1972:
1192:
768:
1689:
6903:
6991:
9244:
368:
8007:
652:, John's elder son. Charles was constantly at odds with his father, and because of this, he secretly entered into an alliance with Henry IV of Castile. A major part of the alliance was that a marriage was to be arranged between Charles and Isabella. When John II learned of this arranged marriage, he was outraged. Isabella had been intended for his favorite younger son, Ferdinand, and in his eyes, this alliance was still valid. John II had his son Charles thrown in prison on charges of plotting against his father's life. Charles died in 1461.
7312:
810:
9398:
69:
9422:
1061:. The second category of traditional councillor had a less formal role. This role depended greatly on the individuals' political influence and personal influence with the monarch. During Isabella's reign, the role of this second category was completely eliminated. As mentioned previously, Isabella had little care for personal bribes or favors. Because of this, this second type of councillor, usually of the nobility, was only allowed to attend the council of Castile as an observer.
2050:
7647:
1586:
1099:
950:
3401:"... And being the battles of both sides ordered that way and prepared to attack by nearly sunshine, the King ordered the prince to attack the enemy with his and God's blessing, which he obeyed (...). (...) and after the sound of the trumpets and screaming all for S. George invested so bravely the enemy battles, and in spite of their enormous size, they could not stand the hard fight and were rapidly beaten and put on the run with great losses."
1991:
9410:
625:
911:) plus a large war compensation: 106.676 dobles of gold. The Catholic Monarchs also had to accept that Joanna la Beltraneja remain in Portugal instead of Spain and to pardon all rebellious subjects who had supported Joanna and King Afonso. And the Catholic Monarchs – who had proclaimed themselves rulers of Portugal and donated lands to noblemen inside this country – had to give up the Portuguese crown.
9434:
696:
1037:
center of the
Castilian government had been the royal household, together with its surrounding court. The household was traditionally divided into two overlapping bodies. The first body was made up of household officials, mainly people of the nobility, who carried out governmental and political functions for which they received special payment. The second body was made up of some 200 permanent servants or
711:. In Henry's eyes, this alliance would cement the friendship of Castile and France as well as remove Isabella from Castilian affairs. However, Isabella once again refused the proposal. Meanwhile, John II of Aragon negotiated in secret with Isabella a wedding to his son Ferdinand. After her marriage to Ferdinand, several anonymous journal entries claim the queen was unfaithful and plotted against the king.
1046:
592:, he died at the age of fourteen in July 1468. The nobles who had supported him suspected poisoning. As she had been named in her brother's will as his successor, the nobles asked Isabella to take his place as champion of the rebellion. However, support for the rebels had begun to wane, and Isabella preferred a negotiated settlement to continuing the war. She met with her elder half-brother Henry at
3536:"And being the two enemy battles face to face, the Castilian battle was deeply agitated and showing clear signs of defeat if attacked as it was without King and dubious of the outcome.(...) And without discipline and with great disorder they went to Zamora. So being the Prince alone on the field without suffering defeat but inflicting it on the adversary he became heir and master of his own victory"
1015:. This turbulent province had been the prey of tyrant nobles since the days of Isabella's father, John II. Robbers had infested the highways and oppressed the smaller towns and villages. The officials Isabella charged set off with the Herculean task of restoring peace for the province and were ultimately successful. Indeed, they drove over 1,500 robbers from Galicia.
9386:
4013:, book XXXII, chapter III: in 1478 a Portuguese fleet intercepted the armada of 25 navies sent by Ferdinand to conquer Gran Canary – capturing 5 of its navies plus 200 Castilians – and forced it to fled hastily and definitively from Canary waters. This victory allowed Prince John to use the Canary Islands as an "exchange coin" in the peace treaty of Alcáçovas.
1074:, and eight or nine lawyers would serve on the council at a time. While the nobles were no longer directly involved in the matters of state, they were welcome to attend the meetings. Isabella hoped that forcing the nobility to choose whether to participate or not would weed out those who were not dedicated to the state and its cause.
1659:
justice to cash, very prudently refused them; and although she could have confiscated all his goods, which were many, she did not take any of them to avoid any note of greed, or that it be thought that she had not wished to pardon him in order to have his goods; instead, she gave them all to the children of the aforesaid knight."
3813:
1028:
reign, Isabella established a monopoly over the royal mints and fixed a legal standard to which the coinage had to approximate. By shutting down many of the mints and taking royal control over the production of money, Isabella restored the confidence of the public in the Crown's ability to handle the kingdom's finances.
919:. Spanish academic Antonio Rumeu de Armas claims that with the peace treaty of Alcáçovas in 1479, the Catholic Monarchs "... buy the peace at an excessively expensive price ..." and historian Mª Monserrat León Guerrero added that they "... find themselves forced to abandon their expansion by the Atlantic ...".
675:. In return, Don Pedro would pay into the royal treasury an enormous sum of money. Seeing no alternative, Henry agreed to the marriage. Isabella was aghast and prayed to God that the marriage would not come to pass. Her prayers were answered when Don Pedro suddenly fell ill and died while on his way to meet his fiancée.
3272:"...For those who ignore the background of these circumstances it will certainly seem strange that while the Catholic Monarchs raised a temple in Toledo in honour of the victory that God granted them on that occasion, the same fact was festively celebrated with solemn processions on its anniversary in Portugal"
597:
of what the nobles desired, though they did not go so far as to officially depose King Henry; they were not powerful enough to do so, and
Isabella did not want to jeopardize the principle of fair inherited succession, since it was upon this idea that she had based her argument for legitimacy as heir-presumptive.
3728:"That is the battle of Toro. The Portuguese army had not been exactly defeated, however, the sensation was that D. Juana's cause had completely sunk. It made sense that for the Castilians Toro was considered as the divine retribution, the compensation desired by God to compensate the terrible disaster of
1824:
In 1970, that
Commission determined that "A Canonical process for the canonization of Isabella the Catholic could be undertaken with a sense of security since there was not found one single act, public or private, of Queen Isabella that was not inspired by Christian and evangelical criteria; moreover
1041:
who performed a wide range of confidential functions on behalf of the rulers. By the 1470s, when
Isabella began to take a firm grip on the royal administration, the senior offices of the royal household were simply honorary titles and held strictly by the nobility. The positions of a more secretarial
1023:
From the very beginning of her reign, Isabella fully grasped the importance of restoring the Crown's finances. The reign of Henry IV had left the
Kingdom of Castile in great debt. Upon examination, it was found that the chief cause of the nation's poverty was the wholesale alienation of royal estates
986:
had been used to describe groups of men who came together of their own accord to regulate law and order by patrolling the roads and countryside and punishing malefactors. These brotherhoods had usually been suppressed by the monarch, however. Furthermore, before 1476, the justice system in most parts
848:
Both armies faced each other at the camps of Toro resulting in an indecisive battle. But while the
Portuguese King reorganized his troops, Ferdinand sent news to all the cities of Castile and to several foreign kingdoms informing them about a huge victory where the Portuguese were crushed. Faced with
549:
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page 5 line 20, section "ITEM por cuanto al tiempo que nos fueron concedidas por la Santa Sede Apostólica las yslas y Tierra Firme del Mar Oçéano descubiertas y por descubrir, nuestra principal intención fue al tiempo que lo suplicamos al papa sexto
Alejandro, de buena memoria, que nos hizo la dicha
1658:
for the war against the Moors to the court so that these monies spare his life. This matter was discussed with the queen, and there were some who told her to pardon him, since these funds for the war were better than the death of that man, and her highness should take them. But the queen, preferring
1286:
After an episode in which Columbus captured 1,200 men, Isabella ordered their return and the arrest of Columbus, who was insulted in the streets of Granada. Isabella realized that she could not trust all the conquest and evangelization to take place through one man, so she opened the range for other
1251:, written by Elio Antonio de Nebrija, the father of Spanish grammar. This grammar was intended to spread the Spanish language across the newly discovered lands, aligning with Spain's imperial ambitions, as Nebrija himself declared it would teach the language to the inhabitants of these territories.
914:
At Alcáçovas, Isabella and Ferdinand had secured the throne, but the Portuguese exclusive right of navigation and commerce in all of the Atlantic Ocean south of the Canary Islands meant that Spain was practically blocked out of the Atlantic and was deprived of the gold of Guinea, which induced anger
3620:
was inconclusive, but Isabella and Ferdinand made it fly with wings of victory. (...) Actually, since this battle transformed in victory; since 1 March 1476, Isabella and Ferdinand started to rule in the Spain's throne. (...) The inconclusive wings of the battle became the secure and powerful wings
1357:
for the expulsion of the Jews was issued. The Jews had until the end of July (four months) to leave the country and they were not to take with them gold, silver, money, arms, or horses. Traditionally, it had been claimed that as many as 200,000 Jews left Spain, but recent historians have shown that
1027:
Another issue of money was the overproduction of coinage and the abundance of mints in the kingdom. During Henry's reign, the number of mints regularly producing money had increased from just five to 150. Much of the coinage produced in these mints was nearly worthless. During the first year of her
966:
When Isabella came to the throne in 1474, Castile was in a state of despair due to her brother Henry's reign. It was known that Henry IV was a big spender and did little to enforce the laws of his kingdom. It was even said by one Castilian denizen of the time that murder, rape, and robbery happened
678:
When Henry had recognized Isabella as his heir-presumptive on 19 September 1468, he had also promised that his half-sister should not be compelled to marry against her will, while she in return had agreed to obtain his consent. It seemed that the years of failed attempts at political marriages were
596:
and they reached a compromise: the war would stop, King Henry would name Isabella his heir presumptive instead of his daughter Joanna, and Isabella would not marry without her half-brother's consent, but he would not be able to force her to marry against her will. Isabella's side came out with most
3243:"...The battle was fierce and uncertain, and because of that both sides attributed themselves the victory. John, the son of Afonso of Portugal, sent letters to the Portuguese cities declaring victory. And Ferdinand of Aragon did the same. Both wanted to take advantage of the victory's propaganda."
2057:
The $ 4 stamp is the only stamp of that denomination ever issued and one which collectors prize not only for its rarity (only 30,000 were printed) but its beauty, an exquisite carmine with some copies having a crimson hue. Mint specimens of this commemorative have been sold for more than $ 20,000.
1214:
on 12 October. He returned the next year and presented his findings to the monarchs, bringing natives and gold under a hero's welcome. Although Columbus was sponsored by the Castilian queen, treasury accounts show no royal payments to him until 1493, after his first voyage was complete. Spain then
981:
Isabella's first major reform came during the cortes of Madrigal in 1476 in the form of a police force, La Santa Hermandad (the Holy Brotherhood). Although 1476 was not the first time that Castile had seen the Hermandad, it was the first time that the police force was used by the crown. During the
687:, but this alliance was never seriously considered. Once again in 1468, a marriage proposal arrived from Afonso V of Portugal. Going against his promises made in September 1468, Henry tried to make the marriage a reality. If Isabella married Afonso, Henry's daughter Joanna would marry Afonso's son
1182:
and made him one of the two commissioners for the negotiations. Under her patronage, De Córdoba went on to an extraordinary military career that revolutionized the organization and tactics of the emerging Spanish military, changing the nature of warfare and altering the European balance of power.
863:
In August of the same year, Isabella proved her abilities as a powerful ruler on her own. A rebellion broke out in Segovia, and Isabella rode out to suppress it, as her husband Ferdinand was off fighting at the time. Going against the advice of her male advisors, Isabella rode by herself into the
572:
entertained themselves with art, embroidery, and music. She lived a relaxed lifestyle, but she rarely left Segovia since King Henry forbade this. Her half-brother was keeping her from the political turmoil going on in the kingdom, though Isabella had full knowledge of what was going on and of her
1036:
Both Isabella and Ferdinand established very few new governmental and administrative institutions in their respective kingdoms. Especially in Castile, their main achievement was to use more effectively the institutions that had existed during the reigns of John II and Henry IV. Historically, the
938:
in 1494. As the orders received by Columbus in his first voyage (1492) show: " have always in mind that the limits signed in the share of Alcáçovas should not be overcome, and thus they insist with Columbus to sail along the parallel of Canary." Thus, by sponsoring the Columbian adventure to the
3874:
sent an order to drown any Castilian crew captured in Guinea waters. Even the Castilian navies which left Guinea before the signature of the peace treaty had to pay the tax ("quinto") to the Portuguese crown when they returned to Castile after the peace treaty. Isabella had to ask permission of
1077:
Isabella also saw the need to provide a personal relationship between herself as the monarch and her subjects. Therefore, Isabella and Ferdinand set aside a time every Friday during which they themselves would sit and allow people to come to them with complaints. This was a new form of personal
529:
These were times of turmoil for Isabella. The living conditions at their castle in Arévalo were poor, and they suffered from a shortage of money. Although her father arranged in his will for his children to be financially well taken care of, King Henry did not comply with their father's wishes,
3571:
Wing, in front of the Asturians and Galician, the reinforcement army of the Prince heir of Portugal, well provided with artillery, could leave the battlefield with its head high. The battle resulted this way, inconclusive. But its global result stays after that decided by the withdrawal of the
1042:
nature were often held by senior churchmen. Substantial revenues were attached to such offices and were therefore enjoyed greatly, on an effectively hereditary basis, by the great Castilian houses of nobility. While the nobles held the titles, individuals of lesser breeding did the real work.
580:, noblemen confronted King Henry and demanded that the king's younger half-brother Alfonso be named his successor. They even went so far as to ask Alfonso to seize the throne. The nobles, now in control of Alfonso and claiming that he was the true heir, clashed with King Henry's forces at the
967:
without punishment. Because of this, Isabella needed desperately to find a way to reform her kingdom. Due to the measures she imposed, historians during her lifetime saw her to be more inclined to justice than to mercy, and indeed far more rigorous and unforgiving than her husband Ferdinand.
2014:
Within Europe, Isabella and her husband somewhat more notorious for completing the Reconquista, driving out the most significant Muslim influence in Western Europe and firmly establishing Spain and the Iberian peninsula as staunchly Catholic. Her reign also saw the dawn of the infamous
521:
was born two years later on 17 November 1453, demoting her position to third in line. When her father died in 1454, her half-brother ascended to the throne as King Henry IV. Isabella and her brother Alfonso were left in King Henry's care. Isabella, her mother, and Alfonso then moved to
3962:
1271:, and could not be enslaved in most situations. She was annoyed by the enslavement of the natives by Columbus, and established a royal position on how the indigenous shall be treated. There were some circumstances in which a person could be enslaved, including being a
3910:
1529:, she undoubtedly benefited from living in the climate of tolerance and advancement for women that Isabel I actively cultivated in her court, and which disappeared after her death. Under the protection of Queen Isabel I, Luisa de Medrano learned history, culture and
1170:
in 1489. The siege of Granada began in the spring of 1491 and Muhammad XII finally surrendered at the end of the year. On 2 January 1492, Isabella and Ferdinand entered Granada to receive the keys of the city and the principal mosque was consecrated as a church. The
3752:"...San Juan de los Reyes resulted from the royal will to build a monastery to commemorate the victory in a battle with an uncertain outcome but decisive, the one fought in Toro in 1476, which consolidated the union of the two most important Peninsular Kingdoms."
530:
either from a desire to keep his half-siblings restricted or from ineptitude. Even though her living conditions were difficult, Isabella was instructed in lessons of practical piety and in a deep reverence for religion under the supervision of her mother.
731:(who had actually died in 1464), authorizing Ferdinand to marry within the third degree of consanguinity, making their marriage legal. Afraid of opposition, Isabella eloped from the court of Henry with the excuse of visiting her brother Alfonso's tomb in
4057:, 2000, p. 98. In 1476 Ceuta was simultaneously besieged by the moors and a Castilian army led by the Duke of Medina Sidónia. The Castilians conquered the city from the Portuguese who took refuge in the inner fortress, but a Portuguese fleet arrived
1425:
and in later years were consumed with administration and politics; they were concerned with the succession and worked to link the Spanish crown to the other rulers in Europe. By early 1497, all the pieces seemed to be in place: The son and heir
887:(4 September 1479) reflected that result: Portugal gave up the throne of Castile in favor of Isabella in exchange for a very favorable share of the Atlantic territories disputed with Castile (they all went to Portugal with the exception of the
2046:, also in celebration of Columbus. She appears in the 'Columbus soliciting aid of Isabella', 5-cent issue, and on the Spanish court scene replicated on the 15-cent Columbian, and on the $ 4 issue, in full portrait, side by side with Columbus.
1085:, to undertake the task of clearing away legal rubbish and compiling what remained into a comprehensive code. Within four years the work stood completed in eight bulky volumes and the Ordenanzas Reales took their place on legal bookshelves.
648:, were left to his brother John II. John now had a stronger position than ever before and no longer needed the security of Henry's friendship. Henry was now in need of a new alliance. He saw the chance for this much-needed new friendship in
621:). At that time, the two kings, Henry and John, were eager to show their mutual love and confidence and they believed that this alliance would make their eternal friendship obvious to the world. This arrangement, however, did not last long.
1641:: "She was very inclined to justice, so much so that she was reputed to follow more the path of rigor than that of mercy, and did so to remedy the great corruption of crimes that she found in the kingdom when she succeeded to the throne."
1142:. While Isabella's and Ferdinand's involvement in the war was apparent from the start, Granada's leadership was divided and never able to present a united front. It still took ten years to conquer Granada, however, culminating in 1492.
1398:, of whose behavior and involvement in matters Isabella did not approve. Along with the physical unification of Spain, Isabella and Ferdinand embarked on a process of spiritual unification, trying to bring the country under one faith (
5638:
3956:
3868:), pp. 91–94. This was a decisive battle because after it, in spite of the Catholic Monarchs' attempts, they were unable to send new fleets to Guinea, Canary or to any part of the Portuguese empire until the end of the war. The
3371:"...promptly, those 6 Castilian captains, which we already told were at the right side of the royal battle, and were invested by the prince of Portugal and the bishop of Évora, turned their backs and put themselves on the run."
662:
A civil war broke out in Castile over King Henry's inability to act as sovereign. Henry now needed a quick way to please the rebels of the kingdom. As part of an agreement to restore peace, Isabella was then to be betrothed to
939:
west, the Spanish monarchs were trying the only remaining path of expansion. Now that she had succeeded in securing her place on the Castilian throne, she could begin to institute the reforms that she planned for the kingdom.
1145:
The Spanish monarchs recruited soldiers from many European countries and improved their artillery with the latest and best cannon. Systematically, they proceeded to take the kingdom piece by piece. In 1485 they laid siege to
3297:
1635:: She was "very powerful, very prudent, wise, very honest, chaste, devout, discreet, truthful, clear, without deceit. Who could count the excellences of this very Catholic and happy Queen, always very worthy of praises."
4621:
1353:, the Catholic Monarchs pursued a policy of religious and national unity. Though Isabella opposed taking harsh measures against Jews on economic grounds, Torquemada was able to convince Ferdinand. On 31 March 1492, the
5241:"Katherine [Catalina, Catherine, Katherine of Aragon] (1485–1536), queen of England, first consort of Henry VIII exucted for not granting annulmentto their marriage and trying to plot against Anne Boleyn"
1553:. She had already been in decline since the deaths of her son Prince John of Asturias in 1497, her mother Isabella of Portugal in 1496, and her daughter Princess Isabella of Asturias in 1498. She is entombed in
5903:
3246:
1243:. The Portuguese did not recognize that South America belonged to the Spanish because it was in Portugal's sphere of influence, and King John II threatened to send an army to claim the land for the Portuguese.
1971:
1836:" in March 1974. The cause was initially stopped in 1991, one year before the commemoration of the fifth centenary of the discovery of the New World, due to her expulsion of the Jews. In April 2020, Cardinal
1465:
Isabella did, however, make successful dynastic matches for her two youngest daughters. The death of Isabella of Aragon created a necessity for Manuel I of Portugal to remarry, and Isabella's third daughter,
1246:
Beyond her support for Columbus, Queen Isabella also played a pivotal role in shaping the Spanish linguistic legacy in the New World. In 1492, she endorsed the first grammar of the Castilian language titled
1457:
However, Isabella's plans for her eldest two children did not work out. Her only son, John of Asturias, died shortly after his marriage. Her daughter, Isabella of Aragon, died during the birth of her son,
1323:
as follows: "do not give rise to or allow the Indians to receive any wrong in their persons and property, but rather that they be treated well and fairly, and if they have received any wrong, remedy it."
691:
and thus, after the death of the old king, John and Joanna could inherit Portugal and Castile. Isabella refused and made a secret promise to marry her cousin and very first betrothed, Ferdinand of Aragon.
4061:
and regained the city. A Ceuta dominated by the Castilians would certainly have forced the right to conquer Fez (Morocco) to be shared between Portugal and Castile instead of the monopoly the Portuguese
2836:
6080:
3662:
987:
of the country was effectively under the control of dissident members of the nobility rather than royal officials. To fix this problem, during 1476, a general Hermandad was established for Castile,
3689:
to the main cities... are a model of skill. (...) what a powerful description of the battle! The nebulous transforms into light, the doubtful acquires the profile of a certain triumph. The politic
1362:
has shown that out of a total population of 80,000 Jews, a maximum of 40,000 left and the rest converted. Hundreds of those that remained came under the Inquisition's investigations into relapsed
2837:"To seize power in Spain, Queen Isabella had to play it smart: Bold, strategic, and steady, Isabella of Castile navigated an unlikely rise to the throne and ushered in a golden age for Spain"
864:
city to negotiate with the rebels. She was successful and the rebellion was quickly brought to an end. Two years later, Isabella further secured her place as ruler with the birth of her son
1959:
1134:
dynasty since the mid-13th century. Protected by natural barriers and fortified towns, it had withstood the long process of the Reconquista. On 1 February 1482, the king and queen reached
3812:, Ferdinand and Isabella hailed the result as a great victory and called a cortes at Madrigal. The newly created prestige was used to gain municipal support from their allies (...)" in
790:
Isabella's reign got off to a rocky start. King Henry IV had named Isabella as his successor, so when she ascended to the throne in 1474, there were already several plots against her.
425:
After a struggle to claim the throne, Isabella reorganized the governmental system, brought the crime rate down, and unburdened the kingdom of the debt, which her half-brother King
2726:
1917:
659:, Henry's brother-in-law. Through the medium of the queen and Count of Ledesma, a Portuguese alliance was made. Isabella, however, was wary of the marriage and refused to consent.
5375:
García-Menacho Osset, Eduardo (2010). "El origen militar de los símbolos de España. El escudo de España" [Military Origin of Symbols of Spain. The Coat of Arms of Spain].
1683:
4035:, 3rd book, chapter CXCIV (Editorial error: Chapter CXCIV erroneously appears as Chapter CLXIV.Reports the end of the siege of Ceuta by the arrival of the fleet with Afonso V).
6068:
3647:
545:
to come under the direct supervision of the king and to finish their education. Alfonso was placed in the care of a tutor while Isabella became part of the queen's household.
6197:
3404:
3344:
1521:
Luisa de Medrano wrote poems and philosophy, though her work has been lost. Luisa de Medrano not only received a privileged and nurtured education with the royal daughters,
2865:
825:
on 1 March 1476, in which both sides claimed and celebrated victory: the troops of King Afonso V were beaten by the Castilian centre-left commanded by the Duke of Alba and
3904:. They were far better organised than the Castilians, were able to raise money for the preparation and supply of their fleets, and had clear central direction from ...
840:, assuring them the throne since the supporters of Joanna la Beltraneja disbanded and the Portuguese army, without allies, left Castile. As summarized by the historian
4682:
4539:
1082:
3591:"... The result of the battle was very uncertain; Ferdinand defeated the enemy's right wing led by Afonso, but the Prince had the same advantage over the Castilians."
3503:"...the enemy led by prince D. John of Portugal, who without suffering defeat, stood on a hill with his forces in good order until very late (...). Thus, both forces
883:
The war dragged on for another three years and ended with a Castilian victory on land and a Portuguese victory on the sea. The four separate peace treaties signed at
6180:
3374:
3319:
1644:
856:
With great political vision, Isabella took advantage of the moment and convoked courts at Madrigal-Segovia (April–October 1476) where her eldest child and daughter
5840:
1565:), alongside her husband Ferdinand, her daughter Joanna, and other relatives. She requested that the body of her daughter Isabella be moved to rest by her side in
1506:, Catalina's younger sister. Luisa de Medrano's intellectual abilities and solid formation caught the attention of the Queen and enabled her to teach Latin at the
5854:
3786:
871:
Meanwhile, the Castilian and Portuguese fleets fought for hegemony in the Atlantic Ocean and for the wealth of Guinea (gold and slaves), where the decisive naval
1847:
Some authors have claimed that Isabella's reputation for sanctity derives in large measure from an image carefully shaped and disseminated by the queen herself.
1625:
821:. Here he married the young Joanna. A long and bloody war for the Castilian succession then took place. The war went back and forth for almost a year, until the
1608:
Isabella maintained an austere, temperate lifestyle, and her religious spirit influenced her the most in life. In spite of her hostility towards the Muslims in
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1378:
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for Queen Doña Isabella. Catalina and Luisa's father Don Diego López de Medrano and her maternal grandfather, Garcí Bravo, died in the Queen's service at the
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are known for being the first monarchs to be referred to as the "Queen of Spain" and "King of Spain", respectively. Their actions included completion of the
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by sailing west (for a distance of 2,000 miles, according to Columbus). The crown agreed to pay a sum of money as a concession from monarch to subject.
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unification of Spain. Her reforms and those she made with her husband had an influence that extended well beyond the borders of their united kingdoms.
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horsemen (...) moved forward(...).They were received by prince D. John... which charge... they couldn't stand but instead were defeated and ran away "
1533:
alongside children of the royal family. In the Castilian War of Succession, Luisa's maternal grandfather, Garci Bravo de Lagunas, secured the city of
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719:
On 18 October 1469, the formal betrothal took place. Because Isabella and Ferdinand were second cousins, they stood within the prohibited degrees of
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1907:
means pomegranate). There was an uncommon variant with the Saint John the Evangelist's eagle and two lions adopted as Castilian royal supporters by
736:
735:. Ferdinand, on the other hand, crossed Castile in secret disguised as a servant. They married immediately upon reuniting on 19 October 1469 in the
723:
and the marriage would not be legal unless a dispensation from the Pope was obtained. With the help of the Valencian Cardinal Rodrigo Borgia (later
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1945:
1931:
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our men killed and arrested many of them, and among those who escaped some took refuge (...) in their Royal battle that was on left of these six
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Luis Francisco Martinez Montes, *Spain, A Global History*, The Ministry of Foreign Affairs, European Union and Cooperation, November 12, 2018,
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995:. The police force was to be made up of locals who were to regulate the crime occurring in the kingdom. It was to be paid for by a tax of 1800
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787:, where she received the support of Andres de Cabrera and Segovia's council. The next day, Isabella was proclaimed Queen of Castile and León.
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that was adorned with gold and silver. Isabella's basic education consisted of reading, spelling, writing, grammar, history, arithmetic, art,
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Afonso V so that this tax could be paid in Castilian harbours. Naturally all this caused a grudge against the Catholic Monarchs in Andalusia.
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1402:). As part of this process, the Inquisition became institutionalized. After a Muslim uprising in 1499, and further troubles thereafter, the
1305:
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791:
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there was a 'reputation of sanctity' uninterrupted for five centuries and as the investigation was progressing, it was more accentuated."
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1462:, who died shortly after, at the age of two. Queen Isabella I's crowns passed to her third child, Joanna, and her son-in-law, Philip I.
1263:. She established the royal position on how the indigenous people should be treated by following the recent policies implemented in the
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Portuguese King, the surrender... of the Zamora's fortress on 19 March, and the multiple adhesions of the nobles to the young princes."
2668:
2282:
802:—his great-uncle and a longtime supporter of Isabella—left court to plot with him. They made plans to have Joanna marry her uncle King
3686:"His moment is the inconclusive Battle of Toro.(...) both sides attributed themselves the victory.... The letters written by the King
5655:
5596:
John of Gaunt: King of Castile and Leon, Duke of Aquitaine and Lancaster, Earl of Derby, Lincoln, and Leicester, Seneschal of England
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was signed later that year; in it, Ferdinand and Isabella gave their word to allow the Muslims and Jews of Granada to live in peace.
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3900:, was intercepted ... in 1480. (...) All things considered, it is not surprising that the Portuguese emerged victorious from this
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2007:'s voyage to the New World, which ushered in an era of great wealth for Spain and Europe. Her reign saw the establishment of the
1414:. He was instrumental in a program of rehabilitation of the religious institutions of Spain, laying the groundwork for the later
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5423:"Image of the Isabella's coat of arms with lions as supporters, facade of the St. Paul Church inValladolid (Spain) Artehistoria"
3561:
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of 1496, Ferdinand II and Isabella I were named "King and Queen Catholics of the Spains (Rey y Reina Católicos de las Españas)".
1166:, the western part of the Muslim Nasrid kingdom had fallen into Spanish hands. The eastern province succumbed after the fall of
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4961:(1539), trans. in David A. Boruchoff, "Instructions for Sainthood and Other Feminine Wiles in the Historiography of Isabel I,"
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Isabella officially withdrew from governmental affairs on 14 September 1504 and she died that same year on 26 November at the
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the Royal Arms of the Crown of Castile with the Royal Arms of the Crown of Aragon, she and Ferdinand II of Aragon adopted a
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while the forces led by John of Portugal defeated the Castilian right wing and remained in possession of the battlefield.
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5845:(The "incomparable" Isabella, the Catholic), Madrid: Encuentro Editiones, printed by Rogar-Fuenlabrada (Spanish edition).
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Keeping with her reformation of the regulation of laws, in 1481 Isabella charged two officials with restoring peace in
513:, on 22 April 1451. At the time of Isabella's birth, she was second in line to the throne after her older half-brother
306:
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Isabel I de Castilla y la sombra de la ilegitimidad. Propaganda y representación en el conflicto sucesorio (1474–1482)
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Isabel I de Castilla y la sombra de la ilegitimidad: propaganda y representación en el conflicto sucesorio (1474–1482)
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Isabel I de Castilla y la sombra de la ilegitimidad: propaganda y representación en el conflicto sucesorio (1474–1482)
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6609:
6574:
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5537:
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5020:
4944:, trans. in David A. Boruchoff, "Historiography with License: Isabel, the Catholic Monarch, and the Kingdom of God,"
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2710:
2062:
1724:
1518:(Antonio Martínez de Cala) in 1508 (Poetry and Grammar), although it is not known how long she maintained the post.
1459:
1454:. In 1500, Isabella granted all non-rebellious natives in the colonies citizenship and full legal freedom by decree.
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her lady-in-waiting in 1497 and shortly after became the patron and protector of the first female professor at the
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Weissberger, Barbara, "Queen Isabel I of Castile Power, Patronage, Persona." Tamesis, Woodbridge, 2008, pp. 20–21
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in 1492 was symbolized by the addition enté en point of a quarter with a pomegranate for Granada (in Spanish,
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Isabella began to rely more on the professional administrators than ever before. These men were mostly of the
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Boruchoff, David A. "Instructions for Sainthood and Other Feminine Wiles in the Historiography of Isabel I."
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After a rumor spread that Joanna was not actually the daughter of King Henry but rather of a royal favorite,
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was broken in 1502, and Muslims were ordered to either become Christians or to leave. Isabella's confessor,
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was first sworn as heiress to Castile's crown. That was equivalent to legitimizing Isabella's own throne.
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Some of Isabella's living conditions improved in Segovia. She always had food and clothing and lived in a
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Boruchoff, David A. "Historiography with License: Isabel, the Catholic Monarch, and the Kingdom of God."
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the Prince's men as brave knights invoking Santiago but they couldn't resist them and began to flee, and
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or lesser nobility. The council was also rearranged and it was officially settled that one bishop, three
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Ferdinand, in his testament, declared that "she was exemplary in all acts of virtue and of fear of God."
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Queen Isabella of Castile, like many other monarchs in Castile's past, favored the noble and ancient
1319:
To prevent her efforts from being reversed in the future, Isabella instructed her descendants in her
1267:(which had a small number of native inhabitants), which stated that all peoples were subjects of the
703:
After this failed attempt, Henry once again went against his promises and tried to marry Isabella to
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remained face to face for some hours; and the Portuguese kept their position during more time (...)"
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5712:"The council of the Santa Hermandad: a study of the pacification forces of Ferdinand and Isabella"
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The question of Isabella's marriage was not a new one. She had, at the age of six, a betrothal to
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476:. Together with her husband, Isabella was granted the title of "Catholic Monarch" by the Spanish
238:
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The council of the Santa Hermandad: a study of the pacification forces of Ferdinand and Isabella
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Isabella was the first woman to be featured on US postage stamps, namely on three stamps of the
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http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195399301/obo-9780195399301-0395.xml/
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by Antonio Paz y Meliá in 1904 and the fourth as Cuarta Década by José Lopes de Toro in 1970).
6108:, edited by Lisboa occidental at the officina da Música, Lisboa (Biblioteca Nacional Digital).
5527:
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Rodrigues, Elizabeth; Pizzolato, Nelio; Botelho, Guilherme; Oliveira de Souza, Rafael (2014).
3809:
Historian Marvin Lunenfeld: "In 1476, immediately after the indecisive battle of Peleagonzalo
2011:, which in turn ultimately led to creation of most of the nations that occupy Americas today.
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618:
577:
326:
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2404:
1876:
1785:
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1150:, which surrendered after only a fortnight due to extensive bombardment. The following year,
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3566:, Encuentro Ediciones, printed by Rogar-Fuenlabrada, Madrid, 1993 (Spanish edition), p. 49:
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4622:"Así batalló Isabel la Católica por que los indios fueran tratados "muy bien y con cariño""
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3893:"However, in 1478 the Portuguese surprised thirty-five Castilian ships returning from Mina
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2004:
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of Isabella. Three-and-a-half thousand documents were chosen to be included in 27 volumes.
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The return of Christopher Columbus; his audience before King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella.
798:, Henry's daughter, was the rightful queen. Shortly after the Marquis made his claim, the
8:
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Crónica de los Señores Reyes Católicos Don Fernando y Doña Isabel de Castilla y de Aragón
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3953:"In a war in which the Castilians were victorious on land and the Portuguese at sea, ..."
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Crónica de los Señores Reyes Católicos Don Fernando y Doña Isabel de Castilla y de Aragón
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Crónica de los Señores Reyes Católicos Don Fernando y Doña Isabel de Castilla y de Aragón
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2016:
1777:
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1495:
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1451:
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3793:, Editorial Unilit, Miami, 1994, Tome 2, Parte II (La era de los conquistadores), p. 68.
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868:, on 30 June 1478. To many, the presence of a male heir legitimized her place as ruler.
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Downey, Kirsten "Isabella, The Warrior Queen,". New York, Anchor Books, Penguin, 2014.
5430:
5250:. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press.
3464:"(...) these Castilians who were on the right of the Castilian Royal battle, received
2757:
588:, provided that he would marry his daughter, Princess Joanna. Soon after he was named
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Isabella was also the first-named woman to appear on a United States coin, the 1893
1597:
Isabella was short but of strong stocky build, of a very fair complexion, and had a
472:, making Spain a major power in Europe and the world and ultimately ushering in the
176:
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1135:
872:
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534:
517:. Henry was 26 at that time and married, but childless. Isabella's younger brother
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had left behind. Isabella's marriage to Ferdinand in 1469 created the basis of the
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226:
85:
7753:
7380:
5263:
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2937:
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Guardiola-Griffiths, Cristina. (2018). Isabel I, Queen of Castile. Retrieved from
1235:, Isabella and Ferdinand agreed to divide the Earth, outside of Europe, with King
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8931:
8587:
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6168:, Project Gutenberg Ebook, Biblioteca de Clássicos Portugueses, 3rd book, Lisboa.
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Stillborn twin of Maria. Born on 1 July 1482 at dawn, sources conflict on gender.
1478:, but his early death resulted in her being married to his younger brother, King
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1343:
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and seized them and all their gold. Another...Castilian voyage to Mina, that of
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8522:
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6185:, (Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes), Valencia: edited by Benito Monfort.
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3280:, in Boletín de la Real Academia de la Historia, tome 38, Madrid, 1901, p. 250.
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2008:
1884:
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1708:
Isabella and Ferdinand had seven children, five of whom survived to adulthood:
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1228:
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1103:
908:
892:
888:
841:
833:
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752:
481:
469:
412:
59:
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1342:
With the institution of the Roman Catholic Inquisition in Spain, and with the
640:
died in 1458. All of Alfonso's Spanish territories, as well as the islands of
584:
in 1467. The battle was a draw. King Henry agreed to recognize Alfonso as his
9448:
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6046:, Revista En la España medieval, Universidad Complutense, nr. 23, pp. 67–100.
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1844:
had requested that Spanish bishops reopen Isabella's cause for canonization.
1814:
1673:, praised "her purity of heart, her big heart and the grandness of her soul".
1411:
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1151:
1081:
After the reforms of the Cortes of Toledo, the queen ordered a noted jurist,
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37:"Isabel la Católica" redirects here. For the Mexico City Metro station, see
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1977:
Coat of arms of Isabella I of Castile depicted in the manuscript from 1495
1841:
1818:
1199:
Just three months after entering Granada, Queen Isabella agreed to sponsor
1003:
and Andalusia to introduce this more efficient police force there as well.
728:
672:
614:
9397:
6015:
La batalla de Toro (1476). Datos y documentos para su monografía histórica
5049:
3563:
La "imcomparable" Isabel la Catolica/ The incomparable Isabel the Catholic
3277:
La batalla de Toro (1476). Datos y documentos para su monografía histórica
2049:
1832:
in the Vatican. This process was approved and Isabel was given the title "
9348:
9338:
8384:
6841:
6825:
6154:
6075:. Toledo: Real Academia de Bellas Artes y Ciencias Históricas de Toledo.
5986:
revue, Ministerio del Ejercito, Madrid, nr 16, pp. 54–66, May 1941.
5581:
Blood royal: issue of the kings and queens of medieval England, 1066–1399
3729:
3654:. Real Academia de Bellas Artes y Ciencias Históricas de Toledo, Toledo.
3531:
2702:
1602:
1569:, but this was never done. The museum next to the Capilla Real holds her
1359:
1204:
1139:
1119:
1065:
1000:
934:
discovery led to a new and much more balanced sharing of the Atlantic at
852:
was dissolved and the Portuguese were forced to return to their kingdom.
817:
In May 1475, King Afonso and his army crossed into Spain and advanced to
809:
441:
7646:
5178:"Harris, Raising Royalty: 1000 Years of Royal Parenting (Dundurn, 2017)"
4675:"Lo que la Leyenda Negra contra España no cuenta de las Leyes de Indias"
3517:
2599:– Monarch who repealed Philip's semi-Salic law, with the issuing of the
1585:
1534:
1514:
of Salamanca University during her time. She received the chair left by
1098:
996:
27:
Queen of Castile and León from 1474 to 1504; and Queen Consort of Aragon
9290:
7601:
7591:
6029:
La guerra civil castellana y el enfrentamiento con Portugal (1475–1479)
5495:
5401:; Menéndez Pidal y Navascués, Faustino; O'Donnell, Hugo; Lolo, Begoña.
3723:
La guerra civil Castellana y el enfrentamiento con Portugal (1475–1479)
1896:
1598:
1053:
Traditionally, the main advisory body to the rulers of Castile was the
949:
896:
740:
727:), Isabella and Ferdinand were presented with a supposed papal bull by
107:
8703:
7495:
6914:
6222:
Medieval Sourcebook: Columbus' letter to King and Queen of Spain, 1494
6138:
Gesta Hispaniensia ex annalibus suorum diebus colligentis, Década III
5460:
Scotts Specialized Catalogue of United States Stamps:Quantities Issued
4732:
Liss, Peggy. "Isabel the Queen," Oxford University Press, 1992. p. 308
4706:
Liss, Peggy. "Isabel the Queen," Oxford University Press, 1992. p. 298
4500:
Liss, Peggy. "Isabel the Queen," Oxford University Press, 1992. p. 316
3737:
695:
523:
68:
9363:
7726:
7586:
7576:
7353:
6999:
6881:
6517:
6344:
5194:
5177:
5096:
El Instituto Femenino Isabel la Católica. Un centro modélico del CSIC
3916:
2667:, who was daughter of the same John of Gaunt but by his second wife,
2588:
1872:
1654:: " was condemned to be beheaded, although he offered forty thousand
1609:
1320:
1211:
931:
916:
818:
568:, dancing, embroidery, music, and religious instruction. She and her
548:
465:
9160:
5278:"Cause for Canonization of Servant of God Queen Isabel the Catholic"
1990:
1306:
1210:
Columbus's expedition departed on 3 August 1492, and arrived in the
1163:
1045:
624:
9409:
7596:
7546:
7180:
5145:
5132:
1828:
In 1972, the Process of Valladolid was officially submitted to the
1810:
1731:
1530:
992:
704:
645:
6032:, Universidad de Alicante, Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes.
4138:
4136:
3352:
8734:
7636:
7611:
7566:
7556:
7551:
5405:. Madrid: Centro de Estudios Políticos y Constitucionales, 1999.
4837:"Katherine's Reviews > Isabel: Jewel of Castilla, Spain, 1466"
1965:
Coat of arms as queen with Castilian royal supporters (1492–1504)
1860:
1574:
1566:
1554:
1491:
1367:
1123:
1111:
900:
780:
542:
321:
5743:
Conversos, Inquisition, and the Expulsion of the Jews from Spain
3602:
2905:
2903:
2068:, celebrating the 400th anniversary of Columbus's first voyage.
783:. This prompted Isabella to take refuge within the walls of the
7631:
7626:
7581:
7571:
7561:
5277:
5052:"A Economicidade dos Centros de Distribuição: O Caso do Varejo"
4133:
3707:
2889:
2887:
1684:
Descendants of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile
1280:
1070:
904:
776:
641:
6018:, Madrid: Boletín de la Real Academia de la Historia, tomo 38.
5092:"LA CREACIÓN Y EL DESARROLLO DEL INSTITUTO ISABEL LA CATÓLICA"
2727:"To seize power in Spain, Queen Isabella had to play it smart"
1485:
4508:
4506:
4244:
History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella, The Catholic.
3829:
History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella, The Catholic.
2976:
History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella, The Catholic.
2963:
History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella, The Catholic.
2911:
History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella, The Catholic.
2900:
2895:
History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella, The Catholic.
1570:
1147:
565:
541:, Isabella and her brother Alfonso were summoned to court in
415:
5736:
History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella, the Catholic
2884:
2053:
5-cent US postage stamp: Columbus soliciting aid of Isabella
2003:
Outside of Europe, Isabella is most remembered for enabling
794:, the Marquis of Villena, and his followers maintained that
5918:
O Sonho da União Ibérica – guerra Luso-Castelhana 1475/1479
5815:
Isabel la Católica. Estudio crítico de su vida y su reinado
5510:. Vol. 45. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 167.
4809:"Luisa de Medrano's 538th Birthday Doodle - Google Doodles"
4113:
3671:
2698:
Game of Queens: The Women Who Made Sixteenth-Century Europe
1178:
During the war, Isabella noted the abilities and energy of
999:
on every one hundred households. In 1477, Isabella visited
5353:. Madrid: Real Academia de la Historia. 2004. p. 72.
4503:
1893:"They amount to the same", or "Equal opposites in balance"
1800:
1612:, Isabella developed a taste for Moorish decor and style.
6125:, tome V Barcelona: printing press of D. Francisco Oliva.
6004:, number 56, pp. 364–383, University of Valladolid.
5997:
San Juan de los reyes: espacio funerário y aposento régio
3757:
San Juan de los reyes: espacio funerário y aposento régio
1887:. As co-monarchs, Isabella and Ferdinand used the motto "
930:
freed Castile from this difficult situation, because his
6103:
4280:
4278:
3940:
3938:
3842:
3840:
3476:
6232:
University of Hull: Genealogy information on Isabella I
6002:
Boletín del Seminário de Estúdios de Arte y Arqueologia
4155:, University of Valladolid, 2000, chapter 2, pp. 49–50.
3996:
3762:
Boletín del Seminário de Estúdios de Arte y Arqueologia
3139:
3137:
2988:
2986:
2984:
1470:, became his next bride. Isabella's youngest daughter,
806:
and invade Castile to claim the throne for themselves.
6589:
5521:
5519:
5517:
3878:
3767:
3327:
2839:. National Geographic History Magazine. Archived from
1138:
and this is generally considered the beginning of the
775:
On 12 December 1474, news of King Henry IV's death in
9374:
5627:
Isabel la Católica, Queen of Castile: Critical Essays
5351:
Isabel la Católica en la Real Academia de la Historia
5338:
Isabel la Católica, Queen of Castile: Critical Essays
5238:
Davies, C. S. L.; Edwards, John (23 September 2004).
4963:
Isabel la Católica, Queen of Castile: Critical Essays
4946:
Isabel la Católica, Queen of Castile: Critical Essays
4755:
Beezley, William H.; Meyer, Michael (3 August 2010).
4702:
4700:
4275:
4179:
Isabel la Católica, Queen of Castile: Critical Essays
3935:
3912:
A history of Portuguese overseas expansion, 1400–1668
3837:
3547:
5880:, Alicante: Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes.
5778:
Isabel Rules: Constructing Queenship, Wielding Power
5771:
Queen Isabel I of Castile: Power, Patronage, Persona
5470:
5468:
5466:
5451:
Scotts Specialized Catalogue of United States Stamps
5374:
4553:
Queen Isabel I of Castile: Power, Patronage, Persona
3617:" From all of this it is deductible that the battle
3134:
2981:
2646:
1615:
Isabella's contemporaries described her as follows:
1186:
1158:
was captured and released. One year later, with the
1126:
was left for Isabella and Ferdinand to conquer. The
5679:
The Spanish Kingdoms, 1250–1516. Castilian hegemony
5586:
5514:
4084:
3991:so that with them King Ferdinand crush its enemies
746:
5239:
4920:. Amazon.com: Acradia Publishing. pp. 36–37.
4862:
4697:
4556:, Tamesis Books, 2008, p. 27, accessed 9 July 2012
878:
655:In 1465, an attempt was made to marry Isabella to
8948:Isabella, Queen of Aragon and Duchess of Brittany
6246:. A report in Spanish about the beatification in
5553:
5463:
4565:
3961:, volume I, University of Minnesota Press, 1985,
2031:Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic
1863:royal arms of the Crown of Castile and added the
1418:. As Chancellor, he exerted more and more power.
387:; 22 April 1451 – 26 November 1504), also called
30:"Isabella I" redirects here. For other uses, see
9446:
5750:Isabella of Castile: the First Renaissance Queen
5526:Gerli, E. Michael; Armistead, Samuel G. (2003).
5490:
5488:
5454:
5373:Princess of Isabella's coat of arms with crest:
5308:"Pope Pleads the Cause of Isabelle the Catholic"
5270:
5228:, (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1992), 220.
4070:
4068:
3863:"Disaster among those sent to the mines of gold
3796:
1370:) and the Judaizers who had been abetting them.
628:The wedding portrait of Ferdinand and Isabella,
403:from 1474 until her death in 1504. She was also
5828:Abrégé chronologique de l'histoire de l'Éspagne
5757:Isabella of Castile. Europe's First Great Queen
5640:Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415–1580
4636:"Testamento de Isabel la Católica - Wikisource"
3596:Abrégé chronologique de l'histoire de l'Éspagne
3131:. Blackwell Publishers Inc, 2000, pp. 10, 13–14
3045:
3043:
3041:
5745:. (Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press)
5693:The Spanish Inquisition: a historical revision
5592:
5525:
5098:, Dykinson, pp. 15–58, 27 November 2019,
4915:
4717:The Spanish Inquisition: A Historical Revision
3958:Foundations of the Portuguese empire 1415–1580
1809:where she died in 1504, started the canonical
836:represented a great political victory for the
679:finally over. There was talk of a marriage to
9176:
8719:
8683:Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
8426:
8367:Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
8186:
7921:
7511:
7196:
6930:
6575:
5955:Suárez Fernández, L. and M. Fernández (1969)
5665:The Spain of the Catholic Monarchs, 1474–1520
5575:
5573:
5485:
5237:
4948:(New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003), p. 242.
4789:. Blackwell Publishers Inc, 2000, pp. 241–260
4572:Amerigo: The Man Who Gave His Name to America
4491:. Blackwell Publishers Inc, 2000, pp. 112–130
4465:. Blackwell Publishers Inc, 2000, pp. 104–106
4065:
3283:
1580:
8440:
8200:
7935:
5957:La España de los reyes Católicos (1474–1516)
5785:
4965:(New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003), p. 12.
4823:The Spain of the Catholic Monarchs 1474–1520
4792:
4787:The Spain of the Catholic Monarchs 1474–1520
4754:
4661:http://bdh-rd.bne.es/viewer.vm?id=0000022770
4489:The Spain of the Catholic Monarchs 1474–1520
4476:The Spain of the Catholic Monarchs 1474–1520
4463:The Spain of the Catholic Monarchs 1474–1520
4452:. Pearson Education Limited, 2005, pp. 48–49
4411:The Spain of the Catholic Monarchs 1474–1520
4372:The Spain of the Catholic Monarchs 1474–1520
4233:. The Knickerbocker Press, 1915, pp. 125–126
4218:The Spain of the Catholic Monarchs 1474–1520
4205:The Spain of the Catholic Monarchs 1474–1520
4092:The Spain of the Catholic Monarchs 1474–1520
3697:Fernando el Católico, el mejor rey de España
3692:achieved the fruits of a discussed victory."
3514:, tome V, book XXIV, chapter X, pp. 299–300.
3442:, tome V, book XXIV, chapter X, pp. 299–300.
3160:. Blackwell Publishers Inc, 2000, pp. 11, 13
3158:The Spain of the Catholic Monarchs 1474–1520
3129:The Spain of the Catholic Monarchs 1474–1520
3090:The Spain of the Catholic Monarchs 1474–1520
3051:The Spain of the Catholic Monarchs 1474–1520
3038:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2784:"Isabella I | Biography, Reign, & Facts"
779:(which had happened on 11 December) reached
537:, was about to give birth to their daughter
9605:Spanish exploration in the Age of Discovery
8880:Berengaria, Latin Empress of Constantinople
4798:Pedro de Torres: Cronicón, Salamanca, 1508.
4374:. Blackwell Publishers Inc, 2000, pp. 42–47
4220:. Blackwell Publishers Inc, 2000, pp. 48–49
3305:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2804:
1784:, no issue; secondly, his younger brother,
1486:Women in the court of Isabella I of Castile
1259:Isabella was not in favor of enslaving the
9183:
9169:
8726:
8712:
8433:
8419:
8193:
8179:
7928:
7914:
7518:
7504:
7203:
7189:
6937:
6923:
6582:
6568:
6057:San Juan de los Reyes y la batalla de Toro
5764:Catherine of Aragon. Henry's Spanish Queen
5726:The Castles and the Crown: Spain 1451–1555
5643:, Volume 1, University of Minnesota Press.
5570:
4575:. New York: Random House. pp. 54–55.
3932:The Knickerbocker Press, 1915, pp. 109–110
3629:San Juan de los Reyes y la batalla de Toro
3589:French historian Joseph-Louis Desormeaux:
3270:Spanish historian Cesáreo Fernández Duro:
3105:. The Knickerbocker Press, 1915, pp. 70–71
3079:. The Knickerbocker Press, 1915, pp. 62–63
3035:. The Knickerbocker Press, 1915, pp. 39–40
3022:. The Knickerbocker Press, 1915, pp. 36–39
1510:. Her brother Don Luis de Medrano was the
1049:Ferdinand and Isabella with their subjects
418:, Isabella and Ferdinand are known as the
67:
5637:, Bailey W. and Winius, George D. (1977)
5193:
5144:
5067:
5007:, Dunod, pp. 527–533, 7 April 2010,
4976:"Biography of Isabella I, Queen of Spain"
4529:. Pearson Education Limited, 2005, p. 119
4516:. Pearson Education Limited, 2005, p. 120
3818:, University of Miami Press, 1970, p. 27.
3750:Spanish academic Rafael Dominguez Casas:
3599:, Duchesne, Paris, 1758, 3rd Tome, p. 25.
3241:Spanish historian Ana Carrasco Manchado:
2978:J.B Lippincott & Co., 1860, pp. 93–94
2965:J.B Lippincott & Co., 1860, pp. 85–87
2691:
1006:
849:these news, the party of "la Beltraneja"
407:from 1479 until her death as the wife of
6244:El obispo judío que bloquea a la "santa"
5130:
4825:. Blackwell Publishers Inc, 2000, p. 282
4478:. Blackwell Publishers Inc, 2000, p. 111
4439:. Pearson Education Limited, 2005, p. 48
4361:. Pearson Education Limited, 2005, p. 30
4331:. Pearson Education Limited, 2005, p. 29
4318:. Pearson Education Limited, 2005, p. 28
4181:. Palgrave Macmillan, 2003, pp. 242–247.
3163:
2801:
2048:
2026:
1989:
1687:
1584:
1377:
1327:
1190:
1097:
1044:
948:
808:
766:
694:
623:
547:
8733:
7525:
6944:
6217:Isabella I in the Catholic Encyclopedia
5445:
5397:Menéndez-Pidal De Navascués, Faustino;
5343:
5247:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
4834:
4400:. The Knickerbocker Press, 1915, p. 143
4387:. The Knickerbocker Press, 1915, p. 142
4288:. The Knickerbocker Press, 1915, p. 150
4272:. The Knickerbocker Press, 1915, p. 133
4259:. The Knickerbocker Press, 1915, p. 123
4207:. Blackwell Publishers Inc, 2000, p. 42
4194:. The Knickerbocker Press, 1915, p. 125
4168:. The Knickerbocker Press, 1915, p. 121
4094:. Blackwell Publishers Inc, 2000, p. 38
1801:Cause of beatification and canonization
1601:that was between strawberry-blonde and
832:But despite its uncertain outcome, the
14:
9490:Burials at the Royal Chapel of Granada
9447:
5950:Isabel y Fernando. Los Reyes Católicos
4544:
3951:Bailey W. Diffie and George D. Winius
3732:, still alive in the Castilian memory"
3207:. The Knickerbocker Press, 1915, p. 93
3147:. The Knickerbocker Press, 1915, p. 78
3118:. The Knickerbocker Press, 1915, p. 72
3092:. Blackwell Publishers Inc, 2000, p. 9
3066:. The Knickerbocker Press, 1915, p. 53
3053:. Blackwell Publishers Inc, 2000, p. 5
3009:. The Knickerbocker Press, 1915, p. 35
2996:. The Knickerbocker Press, 1915, p. 68
2926:. The Knickerbocker Press, 1915, p. 52
2755:
2446:
2326:
2322:
2312:
2204:
2094:
2090:
1994:Queen Isabella ~ Christopher Columbus
1727:, who died before his second birthday.
1254:
961:
922:
9190:
9164:
9135:Eleanor, Queen of Portugal and France
8707:
8414:
8174:
7909:
7499:
7184:
6918:
6563:
6255:Isabella I of Castile – Facts (Video)
6043:Portugueses en la frontera de Granada
5629:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.
5532:. Taylor & Francis. p. 182.
5340:. Palgrave Macmillan, 2003, pp. 1–23.
5288:from the original on 20 February 2022
5175:
5131:Vigneron, Nicolas (19 October 2021).
4860:
4246:J.B Lippincott & C., 1860, p. 186
4054:Portugueses en la frontera de Granada
3615:Spanish academic António M. Serrano:
2935:
2913:J.B Lippincott & Co., 1860, p. 83
2897:J.B Lippincott & Co., 1860, p. 28
2834:
2781:
2756:Watson, Fiona Flores (26 July 2013).
2522:
2512:
2508:
2496:
2490:
2480:
2464:
2454:
2450:
2434:
2428:
2418:
2402:
2392:
2388:
2376:
2370:
2360:
2344:
2334:
2330:
2306:
2296:
2280:
2270:
2266:
2254:
2248:
2238:
2222:
2212:
2208:
2192:
2186:
2176:
2160:
2150:
2146:
2134:
2128:
2118:
2102:
2098:
1830:Congregation for the Causes of Saints
1434:, establishing the connection to the
1421:Isabella and her husband had created
982:late medieval period, the expression
970:
907:, and the right of conquest over the
9560:Spanish people of Portuguese descent
7210:
5842:La "imcomparable" Isabel la Catolica
5752:(New York: St. Martin's Press, 1991)
5702:. New York: Oxford University Press;
4918:Hidden History of Spanish New Mexico
2619:
2225:John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster
1923:Coat of arms as Princess of Asturias
1730:A son, miscarried on 31 May 1475 in
1620:Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés
1589:Isabella depicted with darker hair,
1450:, was married to a Habsburg prince,
683:or to one of his brothers, probably
671:and brother to the king's favorite,
600:
8922:Beatrice, Marchioness of Montferrat
8245:Otto, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen
5859:, Miami: Editorial Unilit, Tome 2.
5806:. Madrid: Colecciones MAPFRE 1492,
5599:. Charles Scribner's Sons. p.
5583:, (Heritage Books Inc., 1996), 222.
5494:
5176:Range, Matthias (4 December 2018).
3986:, Book XXXI, Chapters VIII and IX (
2835:Palos, Joan-Lluís (28 March 2019).
1805:In 1958, José García Goldaraz, the
302:Joanna, Queen of Castile and Aragon
153:
24:
6901:
6591:Princes and Princesses of Asturias
5618:
4413:. Blackwell Publishers Inc., p. 49
3541:Chronica de El- rei D.Affonso V...
3302:, 2006, p. 199 (foot note nr.141).
2936:Remer, Ashley E. (10 March 2018).
2080:Ancestors of Isabella I of Castile
1771:, her sister's widower, had issue.
1719:, no issue. Married, secondly, to
771:The Proclamation of Queen Isabella
480:, and was recognized in 1974 as a
73:Anonymous portrait of Isabella I,
25:
9636:
9600:16th-century venerated Christians
9555:Spanish people of English descent
9515:People from the Province of Ávila
9140:Isabella, Queen of Denmark-Norway
6210:
4959:De las cosas memorables de España
4685:from the original on 3 March 2013
4426:. The Knickerbocker Press, p. 146
2758:"History – The Catholic Monarchs"
2587:– Monarch who implemented a semi-
1979:Breviary of Isabella the Catholic
1865:Saint John the Evangelist's Eagle
1715:(1470–1498) married, firstly, to
1249:Gramática de la lengua castellana
1187:Columbus and Portuguese relations
1088:
554:Rimado de la Conquista de Granada
9432:
9420:
9408:
9396:
9384:
9242:
8005:
7645:
7310:
6989:
6199:Vida e feitos d'El Rei D.João II
6165:Chronica de El- rei D. Affonso V
5943:De Mendo da Guarda a D. Manuel I
5941:Pereira, Isabel Violante (2001)
5892:La España de los Reyes Católicos
5657:Medieval Iberia: An Encyclopedia
5507:Dictionary of National Biography
5415:
5391:
5367:
5330:
5318:from the original on 11 May 2020
5300:
5231:
5226:Isabel the Queen: Life and Times
5218:
5169:
5124:
5084:
5043:
4993:
4968:
4951:
4934:
4909:
4883:
4854:
4828:
4815:
4801:
4779:
4748:
4735:
4726:
4709:
4667:
4654:
3560:French historian Jean Dumont in
3406:Vida e feitos d'El Rei D.João II
3346:Vida e feitos d'El Rei D.João II
2022:
1970:
1958:
1944:
1930:
1916:
1622:: "To see her speak was divine."
1390:Isabella was given the title of
747:Coronation and war with Portugal
366:
39:Isabel la Católica metro station
9500:History of Catholicism in Spain
9475:16th-century Castilian monarchs
9470:15th-century Castilian monarchs
9073:Catherine, Princess of Asturias
9026:Constance, Duchess of Lancaster
8917:Berengaria, Lady of Guadalajara
7997:Ramon Berengeur IV of Barcelona
6264:| Check123 – Video Encyclopedia
6202:electronic version, wikisource.
5766:(London: Faber and Faber, 2010)
5724:Miller, Townsend Miller (1963)
5593:Armitage-Smith, Sydney (1905).
4628:
4614:
4589:
4559:
4532:
4519:
4494:
4481:
4468:
4455:
4442:
4429:
4416:
4403:
4390:
4377:
4364:
4351:
4334:
4321:
4308:
4291:
4262:
4249:
4236:
4223:
4210:
4197:
4184:
4171:
4158:
4097:
4038:
4032:Chronica de El-Rei D. Affonso V
4016:
3968:
3922:
3821:
3713:
3582:
3219:
3210:
3197:
3172:
3150:
3121:
3108:
3095:
3082:
3069:
3056:
3025:
3012:
2999:
2968:
2955:
2929:
2916:
2733:. 28 March 2019. Archived from
2039:in 1815 in honor of the queen.
1745:Archduchess Margaret of Austria
1432:Archduchess Margaret of Austria
1430:, married a Habsburg princess,
879:End of the war and consequences
761:War of the Castilian Succession
556:, from 1482, by Pedro Marcuello
264:
9615:Mothers of Neapolitan monarchs
9530:Order of Isabella the Catholic
9109:Joanna I of Castile and Aragon
8673:Maria Luisa Gabriella of Savoy
6026:,Vicente Ángel Alvarez (2006)
5890:Ladero Quesada, Miguel Angel.
5825:, Joseph-Louis Ripault (1758)
5013:10.3917/dunod.col.2010.01.0527
4942:Crónica de los Reyes Católicos
4149:Mª Monserrat León Guerrero in
4130:, MAPFRE, Madrid, 1992, p. 88.
3866:. Charges against the King..."
3802:
3704:revue, nr 16, p. 56, May 1941.
2875:
2855:
2775:
2749:
2719:
2685:
2626:
2612:in Spain after Isabella I and
2037:Order of Isabella the Catholic
2035:The Spanish crown created the
1373:
1358:such figures are exaggerated:
1203:on an expedition to reach the
496:
13:
1:
9625:Mothers of Navarrese monarchs
9610:Mothers of Aragonese monarchs
9078:Eleanor, Princess of Asturias
9057:Catherine, Duchess of Villena
8265:Isabella, Duchess of Lorraine
6087:
6040:, Miguel-Ángel Ladero (2000)
5976:, Antonio Ballesteros (1941)
5902:, Ana Isabel Carrasco (2006)
5714:, University of Miami Press.
5695:(Yale University Press, 2014)
5501:"Philippa of Lancaster"
4142:
4103:
4074:
4002:
3975:
3850:
3773:
3289:
3234:
2678:
1780:(1485–1536), married, first,
1701:
1667:Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros
1590:
1563:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
1551:Medina del Campo Royal Palace
1031:
629:
74:
9620:Mothers of Sicilian monarchs
9150:Catherine, Queen of Portugal
8989:Blanche, Princess of Villena
8770:Urraca I of Castile and León
7799:Portuguese House of Burgundy
6541:Queen regnant of the Algarve
6105:Chronica do Principe D. Joam
5831:, Duchesne, Paris, 3rd Tome.
5264:UK public library membership
5137:Septentrio Conference Series
4916:John de Aragon, Ray (2012).
4758:The Oxford History of Mexico
4681:(in Spanish). 2 March 2013.
4081:Mendonça, 2007, pp. 101–103.
4044:
3720:Vicente Álvarez Palenzuela-
3677:
3608:
3490:
3478:Chronica do Principe D. Joam
3418:
3388:
3333:
3180:"Henry IV | king of Castile"
1446:, and the younger daughter,
1180:Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba
1130:had been held by the Muslim
503:Madrigal de las Altas Torres
210:Madrigal de las Altas Torres
56:Catholic Queen of the Spains
7:
9595:16th-century queens regnant
9590:15th-century queens regnant
9575:Roman Catholic royal saints
9119:Catherine, Queen of England
9104:Isabella, Queen of Portugal
8958:Constance, Queen of Castile
8953:Beatrice, Queen of Portugal
6064:, segunda época, 1979 (9),
6012:, Cesáreo Fernández (1901)
5964:
5874:, Mª Monserrat León (2002)
5560:Ferdinand I, King of Aragon
5475:Henry III, King of Castille
5379:(in Spanish) (Extra): 387.
5377:Revista de Historia Militar
4597:"The Lost Fort of Columbus"
3944:
3902:first maritime colonial war
3884:
3643:, segunda época, 1979 (9),
3553:
3358:
3311:
2573:
2373:John, Constable of Portugal
2071:
1899:agreement. The conquest of
1881:yoke and a bundle of arrows
1468:Maria of Aragon and Castile
1018:
714:
685:Richard, Duke of Gloucester
452:from Spain, initiating the
411:. Reigning together over a
312:Catherine, Queen of England
292:Isabella, Queen of Portugal
281:
32:Isabella I (disambiguation)
18:Queen Isabella I of Castile
10:
9641:
9585:16th-century Spanish women
9580:15th-century Spanish women
9565:Spanish Renaissance people
8807:Constance, Queen of France
6149:Cronica del rey Enrique IV
6122:Historia General de España
5994:, Rafael Dominguez (1990)
5945:. Lisboa: Livros Horizonte
5908:, Madrid: Sílex ediciones.
5877:El segundo viaje colombino
5759:(London: Bloomsbury, 2017)
5667:. Oxford: Blackwell 2000.
4152:El segundo viaje colombino
4119:
3861:, Book XXXIII, Chapter V (
3764:, number 56, p. 364, 1990.
3743:
3511:Historia General de España
3439:Historia General de España
2601:Pragmatic Sanction of 1830
2467:Afonso I, Duke of Braganza
2440:
2324:
2198:
2092:
1717:Afonso, Prince of Portugal
1681:
1581:Appearance and personality
1410:, was named Archbishop of
1331:
1093:
974:
750:
436:Isabella I of Castile and
36:
29:
9289:
9251:
9240:
9211:
9198:
9127:
9099:Joanna, Queen of Portugal
9091:
9065:
9044:
9036:Eleanor, Queen of Navarre
9031:Isabella, Duchess of York
9018:
9002:
8971:
8940:
8909:
8896:Eleanor, Queen of England
8888:
8872:
8854:Urraca, Queen of Portugal
8841:
8825:
8799:
8783:
8762:
8741:
8693:Maria Carolina of Austria
8482:
8448:
8398:
8379:Maria Carolina of Austria
8208:
8150:
8112:
8014:
8003:
7947:
7885:
7829:
7815:
7797:
7725:
7692:
7654:
7643:
7537:
7475:
7419:
7352:
7319:
7308:
7222:
7160:
7122:
7066:
6998:
6987:
6956:
6899:
6597:
6548:
6531:
6523:
6516:
6506:
6497:
6489:
6482:
6471:
6463:
6452:
6437:
6428:
6415:
6408:
6390:
6375:
6365:
6310:
6302:
6297:
6270:
6227:Music at Isabella's court
5856:Historia del Cristianismo
5804:El tratado de Tordesillas
5786:In Spanish and Portuguese
5728:. New York: Coward-McCann
5654:, Edmondo Michael (1992)
5427:/www.artehistoria.jcyl.es
5069:10.7177/sg.2014.v9.n4.a10
5005:L'emboutissage des aciers
4865:Isabel: Jewel of Castilla
4567:Fernández-Armesto, Felipe
4346:Pearson Education Limited
4022:
3988:"preparation of 2 fleets
3832:J.B. Lippincott & Co.
3783:Historia del Cristianismo
3665:30 September 2011 at the
3523:
3451:
3263:
2510:
2502:
2474:
2452:
2448:
2412:
2390:
2382:
2354:
2332:
2328:
2290:
2268:
2260:
2232:
2210:
2206:
2170:
2148:
2140:
2112:
2096:
1985:
1895:), which refers to their
1838:Antonio Cañizares Llovera
1677:
1382:Isabella I of Castile by
665:Pedro Girón Acuña Pacheco
362:
352:
342:
332:
320:
274:
246:
233:
216:
196:
192:
182:
172:
161:
147:
136:
126:
116:
106:
95:
84:
66:
53:
48:
9540:Royal consorts of Sicily
9535:Royal consorts of Naples
9525:Queens regnant in Europe
9485:Queens consort of Aragon
9114:Maria, Queen of Portugal
8979:Eleanor, Queen of Aragon
8963:Joanna, Queen of Castile
8864:Eleanor, Queen of Aragon
8859:Blanche, Queen of France
8812:Sancha, Queen of Navarre
8548:Helena Angelina Doukaina
8533:Isabella II of Jerusalem
8442:Royal consorts of Sicily
8235:Andrew, Duke of Calabria
8202:Royal consorts of Naples
6393:Queen regnant of Granada
6313:Queen regnant of Castile
5790:
5776:Weissberger, Barbara F.
5769:Weissberger, Barbara F.
4891:"Isabella I of Castille"
4835:Bakersfield, Katherine.
4745:. Routledge, 2001, p. 20
4551:F. Weissberger, Barbara
4422:Plunkett, Ierne. (1915)
4297:Plunkett, Ierne. (1915)
4126:António Rumeu de Armas-
3891:Historian Malyn Newitt:
3684:A. Ballesteros Beretta:
2525:Beatriz Pereira de Alvim
1813:process of the Cause of
1669:, her confessor and the
1561:(built by her grandson,
1544:
1428:John, Prince of Asturias
1083:Alfonso Diaz de Montalvo
953:Portrait of Isabella at
942:
895:with its mines of gold,
866:John, Prince of Asturias
307:Maria, Queen of Portugal
297:John, Prince of Asturias
9570:Spanish Servants of God
9550:Spanish Roman Catholics
9510:Majorcan queens consort
9145:Maria, Queen of Hungary
8927:Violant, Lady of Biscay
8901:Maria, Queen of Castile
8849:Berengaria I of Castile
8817:Sancha, Queen of Aragon
8775:Elvira, Queen of Sicily
8603:Eleanor of Alburquerque
8122:Eleanor of Alburquerque
7807:Ferdinand I of Portugal
6474:Queen consort of Naples
6455:Queen consort of Aragon
6431:Queen consort of Sicily
6260:3 December 2020 at the
6071:29 January 2016 at the
5802:, Antonio Rumeu (1992)
5660:, Taylor & Francis.
5565:Encyclopædia Britannica
5480:Encyclopædia Britannica
4861:Meyer, Carolyn (2000).
4763:Oxford University Press
4303:The Knickerbocker Press
3650:29 January 2016 at the
3544:3rd book, chapter CXCI.
1850:
1790:Henry, Duke of Cornwall
1782:Arthur, Prince of Wales
1508:University of Salamanca
1500:University of Salamanca
1476:Arthur, Prince of Wales
1438:. The eldest daughter,
582:Second Battle of Olmedo
491:
468:, and establishing the
239:Royal Chapel of Granada
149:Queen consort of Aragon
9052:Maria, Queen of Aragon
8932:Violant, Lady of Elche
8749:Urraca, Lady of Zamora
8688:Maria Amalia of Saxony
8663:Marie Louise d'Orléans
8578:Elizabeth of Carinthia
8373:Maria Amalia of Saxony
8355:Marie Louise d'Orléans
6906:
6272:Isabella I of Castile
5698:Liss, Peggy K. (1992)
5104:10.2307/j.ctv103xbm2.4
4527:Ferdinand and Isabella
4514:Ferdinand and Isabella
4450:Ferdinand and Isabella
4437:Ferdinand and Isabella
4409:Edwards, John. (2000)
4359:Ferdinand and Isabella
4342:Ferdinand and Isabella
4329:Ferdinand and Isabella
4316:Ferdinand and Isabella
4110:Mendonça, 2007, p. 53.
2665:Catherine of Lancaster
2597:Ferdinand VII of Spain
2251:Catherine of Lancaster
2054:
2032:
2000:
1705:
1594:
1387:
1196:
1115:
1102:Statue of Isabella by
1050:
1007:Other criminal reforms
958:
854:
814:
813:Western Europe in 1470
772:
709:Charles, Duke of Berry
700:
699:Ferdinand and Isabella
633:
557:
533:When the king's wife,
450:mass expulsion of Jews
438:Ferdinand II of Aragon
384:
253:Ferdinand II of Aragon
9480:Antisemitism in Spain
9455:Isabella I of Castile
9205:Monarchs' family tree
9083:Isabella I of Castile
8668:Maria Anna of Neuburg
8618:Isabella I of Castile
8361:Maria Anna of Neuburg
8301:Isabella I of Castile
8137:Isabella I of Castile
7656:Astur-Leonese dynasty
6905:
6534:— TITULAR —
5927:21 March 2012 at the
5813:Azcona, Tarsicio de.
5748:Stuart, Nancy Rubin.
5684:Hunt, Joceyln (2001)
5256:10.1093/ref:odnb/4891
5182:Royal Studies Journal
5056:Sistemas & Gestão
4721:Yale University Press
4340:Edwards, John. (2005)
3639:12 March 2012 at the
3251:, 2006, pp. 195, 196.
2938:"Isabella of Castile"
2868:29 March 2019 at the
2653:Philippa of Lancaster
2405:Philippa of Lancaster
2309:Isabella I of Castile
2052:
2030:
1993:
1951:Coat of arms as queen
1937:Coat of arms as queen
1911:, Isabella's father.
1786:Henry VIII of England
1767:(1482–1517), married
1747:, no surviving issue.
1696:with their daughter,
1691:
1588:
1480:Henry VIII of England
1381:
1328:Expulsion of the Jews
1233:Treaty of Tordesillas
1194:
1154:was taken, and again
1101:
1048:
952:
846:
812:
770:
737:Palacio de los Vivero
698:
627:
609:, the younger son of
551:
509:and his second wife,
501:Isabella was born in
389:Isabella the Catholic
229:, Valladolid, Castile
8754:Elvira, Lady of Toro
8678:Anne Marie d'Orléans
8628:Isabella of Portugal
8593:Blanche I of Navarre
8558:Margaret of Burgundy
8553:Beatrice of Provence
8543:Elisabeth of Bavaria
8464:Eremburga of Mortain
8313:Isabella of Portugal
8276:Isabella of Clermont
8219:Margaret of Burgundy
8213:Beatrice of Provence
8160:Isabella of Portugal
8064:Elisenda of Montcada
8029:Maria of Montpellier
7957:Ermesinda of Bigorre
6500:Princess of Asturias
6237:4 March 2016 at the
5979:Fernando el Católico
5920:, Lisboa: Quidnovi,
5741:Roth, Norman (1995)
5732:Prescott, William H.
5688:. Routledge, 1st Ed.
5625:Boruchoff, David A.
5579:Leese, Thelma Anna,
5133:"Wikisource session"
4601:Smithsonian Magazine
4009:Alonso de Palencia,
3982:Alonso de Palencia,
3898:Eustache de la Fosse
3857:Alonso de Palencia,
3789:16 June 2013 at the
3568:"...But in the left
2669:Constance of Castile
2661:Blanche of Lancaster
2655:was the daughter of
2606:Isabella II of Spain
2431:Isabella of Portugal
2283:Constance of Castile
2131:Henry III of Castile
2005:Christopher Columbus
1871:displayed as single
1859:, Isabella bore the
1857:Princess of Asturias
1807:Bishop of Valladolid
1769:Manuel I of Portugal
1721:Manuel I of Portugal
1645:Lucio Marineo Sículo
1474:, married England's
1444:Manuel I of Portugal
1297:Vicente Yáñez Pinzón
1275:, or for practising
1201:Christopher Columbus
1106:; it resides in the
928:Christopher Columbus
804:Afonso V of Portugal
800:Archbishop of Toledo
796:Joanna la Beltraneja
681:Edward IV of England
657:Afonso V of Portugal
613:(whose family was a
511:Isabella of Portugal
458:Christopher Columbus
413:dynastically unified
347:Isabella of Portugal
9545:Spanish Inquisition
9520:Princes of Asturias
9505:House of Trastámara
8735:Infantas of Castile
8653:Elisabeth of France
8648:Margaret of Austria
8638:Elisabeth of Valois
8583:Constance of Aragon
8563:Isabella of Castile
8538:Isabella of England
8528:Constance of Aragon
8508:Margaret of Navarre
8498:Sibylla of Burgundy
8343:Elisabeth of France
8337:Margaret of Austria
8325:Elisabeth of Valois
8250:Margaret of Durazzo
8240:James IV of Majorca
8114:House of Trastámara
8079:Eleanor of Portugal
8049:Isabella of Castile
8044:Constance of Sicily
7831:House of Trastámara
7421:House of Trastámara
7224:Astur-Leonese house
7068:House of Trastámara
6277:House of Trastámara
5282:www.queenisabel.org
4385:Isabella of Castile
4242:Prescott, William.
3834:, 1860, pp. 184–185
3827:Prescott, William.
3780:Justo L. González-
3621:of San Juan's eagle
3367:Hernando del Pulgar
2974:Prescott, William.
2961:Prescott, William.
2909:Prescott, William.
2893:Prescott, William.
2659:by his first wife,
2580:Order of succession
2017:Spanish Inquisition
1778:Catherine of Aragon
1759:Philip the Handsome
1639:Hernando del Pulgar
1531:humanist philosophy
1496:Catalina de Medrano
1472:Catherine of Aragon
1416:Counter-Reformation
1347:Tomás de Torquemada
1338:Spanish Inquisition
1287:expeditions led by
1255:Position on slavery
1227:—the period of the
962:Regulation of crime
923:The Columbus gambit
638:Alfonso V of Aragon
619:House of Trastámara
578:Beltrán de la Cueva
573:role in the feuds.
454:Spanish Inquisition
99:11 December 1474 –
9495:Castilian infantas
8658:Mariana of Austria
8598:Margaret of Prades
8503:Beatrice of Rethel
8469:Adelaide del Vasto
8390:Caroline Bonaparte
8349:Mariana of Austria
8291:Isabella del Balzo
8104:Margaret of Prades
8069:Eleanor of Castile
8039:Violant of Hungary
8034:Eleanor of Castile
8016:House of Barcelona
7992:Agnes of Aquitaine
7977:Agnes of Aquitaine
7967:Isabella of Urgell
7817:House of Lancaster
6907:
6850:Emanuele Filiberto
6518:Titles in pretence
6442:Title next held by
6420:Title last held by
5853:, Justo L. (1994)
5403:Símbolos de España
4895:Book of Days Tales
3481:, chapter LXXVIII.
2782:Highfield, J.R.L.
2632:In the papal bull
2493:Isabel of Barcelos
2347:John I of Portugal
2189:John II of Castile
2055:
2033:
2001:
1741:Prince of Asturias
1706:
1595:
1516:Antonio de Nebrija
1452:Philip of Habsburg
1440:Isabella of Aragon
1388:
1351:Inquisitor General
1231:. In 1494, by the
1197:
1128:Emirate of Granada
1118:At the end of the
1116:
1051:
971:La Santa Hermandad
959:
815:
785:Alcázar of Segovia
773:
701:
669:Order of Calatrava
636:Ferdinand's uncle
634:
611:John II of Navarre
590:Prince of Asturias
558:
507:John II of Castile
474:Spanish Golden Age
448:which ordered the
393:Isabel la Católica
337:John II of Castile
241:, Andalusia, Spain
165:20 January 1479 –
9372:
9371:
9192:Monarchs of Spain
9158:
9157:
8701:
8700:
8633:Mary I of England
8518:Sibylla of Acerra
8493:Elvira of Castile
8484:Kingdom of Sicily
8474:Elvira of Castile
8408:
8407:
8319:Mary I of England
8230:Sancia of Majorca
8168:
8167:
8152:House of Habsburg
8084:Eleanor of Sicily
8059:Marie of Lusignan
8024:Sancha of Castile
7903:
7902:
7887:House of Habsburg
7727:House of Burgundy
7493:
7492:
7477:House of Habsburg
7354:House of Burgundy
7178:
7177:
7124:House of Habsburg
7000:House of Burgundy
6912:
6911:
6770:Balthasar Charles
6558:
6557:
6549:Succeeded by
6536:
6507:Succeeded by
6388:
6366:Succeeded by
6143:(the three first
6054:, António Macia-
5916:, Manuela (2007)
5762:Tremlett, Giles.
5755:Tremlett, Giles.
5360:978-84-95983-54-1
5262:(Subscription or
4927:978-1-60949-760-6
4640:es.wikisource.org
4582:978-1-4000-6281-2
4424:Isabel of Castile
4398:Isabel of Castile
4396:Plunkett, Ierne.
4383:Plunkett, Ierne.
4299:Isabel of Castile
4286:Isabel of Castile
4284:Plunkett, Ierne.
4270:Isabel of Castile
4268:Plunkett, Ierne.
4257:Isabel of Castile
4255:Plunkett, Ierne.
4231:Isabel of Castile
4229:Plunkett, Ierne.
4192:Isabel of Castile
4190:Plunkett, Ierne.
4166:Isabel of Castile
4164:Plunkett, Ierne.
3930:Isabel of Castile
3928:Plunkett, Ierne.
3397:Garcia de Resende
3341:Garcia de Resende
3205:Isabel of Castile
3203:Plunkett, Ierne.
3145:Isabel of Castile
3143:Plunkett, Ierne.
3116:Isabel of Castile
3114:Plunkett, Ierne.
3103:Isabel of Castile
3101:Plunkett, Ierne.
3077:Isabel of Castile
3075:Plunkett, Ierne.
3064:Isabel of Castile
3062:Plunkett, Ierne.
3033:Isabel of Castile
3031:Plunkett, Ierne.
3020:Isabel of Castile
3018:Plunkett, Ierne.
3007:Isabel of Castile
3005:Plunkett, Ierne.
2994:Isabel of Castile
2992:Plunkett, Ierne.
2924:Isabel of Castile
2922:Plunkett, Ierne.
2737:on 1 October 2019
2620:Explanatory notes
2585:Philip V of Spain
2570:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2163:Eleanor of Aragon
2105:John I of Castile
1794:Mary I of England
1448:Joanna of Castile
1436:House of Habsburg
1404:Treaty of Granada
1400:Roman Catholicism
1396:Pope Alexander VI
1314:Pedro Alonso Niño
1173:Treaty of Granada
955:Casa de los Tiros
842:Justo L. González
838:Catholic Monarchs
725:Pope Alexander VI
601:Failed betrothals
594:Toros de Guisando
570:ladies-in-waiting
478:Pope Alexander VI
420:Catholic Monarchs
409:King Ferdinand II
374:
373:
357:Roman Catholicism
16:(Redirected from
9632:
9437:
9436:
9435:
9425:
9424:
9413:
9412:
9401:
9400:
9389:
9388:
9387:
9380:
9246:
9201:List of monarchs
9185:
9178:
9171:
9162:
9161:
8728:
8721:
8714:
8705:
8704:
8623:Germaine of Foix
8608:Maria of Castile
8573:Eleanor of Anjou
8568:Blanche of Anjou
8450:County of Sicily
8435:
8428:
8421:
8412:
8411:
8307:Germaine of Foix
8296:Anne of Brittany
8286:Joanna of Naples
8281:Joanna of Aragon
8270:Maria of Castile
8255:Mary of Lusignan
8195:
8188:
8181:
8172:
8171:
8142:Germaine of Foix
8127:Maria of Castile
8089:Sibila de Fortià
8074:Maria of Navarre
8054:Blanche of Anjou
8009:
7972:Felicia of Roucy
7949:House of Jiménez
7930:
7923:
7916:
7907:
7906:
7694:House of Jiménez
7649:
7520:
7513:
7506:
7497:
7496:
7321:House of Jiménez
7314:
7205:
7198:
7191:
7182:
7181:
7162:House of Bourbon
6993:
6958:House of Jiménez
6939:
6932:
6925:
6916:
6915:
6904:
6584:
6577:
6570:
6561:
6560:
6532:
6524:Preceded by
6490:Preceded by
6484:Spanish nobility
6467:Anne of Brittany
6464:Preceded by
6446:Germaine of Foix
6382:
6376:Preceded by
6303:Preceded by
6293:
6292:26 November 1504
6286:
6268:
6267:
6193:
6192:
6176:
6175:
6159:
6158:
6133:
6132:
6116:
6115:
6099:
6098:
6053:
6052:
6039:
6038:
6025:
6024:
6011:
6010:
5993:
5992:
5975:
5974:
5922:book description
5915:
5914:
5901:
5900:
5873:
5872:
5852:
5851:
5838:
5837:
5824:
5823:
5808:book description
5801:
5800:
5710:, Marvin (1970)
5709:
5708:
5700:Isabel the Queen
5686:Spain, 1474–1598
5677:Hillgarth, J.N.
5653:
5652:
5636:
5635:
5612:
5611:
5609:
5607:
5590:
5584:
5577:
5568:
5557:
5551:
5550:
5548:
5546:
5523:
5512:
5511:
5503:
5492:
5483:
5472:
5461:
5458:
5452:
5449:
5443:
5442:
5440:
5438:
5429:. Archived from
5419:
5413:
5395:
5389:
5388:
5371:
5365:
5364:
5347:
5341:
5334:
5328:
5327:
5325:
5323:
5304:
5298:
5297:
5295:
5293:
5274:
5268:
5267:
5259:
5243:
5235:
5229:
5222:
5216:
5215:
5197:
5195:10.21039/rsj.174
5173:
5167:
5166:
5148:
5128:
5122:
5121:
5120:
5118:
5088:
5082:
5081:
5071:
5047:
5041:
5040:
5039:
5037:
4997:
4991:
4990:
4988:
4986:
4972:
4966:
4957:Marineo Sículo,
4955:
4949:
4938:
4932:
4931:
4913:
4907:
4906:
4904:
4902:
4887:
4881:
4880:
4868:
4858:
4852:
4851:
4849:
4847:
4832:
4826:
4819:
4813:
4812:
4805:
4799:
4796:
4790:
4783:
4777:
4776:
4752:
4746:
4739:
4733:
4730:
4724:
4713:
4707:
4704:
4695:
4694:
4692:
4690:
4671:
4665:
4658:
4652:
4651:
4649:
4647:
4632:
4626:
4625:
4618:
4612:
4611:
4609:
4607:
4593:
4587:
4586:
4563:
4557:
4548:
4542:
4536:
4530:
4523:
4517:
4510:
4501:
4498:
4492:
4485:
4479:
4472:
4466:
4459:
4453:
4446:
4440:
4433:
4427:
4420:
4414:
4407:
4401:
4394:
4388:
4381:
4375:
4368:
4362:
4355:
4349:
4338:
4332:
4325:
4319:
4312:
4306:
4295:
4289:
4282:
4273:
4266:
4260:
4253:
4247:
4240:
4234:
4227:
4221:
4214:
4208:
4201:
4195:
4188:
4182:
4175:
4169:
4162:
4156:
4140:
4131:
4128:book description
4117:
4111:
4101:
4095:
4088:
4082:
4072:
4063:
4042:
4036:
4020:
4014:
4000:
3994:
3972:
3966:
3942:
3933:
3926:
3920:
3919:2005, pp. 39–40.
3882:
3876:
3847:Battle of Guinea
3844:
3835:
3825:
3819:
3800:
3794:
3771:
3765:
3741:
3735:
3711:
3705:
3675:
3669:
3606:
3600:
3580:
3574:
3551:
3545:
3521:
3515:
3488:
3482:
3449:
3443:
3416:
3410:
3386:
3380:
3356:
3350:
3331:
3325:
3309:
3303:
3287:
3281:
3261:
3252:
3232:
3226:
3223:
3217:
3214:
3208:
3201:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3190:
3176:
3170:
3167:
3161:
3154:
3148:
3141:
3132:
3125:
3119:
3112:
3106:
3099:
3093:
3086:
3080:
3073:
3067:
3060:
3054:
3047:
3036:
3029:
3023:
3016:
3010:
3003:
2997:
2990:
2979:
2972:
2966:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2933:
2927:
2920:
2914:
2907:
2898:
2891:
2882:
2879:
2873:
2859:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2843:on 30 March 2019
2832:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2731:History Magazine
2723:
2717:
2716:
2693:Gristwood, Sarah
2689:
2672:
2650:
2644:
2642:
2630:
2086:
2085:
2077:
2076:
2066:Isabella quarter
1974:
1962:
1948:
1934:
1920:
1875:. As queen, she
1755:Queen of Castile
1703:
1671:Grand Inquisitor
1653:
1634:
1626:Andrés Bernáldez
1592:
1504:Luisa de Medrano
1494:; Isabella made
1492:House of Medrano
1392:Catholic Monarch
1311:
1308:
1289:Alonso de Hojeda
1269:Crown of Castile
1261:American natives
1136:Medina del Campo
873:Battle of Guinea
827:Cardinal Mendoza
757:Battle of Guinea
667:, Master of the
650:Charles of Viana
631:
586:heir presumptive
552:Isabella in the
535:Joan of Portugal
397:Queen of Castile
370:
285:
268:
266:
227:Medina del Campo
223:
220:26 November 1504
212:, Ávila, Castile
207:
205:
168:
167:26 November 1504
112:13 December 1474
102:
101:26 November 1504
86:Queen of Castile
79:
76:
71:
46:
45:
21:
9640:
9639:
9635:
9634:
9633:
9631:
9630:
9629:
9445:
9444:
9443:
9433:
9431:
9419:
9407:
9395:
9385:
9383:
9375:
9373:
9368:
9285:
9247:
9238:
9207:
9194:
9189:
9159:
9154:
9128:18th generation
9123:
9092:17th generation
9087:
9066:16th generation
9061:
9045:15th generation
9040:
9019:13th generation
9014:
9003:12th generation
8998:
8972:11th generation
8967:
8941:10th generation
8936:
8905:
8884:
8868:
8837:
8821:
8795:
8779:
8758:
8737:
8732:
8702:
8697:
8643:Anna of Austria
8588:Antonia of Baux
8513:Joan of England
8478:
8459:Judith d'Évreux
8444:
8439:
8409:
8404:
8402:Queen of Sicily
8394:
8331:Anna of Austria
8260:Mary of Enghien
8225:Mary of Hungary
8204:
8199:
8169:
8164:
8146:
8108:
8010:
8001:
7943:
7934:
7904:
7899:
7881:
7825:
7811:
7793:
7721:
7688:
7650:
7641:
7533:
7524:
7494:
7489:
7471:
7415:
7348:
7315:
7306:
7252:Alfonso Fróilaz
7218:
7209:
7179:
7174:
7156:
7118:
7062:
6994:
6985:
6952:
6943:
6913:
6908:
6902:
6897:
6778:Philip Prospero
6593:
6588:
6554:
6545:
6537:
6529:
6512:
6503:
6495:
6477:
6469:
6458:
6443:
6434:
6421:
6410:Spanish royalty
6398:
6396:
6381:
6371:
6354:
6352:
6308:
6287:
6281:
6280:
6273:
6262:Wayback Machine
6239:Wayback Machine
6213:
6207:
6205:
6190:
6189:
6173:
6172:
6156:
6155:
6147:were edited as
6130:
6129:
6113:
6112:
6096:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6073:Wayback Machine
6050:
6049:
6036:
6035:
6022:
6021:
6008:
6007:
5990:
5989:
5972:
5971:
5967:
5962:
5948:Perez, Joseph.
5929:Wayback Machine
5912:
5911:
5898:
5897:
5870:
5869:
5849:
5848:
5835:
5834:
5821:
5820:
5798:
5797:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5706:
5705:
5663:Edwards, John.
5650:
5649:
5633:
5632:
5621:
5619:Further reading
5616:
5615:
5605:
5603:
5591:
5587:
5578:
5571:
5558:
5554:
5544:
5542:
5540:
5529:Medieval Iberia
5524:
5515:
5493:
5486:
5473:
5464:
5459:
5455:
5450:
5446:
5436:
5434:
5421:
5420:
5416:
5396:
5392:
5372:
5368:
5361:
5349:
5348:
5344:
5335:
5331:
5321:
5319:
5306:
5305:
5301:
5291:
5289:
5276:
5275:
5271:
5261:
5236:
5232:
5224:Peggy K. Liss,
5223:
5219:
5174:
5170:
5129:
5125:
5116:
5114:
5090:
5089:
5085:
5048:
5044:
5035:
5033:
5023:
5001:"Bibliographie"
4999:
4998:
4994:
4984:
4982:
4974:
4973:
4969:
4956:
4952:
4939:
4935:
4928:
4914:
4910:
4900:
4898:
4897:. 22 April 2017
4889:
4888:
4884:
4877:
4859:
4855:
4845:
4843:
4833:
4829:
4821:Edwards, John.
4820:
4816:
4807:
4806:
4802:
4797:
4793:
4785:Edwards, John.
4784:
4780:
4773:
4753:
4749:
4743:Spain 1474–1598
4741:Hunt, Jocelyn.
4740:
4736:
4731:
4727:
4714:
4710:
4705:
4698:
4688:
4686:
4673:
4672:
4668:
4659:
4655:
4645:
4643:
4634:
4633:
4629:
4624:. 17 June 2020.
4620:
4619:
4615:
4605:
4603:
4595:
4594:
4590:
4583:
4564:
4560:
4549:
4545:
4537:
4533:
4525:Edwards, John.
4524:
4520:
4512:Edwards, John.
4511:
4504:
4499:
4495:
4487:Edwards, John.
4486:
4482:
4474:Edwards, John.
4473:
4469:
4461:Edwards, John.
4460:
4456:
4448:Edwards, John.
4447:
4443:
4435:Edwards, John.
4434:
4430:
4421:
4417:
4408:
4404:
4395:
4391:
4382:
4378:
4370:Edwards, John.
4369:
4365:
4357:Edwards, John.
4356:
4352:
4339:
4335:
4327:Edwards, John.
4326:
4322:
4314:Edwards, John.
4313:
4309:
4296:
4292:
4283:
4276:
4267:
4263:
4254:
4250:
4241:
4237:
4228:
4224:
4216:Edwards, John.
4215:
4211:
4203:Edwards, John.
4202:
4198:
4189:
4185:
4176:
4172:
4163:
4159:
4147:
4146:
4141:
4134:
4124:
4123:
4118:
4114:
4108:
4107:
4102:
4098:
4090:Edwards, John.
4089:
4085:
4079:
4078:
4073:
4066:
4049:
4048:
4043:
4039:
4027:
4026:
4021:
4017:
4007:
4006:
4001:
3997:
3980:
3979:
3973:
3969:
3949:
3948:
3943:
3936:
3927:
3923:
3889:
3888:
3883:
3879:
3855:
3854:
3845:
3838:
3826:
3822:
3807:
3806:
3801:
3797:
3791:Wayback Machine
3778:
3777:
3772:
3768:
3748:
3747:
3742:
3738:
3718:
3717:
3712:
3708:
3682:
3681:
3676:
3672:
3667:Wayback Machine
3652:Wayback Machine
3641:Wayback Machine
3613:
3612:
3607:
3603:
3587:
3586:
3581:
3577:
3558:
3557:
3552:
3548:
3528:
3527:
3522:
3518:
3499:Juan de Mariana
3495:
3494:
3489:
3485:
3456:
3455:
3450:
3446:
3427:Juan de Mariana
3423:
3422:
3417:
3413:
3409:, chapter XIII.
3393:
3392:
3387:
3383:
3363:
3362:
3357:
3353:
3349:, chapter XIII.
3338:
3337:
3332:
3328:
3316:
3315:
3310:
3306:
3294:
3293:
3288:
3284:
3268:
3267:
3262:
3255:
3239:
3238:
3233:
3229:
3225:Plunkett, p. 98
3224:
3220:
3216:Plunkett, p. 96
3215:
3211:
3202:
3198:
3188:
3186:
3178:
3177:
3173:
3168:
3164:
3156:Edwards, John.
3155:
3151:
3142:
3135:
3127:Edwards, John.
3126:
3122:
3113:
3109:
3100:
3096:
3088:Edwards, John.
3087:
3083:
3074:
3070:
3061:
3057:
3049:Edwards, John.
3048:
3039:
3030:
3026:
3017:
3013:
3004:
3000:
2991:
2982:
2973:
2969:
2960:
2956:
2946:
2944:
2934:
2930:
2921:
2917:
2908:
2901:
2892:
2885:
2880:
2876:
2870:Wayback Machine
2860:
2856:
2846:
2844:
2833:
2802:
2792:
2790:
2780:
2776:
2766:
2764:
2754:
2750:
2740:
2738:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2713:
2690:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2675:
2651:
2647:
2636:
2631:
2627:
2622:
2576:
2571:
2074:
2044:Columbian Issue
2025:
1999:
1988:
1981:
1975:
1966:
1963:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1885:heraldic badges
1853:
1840:confirmed that
1803:
1686:
1680:
1647:
1628:
1583:
1547:
1539:Siege of Málaga
1488:
1442:, married King
1384:Juan de Flandes
1376:
1355:Alhambra decree
1344:Dominican friar
1340:
1334:Alhambra Decree
1332:Main articles:
1330:
1303:
1293:Juan de la Cosa
1273:prisoner of war
1257:
1189:
1096:
1091:
1034:
1021:
1009:
979:
977:Santa Hermandad
973:
964:
945:
925:
881:
763:
749:
739:in the city of
717:
603:
499:
494:
486:Catholic Church
446:Alhambra Decree
405:Queen of Aragon
316:
279:
278:
270:
267: 1469)
262:
258:
255:
242:
225:
221:
208:
203:
201:
187:Germana de Foix
166:
157:
100:
80:
77:
58:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9638:
9628:
9627:
9622:
9617:
9612:
9607:
9602:
9597:
9592:
9587:
9582:
9577:
9572:
9567:
9562:
9557:
9552:
9547:
9542:
9537:
9532:
9527:
9522:
9517:
9512:
9507:
9502:
9497:
9492:
9487:
9482:
9477:
9472:
9467:
9462:
9457:
9442:
9441:
9429:
9417:
9405:
9393:
9370:
9369:
9367:
9366:
9361:
9356:
9351:
9346:
9341:
9336:
9331:
9326:
9321:
9316:
9311:
9306:
9301:
9295:
9293:
9287:
9286:
9284:
9283:
9278:
9273:
9268:
9263:
9257:
9255:
9253:Personal union
9249:
9248:
9241:
9239:
9237:
9236:
9227:
9217:
9215:
9213:Dynastic union
9209:
9208:
9199:
9196:
9195:
9188:
9187:
9180:
9173:
9165:
9156:
9155:
9153:
9152:
9147:
9142:
9137:
9131:
9129:
9125:
9124:
9122:
9121:
9116:
9111:
9106:
9101:
9095:
9093:
9089:
9088:
9086:
9085:
9080:
9075:
9069:
9067:
9063:
9062:
9060:
9059:
9054:
9048:
9046:
9042:
9041:
9039:
9038:
9033:
9028:
9022:
9020:
9016:
9015:
9013:
9012:
9006:
9004:
9000:
8999:
8997:
8996:
8991:
8986:
8981:
8975:
8973:
8969:
8968:
8966:
8965:
8960:
8955:
8950:
8944:
8942:
8938:
8937:
8935:
8934:
8929:
8924:
8919:
8913:
8911:
8910:9th generation
8907:
8906:
8904:
8903:
8898:
8892:
8890:
8889:8th generation
8886:
8885:
8883:
8882:
8876:
8874:
8873:7th generation
8870:
8869:
8867:
8866:
8861:
8856:
8851:
8845:
8843:
8842:6th generation
8839:
8838:
8836:
8835:
8829:
8827:
8826:5th generation
8823:
8822:
8820:
8819:
8814:
8809:
8803:
8801:
8800:4th generation
8797:
8796:
8794:
8793:
8787:
8785:
8784:3rd generation
8781:
8780:
8778:
8777:
8772:
8766:
8764:
8763:2nd generation
8760:
8759:
8757:
8756:
8751:
8745:
8743:
8742:1st generation
8739:
8738:
8731:
8730:
8723:
8716:
8708:
8699:
8698:
8696:
8695:
8690:
8685:
8680:
8675:
8670:
8665:
8660:
8655:
8650:
8645:
8640:
8635:
8630:
8625:
8620:
8615:
8613:Juana Enríquez
8610:
8605:
8600:
8595:
8590:
8585:
8580:
8575:
8570:
8565:
8560:
8555:
8550:
8545:
8540:
8535:
8530:
8525:
8523:Irene Angelina
8520:
8515:
8510:
8505:
8500:
8495:
8489:
8487:
8480:
8479:
8477:
8476:
8471:
8466:
8461:
8455:
8453:
8446:
8445:
8438:
8437:
8430:
8423:
8415:
8406:
8405:
8399:
8396:
8395:
8393:
8392:
8387:
8382:
8376:
8370:
8364:
8358:
8352:
8346:
8340:
8334:
8328:
8322:
8316:
8310:
8304:
8298:
8293:
8288:
8283:
8278:
8273:
8267:
8262:
8257:
8252:
8247:
8242:
8237:
8232:
8227:
8222:
8216:
8209:
8206:
8205:
8198:
8197:
8190:
8183:
8175:
8166:
8165:
8163:
8162:
8156:
8154:
8148:
8147:
8145:
8144:
8139:
8134:
8132:Juana Enríquez
8129:
8124:
8118:
8116:
8110:
8109:
8107:
8106:
8101:
8096:
8094:Violant of Bar
8091:
8086:
8081:
8076:
8071:
8066:
8061:
8056:
8051:
8046:
8041:
8036:
8031:
8026:
8020:
8018:
8012:
8011:
8004:
8002:
8000:
7999:
7994:
7989:
7987:Urraca of León
7984:
7979:
7974:
7969:
7964:
7959:
7953:
7951:
7945:
7944:
7937:Royal consorts
7933:
7932:
7925:
7918:
7910:
7901:
7900:
7898:
7897:
7891:
7889:
7883:
7882:
7880:
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7870:
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7851:
7846:
7841:
7835:
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7827:
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7809:
7803:
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7756:
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7704:
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6508:
6505:
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6486:
6480:
6479:
6470:
6465:
6461:
6460:
6450:
6449:
6441:
6436:
6427:
6424:Juana Enríquez
6419:
6413:
6412:
6406:
6405:
6389:
6377:
6373:
6372:
6367:
6364:
6309:
6304:
6300:
6299:
6298:Regnal titles
6295:
6294:
6274:
6271:
6266:
6265:
6252:
6241:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6212:
6211:External links
6209:
6204:
6203:
6186:
6177:, Hernando del
6169:
6152:
6126:
6109:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6083:
6047:
6033:
6019:
6005:
5987:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5960:
5953:
5952:. Madrid 1988.
5946:
5939:
5937:978-9728998882
5909:
5895:
5894:, Madrid 1999.
5888:
5867:
5846:
5839:, Jean (1993)
5832:
5818:
5817:. Madrid 1964.
5811:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5781:
5774:
5767:
5760:
5753:
5746:
5739:
5729:
5722:
5720:978-0870241437
5703:
5696:
5691:Kamen, Henry.
5689:
5682:
5681:. Oxford 1978.
5675:
5661:
5647:
5644:
5630:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5614:
5613:
5585:
5569:
5552:
5538:
5513:
5498:, ed. (1896).
5484:
5462:
5453:
5444:
5433:on 6 June 2013
5414:
5390:
5366:
5359:
5342:
5329:
5314:. 9 May 2020.
5299:
5269:
5230:
5217:
5168:
5146:10.7557/5.5946
5123:
5083:
5062:(4): 518–526.
5042:
5021:
4992:
4967:
4950:
4933:
4926:
4908:
4882:
4875:
4869:. Scholastic.
4853:
4827:
4814:
4800:
4791:
4778:
4771:
4747:
4734:
4725:
4715:Kamen, Henry.
4708:
4696:
4666:
4653:
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4588:
4581:
4558:
4543:
4531:
4518:
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4402:
4389:
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4363:
4350:
4333:
4320:
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4209:
4196:
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4143:
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4105:
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4083:
4076:
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4037:
4024:
4023:
4015:
4004:
4003:
3995:
3977:
3976:
3967:
3946:
3945:
3934:
3921:
3886:
3885:
3877:
3871:Perfect Prince
3852:
3851:
3836:
3820:
3804:
3803:
3795:
3775:
3774:
3766:
3745:
3744:
3736:
3715:
3714:
3706:
3679:
3678:
3670:
3610:
3609:
3601:
3584:
3583:
3575:
3555:
3554:
3546:
3534:(Portuguese):
3525:
3524:
3516:
3492:
3491:
3483:
3462:(Portuguese):
3460:Damião de Góis
3453:
3452:
3444:
3420:
3419:
3411:
3399:(Portuguese):
3390:
3389:
3381:
3379:, chapter XLV.
3360:
3359:
3351:
3335:
3334:
3326:
3324:, chapter XLV.
3313:
3312:
3304:
3291:
3290:
3282:
3265:
3264:
3253:
3236:
3235:
3227:
3218:
3209:
3196:
3171:
3162:
3149:
3133:
3120:
3107:
3094:
3081:
3068:
3055:
3037:
3024:
3011:
2998:
2980:
2967:
2954:
2928:
2915:
2899:
2883:
2874:
2854:
2800:
2774:
2748:
2718:
2711:
2705:. p. 30.
2683:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2645:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2616:
2614:Joanna the Mad
2603:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2591:in the country
2575:
2572:
2568:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2549:
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2537:
2534:
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2528:
2527:
2521:
2518:
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2514:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2498:
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2427:
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2411:
2408:
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2398:
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2240:
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2234:
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2214:
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2209:
2207:
2205:
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2200:
2199:
2197:
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2191:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2175:
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2165:
2159:
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2152:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2145:
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2141:
2139:
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2133:
2127:
2124:
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2119:
2117:
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2113:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2082:
2081:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2024:
2021:
2009:Spanish Empire
1995:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1976:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1957:
1955:
1950:
1943:
1941:
1936:
1929:
1927:
1922:
1915:
1852:
1849:
1834:Servant of God
1802:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1775:
1772:
1762:
1748:
1734:
1728:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1674:
1663:
1660:
1642:
1636:
1623:
1582:
1579:
1546:
1543:
1487:
1484:
1386:(c. 1500–1504)
1375:
1372:
1329:
1326:
1265:Canary Islands
1256:
1253:
1229:Spanish Empire
1188:
1185:
1104:Felipe Bigarny
1095:
1092:
1090:
1089:Events of 1492
1087:
1033:
1030:
1020:
1017:
1008:
1005:
975:Main article:
972:
969:
963:
960:
944:
941:
924:
921:
909:Kingdom of Fez
889:Canary Islands
880:
877:
834:Battle of Toro
823:Battle of Toro
753:Battle of Toro
748:
745:
716:
713:
602:
599:
498:
495:
493:
490:
482:Servant of God
470:Spanish empire
372:
371:
364:
360:
359:
354:
350:
349:
344:
340:
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334:
330:
329:
324:
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288:
286:
272:
271:
260:
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251:
250:
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244:
243:
237:
235:
231:
230:
224:(aged 53)
218:
214:
213:
198:
194:
193:
190:
189:
184:
180:
179:
177:Juana Enríquez
174:
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145:
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138:
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97:
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92:
82:
81:
72:
64:
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60:Servant of God
51:
50:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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9365:
9362:
9360:
9359:Juan Carlos I
9357:
9355:
9352:
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9347:
9345:
9342:
9340:
9337:
9335:
9334:Ferdinand VII
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8609:
8606:
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8594:
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8589:
8586:
8584:
8581:
8579:
8576:
8574:
8571:
8569:
8566:
8564:
8561:
8559:
8556:
8554:
8551:
8549:
8546:
8544:
8541:
8539:
8536:
8534:
8531:
8529:
8526:
8524:
8521:
8519:
8516:
8514:
8511:
8509:
8506:
8504:
8501:
8499:
8496:
8494:
8491:
8490:
8488:
8485:
8481:
8475:
8472:
8470:
8467:
8465:
8462:
8460:
8457:
8456:
8454:
8451:
8447:
8443:
8436:
8431:
8429:
8424:
8422:
8417:
8416:
8413:
8403:
8397:
8391:
8388:
8386:
8383:
8380:
8377:
8374:
8371:
8368:
8365:
8362:
8359:
8356:
8353:
8350:
8347:
8344:
8341:
8338:
8335:
8332:
8329:
8326:
8323:
8320:
8317:
8314:
8311:
8308:
8305:
8302:
8299:
8297:
8294:
8292:
8289:
8287:
8284:
8282:
8279:
8277:
8274:
8271:
8268:
8266:
8263:
8261:
8258:
8256:
8253:
8251:
8248:
8246:
8243:
8241:
8238:
8236:
8233:
8231:
8228:
8226:
8223:
8220:
8217:
8214:
8211:
8210:
8207:
8203:
8196:
8191:
8189:
8184:
8182:
8177:
8176:
8173:
8161:
8158:
8157:
8155:
8153:
8149:
8143:
8140:
8138:
8135:
8133:
8130:
8128:
8125:
8123:
8120:
8119:
8117:
8115:
8111:
8105:
8102:
8100:
8099:Maria de Luna
8097:
8095:
8092:
8090:
8087:
8085:
8082:
8080:
8077:
8075:
8072:
8070:
8067:
8065:
8062:
8060:
8057:
8055:
8052:
8050:
8047:
8045:
8042:
8040:
8037:
8035:
8032:
8030:
8027:
8025:
8022:
8021:
8019:
8017:
8013:
8008:
7998:
7995:
7993:
7990:
7988:
7985:
7983:
7980:
7978:
7975:
7973:
7970:
7968:
7965:
7963:
7960:
7958:
7955:
7954:
7952:
7950:
7946:
7942:
7938:
7931:
7926:
7924:
7919:
7917:
7912:
7911:
7908:
7896:
7893:
7892:
7890:
7888:
7884:
7878:
7874:
7871:
7869:
7865:
7862:
7860:
7857:
7855:
7852:
7850:
7847:
7845:
7842:
7840:
7837:
7836:
7834:
7832:
7828:
7824:
7823:John of Gaunt
7820:
7818:
7814:
7808:
7805:
7804:
7802:
7800:
7796:
7790:
7787:
7785:
7782:
7780:
7777:
7775:
7772:
7770:
7767:
7765:
7762:
7760:
7759:Ferdinand III
7757:
7755:
7751:
7748:
7746:
7743:
7741:
7738:
7736:
7733:
7732:
7730:
7728:
7724:
7718:
7715:
7713:
7710:
7708:
7705:
7703:
7700:
7699:
7697:
7695:
7691:
7685:
7682:
7680:
7677:
7675:
7672:
7670:
7667:
7665:
7662:
7661:
7659:
7657:
7653:
7648:
7638:
7635:
7633:
7630:
7628:
7625:
7623:
7620:
7618:
7615:
7613:
7610:
7608:
7605:
7603:
7600:
7598:
7595:
7593:
7590:
7588:
7585:
7583:
7580:
7578:
7575:
7573:
7570:
7568:
7565:
7563:
7560:
7558:
7555:
7553:
7550:
7548:
7545:
7544:
7542:
7540:
7539:Suebian kings
7536:
7532:
7528:
7521:
7516:
7514:
7509:
7507:
7502:
7501:
7498:
7486:
7483:
7482:
7480:
7478:
7474:
7468:
7464:
7461:
7459:
7455:
7452:
7450:
7447:
7445:
7442:
7440:
7437:
7435:
7432:
7430:
7427:
7426:
7424:
7422:
7418:
7412:
7409:
7407:
7404:
7402:
7399:
7397:
7394:
7392:
7389:
7387:
7386:Ferdinand III
7384:
7382:
7378:
7375:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7359:
7357:
7355:
7351:
7345:
7342:
7340:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7327:
7326:
7324:
7322:
7318:
7313:
7303:
7300:
7298:
7295:
7293:
7290:
7288:
7285:
7283:
7280:
7278:
7275:
7273:
7270:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7260:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7250:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7230:
7229:
7227:
7225:
7221:
7217:
7213:
7206:
7201:
7199:
7194:
7192:
7187:
7186:
7183:
7171:
7168:
7167:
7165:
7163:
7159:
7153:
7150:
7148:
7145:
7143:
7140:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7129:
7127:
7125:
7121:
7115:
7111:
7108:
7106:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7089:
7087:
7084:
7082:
7079:
7077:
7074:
7073:
7071:
7069:
7065:
7059:
7056:
7054:
7051:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7033:Ferdinand III
7031:
7029:
7026:
7024:
7021:
7019:
7016:
7014:
7011:
7009:
7006:
7005:
7003:
7001:
6997:
6992:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6963:
6961:
6959:
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6951:
6947:
6940:
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6928:
6926:
6921:
6920:
6917:
6894:
6891:
6888:
6886:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6872:
6870:
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6864:
6862:
6859:
6856:
6854:
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6848:
6846:
6843:
6840:
6838:
6835:
6832:
6830:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6784:
6782:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6768:
6766:
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6758:
6755:
6752:
6750:
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6707:
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6646:
6643:
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6630:
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6603:
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6511:
6502:
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6468:
6462:
6457:
6456:
6451:
6448:
6447:
6440:
6433:
6432:
6426:
6425:
6418:
6414:
6411:
6407:
6404:
6403:
6395:
6394:
6387:
6386:
6380:
6374:
6370:
6363:
6360:
6359:
6351:
6350:
6346:
6342:
6338:
6334:
6330:
6326:
6322:
6318:
6314:
6307:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6285:22 April 1451
6284:
6279:
6278:
6269:
6263:
6259:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6250:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6236:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
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6220:
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6208:
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6200:
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6110:
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6031:
6030:
6020:
6017:
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6003:
5999:
5998:
5988:
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5981:
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5809:
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5721:
5717:
5713:
5704:
5701:
5697:
5694:
5690:
5687:
5683:
5680:
5676:
5674:
5673:0-631-16165-1
5670:
5666:
5662:
5659:
5658:
5648:
5645:
5642:
5641:
5631:
5628:
5624:
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5602:
5598:
5597:
5589:
5582:
5576:
5574:
5567:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5541:
5539:9780415939188
5535:
5531:
5530:
5522:
5520:
5518:
5509:
5508:
5502:
5497:
5491:
5489:
5482:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5469:
5467:
5457:
5448:
5432:
5428:
5424:
5418:
5412:
5411:84-259-1074-9
5408:
5404:
5400:
5394:
5386:
5382:
5378:
5370:
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5339:
5333:
5317:
5313:
5309:
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5287:
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5265:
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5234:
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5213:
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5179:
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5142:
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5113:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5097:
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5079:
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5057:
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5032:
5028:
5024:
5022:9782100520909
5018:
5014:
5010:
5006:
5002:
4996:
4981:
4977:
4971:
4964:
4960:
4954:
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4929:
4923:
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4912:
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4892:
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4878:
4876:9780439078054
4872:
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4824:
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4810:
4804:
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4782:
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4772:9780199731985
4768:
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4703:
4701:
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4515:
4509:
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4490:
4484:
4477:
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4445:
4438:
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4425:
4419:
4412:
4406:
4399:
4393:
4386:
4380:
4373:
4367:
4360:
4354:
4347:
4343:
4337:
4330:
4324:
4317:
4311:
4305:, pp. 152–155
4304:
4300:
4294:
4287:
4281:
4279:
4271:
4265:
4258:
4252:
4245:
4239:
4232:
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4219:
4213:
4206:
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4187:
4180:
4174:
4167:
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4154:
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4148:
4139:
4137:
4129:
4125:
4116:
4109:
4100:
4093:
4087:
4080:
4071:
4069:
4060:
4059:"in extremis"
4056:
4055:
4050:
4041:
4034:
4033:
4028:
4019:
4012:
4008:
3999:
3992:
3989:
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3550:
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3542:
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3533:
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3520:
3513:
3512:
3507:
3504:
3501:(Castilian):
3500:
3496:
3487:
3480:
3479:
3474:
3471:
3468:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3448:
3441:
3440:
3435:
3432:
3429:(Castilian):
3428:
3424:
3415:
3408:
3407:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3385:
3378:
3377:
3372:
3369:(Castilian):
3368:
3364:
3355:
3348:
3347:
3342:
3339:
3330:
3323:
3322:
3317:
3308:
3301:
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3295:
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3260:
3258:
3250:
3249:
3244:
3240:
3231:
3222:
3213:
3206:
3200:
3185:
3181:
3175:
3169:Gerli, p. 219
3166:
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2778:
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2762:Andalucia.com
2759:
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2712:9780465096794
2708:
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2700:
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2684:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2657:John of Gaunt
2654:
2649:
2640:
2635:
2629:
2625:
2615:
2611:
2610:queen regnant
2607:
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2144:
2143:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2116:
2115:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2100:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2078:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2063:commemorative
2059:
2051:
2047:
2045:
2040:
2038:
2029:
2023:Commemoration
2020:
2018:
2012:
2010:
2006:
1998:
1997:Issue of 1893
1992:
1980:
1973:
1968:
1961:
1956:
1947:
1942:
1933:
1928:
1919:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1861:undifferenced
1858:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1815:Beatification
1812:
1808:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1756:
1753:(1479–1555),
1752:
1749:
1746:
1742:
1739:(1478–1497),
1738:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1726:
1725:Miguel da Paz
1722:
1718:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1699:
1695:
1692:Isabella and
1690:
1685:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1661:
1657:
1651:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1606:
1604:
1600:
1587:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1463:
1461:
1460:Miguel da Paz
1455:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1385:
1380:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1352:
1349:as the first
1348:
1345:
1339:
1335:
1325:
1322:
1317:
1315:
1309:
1302:
1301:Diego de Lepe
1298:
1294:
1290:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1252:
1250:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1193:
1184:
1181:
1176:
1174:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1086:
1084:
1079:
1075:
1073:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1055:Royal Council
1047:
1043:
1040:
1029:
1025:
1016:
1014:
1004:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
985:
978:
968:
956:
951:
947:
940:
937:
933:
929:
920:
918:
912:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
876:
874:
869:
867:
861:
859:
853:
851:
845:
843:
839:
835:
830:
828:
824:
820:
811:
807:
805:
801:
797:
793:
792:Diego Pacheco
788:
786:
782:
778:
769:
765:
762:
758:
754:
744:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
721:consanguinity
712:
710:
706:
697:
693:
690:
686:
682:
676:
674:
670:
666:
660:
658:
653:
651:
647:
643:
639:
626:
622:
620:
616:
612:
608:
598:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
574:
571:
567:
563:
555:
550:
546:
544:
540:
536:
531:
527:
525:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
489:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
434:
432:
428:
423:
421:
417:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
369:
365:
361:
358:
355:
351:
348:
345:
341:
338:
335:
331:
328:
325:
323:
319:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
289:
287:
284:
283:
277:
273:
254:
249:
245:
240:
236:
232:
228:
219:
215:
211:
200:22 April 1451
199:
195:
191:
188:
185:
181:
178:
175:
171:
164:
160:
155:
150:
146:
142:
139:
135:
132:
129:
125:
122:
119:
115:
111:
109:
105:
98:
94:
91:
87:
83:
70:
65:
62:
61:
57:
52:
47:
44:
40:
33:
19:
9354:Alfonso XIII
9314:Ferdinand VI
9220:
9082:
8832:
8617:
8300:
8136:
7863:
7779:Ferdinand IV
7740:Ferdinand II
7453:
7401:Ferdinand IV
7367:Ferdinand II
7100:
7048:Ferdinand IV
7018:Alfonso VIII
6892:
6884:
6876:
6868:
6860:
6852:
6844:
6836:
6828:
6820:
6812:
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6796:
6788:
6780:
6772:
6764:
6756:
6748:
6740:
6732:
6724:
6716:
6708:
6700:
6692:
6684:
6676:
6668:
6665:
6660:
6652:
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6636:
6628:
6620:
6612:
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6539:
6538:
6533:
6498:
6472:
6453:
6444:
6438:
6429:
6422:
6416:
6399:
6391:
6384:
6383:
6379:Muhammad XII
6361:
6355:
6311:
6289:
6282:
6275:
6248:
6206:
6198:
6181:
6164:
6148:
6144:
6137:
6134:, Alfonso de
6121:
6104:
6056:
6042:
6028:
6014:
6001:
5996:
5983:
5978:
5956:
5949:
5942:
5917:
5904:
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5876:
5855:
5841:
5827:
5814:
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5777:
5770:
5763:
5756:
5749:
5742:
5735:
5725:
5699:
5692:
5685:
5678:
5664:
5656:
5639:
5626:
5604:. Retrieved
5595:
5588:
5580:
5563:
5555:
5543:. Retrieved
5528:
5505:
5478:
5456:
5447:
5435:. Retrieved
5431:the original
5426:
5417:
5402:
5398:
5393:
5376:
5369:
5350:
5345:
5337:
5332:
5320:. Retrieved
5311:
5302:
5290:. Retrieved
5281:
5272:
5245:
5233:
5225:
5220:
5185:
5181:
5171:
5136:
5126:
5115:, retrieved
5095:
5086:
5059:
5055:
5045:
5034:, retrieved
5004:
4995:
4983:. Retrieved
4979:
4970:
4962:
4958:
4953:
4945:
4941:
4936:
4917:
4911:
4899:. Retrieved
4894:
4885:
4864:
4856:
4844:. Retrieved
4840:
4830:
4822:
4817:
4803:
4794:
4786:
4781:
4757:
4750:
4742:
4737:
4728:
4723:, pp. 29–31.
4716:
4711:
4687:. Retrieved
4678:
4669:
4656:
4644:. Retrieved
4642:(in Spanish)
4639:
4630:
4616:
4604:. Retrieved
4600:
4591:
4571:
4561:
4552:
4546:
4534:
4526:
4521:
4513:
4496:
4488:
4483:
4475:
4470:
4462:
4457:
4449:
4444:
4436:
4431:
4423:
4418:
4410:
4405:
4397:
4392:
4384:
4379:
4371:
4366:
4358:
4353:
4341:
4336:
4328:
4323:
4315:
4310:
4298:
4293:
4285:
4269:
4264:
4256:
4251:
4243:
4238:
4230:
4225:
4217:
4212:
4204:
4199:
4191:
4186:
4178:
4173:
4165:
4160:
4151:
4115:
4099:
4091:
4086:
4058:
4053:
4040:
4031:
4018:
3998:
3990:
3987:
3970:
3957:
3952:
3929:
3924:
3915:, New York:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3895:
3892:
3880:
3870:
3865:
3862:
3828:
3823:
3814:
3810:
3798:
3782:
3769:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3739:
3727:
3722:
3709:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3688:
3685:
3673:
3628:
3623:
3619:
3616:
3604:
3595:
3590:
3578:
3570:
3567:
3562:
3549:
3540:
3535:
3519:
3510:
3505:
3502:
3486:
3477:
3473:divisions. "
3472:
3469:
3466:
3463:
3447:
3438:
3433:
3430:
3414:
3405:
3400:
3384:
3375:
3370:
3354:
3345:
3329:
3320:
3307:
3298:
3285:
3276:
3271:
3247:
3242:
3230:
3221:
3212:
3204:
3199:
3187:. Retrieved
3183:
3174:
3165:
3157:
3152:
3144:
3128:
3123:
3115:
3110:
3102:
3097:
3089:
3084:
3076:
3071:
3063:
3058:
3050:
3032:
3027:
3019:
3014:
3006:
3001:
2993:
2975:
2970:
2962:
2957:
2945:. Retrieved
2941:
2931:
2923:
2918:
2910:
2894:
2877:
2857:
2845:. Retrieved
2841:the original
2791:. Retrieved
2787:
2777:
2765:. Retrieved
2761:
2751:
2739:. Retrieved
2735:the original
2730:
2721:
2697:
2687:
2648:
2628:
2308:
2060:
2056:
2041:
2034:
2013:
2002:
1978:
1904:
1892:
1854:
1846:
1842:Pope Francis
1827:
1823:
1819:Canonization
1804:
1761:, had issue.
1707:
1655:
1614:
1607:
1596:
1559:Capilla Real
1548:
1520:
1489:
1464:
1456:
1420:
1389:
1363:
1341:
1318:
1285:
1258:
1245:
1225:colonization
1209:
1198:
1177:
1156:Muhammad XII
1144:
1117:
1108:Capilla Real
1080:
1076:
1069:
1063:
1058:
1052:
1038:
1035:
1026:
1022:
1010:
983:
980:
965:
946:
926:
913:
882:
875:was fought.
870:
862:
855:
850:
847:
831:
816:
789:
774:
764:
729:Pope Pius II
718:
702:
677:
673:Juan Pacheco
661:
654:
635:
615:cadet branch
604:
575:
559:
553:
532:
528:
500:
456:, financing
435:
430:
424:
392:
388:
376:
375:
280:
222:(1504-11-26)
54:
43:
9465:1504 deaths
9460:1451 births
9427:Middle Ages
9415:Catholicism
9349:Alfonso XII
9339:Isabella II
9319:Charles III
9225:Ferdinand V
8486:(1130–1816)
8452:(1071–1130)
8385:Julie Clary
7868:Ferdinand V
7774:Prince John
7735:Alfonso VII
7684:Bermudo III
7458:Ferdinand V
7362:Alfonso VII
7329:Ferdinand I
7302:Bermudo III
7232:Alfonso III
7105:Ferdinand V
7008:Alfonso VII
6966:Ferdinand I
6885:(1977–2014)
6869:(1881–1904)
6821:(1788–1808)
6789:(1661–1665)
6781:(1657–1661)
6773:(1629–1646)
6701:(1498–1500)
6402:Ferdinand V
6362:(1475–1504)
6358:Ferdinand V
6194:, Garcia de
6100:, Damião de
5496:Lee, Sidney
5437:22 February
5322:22 February
5292:22 February
5117:25 February
5036:25 February
4985:21 February
4689:22 February
4646:22 February
4348:, pp. 29–32
3730:Aljubarrota
3532:Rui de Pina
3530:chronicler
3497:chronicler
3458:chronicler
3431:"(...) the
3425:chronicler
3395:chronicler
3365:chronicler
3189:22 February
2947:12 February
2942:Girl Museum
2703:Basic Books
2637: [
2634:Si convenit
1953:(1492–1504)
1939:(1474–1492)
1925:(1468–1474)
1889:Tanto Monta
1648: [
1629: [
1374:Later years
1360:Henry Kamen
1304: [
1277:cannibalism
1221:exploration
1205:East Indies
1140:Granada War
1120:Reconquista
1066:bourgeoisie
1001:Extremadura
936:Tordesillas
707:'s brother
497:Early years
462:1492 voyage
442:Reconquista
173:Predecessor
143:(from 1475)
141:Ferdinand V
117:Predecessor
78: 1490
9449:Categories
9324:Charles IV
9291:Real union
9281:Charles II
9271:Philip III
9221:Isabella I
7864:Isabella I
7784:Alfonso XI
7745:Alfonso IX
7712:Alfonso VI
7674:Bermudo II
7602:Theodemund
7592:Hermeneric
7454:Isabella I
7406:Alfonso XI
7372:Alfonso IX
7339:Alfonso VI
7292:Bermudo II
7287:Ramiro III
7267:Ordoño III
7257:Alfonso IV
7152:Charles II
7142:Philip III
7101:Isabella I
7053:Alfonso XI
7028:Berengaria
7013:Sancho III
6976:Alfonso VI
6546:1474–1504
6504:1468–1474
6459:1479–1504
6435:1469–1504
6088:Chronicles
6060:, revista
6023:Palenzuela
5886:8468812080
5865:1560634766
5822:Desormeaux
5312:fsspx.news
5266:required.)
5188:(2): 184.
4841:Good Reads
4719:. (1997)
4679:www.abc.es
4606:19 October
3632:, revista
3296:Manchado,
3184:Britannica
2788:Britannica
2767:8 February
2741:8 February
2679:References
1897:prenuptial
1757:. Married
1743:. Married
1682:See also:
1599:hair color
1217:Golden Age
1215:entered a
1071:caballeros
1032:Government
957:in Granada
897:Cape Verde
751:See also:
741:Valladolid
391:(Spanish:
377:Isabella I
327:Trastámara
204:1451-04-22
137:Co-monarch
108:Coronation
49:Isabella I
9391:Biography
9364:Felipe VI
9276:Philip IV
9266:Philip II
9261:Charles I
7895:Charles I
7849:Henry III
7769:Sancho IV
7764:Alfonso X
7707:Sancho II
7702:García II
7679:Alfonso V
7664:Ordoño II
7617:Theodemar
7587:Remismund
7577:Richimund
7485:Charles I
7439:Henry III
7396:Sancho IV
7391:Alfonso X
7334:Sancho II
7297:Alfonso V
7277:Ordoño IV
7262:Ramiro II
7247:Fruela II
7242:Ordoño II
7147:Philip IV
7137:Philip II
7132:Charles I
7086:Henry III
7043:Sancho IV
7038:Alfonso X
6971:Sancho II
6877:(1907–38)
6861:(1875–80)
6853:(1871–73)
6845:(1857–68)
6837:(1851–57)
6829:(1830–33)
6818:Ferdinand
6813:(1759–88)
6805:(1724–46)
6802:Ferdinand
6797:(1709–24)
6765:(1605–21)
6757:(1582–98)
6749:(1578–82)
6741:(1571–78)
6738:Ferdinand
6733:(1556–68)
6725:(1527–56)
6717:(1504–16)
6709:(1502–04)
6693:(1497–98)
6685:(1478–97)
6677:(1470–78)
6669:(1468–70)
6661:(1464–68)
6653:(1462–64)
6645:(1425–54)
6637:(1424–25)
6629:(1423–24)
6626:Catherine
6621:(1405–06)
6613:(1402–05)
6605:(1388–90)
6397:1492–1504
6385:as Sultan
6353:1474–1504
6349:Gibraltar
6345:Algeciras
6117:, Juan de
6081:0210-6310
6066:pp. 55–70
5707:Lunenfeld
5399:El escudo
5385:0482-5748
5212:187984200
5204:2057-6730
5163:239148634
5155:2387-3086
5112:242986273
5078:1980-5160
5031:245078033
4980:ThoughtCo
4062:acquired.
4051:Quesada,
4011:Decada IV
3984:Decada IV
3917:Routledge
3859:Década IV
3660:0210-6310
3645:pp. 55–70
2589:Salic law
1877:quartered
1873:supporter
1694:Ferdinand
1610:Andalusia
1541:in 1487.
1423:an empire
1364:conversos
1321:last will
1212:New World
997:maravedís
984:hermandad
932:New World
917:Andalusia
885:Alcáçovas
819:Plasencia
607:Ferdinand
466:New World
363:Signature
183:Successor
127:Successor
9403:Monarchy
9309:Philip V
9299:Philip V
9234:Philip I
9010:Isabella
7877:Philip I
7859:Henry IV
7839:Henry II
7669:Sancho I
7607:Chararic
7597:Veremund
7547:Hermeric
7527:Monarchs
7467:Philip I
7449:Henry IV
7429:Henry II
7282:Sancho I
7272:Sancho I
7237:García I
7212:Monarchs
7170:Philip V
7114:Philip I
7096:Henry IV
7076:Henry II
6946:Monarchs
6893:(2014– )
6866:Mercedes
6858:Isabella
6834:Isabella
6826:Isabella
6690:Isabella
6674:Isabella
6666:Isabella
6527:Henry IV
6510:Isabella
6306:Henry IV
6258:Archived
6249:El Mundo
6235:Archived
6160:, Ruy de
6131:Palencia
6069:Archived
5984:Ejército
5965:Articles
5925:Archived
5913:Mendonça
5899:Manchado
5871:Guerrero
5850:González
5734:(1838).
5316:Archived
5286:Archived
5284:. 2018.
4940:Pulgar,
4683:Archived
4569:(2007).
3787:Archived
3702:Ejército
3663:Archived
3648:Archived
3637:Archived
3318:Pulgar,
2866:Archived
2847:20 April
2793:10 March
2695:(2019).
2574:See also
2072:Ancestry
1811:Catholic
1732:Cebreros
1713:Isabella
1535:Sigüenza
1408:Cisneros
1368:Marranos
1307:Wikidata
1241:Portugal
1059:letrados
1039:continos
1019:Finances
993:Asturias
858:Isabella
715:Marriage
705:Louis XI
646:Sardinia
505:to King
431:de facto
427:Henry IV
385:Isabel I
353:Religion
131:Joanna I
121:Henry IV
9377:Portals
9304:Louis I
8984:Blanche
7854:John II
7637:Malaric
7612:Ariamir
7567:Maldras
7557:Rechiar
7552:Rechila
7531:Galicia
7444:John II
7091:John II
7023:Henry I
6950:Castile
6874:Alfonso
6842:Alfonso
6810:Charles
6786:Charles
6730:Charles
6714:Charles
6698:Michael
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