836:
420:
332:
432:
630:
531:
522:
513:
3539:
1781:
312:
3549:
824:
53:
921:
2138:
1791:
1139:...the small, lute-like instrument of the Middle Ages called, until recently, the 'mandora' by modern writers, was originally called the 'gittern'...generally used for the small, four-course, renaissance guitar, but it was still also occasionally used (until well into the 17th century) for the instrument which, during the 16th century, became known as the '
621:- Playford's gittern has lost the 'e' altogether. Although Wright's work enabled identification of the medieval instrument, references to it in 16th century England are more ambivalent regarding structure - leading to the initial confusion identifying the citole. It seems reasonable French and Spanish fashions influenced the gittern during the time of
357:. Unlike the sharp corner joining the body to the neck seen in the lute, the gittern's body and neck either joined in a smooth curve or straight line. The sickle, or occasional gentle arc pegbox, made an angle with the neck of between 30 and 90 degrees. Unlike the lute, most pegboxes on gitterns ended in a carving of a human or animal head.
471:) origin, although when and how this occurred is presently unknown. It is possible the instrument existed in Europe during a period earlier than the Arabic conquests in the Iberian peninsula, with the names diverging alongside the regional evolution of European languages from Latin following the collapse of the Roman Empire (compare
361:
and fifths like the mandore a few decades later. Frets were represented in a few depictions (mainly
Italian and German), although apparently absent in most French, Spanish and English depictions. The gittern's sound hole was covered with a rosette (a delicate wood carving or parchment cutting), similar to the lute.
722:(Plate 16) - has pegs inserted sideways in the pegbox but the body is now a flat figure-of-8 shape. Like Bermudo, Praetorius also mentions 5 course instruments but considers 4 courses normal. The surviving instrument by Hans Oth is unusual in comparison to historical depictions, the strings pass over the
858:
None of the surviving four manuscripts contain captions (or text in the poems) to support observations other than the gittern appears to have had equal status with other instruments. Although social attitudes towards instruments like the lute, rebec, and gittern may have changed in Spain much later
659:
with
Spanish 'vihuela'), never assumed the importance it developed in the Iberian and Italian peninsulas. As a consequence the replacement of the round-backed guitarre by the new Spanish style appears disconnected with little to trace in historic sources. The 16th century saw the publications (with
360:
Most gitterns were depicted as having three or (more commonly) four courses of double strings. There are also references to some five course gitterns in the 16th century. Although there is not much direct information concerning gittern tuning, the later versions were quite possibly tuned in fourths
559:
The gittern had faded so completely from memory in
England that identifying the instrument proved problematic for 20th-century early music scholarship. It was assumed the ancestry of the modern guitar was only to be discovered through the study of flat-backed instruments. As a consequence, what is
760:
Name in
Portuguese: The process whereby the round-backed guitarra became a flat-backed instrument in Spain (and the instrument itself) appears to have left little impact on Portuguese history. The usage of 'guitarra' in the 18th century (to present) Portugal refers to a different instrument - the
264:
began to appear in Spain, and later in France, existing alongside the gittern. Although the round-backed instrument appears to have lost ground to the new form which gradually developed into the guitar familiar today, the influence of the earlier style continued. Examples of lutes converted into
854:
with its detailed colored miniature illustrations depicting musicians playing a wide variety of instruments is often used for modern interpretations - the pictures reproduced and captioned, accompanied by claims supporting various theories and commenting on the instruments.
601:(published in London in 1652) may represent a response to the continued popularity of both instruments; although references to the gittern virtually disappear in England during the following century. The guitar that re-surfaces during the mid-1750s (referred to as
265:
guitars exist in several museums, while purpose-built instruments like the gallichon utilised the tuning and single string configuration of the modern guitar. A tradition of building round-backed guitars in
Germany continued to the 20th century with names like
726:
and are fastened to the lower edge of the body. The strings in historical illustrations are normally shown fastened to the bridge, which may suggest the instrument was converted from four courses at a later date to its construction and the original bridge
186:
was a relatively small gut-strung, round-backed instrument that first appeared in literature and pictorial representation during the 13th century in
Western Europe (Iberian Peninsula, Italy, France, England). It is usually depicted played with a quill
642:
Names in French: gviterre (the 'v' is a Latin substitute for 'u'), guisterne, guitarre, guiterne, guyterne, guiterre, quinterne, quitaire, quitarre (the 'e' at the end of the word may have been stressed in a different and heavier manner to
352:
were probably usually carved from one piece of timber. Occurring less rarely later in the 15th century, the back was built up from a number of thin tapered ribs joined at the edges, as was characteristic of the
800:
While the
English and Germans are considered to have borrowed their names from the French, Spanish "guitarra", Italian "chitarra", and the French "guitarre" are believed ultimately to be derived from the Greek
781:. Portuguese 'viola' (like Italian), is cognate with Spanish 'vihuela'. Unlike in Spain, all these instruments traditionally used metal strings until the advent of modern nylon strings. While the modern
467:, but actual historical data supporting this theory is rare, ambiguous, and may suggest the opposite. The various regional names used (including the Arabic) appear derived over time from a Greco-Roman (
737:, quitra, kaitara. This four course round-backed instrument is usually mentioned in connection with theories supporting an Arabic origin for the gittern. It is constructed in a similar manner to the
888:, referring to the qualities (and possibly the structure) of the gittern, said, "...just as it would be a blameworthy operation to make a spade of a fine sword or a goblet of a fine
85:
872:
Far from being considered an example of
Islamic culture, the instrument was used for one occasion to illustrate principles of Christian religious doctrine. French theologian
805:" - although the origins of the historical process which brought this about are not yet understood, with very little actual evidence other than linguistic to explore.
3869:
1061:
1334:
1268:
1481:
605:
or 'guittar'), enjoying a wave of popularity that faded away in the 19th century; is an entirely different instrument related to later developments of the
785:
is now commonly strung with nylon (although steel string variations still exist), in
Portugal musicians differentiate between the nylon strung version as
741:
and the oud, although the pegbox has lost all trace of its 'sickle-shaped' predecessor. The modern instrument appears to have survived and developed in
1316:
Medieval Art from
Private Collections: A Special Exhibition at the Cloisters, October 30, 1968, Through March 30, 1969 : Introduction and Catalogue
1366:
1300:
1093:
547:
said that it probably wasn't a gittern but a bowed instrument, possibly a rebec, but one with five strings instead of the rebec's normal three.
582:
Wright's research also corresponded with observations about the origins of the flat-backed guitarra made by 16th-century Spanish musicologist
700:
Names in German: quintern, chiterna, quinterna - possibly derived from the later development of a five course instrument (overlay of Latin
3881:
575:; with detailed references to primary historical source material revealing the gittern as a round-backed instrument - and the so-called '
463:
A number of modern sources have also claimed the instrument was introduced to Europe from the Arabic regions in a manner similar to the
3864:
3586:
1474:
3667:
2172:
2710:
3202:
1721:
693:
supporting various musical ensembles during the 17th century as well as for solo works. The alternative name 'tiorba' (English
3927:
1519:
1344:
1278:
1071:
456:(starting in the 19th century) which led to the gittern being called mandore and vice versa, and similar confusion with the
3912:
3714:
2202:
1784:
1467:
1433:- The Gittern and Citole discussed. Author writes strongly as to why there is historical confusion over instrument names.
1219:
1168:
1439:
1382:
3917:
3907:
3044:
2536:
3632:
2125:
1414:
1199:
1000:
and other vulgar, clownish songs. (These people are something like our comedians and buffoons.) However, to use the (
586:. With this theoretical approach, it became possible for scholars to untangle previously confusing and contradictory
63:
3426:
687:(literally large 'chitarra'), is an instrument that appeared in the late 1580s and became important for its role in
3886:
3411:
3384:
2197:
1741:
1524:
668:
intended for the four course flat-backed guitar, reflecting a new popularity in France possibly more so than Spain.
191:, as can be seen clearly beginning in manuscript illuminations from the thirteenth century. It was also called the
460:. As a result of this uncertainty, many modern sources refer to gitterns as mandoras, and to citoles as gitterns.
3876:
3627:
3406:
3416:
2665:
3579:
2722:
2330:
2212:
1827:
2531:
1646:
494:, the gittern does not appear in historical Arabic source material to support what can only be speculation.
3859:
2650:
2565:
2165:
1726:
590:. Because of the complex nature of the subject, the list and links below should assist in further reading.
835:
396:. These have similar shapes, a short neck, and like the gittern are carved out of a single block of wood.
235:, and amateurs, the gittern is considered an ancestor of the modern guitar and other instruments like the
3642:
1032:
3922:
3637:
3529:
3394:
2192:
2115:
1794:
1666:
1509:
1454:
1007:
The gittern often appeared during the 14th to early 15th century in the inventories of several courts.
750:
283:
3731:
3721:
3657:
3572:
3389:
3064:
3059:
2705:
1711:
1676:
754:
554:
72:
2004:
679:, cythara. James Tyler has considered the possibility of the chitarino being ancestral to the early
3647:
614:
17:
3772:
3652:
3542:
2690:
2620:
2158:
1978:
1681:
1504:
850:
3401:
3782:
3552:
3431:
3237:
2893:
2580:
2141:
1736:
1706:
1213:
1211:
1108:
572:
2273:
1314:
3493:
2808:
2660:
2516:
2511:
2373:
1716:
1004:) for the beautiful art-song of a good professional singer is a different thing altogether."
877:
405:
2955:
2585:
1393:
1208:
1161:
Enrico Radesca da Foggia e il suo tempo: Atti del Convegno di studi, Foggia, 7–8 Aprile 2000
3726:
3305:
3300:
3207:
3024:
3011:
2960:
2929:
2878:
2769:
2615:
2430:
2415:
2358:
2308:
2268:
2225:
2120:
2024:
1610:
1550:
1514:
1191:
1185:
1159:
Meucci, Renato (2001). "Da 'chitarra italiana' a 'chitarrone': una nuova interpretazione".
1140:
901:
613:'s time, the 'e' that appears at the end of his English spelling 'gyterne' would have been
236:
144:
80:
3741:
2675:
2445:
1332:
1266:
385:
8:
3692:
3675:
3508:
3503:
3351:
3134:
2924:
2823:
2754:
2630:
2625:
2570:
2486:
2456:
2313:
2303:
2258:
2220:
1059:
1008:
774:
762:
745:
in isolation from surrounding regions, and is traditionally associated with the music of
723:
648:
453:
419:
318:
2595:
2237:
3704:
3462:
3452:
3421:
3232:
3212:
3054:
2950:
2898:
2858:
2843:
2759:
2610:
2521:
2293:
1938:
1820:
1761:
1731:
1630:
1360:
1294:
1087:
713:
539:
Instrument in the Metropolitan Museum of Arts labeled a gittern in James Tyler's book,
338:
107:
697:) displaced the original word, and is now the preferred term used by modern musicians.
660:
illustrations on the front cover depicting the instrument) of works by composers like
3709:
3548:
3334:
3222:
3192:
3152:
3099:
3034:
2945:
2940:
2888:
2848:
2785:
2764:
2670:
2655:
2605:
2466:
2425:
2353:
2263:
1746:
1651:
1410:
1340:
1274:
1195:
1164:
1067:
769:
The modern Portuguese equivalent to the 'Spanish guitar' is still generally known as
676:
661:
618:
472:
438:
68:
1383:
Music in the age of Chaucer By Nigel Wilkins. Page 114. Published by DS Brewer, 1999
331:
3828:
3595:
3346:
3094:
3017:
2970:
2934:
2904:
2883:
2575:
2560:
2319:
2094:
1656:
1123:
930:
753:
is considered closely linked to development in the Iberian peninsula and the later
718:
634:
610:
399:
1217:
1027:
3838:
3823:
3777:
3757:
3498:
3322:
3227:
3187:
3123:
3079:
2471:
2450:
2435:
2381:
2288:
2089:
1766:
1686:
1620:
1443:
912:, notes a secular role away from religious references or royal and ducal courts.
885:
644:
287:
282:
Up until 2002, there were only two known surviving medieval gitterns, one in the
1244:
704:'five' with chiterna or similar). Juan Bermudo mentioned having seen a 5 course
3813:
3798:
3685:
3457:
3327:
3317:
3197:
3128:
3089:
3069:
3049:
2779:
2749:
2635:
2491:
2461:
2181:
2079:
1756:
1696:
1595:
1570:
972:
778:
689:
602:
576:
373:
369:
1448:
1223:
431:
364:
The construction resembles other bowed and plucked instruments, including the
3901:
3697:
3263:
3162:
3029:
2997:
2853:
2774:
2420:
2298:
2281:
1878:
1813:
1436:
770:
665:
595:
491:
2600:
1430:
1127:
1011:'s court recorded four, including one of ivory, while the Italian courts of
829:
Picture from the Cantigas of Santa Maria showing two musicians with gitterns
545:
Medieval Art from Private Collections: A Special Exhibition at the Cloisters
3488:
3295:
3258:
3217:
3182:
3157:
3142:
2640:
2476:
2251:
2034:
1661:
1012:
841:
Gittern played by an angel, Cathedral Saint Julien du Mans, France, c. 1325
587:
583:
468:
629:
3767:
3762:
3483:
3478:
3273:
2645:
2590:
2496:
2344:
1751:
1333:
The Groves Dictionary of Musical Instruments (2nd Edition) (April 2014).
1267:
The Groves Dictionary of Musical Instruments (2nd Edition) (April 2014).
873:
861:
268:
91:
3680:
2552:
1409:, Broadview Press, Broadview Editions 2nd Edition, page 118, line 4396,
1060:
The Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments (2nd Edition) (April 2014).
3074:
2744:
2440:
2406:
2401:
1585:
988:
Praetorius, commenting on a dual-purpose social role, "..in Italy, the
746:
684:
622:
530:
521:
512:
409:
57:
Five course Gittern or "Quintern" dated 1450, built by luthier Hans Oth
2368:
1143:'. ... it is to the Spaniard Juan Bermudo that we must turn... in his
3285:
3147:
2965:
2700:
1625:
1615:
1605:
1600:
1580:
1555:
311:
244:
240:
232:
2363:
1928:
934:(late 14th century) being played by people who frequent taverns. In
823:
317:
Gittern (right) depicted in a c. 1322 fresco scene from the life of
295:
3736:
3564:
3447:
3367:
3290:
3253:
2736:
2526:
2506:
2481:
2009:
1963:
1913:
1671:
1545:
1490:
680:
381:
291:
188:
129:
3843:
3808:
3611:
3361:
3339:
3310:
3268:
3039:
2695:
2243:
2230:
2150:
2074:
2049:
2044:
2029:
1948:
1943:
1903:
1590:
1560:
1540:
1016:
960:
In all the town n'as (there never was) brewhous ne (nor) taverne,
920:
802:
742:
694:
656:
606:
377:
253:
169:
139:
134:
52:
31:
3833:
2099:
1050:
P. 118. The Encyclopedia of Music. New York: Hermes House, 2002.
425:
By 1575, the German quintern included guitar-shaped instruments.
400:
Relationship between gittern, the citole, lute and guitar family
3803:
3606:
3084:
3006:
2501:
2069:
2039:
1988:
1973:
1933:
1893:
1701:
1691:
1575:
1396:
Page 93-94. Published by D. Appleton & Co., New York, 1870.
734:
652:
561:
457:
349:
154:
39:
35:
490:), and the instrument itself has been interpreted as being of
3356:
3280:
2019:
2014:
1983:
1968:
1958:
1953:
1908:
1898:
1862:
569:
The Medieval Gittern and Citole: A Case of Mistaken Identity.
393:
389:
365:
322:
164:
159:
910:
1150 "Lutes, moraches and guiterne / were played in taverns"
884:" (the gittern of four strings). Italian statesman and poet
1923:
1888:
1883:
1857:
1836:
1459:
1218:
Martin Kirnbauer; Musikwissenschaftl. Institut; Uni Basel.
794:
464:
354:
124:
1918:
1394:
The Canterbury tales By Geoffrey Chaucer, Thomas Tyrwhit.
594:
Names in English: gittern, gittron, giterninge, giterne.
149:
1805:
231:
in Germany. A popular instrument with court musicians,
869:
indicates the opposite during this period of history.
996:
use them for simple strummed accompaniments to their
579:' (a flat-backed instrument) as originally a citole.
560:
now believed to be the only known surviving medieval
452:
Some have pointed out that there have been errors in
599:
A Booke of New Lessons for the Cithern & Gittern
1019:recorded the hiring of gittern (chitarra) masters.
938:, Absalom serenades a woman outside her window:
445:. (Top left) lute, (right) viol, (bottom) gittern
3899:
777:in Brazil - literally large viola), as are some
647:in a similar manner to the English). In France,
765:, related to later developments of the cittern.
708:but that 4 course instruments were normal. The
637:in France, showing an angel playing a gittern.
567:In 1977, Lawrence Wright published his article
950:the which that was ycleped (called) Absalon...
793:, reflecting the historical relationship with
3580:
2166:
1821:
1475:
671:Names in Italian: chitarino (It. diminutive,
406:Lute § History and evolution of the lute
290:Museum. A third was discovered in a medieval
259:
251:
217:
193:
1109:"The Mandore in the 16th and 17th Centuries"
274:
266:
225:
209:
201:
2816:
1405:Robert Boenig and Andrewy Tayler, editors,
1365:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1299:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1183:
1092:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
944:Now was ther of that chirche a parish clerk
3587:
3573:
2173:
2159:
1828:
1814:
1482:
1468:
1387:
1328:
1326:
1147:(1555), Bermudo speaks of the bandurria...
813:
1399:
1033:Early Music Instrument Database - Gittern
928:Chaucer also mentions the gittern in the
716:treatise on musical instruments of 1618,
497:
321:. The instrument on the left is a set of
1378:
1376:
1053:
983:
919:
848:In Spanish literature, the 13th-century
628:
2807:
2711:List of Galician-Portuguese troubadours
1323:
1262:
1260:
980:(all can he play on gittern or rebab).
978:Al konne he pleye on gyterne or ribible
895:
564:was until recently labelled a gittern.
478:While the name of the lute (Portuguese
341:, showing a musician playing a gittern.
286:(see external links), the other in the
14:
3900:
1158:
924:A reconstruction of a medieval gittern
900:However, 14th-century French composer
505:One of the three "gitterns" may not be
3568:
2154:
1809:
1463:
1373:
1106:
955:and as wel coud he play on a giterne.
808:
3594:
2137:
1790:
1407:The Canterbury Tales, Second Edition
1257:
1190:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp.
1100:
779:smaller regional related instruments
2537:Other troubadours and trobairitz...
1184:Tyler, James; Sparks, Paul (1992).
965:that he ne visited with his solas .
915:
24:
3865:Composers for the classical guitar
2180:
1450:Modern Gittern reproduction played
789:and the traditional instrument as
751:cultural tradition in North Africa
25:
3939:
1424:
1220:"Mittelalterliche Musikzeugnisse"
337:Juan Oliver's c.1330 painting at
3547:
3538:
3537:
2136:
1789:
1780:
1779:
859:with the cultural impact of the
834:
822:
529:
520:
511:
430:
418:
330:
310:
51:
250:From the early 16th century, a
81:Hornbostel–Sachs classification
1307:
1237:
1177:
1152:
1044:
13:
1:
2532:William IX, Duke of Aquitaine
1107:Tyler, James (January 1981).
1037:
683:during the 15th century. The
609:. During the 14th century in
443:Musica getuscht und angezogen
3928:Medieval musical instruments
1489:
1063:Quinterne [quintern]
1022:
882:la guiterne de quatre cordes
675:small chitara), chitarrino,
301:
7:
3913:Mandolin family instruments
2203:List of musical instruments
1145:Declaration de instrumentos
712:that appears in the German
10:
3944:
3882:International competitions
1431:Guide to Early Instruments
1270:Mandore [Mandorre]
1245:"Unprofitable Instruments"
1028:Early Music Muse - Gittern
865:- what is recorded in the
552:
403:
284:Metropolitan Museum of Art
29:
3918:Guitar family instruments
3908:Early musical instruments
3852:
3791:
3750:
3666:
3620:
3602:
3519:
3471:
3440:
3377:
3246:
3175:
3116:
3065:Matheus de Sancto Johanne
3060:Johannes Symonis Hasprois
2995:
2991:
2917:
2871:
2836:
2803:
2734:
2730:
2721:
2706:Galician-Portuguese lyric
2651:Jehan le Cuvelier d'Arras
2566:Andrieu Contredit d'Arras
2551:
2400:
2342:
2338:
2329:
2211:
2188:
2134:
2108:
2062:
1997:
1871:
1850:
1843:
1775:
1639:
1533:
1497:
1336:Gittern [gyterne]
755:expulsion of the Moriscos
730:Name in Spanish: guiterna
555:Iberian Romance languages
260:
252:
113:
106:
98:
79:
62:
50:
27:Medieval necked bowl lute
3095:Antonio Zacara da Teramo
1835:
963:
958:
953:
948:
942:
30:Not to be confused with
3877:Compositions for guitar
3773:Modern classical guitar
2621:Gillebert de Berneville
2198:List of music theorists
851:Cantigas de Santa Maria
814:Cantigas of Santa Maria
2894:Gherardello da Firenze
2581:Le Chastelain de Couci
2374:Philippe le Chancelier
1525:Society (Peterborough)
925:
757:between 1609 and 1614.
638:
625:as they did elsewhere.
577:Warwick Castle gittern
573:Galpin Society Journal
498:Etymology and identity
275:
267:
258:-shaped (flat-backed)
226:
218:
210:
202:
194:
3203:Johannes de Garlandia
2517:Raimbaut de Vaqueiras
1437:The Guitar in England
1128:10.1093/earlyj/9.1.22
984:Other written records
923:
878:four cardinal virtues
632:
492:Arabic/Persian origin
410:Citole § Origins
3860:Classical guitarists
3524:Also music theorist*
3208:Johannes de Grocheio
3025:Conradus de Pistoria
3012:Philippus de Caserta
2961:Philippus de Caserta
2930:Antonello da Caserta
2879:Andreas de Florentia
2770:Guillaume de Machaut
2431:Bernart de Ventadorn
2416:Aimeric de Peguilhan
2359:Albertus Parisiensis
2309:Adam of Saint Victor
2269:Saint Martial school
2226:Notker the Stammerer
1727:National Reso-Phonic
1319:. 1968. p. 216.
902:Guillaume de Machaut
896:Guillaume de Machaut
651:of the flat-backed '
645:modern pronouncement
617:. But following the
543:The museum catalog,
3751:Related instruments
3135:Contenance angloise
2925:Bartolino da Padova
2824:Marchetto da Padova
2755:Magister Franciscus
2631:Guillaume le Vinier
2626:Gontier de Soignies
2571:Audefroi le Bastart
2457:Folquet de Marselha
2314:Wulfstan the Cantor
2304:Hildegard of Bingen
2274:Adémar de Chabannes
2259:Fulbert of Chartres
2221:Abbey of Saint Gall
2213:Early (before 1150)
2063:Related instruments
1009:Charles V of France
763:guitarra portuguesa
571:in issue 30 of the
541:The Early Mandolin.
348:The back, neck and
319:St. Martin of Tours
108:Related instruments
47:
3668:Additional strings
3463:Neo-Medieval music
3453:Medieval folk rock
3233:Berno of Reichenau
3213:Iacobus de Ispania
3055:Petrus de Goscalch
2956:Niccolò da Perugia
2951:Grazioso da Padova
2899:Lorenzo da Firenze
2859:Vincenzo da Rimini
2844:Giovanni da Cascia
2676:Other trouvères...
2661:Perrin d'Angicourt
2611:Gautier de Dargies
2586:Chrétien de Troyes
2522:Raimon de Miravalh
2512:Raimbaut d'Aurenga
1631:Resonator mandolin
1534:Family instruments
1520:Playing traditions
1442:2018-05-22 at the
1187:The Early Mandolin
1163:. pp. 30–57.
926:
906:Prise d'Alexandrie
809:Role in literature
714:Michael Praetorius
639:
339:Pamplona Cathedral
45:
3923:Necked bowl lutes
3895:
3894:
3562:
3561:
3530:Renaissance music
3238:Aurelian of RĂ©Ă´me
3223:Johannes de Muris
3193:Franco of Cologne
3171:
3170:
3153:Arnold de Lantins
3112:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3035:Johannes Cuvelier
2987:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2946:Giovanni Mazzuoli
2941:Matteo da Perugia
2913:
2912:
2889:Francesco Landini
2867:
2866:
2849:Jacopo da Bologna
2832:
2831:
2799:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2786:Philippe de Vitry
2765:Jehan de Lescurel
2686:
2685:
2671:Raoul de Soissons
2616:Gautier d'Espinal
2606:Gautier de Coincy
2547:
2546:
2467:Giraut de Bornelh
2446:CerverĂ de Girona
2426:Arnaut de Mareuil
2396:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2354:Notre-Dame school
2264:Heriger of Lobbes
2193:List of composers
2148:
2147:
2058:
2057:
1803:
1802:
1346:978-0-19-974339-1
1280:978-0-19-974339-1
1073:978-0-19-974339-1
936:The Miller's Tale
787:guitarra clássica
739:chitarra Italiana
733:Names in Arabic:
662:Guillaume Morlaye
633:Artwork from the
619:great vowel shift
473:Romance languages
439:Sebastian Virdung
180:
179:
88:(necked box lute)
69:String instrument
16:(Redirected from
3935:
3829:Guitarra morisca
3633:Early recordings
3596:Classical guitar
3589:
3582:
3575:
3566:
3565:
3551:
3541:
3540:
3347:Liturgical drama
3114:
3113:
3021:
3018:Johannes Ciconia
2993:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2971:Zacara da Teramo
2935:Johannes Ciconia
2915:
2914:
2905:Paolo da Firenze
2884:Donato da Cascia
2869:
2868:
2834:
2833:
2814:
2813:
2805:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2789:
2732:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2723:Late (1300–1400)
2666:Philippe de RĂ©mi
2596:Conon de BĂ©thune
2576:Blondel de Nesle
2561:Adam de la Halle
2549:
2548:
2487:Peire d'Alvernha
2398:
2397:
2385:
2340:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2331:High (1150–1300)
2320:Wipo of Burgundy
2285:
2255:
2247:
2238:Stephen of Liège
2175:
2168:
2161:
2152:
2151:
2140:
2139:
2095:Guitarra morisca
1848:
1847:
1830:
1823:
1816:
1807:
1806:
1793:
1792:
1783:
1782:
1484:
1477:
1470:
1461:
1460:
1451:
1418:
1403:
1397:
1391:
1385:
1380:
1371:
1370:
1364:
1356:
1354:
1353:
1330:
1321:
1320:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1298:
1290:
1288:
1287:
1264:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1251:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1231:
1222:. Archived from
1215:
1206:
1205:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1136:
1134:
1113:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1091:
1083:
1081:
1080:
1057:
1051:
1048:
931:Canterbury Tales
916:Geoffrey Chaucer
838:
826:
719:Syntagma Musicum
649:the plucked form
635:Bayeux Cathedral
611:Geoffrey Chaucer
533:
524:
515:
434:
422:
334:
314:
278:
276:Wandervogellaute
272:
263:
262:
257:
256:
229:
221:
213:
205:
197:
55:
48:
44:
21:
3943:
3942:
3938:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3933:
3932:
3898:
3897:
3896:
3891:
3848:
3839:Romantic guitar
3824:Guitarra latina
3787:
3758:Flamenco guitar
3746:
3662:
3616:
3598:
3593:
3563:
3558:
3557:
3534:
3515:
3467:
3436:
3373:
3323:Gregorian chant
3242:
3228:Walter Odington
3188:Guido of Arezzo
3167:
3124:Johannes Alanus
3104:
3080:Jacob Senleches
3016:
2975:
2909:
2863:
2828:
2791:
2784:
2717:
2682:
2543:
2472:Guiraut Riquier
2451:Comtessa de Dia
2436:Bertran de Born
2404:
2388:
2382:Petrus de Cruce
2380:
2325:
2289:Notker Physicus
2280:
2250:
2242:
2207:
2184:
2179:
2149:
2144:
2130:
2104:
2090:Guitarra latina
2054:
1993:
1867:
1844:Types by region
1839:
1834:
1804:
1799:
1771:
1635:
1621:Octave mandolin
1529:
1493:
1488:
1449:
1444:Wayback Machine
1427:
1422:
1421:
1404:
1400:
1392:
1388:
1381:
1374:
1358:
1357:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1331:
1324:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1292:
1291:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1265:
1258:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1229:
1227:
1216:
1209:
1202:
1182:
1178:
1171:
1170:978-887096347-2
1157:
1153:
1132:
1130:
1111:
1105:
1101:
1085:
1084:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1025:
986:
968:
962:
957:
952:
947:
918:
898:
886:Dante Alighieri
846:
845:
844:
843:
842:
839:
831:
830:
827:
816:
811:
596:John Playford's
557:
551:
550:
549:
548:
536:
535:
534:
526:
525:
517:
516:
507:
506:
500:
450:
449:
448:
447:
446:
435:
427:
426:
423:
412:
402:
346:
345:
344:
343:
342:
335:
327:
326:
315:
304:
288:Wartburg Castle
215:in France, the
176:
119:
118:
89:
58:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3941:
3931:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3873:
3872:
3870:by nationality
3862:
3856:
3854:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3814:English guitar
3811:
3806:
3801:
3799:Baroque guitar
3795:
3793:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3754:
3752:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3707:
3702:
3701:
3700:
3690:
3689:
3688:
3683:
3672:
3670:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3624:
3622:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3614:
3609:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3592:
3591:
3584:
3577:
3569:
3560:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3545:
3527:
3526:
3525:
3521:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3513:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3481:
3475:
3473:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3460:
3458:Medieval metal
3455:
3450:
3444:
3442:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3398:
3397:
3392:
3381:
3379:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3371:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3343:
3342:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3328:Pope Gregory I
3320:
3315:
3314:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3277:
3276:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3250:
3248:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3198:Johannes Cotto
3195:
3190:
3185:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3129:John Dunstaple
3126:
3120:
3118:
3110:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3090:Johannes Susay
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3070:Gacian Reyneau
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3050:Martinus Fabri
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3014:
3009:
3003:
3001:
2985:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2932:
2927:
2921:
2919:
2918:3rd generation
2911:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2902:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2875:
2873:
2872:2nd generation
2865:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2840:
2838:
2837:1st generation
2830:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2820:
2818:
2811:
2797:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2782:
2780:Jehan Vaillant
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2750:Denis Le Grant
2747:
2742:
2740:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2656:Moniot d'Arras
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2636:Guiot de Dijon
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2557:
2555:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2492:Peire Cardenal
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2462:Gaucelm Faidit
2459:
2454:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2412:
2410:
2394:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2350:
2348:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2323:
2317:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2248:
2240:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2217:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2182:Medieval music
2178:
2177:
2170:
2163:
2155:
2146:
2145:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2080:English guitar
2077:
2072:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1865:
1860:
1854:
1852:
1845:
1841:
1840:
1833:
1832:
1825:
1818:
1810:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1797:
1787:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1596:Mandolin-banjo
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1571:Irish bouzouki
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1501:
1499:
1498:General topics
1495:
1494:
1487:
1486:
1479:
1472:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1446:
1434:
1426:
1425:External links
1423:
1420:
1419:
1398:
1386:
1372:
1345:
1322:
1306:
1279:
1256:
1236:
1207:
1200:
1176:
1169:
1151:
1099:
1072:
1052:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1024:
1021:
994:Salt' in banco
985:
982:
973:The Cooks Tale
940:
917:
914:
897:
894:
840:
833:
832:
828:
821:
820:
819:
818:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
767:
766:
758:
731:
728:
698:
690:basso continuo
669:
627:
626:
603:English guitar
538:
537:
528:
527:
519:
518:
510:
509:
508:
504:
503:
502:
501:
499:
496:
486:, from Arabic
441:'s 1511 book,
436:
429:
428:
424:
417:
416:
415:
414:
413:
401:
398:
386:klasic kemençe
374:Byzantine lyra
336:
329:
328:
316:
309:
308:
307:
306:
305:
303:
300:
178:
177:
175:
174:
173:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
147:
142:
137:
132:
127:
116:
115:
114:
111:
110:
104:
103:
100:
96:
95:
83:
77:
76:
66:
64:Classification
60:
59:
56:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3940:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3851:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3792:Early guitars
3790:
3784:
3783:6-string alto
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3755:
3753:
3749:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3694:
3691:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3677:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3669:
3665:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3621:Main articles
3619:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3601:
3597:
3590:
3585:
3583:
3578:
3576:
3571:
3570:
3567:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3544:
3536:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3523:
3522:
3518:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3470:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3439:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3386:
3385:British Isles
3383:
3382:
3380:
3376:
3370:
3369:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3333:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3247:Musical forms
3245:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3164:
3163:W. de Wycombe
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3137:
3136:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3115:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3030:Baude Cordier
3028:
3026:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2999:
2998:Ars subtilior
2994:
2990:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2906:
2903:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2854:Maestro Piero
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2835:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2787:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2775:P. des Molins
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2733:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2720:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2421:Arnaut Daniel
2419:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2403:
2399:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2341:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2328:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2299:Peter Abelard
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2283:
2282:Odo of Arezzo
2279:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2187:
2183:
2176:
2171:
2169:
2164:
2162:
2157:
2156:
2153:
2143:
2133:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2121:Manufacturers
2119:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1831:
1826:
1824:
1819:
1817:
1812:
1811:
1808:
1796:
1788:
1786:
1778:
1777:
1774:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1732:Oscar Schmidt
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1717:Michael Kelly
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1640:Manufacturers
1638:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1510:North America
1508:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1485:
1480:
1478:
1473:
1471:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1445:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1416:
1415:9781554811069
1412:
1408:
1402:
1395:
1390:
1384:
1379:
1377:
1368:
1362:
1348:
1342:
1338:
1337:
1329:
1327:
1318:
1317:
1310:
1302:
1296:
1282:
1276:
1272:
1271:
1263:
1261:
1246:
1240:
1226:on 2004-12-25
1225:
1221:
1214:
1212:
1203:
1201:0-19-816302-9
1197:
1193:
1189:
1188:
1180:
1172:
1166:
1162:
1155:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1110:
1103:
1095:
1089:
1075:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1056:
1047:
1043:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1029:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
981:
979:
975:
974:
967:
966:
961:
956:
951:
945:
939:
937:
933:
932:
922:
913:
911:
907:
903:
893:
891:
887:
883:
879:
876:compared the
875:
870:
868:
864:
863:
856:
853:
852:
837:
825:
806:
804:
798:
796:
792:
791:viola de Fado
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
764:
759:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
729:
725:
721:
720:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
696:
692:
691:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
667:
666:Adrian Le Roy
663:
658:
654:
650:
646:
641:
640:
636:
631:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
597:
593:
592:
591:
589:
585:
580:
578:
574:
570:
565:
563:
556:
546:
542:
532:
523:
514:
495:
493:
489:
485:
481:
476:
474:
470:
466:
461:
459:
455:
444:
440:
437:Section from
433:
421:
411:
407:
397:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
362:
358:
356:
351:
340:
333:
324:
320:
313:
299:
297:
293:
289:
285:
280:
277:
271:
270:
255:
248:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
228:
223:in Italy and
222:
220:
214:
212:
206:
204:
198:
196:
190:
185:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
122:
121:
120:
112:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
87:
84:
82:
78:
74:
70:
67:
65:
61:
54:
49:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3887:Bibliography
3818:
3528:
3494:Architecture
3366:
3318:Geisslerlied
3296:Formes fixes
3218:Notker Labeo
3183:Anonymous IV
3158:Leonel Power
3143:Thomas Fabri
3133:
2996:
2817:Predecessors
2735:
2641:Jehan Bretel
2477:Jaufre Rudel
2343:
2252:Odo of Cluny
2109:Other topics
2084:
2035:Swedish lute
1565:
1406:
1401:
1389:
1350:. Retrieved
1335:
1315:
1309:
1284:. Retrieved
1269:
1248:. Retrieved
1239:
1228:. Retrieved
1224:the original
1186:
1179:
1160:
1154:
1144:
1138:
1131:. Retrieved
1122:(1): 22–31.
1119:
1115:
1102:
1077:. Retrieved
1062:
1055:
1046:
1031:
1026:
1006:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
987:
977:
971:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
943:
941:
935:
929:
927:
909:
905:
904:in his poem
899:
889:
881:
871:
866:
860:
857:
849:
847:
799:
790:
786:
782:
768:
738:
717:
709:
705:
701:
688:
672:
598:
588:nomenclature
584:Juan Bermudo
581:
568:
566:
558:
544:
540:
487:
483:
479:
477:
469:Vulgar Latin
462:
451:
442:
363:
359:
347:
281:
269:Gittar-Laute
249:
224:
216:
208:
200:
192:
183:
181:
102:13th century
3768:Lyre-guitar
3763:Harp guitar
3484:Middle Ages
3479:Early music
3441:Derivations
3274:Chansonnier
2646:Jehan Erart
2591:Colin Muset
2497:Peire Vidal
2345:Ars antiqua
1667:Del Vecchio
1116:Early Music
874:Jean Gerson
862:Reconquista
454:scholarship
92:Chordophone
3902:Categories
3643:Repertoire
3509:Philosophy
3504:Literature
3472:Background
3378:Traditions
2745:F. Andrieu
2601:Gace Brulé
2441:Castelloza
2407:Trobairitz
2402:Troubadour
2294:St. Godric
1762:Tanglewood
1586:Mandocello
1352:2015-03-21
1286:2015-03-21
1250:2010-12-06
1230:2010-12-06
1079:2015-03-20
1038:References
998:villanelle
990:Ziarlatini
795:fado music
747:Al-Andalus
685:chitarrone
623:Henry VIII
615:pronounced
553:See also:
482:, Spanish
404:See also:
298:, Poland.
199:in Spain,
3742:25-string
3737:14-string
3732:13-string
3727:12-string
3722:11-string
3710:10-string
3638:Technique
3422:Lithuania
3286:Conductus
3176:Theorists
3148:Roy Henry
3075:Rodericus
2966:Sant Omer
2701:Minnesang
2116:Composers
2005:Angélique
1652:Breedlove
1626:Orpharion
1616:Mandriola
1606:Mandolute
1601:Mandolone
1581:Mandobass
1556:Bandurria
1361:cite book
1295:cite book
1088:cite book
1023:Resources
727:detached.
710:quinterna
370:Calabrian
302:Structure
245:gallichon
241:bandurria
233:minstrels
99:Developed
3778:Requinto
3705:9-string
3693:8-string
3681:armĂłnico
3676:7-string
3658:Pedagogy
3543:Category
3448:Bardcore
3427:Portugal
3395:Scotland
3368:Planctus
3352:Madrigal
3291:Estampie
3254:Antiphon
2809:Trecento
2737:Ars nova
2696:Goliards
2553:Trouvère
2527:Sordello
2507:Perdigon
2482:Marcabru
2010:Archlute
1964:Shamisen
1914:Kutiyapi
1785:Category
1722:National
1677:Giannini
1672:Epiphone
1657:Collings
1546:Bandolin
1491:Mandolin
1440:Archived
1133:10 April
1002:chiterna
970:And his
890:chitarra
867:Cantigas
706:guitarra
702:quinctus
681:mandolin
677:chitarra
382:lijerica
292:outhouse
261:guitarra
227:Quintern
219:chitarra
211:guiterre
203:guiterne
195:guiterna
189:plectrum
130:Mandolin
18:Quintern
3844:Vihuela
3819:Gittern
3809:Cittern
3686:Russian
3648:Strings
3628:History
3612:Luthier
3412:Germany
3390:England
3362:Organum
3340:Tydorel
3311:Virelai
3306:Rondeau
3301:Ballade
3269:Chanson
3045:Egidius
3040:Egardus
2760:Grimace
2691:Casella
2369:PĂ©rotin
2244:Hucbald
2231:Tuotilo
2142:Commons
2126:Players
2085:Gittern
2075:Cittern
2050:Vihuela
2045:Theorbo
2030:Mandora
2025:Mandore
1949:Sanxian
1944:Sanshin
1904:Dramyin
1795:Commons
1767:Weymann
1747:Seagull
1737:Ovation
1687:Harmony
1647:Beltona
1611:Mandore
1591:Mandola
1566:Gittern
1561:Cittern
1551:Bandora
1541:Bandola
1515:Players
1505:History
1455:YouTube
1141:mandore
1017:Ferrara
803:kithara
749:. This
743:Algeria
735:kouitra
695:theorbo
657:cognate
607:cittern
378:gÇŽdulka
254:vihuela
237:mandore
184:gittern
170:Theorbo
145:Mandore
140:Mandora
135:Mandola
86:321.322
73:plucked
46:Gittern
32:cittern
3804:Citole
3715:Yepes'
3698:Brahms
3653:Making
3607:Guitar
3553:Portal
3499:Poetry
3407:France
3402:Cyprus
3117:Others
3100:Trebor
3085:Solage
3007:Borlet
2502:Peirol
2405:&
2364:LĂ©onin
2070:Citole
2040:Torban
1998:Europe
1989:Yueqin
1974:Tanbur
1934:Qinqin
1929:Qanbūs
1894:Dombra
1879:Barbat
1851:Africa
1757:Tacoma
1712:Martin
1702:Ibanez
1692:Hohner
1682:Gibson
1576:Laouto
1413:
1343:
1277:
1198:
1167:
1070:
783:violĂŁo
775:violĂŁo
724:bridge
653:vielle
562:citole
488:al-ʿūd
480:alaĂşde
458:citole
408:, and
350:pegbox
296:ElblÄ…g
155:Guitar
40:guitar
36:zither
3853:Lists
3432:Spain
3417:Italy
3357:Motet
3281:Chant
3264:Carol
3259:Canso
2020:Kobza
2015:Cobza
1984:Veena
1969:Sitar
1959:Setar
1954:Sapeh
1939:Rubab
1909:Komuz
1899:Dutar
1863:Xalam
1752:Stagg
1742:Regal
1707:Levin
1112:(PDF)
771:viola
394:cobza
390:gudok
366:rebec
323:aulos
165:Sitar
160:Setar
38:, or
3834:LaĂşd
2100:LaĂşd
1924:Pipa
1889:Biwa
1884:Bipa
1872:Asia
1858:Goje
1837:Lute
1697:Hora
1662:Dean
1411:ISBN
1367:link
1341:ISBN
1301:link
1275:ISBN
1196:ISBN
1165:ISBN
1135:2019
1094:link
1068:ISBN
1015:and
1013:Este
992:and
880:to "
673:i.e.
664:and
484:laud
465:lute
392:and
372:and
355:lute
273:and
243:and
182:The
125:Lute
117:List
3489:Art
3335:Lai
1979:Tar
1919:Oud
1453:on
1192:1–7
1124:doi
976:.,
892:."
655:' (
475:).
294:in
207:or
150:Oud
3904::
1375:^
1363:}}
1359:{{
1339:.
1325:^
1297:}}
1293:{{
1273:.
1259:^
1210:^
1194:.
1137:.
1118:.
1114:.
1090:}}
1086:{{
1066:.
946:,
908::
797:.
388:,
384:,
380:,
376:,
368:,
279:.
247:.
239:,
34:,
3588:e
3581:t
3574:v
3533:→
3020:*
2937:*
2901:*
2788:*
2453:*
2409:*
2384:*
2322:?
2316:?
2284:*
2254:*
2246:*
2174:e
2167:t
2160:v
1829:e
1822:t
1815:v
1483:e
1476:t
1469:v
1417:.
1369:)
1355:.
1303:)
1289:.
1253:.
1233:.
1204:.
1173:.
1126::
1120:9
1096:)
1082:.
801:"
773:(
325:.
94:)
90:(
75:)
71:(
42:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
