359:, but little detailed information exists related to the development of these techniques and the procedures employed by early smiths. Although early ironworkers must have swiftly noticed that processes of cooling could affect the strength and brittleness of iron, and it can be claimed that heat treatment of steel was known in the Old World from the late second millennium BC, it is hard to identify deliberate uses of quenching archaeologically. Moreover, it appears that, at least in Europe, "quenching and tempering separately do not seem to have become common until the 15th century"; it is helpful to distinguish between "full quenching" of steel, where the quenching is so rapid that only martensite forms, and "slack quenching", where the quenching is slower or interrupted, which also allows pearlite to form and results in a less brittle product.
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media where maximum hardness is desired, but there is a small chance that it may cause distortion and tiny cracking. When hardness can be sacrificed, mineral oils are often used. These oil-based fluids often oxidize and form sludge during quenching, which consequently lowers the efficiency of the process. The cooling rate of oil is much less than water. Intermediate rates between water and oil can be obtained with a purpose-formulated quenchant, a substance with an inverse solubility that therefore deposits on the object to slow the rate of cooling.
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218:, which serves to raise kinetic barriers, which, among other effects, gives material properties (hardness and abrasion resistance) as though the workpiece had been cooled more rapidly than it really has. Even cooling such alloys slowly in the air has most of the desired effects of quenching; high-speed steel weakens much less from heat cycling due to high-speed cutting.
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its density requires significantly more energy to move, and its thermal capacity is less than the alternatives. To minimize distortion in the workpiece, long cylindrical workpieces are quenched vertically; flat workpieces are quenched on the edge; and thick sections should enter the bath first. To prevent steam bubbles the bath is agitated.
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formed when steel or cast iron are manufactured and cooled at a slow rate. Pearlite is not an ideal material for many common applications of steel alloys as it is quite soft. By heating pearlite past its eutectoid transition temperature of 727 °C and then rapidly cooling, some of the material's
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Quenching can also be accomplished using inert gases, such as nitrogen and noble gases. Nitrogen is commonly used at greater than atmospheric pressure ranging up to 20 bar absolute. Helium is also used because its thermal capacity is greater than nitrogen. Alternatively, argon can be used; however,
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Once the workpiece has finished soaking, it moves on to the cooling step. During this step, the part is submerged into some kind of quenching fluid; different quenching fluids can have a significant effect on the final characteristics of a quenched part. Water is one of the most efficient quenching
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The process of quenching is a progression, beginning with heating the sample. Most materials are heated to between 815 and 900 °C (1,499 and 1,652 °F), with careful attention paid to keeping temperatures throughout the workpiece uniform. Minimizing uneven heating and overheating is key to
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The second step in the quenching process is soaking. Workpieces can be soaked in air (air furnace), a liquid bath, or a vacuum. The recommended time allocation in salt or lead baths is up to 6 minutes. Soaking times can range a little higher within a vacuum. As in the heating step, it is important
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Quench hardening is a mechanical process in which steel and cast iron alloys are strengthened and hardened. These metals consist of ferrous metals and alloys. This is done by heating the material to a certain temperature, depending on the material. This produces a harder material by either surface
259:
crystal structure can be transformed into a much harder structure known as martensite. Steels with this martensitic structure are often used in applications when the workpiece must be highly resistant to deformation, such as the cutting edge of blades. This is very efficient.
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mentions quenching, recommending amongst other things that 'tools are also given a harder tempering in the urine of a small, red-headed boy than in ordinary water'. One of the fuller early discussions of quenching is the first
Western printed book on metallurgy,
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during which these undesired reactions are both thermodynamically favorable and kinetically accessible; for instance, quenching can reduce the crystal grain size of both metallic and plastic materials, increasing their hardness.
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as when a man who works as a blacksmith plunges a screaming great axe blade or adze into cold water, treating it for temper, since this is the way steel is made strong, even so
Cyclops' eye sizzled about the beam of the
362:
The earliest examples of quenched steel may come from ancient
Mesopotamia, with a relatively secure example of a fourth-century BC quench-hardened chisel from Al Mina in Turkey. Book 9, lines 389-94 of Homer's
210:, the eutectoid temperature becomes much lower, but the kinetic barriers to phase transformation remain the same. This allows quenching to start at a lower temperature, making the process much easier.
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Often, after quenching, an iron or steel alloy will be excessively hard and brittle due to an overabundance of martensite. In these cases, another heat treatment technique known as
339:
Once the temperature has dropped enough, the vapor layer will destabilize and the liquid will be able to fully contact the object and heat will be removed much more quickly.
748:
J. Vanpaemel. HISTORY OF THE HARDENING OF STEEL: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. Journal de
Physique Colloques, 1982, 43 (C4), pp. C4-847-C4-854. DOI:10.1051/jphyscol:19824139;
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The modern scientific study of quenching began to gain real momentum from the seventeenth century, with a major step being the observation-led discussion by
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However, it is not beyond doubt that the passage describes deliberate quench-hardening, rather than simply cooling. Likewise, there is a prospect that the
799:
681:. Metallurgy in Antiquity, part 2. Copper and Bronze, Tin, Arsenic, Antimony and Iron. Vol. 9 (2d rev. ed.). Leiden: E.J. Brill. p. 211.
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to reduce the brittleness that may increase from the quench hardening process. Items that may be quenched include gears, shafts, and wear blocks.
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addressed the topic of quenchants, distinguishing the water of different rivers. Chapters 18-21 of the twelfth-century
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structure, instead forcibly dissolving carbon atoms in the ferrite lattice. In steel alloyed with metals such as
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574:. Vol. 1 of 3 (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press (published 2012-10-12). pp. 377–380.
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hardening or through-hardening varying on the rate at which the material is cooled. The material is then often
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There is evidence of the use of quenching processes by blacksmiths stretching back into the middle of the
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The sword and the crucible: a history of the metallurgy of
European swords up to the 16th century
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This stage occurs when the temperature of the object is below the boiling point of the liquid.
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R. K. Dube, 'Ferrous
Arrowheads and Their Oil Quench Hardening: Some Early Indian Evidence',
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that the temperature throughout the sample remains as uniform as possible during soaking.
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Extremely rapid cooling can prevent the formation of all crystal structures, resulting in
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Craddock, Paul T. (2012). "Metallurgy in the Old World". In
Silberman, Neil Asher (ed.).
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being pushed into a quenching car, Hanna furnaces of the Great Lakes Steel
Corporation,
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of a workpiece in water, gas, oil, polymer, air, or other fluids to obtain certain
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Before hardening, cast steels and iron are of a uniform and lamellar (or layered)
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refers to the oil-quenching of iron arrowheads, but the evidence is problematic.
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is widely cited as an early, possibly the first, written reference to quenching:
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Ancient
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transformation, where the steel must be rapidly cooled through its
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Rapid cooling of a workpiece to obtain certain material properties
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JOM: The
Journal of The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society
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607:. History of Warfare. Vol. 77. Leiden: Brill. p. 22.
487:"Development of High-Speed Steels for Cast Metal-Cutting Tools"
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transformations, from occurring. It does this by reducing the
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Stage A: Vapor bubbles formed over metal and starts cooling
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becomes unstable. Rapid cooling prevents the formation of
739:(Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International, 2007), p. 117.
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Legerská, M.; Chovanec, J.; Chaus, Alexander S. (2006).
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Mackenzie, D. S. (June 2008). "History of quenching".
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is performed on the quenched material to increase the
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International Heat Treatment and Surface Engineering
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
713:(Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns, 1999), p. 284.
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636:Moorey, P. R. S. (Peter Roger Stuart) (1999).
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750:https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/jpa-00222126
319:Heat is removed in three particular stages:
677:Forbes, R. J. (Robert James) (1972-01-01).
644:. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns. pp.
800:
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315:Mechanism of heat removal during quenching
737:Steel Metallurgy for the Non-Metallurgist
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116:Learn how and when to remove this message
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299:. Tempering is usually performed after
268:imparting desired material properties.
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503:10.4028/www.scientific.net/SSP.113.559
250:grain structure. This is a mixture of
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179:, quenching is most commonly used to
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54:adding citations to reliable sources
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572:The Oxford companion to archaeology
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468:"Quenching and tempering of steel"
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335:Stage B: Vapor-transport cooling
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825:History of ferrous metallurgy
679:Studies in ancient technology
603:Williams, Alan (2012-05-03).
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410:Giambattista della Porta
830:List of steel producers
343:Stage C: Liquid cooling
21:Quench (disambiguation)
1058:Electro-slag remelting
448:Hardening (metallurgy)
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140:
1327:Metal heat treatments
1268:Production by country
491:Solid State Phenomena
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225:or "metallic glass".
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1254:Superplastic forming
1173:Quench polish quench
1063:Vacuum arc remelting
1042:Basic oxygen process
1037:Electric arc furnace
774:at Wikimedia Commons
402:Von Stahel und Eysen
396:Theophilus Presbyter
50:improve this article
19:For other uses, see
1209:Cryogenic treatment
1032:Open hearth furnace
1020:Primary (Post-1850)
1011:Cementation process
898:Direct reduced iron
735:John D. Verhoeven,
157:material properties
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137:Detroit, Michigan
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1196:Martempering
1191:Austempering
1100:Low hydrogen
918:Finery forge
914:Wrought iron
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543:(2): 68–73.
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514:. Retrieved
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443:Austempering
438:Martempering
428:Quench press
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159:. A type of
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48:Please help
43:verification
40:
1239:Forming gas
1143:Carburizing
1000:Wootz steel
966:Steelmaking
865:sponge iron
497:: 559–564.
472:tec-science
381:Mahabharata
65:"Quenching"
1296:Luxembourg
1276:Bangladesh
1218:Deflashing
1128:Ausforming
971:Steel mill
881:Cold blast
873:(produces
863:(produces
815:production
516:2019-04-05
454:References
188:martensite
177:metallurgy
76:newspapers
1249:Quenching
1223:Hardening
1213:Deburring
1183:Tempering
1163:Nitriding
1158:Induction
1148:Cryogenic
1115:Hardening
1092:Annealing
1051:Secondary
934:Cast iron
907:Secondary
886:Hot blast
843:Ironworks
772:Quenching
623:794328540
590:819762187
557:1749-5148
511:137397169
433:Tempering
301:hardening
289:toughness
285:tempering
256:cementite
248:pearlitic
208:manganese
200:cementite
196:austenite
192:eutectoid
149:quenching
106:July 2023
1321:Category
1133:Boriding
925:Puddling
875:pig iron
861:Bloomery
853:Smelting
664:42907384
422:See also
357:Iron Age
305:hardness
236:tempered
216:tungsten
1301:Nigeria
1084:methods
928:Furnace
697:1022929
366:Odyssey
351:History
295:-based
263:Process
252:ferrite
242:Purpose
153:cooling
90:scholar
695:
685:
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588:
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374:olive.
297:alloys
204:nickel
181:harden
92:
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78:
71:
63:
1291:Italy
1286:India
1281:China
936:(via
916:(via
813:steel
648:–85.
507:S2CID
184:steel
165:phase
97:JSTOR
83:books
920:or
811:and
809:Iron
693:OCLC
683:ISBN
660:OCLC
650:ISBN
619:OCLC
609:ISBN
586:OCLC
576:ISBN
553:ISSN
293:iron
254:and
206:and
133:Coke
69:news
940:or
646:283
545:doi
499:doi
495:113
394:by
291:of
175:In
143:In
52:by
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