2166:
1045:
431:
447:
42:
2234:
1198:
1036:, a claim repeated by later writers. Nizami does not state this, and Elliot's guess appears to be based on the similarity of the words "Jatwan" and "Jat", and the rebellion's locality, where Jats can be found. According to S.H. Hodivala, "Jatwan" is a mistranscription of the "Chahwan" in the manuscript, and the rebel was probably a Chahamana (Chawhan or Chauhan) subordinate of Prithivraja. According to Rima Hooja, it is probably a corrupt form of the name "Jaitra".
2843:, p. 71: "In 1194, Muizzuddin returned to India. He crossed the Jamuna with 50,000 cavalry and moved towards Kanauj. A hotly contested battle between Muizzuddin and Jaichandra was fought at Chandawar near Kanauj. We are told that Jaichandra had almost carried the day when he was killed by an arrow, and his army was totally defeated. Muizzuddin now moved on to Banaras which was ravaged, a large number of temples there being destroyed"
2310:. The tomb was built, in its present form, during the 1970s by the Department of Archaeology and Museums (Pakistan) which tried to emulate the Sultanate-era architecture. Before the modern construction, the Sultan's grave existed in a simple form and was enclosed by residential houses. Historians dispute whether a proper tomb ever existed over it (some historians claim that a marble dome did stand over it but was destroyed by the Sikhs).
438:
1564:, another subordinate of Bakhtiyar, detained Ali Mardan and became the leader of the Khaljis in eastern India. Ali Mardan escaped to Delhi, where he persuaded Aibak to intervene in Khalji affairs. The Khaljis were not slaves of Muhammad Ghori, so Aibak had no legal authority in the matter. Nevertheless, he instructed his subordinate Qaimaz Rumi β the governor of Awadh β to march to Lakhnauti in Bengal, and assign suitable
2284:. Consequently, the nobles appointed Iltutmish as Aram Shah's successor and married Aibak's daughter to him. Aram Shah challenged Iltutmish's claim to the throne but was decisively defeated and killed after a military conflict. Iltutmish subjugated the rebel governors and transformed the loosely-held Ghurid territories of India into the powerful
2898:
And then, in 1193, Qutb-ud-din Aibek, the military commander of
Muhammad of Ghor's army, marched towards Varanasi, where he is said to have destroyed idols in a thousand temples. Sarnath very likely was among the casualties of this invasion, one all too often seen as a Muslim invasion whose primary
3417:
Mahmud of Ghazni, for example is said to have destroyed 10,000 temples in Kanauj and 1,000 in
Mathura, his grandson in Ibrahim 1,000 in Delhi doab and another 1,000 in Malwa. Aybek 1000 in Delhi, and Muhammad Ghuri another 1,000 temples in Benaras-figures that Hindu nationalists like Sita Ram Goel
2864:
In the winter of A.D. 1194β1195 Shihabuddin once more marched into
Hindustan and invaded the Doab. Rai Jai Chand moved forward to meet him....then description of Chandwar struggle (...) Shihabuddin captured the treasure fort of Asni and then proceeded to Benaras, 'where he converted about thousand
2092:
At the time of the Sultan's death, Aibak had his headquarters at Delhi. The citizens of Lahore requested him to assume sovereign power after the Sultan's death, and he moved his government to Lahore. He informally ascended the throne on 25 June 1206, but his formal recognition as a sovereign ruler
414:
for horse fodder, he was captured by Sultan Shah's scouts and was detained in an iron cage. After the
Ghurids defeated Sultan Shah, Muhammad Ghori ad-Din saw him in the cage and was deeply touched by his desperate condition. After he was released, the Sultan greatly favoured him. No information is
2142:
According to Minhaj, Aibak became complacent and devoted his time to pleasures and amusements in Ghazni. The people of Ghazni invited Yildiz to evict him from the city, and when Yildiz arrived in the vicinity of Ghazni, Aibak panicked and escaped to India via a narrow mountain pass called Sang-i
1131:
Meanwhile, taking advantage of Aibak's absence in India, Hariraja had regained control of a part of the former
Chahamana territory. After his return to Delhi, Aibak sent an army against Hariraja, who committed suicide when faced with certain defeat. Aibak subsequently placed Ajmer under a Muslim
3451:
We do not know much about the first Muslim raid on
Benares, by Ahmad Nayaltigin in 1033 AD, which appears merely to have been a plundering expedition. When Muhammad Ghuri marched on the city, we are merely told that after breaking the idols in above 1000 temples, he purified and consecrated the
2059:
Fakhr-i
Mudabbir, another contemporary chronicler, states that Muhammad Ghori formally appointed Aibak as the viceroy of his Indian territories only in 1206 when he was returning to Ghazni after suppressing the Khokhar rebellion. According to this chronicler, Aibak was promoted to the rank of
1340:
subjugated the petty
Gahadavala chiefs in eastern Uttar Pradesh and the Bihar region. After his Bihar campaign, which involved the destruction of Buddhist monasteries, Khalji arrived in Badaun to greet Aibak, who had just concluded his successful campaign at Kalinjar. On 23 March 1203, Khalji
395:. After being admitted to the Sultan's slave-household, Aibak's intelligence and kind nature attracted the Sultan's attention. Once, when the Sultan bestowed gifts upon his slaves, Aibak distributed his share among the servants. Impressed by this act, the Sultan promoted him to a higher rank.
1320:
initiated negotiations with Aibak but died before a treaty could be finalized. The
Chandela chief minister Ajayadeva resumed hostilities but was forced to seek negotiations when the Ghurids cut off the water supply to the fort. As part of the truce, the Chandelas were forced to move to
2371:
to Delhi during Aibak's reign, characterizes Aibak as a devout Muslim who "uprooted idolatry" and "destroyed temples" at Kuhram. He also mentions that the Hindu temples at Meerut and
Kalinjar were converted into mosques during Aibak's reign; these included "a thousand temples" in
1579:, another subordinate of Bakhtiyar. Muhammad Shiran and other Khalji amirs disagreed with this decision and marched to Devkot. However, Rumi defeated them decisively, and Shiran was later killed in a conflict. Later, Aibak assigned Lakhnauti to Ali Mardan (see below).
2100:
ascend the throne. When Mahmud had consolidated his rule, Aibak and other slaves sent messengers to his court, seeking deeds of manumission and investiture for ruling over the various Ghurid territories. According to Minhaj, Aibak (unlike Yildiz) maintained the
2276:, a distinguished general, to take over the kingdom. Aibak had purchased Iltutmish sometime after the conquest of Anhilwara in 1197. According to Minhaj, Aibak looked upon Iltutmish as the next ruler: he used to call Iltutmish his son and had granted him the
2225:
Aibak's conquests involved the large-scale capture of people as slaves. According to Hasan Nizami, his Gujarat campaign resulted in the enslavement of 20,000 people; and his Kalinjar campaign resulted in the enslavement of 50,000 people. According to
1233:
in the south, the Mhers posed a serious threat to Aibak's control of the region. Aibak marched against them but was forced to retreat to Ajmer. The Mhers were forced to retreat after reinforcements from the Ghurid capital of Ghazni arrived in Ajmer.
2205:". Fakhr-i Mudabbir states that Aibak's soldiers β who included "Turks, Ghurids, Khurasanis, Khaljis, and Hindustanis" β did not dare to forcibly take even a blade of grass or a morsel of food from the peasants. The 16th century
1257:
fled the city, which was plundered by the invaders. Minhaj characterizes Aibak's raid of Anhilwara as the "conquest of Gujarat", but it did not result in the annexation of Gujarat to the Ghurid Empire. The 16th-century historian
2217:
for "shedding innocent blood", but praises Aibak stating that "he achieved things, good and great". As late as the 17th century, the term "Aibak of the time" was used to describe generous people, as attested by the chronicler
2177:
After being recognized as the ruler of India, Aibak focused on consolidating his rule in the territories already under his control, rather than conquering new territories. In 1210, he fell down from a horse while playing
1213:
After the victory at Chandawar, Aibak turned his attention towards consolidating his position in Koil. Muhammad Ghori returned to Ghazni but came back to India in 1195β96 when he defeated Kumarapala, the Bhati ruler of
1174:
was also ravaged at that time. Although the Ghurids did not gain complete control over the Gahadavala kingdom, the victory provided an opportunity for them to establish military stations at many places in the region.
1266:
states that Aibak placed the newly-captured territory under Hindu vassals. Whatever the case, Ghurid control of the region did not last long, and the Chaulukyas regained control of their capital soon after.
2817:
The areas of Meerut, Baran (modern Buland sher) and Koli (modern Aligarh) in upper doab had been under the control of Dor Rajputs, had been occupied by the Turks shortly after the battle of Tarain
892:, where the Ghurids emerged victorious, he was in charge of the general disposition of the Ghurid army and kept close to Sultan Muhammad Ghori, who had placed himself at the centre of the army.
2108:
Yildiz, who was Aibak's father-in-law, sought to control the Ghurid territories in India. After Sultan Mahmud confirmed him as the ruler of Ghazni and manumitted him, Yildiz marched to
2153:, who had accompanied Aibak to Ghazni, was captured and imprisoned by Yildiz. He somehow secured his release and returned to India. Aibak dispatched him to Lakhnauti in Bengal, where
2398:
At some point, Aibak's army started recruiting Hindu soldiers. His army at the siege of Meerut (1192) is known to have included Hindu soldiers. Similarly, the "forces of Hindustan" (
2139:
was read and coins were struck in Aibak's name, but no other source corroborates this claim. No coins issued by him have been found, and no extant coins describe him as a "Sultan".
2089:β in positions of power. During his last years, the Sultan was disappointed in his family and his chiefs and trusted only his slaves, whom he thought of as his sons and successors.
2230:, Nizami's work is full of rhetoric and hyperbole, so these numbers seem to be exaggerated, however, the number of slaves collected must indeed have been vast and grew over time.
1540:
However, Ghurid control was not equally effective in all these areas. In some of these places, such as Gwalior and Kalinjar, Ghurid control had weakened or even ceased to exist.
2272:
Aram Shah ruled for no more than eight months, during which various provincial governors started asserting independence. Some Turkic officers then invited Aibak's former slave
2265:
as his successor. No details about Aram Shah's life are available before his ascension to the throne. According to one theory, he was a son of Aibak, but this is unlikely (see
948:, which Aibak had placed under his subordinate Qawamul Mulk. Aibak marched to Ranthambore, forcing Hariraja to retreat from Ranthambore as well as the former Chahamana capital
284:
in 1192, Muhammad Ghori made Aibak in charge of his Indian territories. Aibak expanded the Ghurid power in northern India by conquering and raiding several places in the
380:, purchased him. Aibak was treated affectionately in the Qazi's household and was educated with the Qazi's sons. He learned archery and horse-riding, besides
1026:- was the governor of Hansi in 1171 CE. Thus, Jatwan may have been a general of Bhima-simha, and may have tried to recover the fort on behalf of his master.
1548:
During Sultan Muhammad Ghori's reign, parts of the Bihar and Bengal area in eastern India had been conquered by the Khalji clan, led by the Ghurid general
2387:
Nizami's claim that the remains of the demolished Hindu temples were used to build mosques is corroborated by architectural remains, such as those at the
2157:
agreed to be his subordinate. Ali Mardan thus became the governor of Aibak's territories in eastern India and brought the whole region under his control.
2197:
All contemporary chroniclers praise Aibak as a loyal, generous, courageous, and just man. According to Minhaj, his generosity earned him the epithet
1368:
region, and then returned to Delhi. On 15 March 1206, Muhammad Ghori was assassinated: different sources variously attribute the act to Khokhars or
2081:
the Sultan's death through the use of diplomacy and military power. The Sultan's unexpected death left three of his main slave-generals β Aibak,
346:
Aibak was born in c. 1150. His name is variously transliterated as "Qutb al-Din Aybeg", "Qutbuddin Aibek", and "Kutb Al-Din Aybak". He came from
3751:
858:
3801:
2048:, suggests that Muhammad Ghori appointed Aibak as his representative in India after his victory at Tarain. Hasan Nizami also states that the
330:, who transformed the loosely-held Ghurid territories of India into the powerful Delhi Sultanate. Aibak is known for having commissioned the
1394:
in the south. Minhaj states that at the time of Sultan Muhammad Ghori's death in 1206, the Ghurids controlled the following areas in India:
1104:
finds Isami's account unreliable and theorizes that the Sultan may have sought Aibak's help in planning further Ghurid expansion in India.
430:
1209:
was started by Qutb al-Din Aibak in 1199 and completed by his son-in-law Iltutmish in 1220. It is an example of the Mamluk dynasty's works
1166:, who was killed in action. After the battle, Muhammad Ghori continued his advance to the east, with Aibek in the vanguard. The city of
2028:
1685:
2096:
Meanwhile, in and around Ghazni, the Sultan's slaves fought with his nobles for control of the Ghurid Empire and helped his nephew
1017:. Historian A.K. Majumdar adds that Firishta may have confused the Chaulukya ruler Bhima with Bhima-simha, who - according to the
1278:, which had slipped out of Ghurid control. In 1198β99, he captured Chantarwal (unidentified, possibly the same as Chandawar) and
1170:(Kashi) was taken and razed, and "idols in a thousand temples" were destroyed. It is generally thought that the Buddhist city of
2077:
theorizes that Sultan Muhammad Ghori never appointed Aibak as his successor in India: the slave-general acquired this position
1294:, in 1199β1200. However, no other historian refers to such a conquest; therefore, it is likely that Aibak merely raided Malwa.
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Studies in Indo-Muslim History: A Critical Commentary on Elliot and Dowson's History of India as Told by Its Own Historians
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or Slave dynasty; however, this term is a misnomer. Only Aibak, Iltutmish, and Balban were slaves, and seem to have been
1345:
region in the east. Bakhtiyar acted independently, and at the time of his death in 1206, was not a subordinate of Aibak.
1341:
presented Aibak with war booty, including 20 captured elephants, jewels, and cash. Aibak honoured Khalji, who went on to
410:, Aibak was responsible for the general maintenance of the horses, as well as their fodder and equipment. One day, while
3691:
3626:
3542:
17:
974:
commanded by Nusrat-ud-din, in the former Chahamana territory. Aibak marched to Hansi, forcing Jatwan to retreat to
3791:
2899:
purpose was iconoclasm. It was of course, like any premodern military invasion, intended to acquire land and wealth
1891:
1881:
2351:. After her death, the second daughter was married to Qabacha as well. The third one was married to Aibak's slave
3436:
Al-Hind the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest : 11thβ13th Centuries
2332:. However, this may have been an erroneous addition made by a careless scribe, as Alauddin Ata Malik-i-Juwayni's
2116:, and took control of Ghazni. Aibak then sent his representative Nizamuddin Muhammad to Mahmud's headquarters at
2303:
before their ascension to the throne. The other rulers in this line were not slaves at any point in their life.
895:
After his victory at Tarain, Muhammad Ghori assigned the former Chahamana territory to Aibak, who was placed at
265:, where he learned archery and horse-riding among other skills. He was subsequently resold to Muhammad Ghori in
3771:
3766:
3444:
2598:
2165:
2135:, Mahmud styled Aibak as a "Sultan"; chronicler Hasan Nizami also calls him a "Sultan". Nizami states that the
1938:
1861:
2021:
1928:
1305:. After being reduced to a dire situation, the defenders approached Aibak and surrendered the fort to Aibak.
1133:
1092:
In 1193, Sultan Muhammad Ghori summoned Aibak to the Ghurid capital Ghazni. The near-contemporary chronicler
3821:
3756:
989:(17th century), however, dates the rebellion to 1203, and states that Jatwan retreated to the frontiers of
351:
2857:
2588:
2422:
in Delhi started during Aibak's reign. Aibak was also a patron of literature. Fakhri Mudabbir, who wrote
1286:
in Rajasthan). According to the Persian chronicler Fakhr-i Mudabbir (c. 1157β1236), Aibak also conquered
2249:
Aibak, who died unexpectedly, had not appointed an heir apparent. After his death, the Turkic officers (
303:
After the assassination of Muhammad Ghori in March 1206, Aibak fought with another former slave-general
3811:
3496:
2796:
1238:
1188:
199:
1225:
Meanwhile, the Mher tribals, who lived near Ajmer, rebelled against the Ghurid rule. Supported by the
1084:
ruler as a vassal. In 1193, he deposed the Tomara ruler for treason and took direct control of Delhi.
307:
for control of Ghurid territories in north-western India. During this campaign, he advanced as far as
3602:
3578:
2210:
2113:
1342:
877:
751:
688:
534:
387:
The Qazi or one of his sons sold Aibak to a merchant, who in turn, sold the boy to the Ghurid Sultan
285:
2426:- etiquettes of war - dedicated his book of genealogies to Aibak. The composition of Hasan Nizami's
3816:
3610:
2014:
1871:
1301:(also transliterated as Bahauddin Tughril) - another prominent Ghurid slave-general - besieged the
64:
3806:
1357:
1184:
889:
714:
675:
569:
407:
281:
274:
203:
187:
2127:(ceremonial parasol) on Aibak, and issued a deed of investiture recognizing him as the ruler of
1222:, where the local Parihara ruler Sallakhanapala acknowledged his suzerainty after a long siege.
1044:
3826:
3796:
2170:
2112:, intending to take control of the region. Aibak marched against him, forced him to retreat to
1809:
1772:
1606:
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Aibak stayed in Ghazni for about six months. After his return to India in 1194, he crossed the
885:
844:
762:
416:
183:
3606:
2460:
2131:. He may have also issued a deed of manumission for Aibak at this time. According to Minhaj's
1262:
states that Aibak appointed a Muslim officer to consolidate Ghurid power in the region, while
3721:
3658:(1992). "The Early Turkish Sultans of Delhi". In Mohammad Habib; Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (eds.).
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2154:
2097:
1576:
774:
699:
316:
2336:
chronicle explicitly mentions that Aibak had no son. Contrarily, the 14th century historian
1100:
claims that some people had aroused the Sultan's suspicion about Aibak's loyalty. Historian
981:
The above-mentioned information about Jatwan's rebellion comes from the contemporary writer
354:
called Aibak. The word "Aibak", also transliterated as "Aibek" or "Aybeg", derives from the
3786:
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2344:
2292:
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1821:
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invasion of the subcontinent (orange line: Ghurid territorial conquests from 1175 to 1205).
335:
3664:. Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House.
2430:, which was completed during the reign of Iltutmish, probably began during Aibak's reign.
8:
1742:
1715:
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1246:
1155:
1145:
1009:(where Jatwan was killed) with another area called Bagar near the Gujarat border, around
876:
Aibak was one of the generals of the Ghurid army that were defeated by the forces of the
467:
403:
270:
191:
1274:
in present-day Uttar Pradesh, and also re-took control of the former Gahadavala capital
2395:
in Ajmer. However, his other claims such as Aibak freeing Kol from idols are doubtful.
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1831:
1665:
1159:
1029:
742:
655:
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243:
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3687:
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2150:
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1353:
1309:
1298:
1192:
1097:
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523:
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195:
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in 1206, around the same time Sultan Muhammad Ghori was assassinated. Subsequently,
41:
3396:
3363:
2320:
2214:
1975:
1762:
1675:
1549:
1529:
1386:
1337:
1313:
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1019:
945:
912:
582:
558:
388:
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277:; after the Ghurid victory, he was released and highly favoured by Muhammad Ghori.
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219:
95:
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After defeating Jatwan, he returned to Kuhram and made preparations to invade the
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368:). As a child, he was separated from his family and taken to the slave market of
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137:
47:
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269:, where he rose to the position of the officer of the royal stables. During the
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nearly two decades earlier. Aibak's army then marched to the Chaulukya capital
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Minhaj refers to the three daughters of Aibak. The first one was married to
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1072:(modern Bulandshahr), from where he would later launch attacks against the
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234:. He was in charge of the Ghurid territories in northern India, and after
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402:, the officer of the royal stables. During the Ghurid conflicts with the
315:. He nominally acknowledged the suzerainty of Muhammad Ghori's successor
376:
Fakhruddin Abdul Aziz Kufi, a descendant of the noted Muslim theologian
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Medieval India:From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206β1526)
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A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206β1526)
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Iltutmish was succeeded by his family members, and then by his slave
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238:'s assassination in 1206, he established his own independent rule in
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2402:) that accompanied him to Ghazni in 1206, included Hindu chiefs ("
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1279:
1230:
1219:
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990:
253:, Aibak was sold into slavery as a child. He was purchased by a
3621:. Vol. 5: Supplement (New ed.). Leiden: E. J. Brill.
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was started in 1192 and completed in 1199 by Qutb al-Din Aibak.
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after his defeat. He was later killed as a subordinate of the
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Sarnath: A Critical History of the Place Where Buddhism Began
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Sarnath: A Critical History of the Place Where Buddhism Began
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2593:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 37, 147.
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In 1194, Muhammad Ghori returned to India and crossed the
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as a Ghurid vassal. Sometime later, Prithviraja's brother
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alone. He further claims that Aibak freed the whole Kol (
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available about Aibak's subsequent assignments until the
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Indo-Persian Historiography Up to the Thirteenth Century
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3300:
3298:
3256:
3254:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3223:
3162:
3160:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3056:
3054:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2553:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2514:
1096:
does not elaborate why, but the 14th-century chronicler
936:
After the death of Prithviraja, Aibak appointed his son
311:, although he later retreated and set up his capital at
2732:
2693:
2669:
2570:
2568:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2484:
2482:
2120:, seeking to expedite his request for the investiture.
1390:, Aibak had conquered territory up to the frontiers of
978:, where the rebel was defeated and killed in a battle.
319:, who officially recognized him as the ruler of India.
3377:
3090:
1348:
In 1204, Muhammad Ghori suffered a defeat against the
3584:
The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History
3472:
3457:
3334:
3310:
3295:
3251:
3220:
3196:
3157:
3138:
3121:
3102:
3078:
3066:
3051:
3027:
3015:
3003:
2991:
2967:
2950:
2931:
2768:
2681:
2648:
2631:
2619:
2511:
2328:("son of Aibak") to the name of Aibak's successor of
903:). The exact nature of this assignment is not clear:
862:
Main South Asian polities in 1175, on the eve of the
422:
2744:
2720:
2607:
2565:
2536:
2494:
2479:
1333:
came under Ghurid control, governed by Hasan Arnal.
3266:
2805:. Vol. 1. Har-Anand Publications. p. 27.
1001:when Aibak invaded Gujarat. According to historian
2355:, who succeeded Aram Shah on the throne of Delhi.
871:
2237:Tomb of Qutb al-Din Aibak (renovated in 1970) in
3743:
2143:Surkh. Subsequently, Aibak moved his capital to
226:; 1150 β 14 November 1210) was a general of the
3557:"Non-Agricultural Production and Urban Economy"
1375:
1245:, thus avenging Muhammad Ghori's defeat at the
1080:in 1192, where he initially retained the local
273:-Ghurid wars, he was captured by the scouts of
2795:
1139:
398:Aibak later rose to the important position of
326:, and then by his former slave and son-in-law
3559:. In Tapan Raychaudhuri; Irfan Habib (eds.).
2147:to safeguard his territories against Yildiz.
2022:
1316:kingdom of central India. The Chandela ruler
2586:
2190:, and died instantly when the pommel of the
1575:Qaimaz Rumi assigned the iqta' of Devkot to
1282:. Later, he captured Siroh (possibly modern
1039:
3360:"History: The Heritage of the Slave Sultan"
2875:
2873:
2865:idol-temples into house for the Musalmans.
2862:. People's Publishing House. p. 116.
2029:
2015:
1583:Recognition as the ruler of northern India
1552:. Bakhtiyar was killed by his subordinate
955:
40:
2413:
2173:of the accident that caused Aibak's death
1154:with an army of 50,000 horses and at the
925:states that Aibak was made the governor (
446:
437:
3719:
3635:
3519:
3405:. Oxford University Press. p. 124.
3383:
3358:Shah, Dr Syed Talha (23 December 2018).
2738:
2714:
2702:
2675:
2465:. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 473.
2340:stated Aaram Shah as Aibak's real son.
2232:
2164:
1325:. Their former strongholds of Kalinjar,
1196:
1043:
3601:
3577:
3561:The Cambridge Economic History of India
3520:Hodivala, Shahpurshah Hormasji (1979).
3495:
3478:
3466:
3345:
3233:
3096:
2973:
2961:
2904:
2870:
2840:
2530:
2488:
2458:
14:
3744:
3676:
3654:
3328:
3316:
3304:
3289:
3260:
3245:
3214:
3202:
3190:
3178:
3166:
3151:
3132:
3115:
3084:
3072:
3060:
3045:
3033:
3021:
3009:
2997:
2985:
2944:
2828:
2783:
2762:
2687:
2663:
2642:
2625:
2613:
2574:
2559:
2547:
2505:
2070:) of the Sultan's Indian territories.
749:
712:
697:
686:
629:
620:
611:
602:
580:
567:
3752:Sultans of the Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)
3700:
3551:
3530:
3452:latter to the worship of the true God
3395:
3272:
2910:
2879:
2852:
2846:
2750:
2726:
760:
740:
673:
664:
653:
591:
556:
521:
3802:Slaves of the medieval Islamic world
3429:
3357:
2462:A World History of Political Thought
2105:and stuck's coins in Mahmud's name.
1087:
543:
532:
452:
2160:
2093:happened much later, in 1208β1209.
842:
242:, and laid the foundations for the
223:
24:
3686:. S. Chand / Motilal Banarsidass.
3502:History of Medieval India:800β1700
3402:Essays on Islam and Indian History
2917:. Getty Publications. p. 74.
2886:. Getty Publications. p. 11.
2266:
1178:
1132:governor and moved Govindaraja to
1107:
465:
423:As the Ghurid Sultan's subordinate
25:
3838:
3720:Siddiqui, Iqtidar Husain (2010).
2123:In 1208β1209, Mahmud conferred a
1239:Aibak defeated the Chaulukya army
1076:kingdom. He also took control of
1032:thought Jatwan to be a leader of
1005:, Firishta may have confused the
966:In September 1192, a rebel named
27:Ghurid general and ruler in India
2590:A Historical atlas of South Asia
2587:Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978).
2313:
1892:Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq
1882:Nasir-ud-din Nusrat Shah Tughluq
1543:
1336:Meanwhile, the Ghurid commander
445:
436:
429:
280:After the Ghurid victory in the
46:Grave of Qutb ud-Din Aibak, in
3636:Majumdar, Ashoke Kumar (1956).
3488:
3423:
3389:
3351:
2834:
2789:
2295:. This line of kings is called
872:Campaign against the Chahamanas
419:fought in India, in 1191β1192.
74:25 June 1206 β 14 November 1210
3587:. Cambridge University Press.
2580:
2452:
2044:, a contemporary chronicle by
1862:Nasir ud din Muhammad Shah III
1064:. In 1192, he took control of
84:25 June 1206, Qasr-e-Humayun,
13:
1:
2445:
2318:Some manuscripts of Minhaj's
2306:Today his tomb is located in
2064:and appointed heir apparent (
2052:(governorship) of Kuhram and
341:
3782:13th-century Indian monarchs
3777:12th-century Indian monarchs
2911:Asher, Frederick M. (2020).
2880:Asher, Frederick M. (2020).
1376:After Muhammad Ghori's death
1343:conquer a part of the Bengal
1270:In 1197β98, Aibak conquered
7:
3418:have accepted at face value
2433:
2358:
1312:, an important fort in the
1158:defeated the forces of the
1140:War against the Gahadavalas
10:
3843:
3642:. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.
3619:The Encyclopaedia of Islam
1218:. He then marched towards
1189:Battle of Kasahrada (1197)
1182:
1143:
959:
200:Battle of Kasahrada (1197)
131:14 November 1210 (aged 60)
3704:History of the ChΔhamΔnas
2347:, the Ghurid governor of
1040:Initial conquests in Doab
179:
172:
168:
152:
127:
115:
111:
101:
91:
78:
70:
58:
39:
34:
2418:The construction of the
2380:) region from idols and
2056:was entrusted to Aibak.
1872:Ala ud-din Sikandar Shah
1352:and their allies at the
444:
435:
3792:People of Cuman descent
3683:Early ChauhΔn Dynasties
3526:. Islamic Book Service.
2459:J. Babb (25 May 2018).
1185:Siege of Gwalior (1196)
956:Campaign against Jatwan
899:(present-day Ghuram in
890:Second Battle of Tarain
322:Aibak was succeeded by
282:Second Battle of Tarain
204:Battle of Jhelum (1206)
188:Second Battle of Tarain
3537:. Rupa & Company.
3534:A History of Rajasthan
3439:. Brill. p. 333.
2414:Cultural contributions
2246:
2201:, literally "giver of
2174:
1810:Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq
1773:Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah
1577:Husamuddin Iwaz Khalji
1562:Muhammad Shiran Khalji
1210:
1057:
915:calls it a "command" (
886:First Battle of Tarain
417:First Battle of Tarain
300:, and other kingdoms.
184:First Battle of Tarain
3772:13th-century generals
3767:12th-century generals
3701:Singh, R. B. (1964).
3639:Chaulukyas of Gujarat
2236:
2168:
1253:: the defending king
1200:
1047:
3656:Nizami, Khaliq Ahmad
3531:Hooja, Rima (2006).
2393:Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra
2367:, who migrated from
2345:Nasir ad-Din Qabacha
2334:Tarikh-i-Jahan-Gusha
2293:Ghiyas ud din Balban
2087:Nasir ad-Din Qabacha
1822:Muhammad bin Tughluq
1706:Muiz ud din Qaiqabad
1696:Ghiyas ud din Balban
1358:suppress a rebellion
1299:Baha' al-Din Toghril
1050:Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra
859:class=notpageimage|
350:, and belonged to a
336:Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra
3822:12th-century slaves
3757:12th-century births
3607:"Kutb Al-Din Aybak"
3331:, p. 208, 222.
3292:, pp. 206β207.
3248:, pp. 205β206.
3217:, pp. 200β201.
3193:, pp. 198β199.
3181:, pp. 197β198.
3048:, pp. 173β174.
2988:, pp. 170β171.
2831:, pp. 166β167.
2765:, pp. 167β168.
2717:, pp. 143β144.
2562:, pp. 204β205.
2171:artist's impression
1716:Shamsuddin Kayumars
1247:Battle of Kasahrada
1156:Battle of Chandawar
1146:Battle of Chandawar
907:describes it as an
192:Battle of Chandawar
3678:Sharma, Dasharatha
3505:. Orient Longman.
2400:Hasham-i Hindustan
2389:Qutb Minar complex
2247:
2194:pierced his ribs.
2175:
2098:Ghiyasuddin Mahmud
1832:Firuz Shah Tughlaq
1666:Muiz ud din Bahram
1211:
1058:
1030:Henry Miers Elliot
358:words for "moon" (
334:in Delhi, and the
317:Ghiyasuddin Mahmud
244:Sultanate of Delhi
3812:Founding monarchs
3733:978-81-908918-0-6
3613:; E. van Donzel;
3594:978-0-521-54329-3
3570:978-0-521-22692-9
3512:978-81-250-3226-7
3412:978-0-19-565114-0
2924:978-1-60606-616-4
2893:978-1-60606-616-4
2812:978-8-12411-064-5
2472:978-1-78643-553-8
2391:in Delhi and the
2338:Abdul Malik Isami
2324:append the words
2186:on horseback) in
2151:Ali Mardan Khalji
2083:Taj al-Din Yildiz
2039:
2038:
2004:
2003:
1957:
1956:
1900:
1899:
1791:
1790:
1724:
1723:
1686:Nasiruddin Mahmud
1646:Rukn ud din Firuz
1616:Qutb al-Din Aibak
1554:Ali Mardan Khalji
1354:Battle of Andkhud
1310:besieged Kalinjar
1193:Siege of Kalinjar
1088:Sojourn in Ghazni
1062:Ganga-Yamuna Doab
1003:Dasharatha Sharma
888:in India. At the
721:
706:
305:Taj al-Din Yildiz
216:Qutb ud-Din Aibak
213:
212:
209:
208:
196:Siege of Kalinjar
174:Qutb ud-Din Aibak
35:QuαΉb ud-DΔ«n Aibak
18:Qutb al-Din Aibak
16:(Redirected from
3834:
3737:
3726:. Primus Books.
3716:
3697:
3673:
3651:
3632:
3598:
3574:
3548:
3527:
3516:
3482:
3476:
3470:
3464:
3455:
3454:
3427:
3421:
3420:
3393:
3387:
3381:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3355:
3349:
3343:
3332:
3326:
3320:
3314:
3308:
3302:
3293:
3287:
3276:
3270:
3264:
3258:
3249:
3243:
3237:
3231:
3218:
3212:
3206:
3200:
3194:
3188:
3182:
3176:
3170:
3164:
3155:
3149:
3136:
3130:
3119:
3113:
3100:
3094:
3088:
3082:
3076:
3070:
3064:
3058:
3049:
3043:
3037:
3031:
3025:
3019:
3013:
3007:
3001:
2995:
2989:
2983:
2977:
2971:
2965:
2959:
2948:
2942:
2929:
2928:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2877:
2868:
2867:
2850:
2844:
2838:
2832:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2793:
2787:
2781:
2766:
2760:
2754:
2748:
2742:
2736:
2730:
2724:
2718:
2712:
2706:
2700:
2691:
2685:
2679:
2673:
2667:
2661:
2646:
2640:
2629:
2623:
2617:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2584:
2578:
2572:
2563:
2557:
2551:
2545:
2534:
2528:
2509:
2503:
2492:
2486:
2477:
2476:
2456:
2321:Tabaqat-i Nasiri
2308:Anarkali, Lahore
2215:Mahmud of Ghazna
2161:Death and legacy
2133:Tabaqat-i Nasiri
2031:
2024:
2017:
1976:Bahlul Khan Lodi
1972:
1971:
1915:
1914:
1816:
1806:
1805:
1763:Shihabuddin Omar
1739:
1738:
1676:Ala ud din Masud
1612:
1611:
1599:Ruling dynasties
1587:
1586:
1550:Bakhtiyar Khalji
1387:Tabaqat-i Nasiri
1338:Bakhtiyar Khalji
1020:Kharatara Gaccha
946:Ranthambore Fort
929:) of Kuhram and
913:Fakhr-i Mudabbir
853:
851:
837:
822:
807:
794:
781:
769:
767:
758:
756:
747:
745:
735:
725:
722:
719:
710:
708:
704:
695:
693:
684:
682:
671:
669:
662:
660:
648:
638:
636:
627:
625:
618:
616:
609:
607:
600:
598:
589:
587:
578:
576:
565:
563:
554:
552:
541:
539:
530:
528:
516:
503:
487:
476:
474:
463:
461:
449:
448:
440:
439:
433:
225:
170:
169:
96:Muhammad of Ghor
65:Mamluk Sultanate
44:
32:
31:
21:
3842:
3841:
3837:
3836:
3835:
3833:
3832:
3831:
3817:Ghurid generals
3742:
3741:
3740:
3734:
3694:
3629:
3595:
3571:
3545:
3513:
3497:Chandra, Satish
3491:
3486:
3485:
3477:
3473:
3465:
3458:
3447:
3428:
3424:
3413:
3394:
3390:
3382:
3378:
3368:
3366:
3356:
3352:
3344:
3335:
3327:
3323:
3315:
3311:
3303:
3296:
3288:
3279:
3271:
3267:
3259:
3252:
3244:
3240:
3232:
3221:
3213:
3209:
3201:
3197:
3189:
3185:
3177:
3173:
3165:
3158:
3150:
3139:
3131:
3122:
3114:
3103:
3095:
3091:
3083:
3079:
3071:
3067:
3059:
3052:
3044:
3040:
3032:
3028:
3020:
3016:
3008:
3004:
2996:
2992:
2984:
2980:
2972:
2968:
2960:
2951:
2943:
2932:
2925:
2909:
2905:
2894:
2878:
2871:
2854:Habib, Mohammad
2851:
2847:
2839:
2835:
2827:
2823:
2813:
2794:
2790:
2782:
2769:
2761:
2757:
2749:
2745:
2737:
2733:
2725:
2721:
2713:
2709:
2701:
2694:
2686:
2682:
2674:
2670:
2662:
2649:
2641:
2632:
2624:
2620:
2612:
2608:
2601:
2585:
2581:
2573:
2566:
2558:
2554:
2546:
2537:
2529:
2512:
2504:
2495:
2487:
2480:
2473:
2457:
2453:
2448:
2436:
2416:
2361:
2316:
2286:Delhi Sultanate
2257:) stationed at
2239:Anarkali Bazaar
2163:
2155:Husamuddin Iwaz
2035:
2006:
2005:
1969:
1959:
1958:
1912:
1902:
1901:
1814:
1803:
1801:Tughlaq dynasty
1793:
1792:
1736:
1726:
1725:
1609:
1592:Delhi Sultanate
1585:
1546:
1538:
1378:
1308:In 1202, Aibak
1290:in present-day
1195:
1181:
1179:Other campaigns
1148:
1142:
1116:, and captured
1110:
1108:Return to India
1090:
1042:
964:
962:Battle of Bagar
958:
882:Prithviraja III
874:
869:
868:
867:
861:
855:
854:
848:
845:
843:
841:
840:
839:
834:
831:
826:
825:
824:
819:
816:
811:
810:
809:
803:
798:
797:
796:
790:
785:
784:
783:
778:
775:
770:
763:
761:
759:
752:
750:
748:
743:
741:
739:
738:
737:
731:
726:
718:
716:
713:
711:
703:
700:
698:
696:
689:
687:
685:
679:
676:
674:
672:
667:
665:
663:
656:
654:
652:
651:
650:
644:
639:
632:
630:
628:
623:
621:
619:
614:
612:
610:
605:
603:
601:
596:
594:
592:
590:
583:
581:
579:
573:
570:
568:
566:
559:
557:
555:
549:
546:
544:
542:
535:
533:
531:
524:
522:
520:
519:
518:
512:
507:
506:
505:
500:
497:
492:
491:
490:
488:
483:
477:
471:
468:
466:
464:
458:
455:
453:
451:
450:
442:
441:
425:
344:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
175:
164:
158:Anarkali Bazaar
138:Delhi Sultanate
132:
120:
54:
48:Anarkali Bazaar
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3840:
3830:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3807:Slave soldiers
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3739:
3738:
3732:
3717:
3707:. N. Kishore.
3698:
3692:
3674:
3652:
3633:
3627:
3615:Charles Pellat
3611:C. E. Bosworth
3603:Jackson, Peter
3599:
3593:
3579:Jackson, Peter
3575:
3569:
3549:
3543:
3528:
3517:
3511:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3471:
3456:
3445:
3422:
3411:
3397:Eaton, Richard
3388:
3376:
3350:
3333:
3321:
3319:, p. 208.
3309:
3307:, p. 207.
3294:
3277:
3265:
3263:, p. 206.
3250:
3238:
3219:
3207:
3205:, p. 199.
3195:
3183:
3171:
3169:, p. 197.
3156:
3154:, p. 203.
3137:
3135:, p. 202.
3120:
3118:, p. 201.
3101:
3099:, p. 146.
3089:
3087:, p. 179.
3077:
3075:, p. 178.
3065:
3063:, p. 198.
3050:
3038:
3036:, p. 173.
3026:
3024:, p. 172.
3014:
3012:, p. 170.
3002:
3000:, p. 171.
2990:
2978:
2966:
2949:
2947:, p. 169.
2930:
2923:
2903:
2892:
2869:
2845:
2833:
2821:
2811:
2797:Satish Chandra
2788:
2786:, p. 168.
2767:
2755:
2753:, p. 291.
2743:
2741:, p. 179.
2731:
2729:, p. 213.
2719:
2707:
2705:, p. 144.
2692:
2690:, p. 100.
2680:
2678:, p. 142.
2668:
2666:, p. 167.
2647:
2645:, p. 166.
2630:
2628:, p. 164.
2618:
2616:, p. 162.
2606:
2599:
2579:
2577:, p. 205.
2564:
2552:
2550:, p. 204.
2535:
2533:, p. 546.
2510:
2508:, p. 191.
2493:
2478:
2471:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2435:
2432:
2415:
2412:
2360:
2357:
2315:
2312:
2162:
2159:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2033:
2026:
2019:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2002:
2001:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1978:
1970:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1913:
1910:Sayyid dynasty
1908:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1898:
1897:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1812:
1804:
1799:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1789:
1788:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1745:
1737:
1734:Khalji dynasty
1732:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1610:
1607:Mamluk dynasty
1605:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1595:
1584:
1581:
1568:to the Khalji
1545:
1542:
1537:
1536:
1527:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1407:
1402:
1396:
1377:
1374:
1364:chiefs of the
1292:Madhya Pradesh
1180:
1177:
1144:Main article:
1141:
1138:
1109:
1106:
1089:
1086:
1041:
1038:
960:Main article:
957:
954:
938:Govindaraja IV
873:
870:
857:
856:
829:
828:
827:
814:
813:
812:
801:
800:
799:
788:
787:
786:
773:
772:
771:
729:
728:
727:
642:
641:
640:
510:
509:
508:
495:
494:
493:
482:
480:
479:
478:
443:
434:
428:
427:
426:
424:
421:
389:Muhammad Ghori
362:) and "lord" (
343:
340:
236:Muhammad Ghori
232:Muhammad Ghori
224:ΩΨ·Ψ¨βΨ§ΩΨ―ΫΩ Ψ§ΫΨ¨Ϊ©
211:
210:
207:
206:
181:
177:
176:
173:
166:
165:
156:
154:
150:
149:
129:
125:
124:
117:
113:
112:
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
93:
89:
88:
82:
76:
75:
72:
68:
67:
56:
55:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3839:
3828:
3827:Indian slaves
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3797:Turkic people
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3735:
3729:
3725:
3724:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3705:
3699:
3695:
3693:9780842606189
3689:
3685:
3684:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3662:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3640:
3634:
3630:
3628:90-04-06167-3
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3590:
3586:
3585:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3544:9788129108906
3540:
3536:
3535:
3529:
3525:
3524:
3518:
3514:
3508:
3504:
3503:
3498:
3494:
3493:
3481:, p. 21.
3480:
3475:
3469:, p. 20.
3468:
3463:
3461:
3453:
3448:
3442:
3438:
3437:
3432:
3426:
3419:
3414:
3408:
3404:
3403:
3398:
3392:
3386:, p. 53.
3385:
3384:Siddiqui 2010
3380:
3365:
3361:
3354:
3348:, p. 44.
3347:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3330:
3325:
3318:
3313:
3306:
3301:
3299:
3291:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3275:, p. 90.
3274:
3269:
3262:
3257:
3255:
3247:
3242:
3236:, p. 28.
3235:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3216:
3211:
3204:
3199:
3192:
3187:
3180:
3175:
3168:
3163:
3161:
3153:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3134:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3117:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3098:
3093:
3086:
3081:
3074:
3069:
3062:
3057:
3055:
3047:
3042:
3035:
3030:
3023:
3018:
3011:
3006:
2999:
2994:
2987:
2982:
2976:, p. 27.
2975:
2970:
2964:, p. 12.
2963:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2946:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2926:
2920:
2916:
2915:
2907:
2900:
2895:
2889:
2885:
2884:
2876:
2874:
2866:
2861:
2860:
2855:
2849:
2842:
2837:
2830:
2825:
2818:
2814:
2808:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2792:
2785:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2764:
2759:
2752:
2747:
2740:
2739:Hodivala 1979
2735:
2728:
2723:
2716:
2715:Majumdar 1956
2711:
2704:
2703:Majumdar 1956
2699:
2697:
2689:
2684:
2677:
2676:Majumdar 1956
2672:
2665:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2644:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2627:
2622:
2615:
2610:
2602:
2596:
2592:
2591:
2583:
2576:
2571:
2569:
2561:
2556:
2549:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2532:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2507:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2491:, p. 24.
2490:
2485:
2483:
2474:
2468:
2464:
2463:
2455:
2451:
2441:
2440:1206 in India
2438:
2437:
2431:
2429:
2428:Tajul-Ma'asir
2425:
2421:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2370:
2366:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2322:
2314:Personal life
2311:
2309:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2270:
2268:
2267:personal life
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2244:
2240:
2235:
2231:
2229:
2223:
2221:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2172:
2167:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2146:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2106:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2042:Tajul-Ma'asir
2032:
2027:
2025:
2020:
2018:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2009:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1987:
1986:Sikandar Lodi
1984:
1983:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1962:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1940:
1939:Muhammad Shah
1937:
1936:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1905:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1853:
1852:Abu Bakr Shah
1850:
1849:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1796:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1729:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1657:
1656:Razia Sultana
1654:
1653:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1588:
1580:
1578:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1544:Eastern India
1541:
1535:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1388:
1383:
1380:According to
1373:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1265:
1261:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1147:
1137:
1135:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
979:
977:
973:
970:besieged the
969:
963:
953:
951:
947:
943:
939:
934:
932:
928:
924:
920:
919:
914:
910:
906:
902:
901:Punjab, India
898:
893:
891:
887:
883:
879:
865:
864:Ghurid Empire
860:
852:
850:
838:
836:
823:
821:
808:
806:
795:
793:
782:
780:
768:
766:
757:
755:
746:
736:
734:
724:
723:
709:
707:
694:
692:
683:
681:
670:
661:
659:
649:
647:
637:
635:
626:
617:
608:
599:
588:
586:
577:
575:
564:
562:
553:
551:
540:
538:
529:
527:
517:
515:
504:
502:
489:
486:
475:
473:
462:
460:
432:
420:
418:
413:
409:
405:
401:
396:
394:
390:
385:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
366:
361:
357:
353:
349:
339:
337:
333:
329:
325:
320:
318:
314:
310:
306:
301:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
278:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
247:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
221:
217:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
182:
178:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
140:(present-day
139:
135:
130:
126:
123:
118:
114:
110:
107:
104:
100:
97:
94:
90:
87:
83:
81:
77:
73:
69:
66:
62:
57:
53:
49:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
3722:
3703:
3682:
3660:
3638:
3618:
3583:
3560:
3553:Habib, Irfan
3533:
3522:
3501:
3489:Bibliography
3479:Jackson 2003
3474:
3467:Jackson 2003
3450:
3435:
3425:
3416:
3401:
3391:
3379:
3369:24 September
3367:. Retrieved
3353:
3346:Jackson 2003
3324:
3312:
3268:
3241:
3234:Jackson 2003
3210:
3198:
3186:
3174:
3097:Jackson 2003
3092:
3080:
3068:
3041:
3029:
3017:
3005:
2993:
2981:
2974:Jackson 2003
2969:
2962:Jackson 2003
2913:
2906:
2897:
2882:
2863:
2858:
2848:
2841:Chandra 2007
2836:
2824:
2816:
2801:
2791:
2758:
2746:
2734:
2722:
2710:
2683:
2671:
2621:
2609:
2589:
2582:
2555:
2531:Jackson 1982
2489:Jackson 2003
2461:
2454:
2427:
2424:Adab al-Harb
2423:
2417:
2399:
2397:
2386:
2365:Hasan Nizami
2362:
2342:
2333:
2325:
2319:
2317:
2305:
2290:
2271:
2254:
2250:
2248:
2224:
2198:
2196:
2176:
2149:
2141:
2136:
2132:
2124:
2122:
2107:
2095:
2091:
2078:
2075:K. A. Nizami
2072:
2065:
2061:
2058:
2049:
2046:Hasan Nizami
2041:
2040:
1996:Ibrahim Lodi
1967:Lodi dynasty
1929:Mubarak Shah
1842:Tughluq Khan
1783:Khusrau Khan
1590:
1574:
1547:
1539:
1385:
1379:
1350:Khwarazmians
1347:
1335:
1307:
1303:Gwalior Fort
1296:
1269:
1236:
1229:, who ruled
1224:
1212:
1149:
1130:
1114:Yamuna River
1111:
1102:K. A. Nizami
1091:
1059:
1028:
1018:
983:Hasan Nizami
980:
965:
944:invaded the
935:
926:
923:Hasan Nizami
916:
894:
875:
846:
832:
817:
804:
791:
776:
764:
753:
732:
715:
701:
690:
677:
657:
645:
633:
584:
571:
560:
547:
536:
525:
513:
498:
484:
469:
456:
400:Amir-i Akhur
399:
397:
386:
363:
359:
352:Turkic tribe
345:
321:
302:
279:
249:A native of
248:
215:
214:
180:Battles/wars
29:
3787:Polo deaths
3762:1210 deaths
3431:Wink, Andre
3329:Nizami 1992
3317:Nizami 1992
3305:Nizami 1992
3290:Nizami 1992
3261:Nizami 1992
3246:Nizami 1992
3215:Nizami 1992
3203:Nizami 1992
3191:Nizami 1992
3179:Nizami 1992
3167:Nizami 1992
3152:Nizami 1992
3133:Nizami 1992
3116:Nizami 1992
3085:Nizami 1992
3073:Nizami 1992
3061:Nizami 1992
3046:Nizami 1992
3034:Nizami 1992
3022:Nizami 1992
3010:Nizami 1992
2998:Nizami 1992
2986:Nizami 1992
2945:Nizami 1992
2829:Nizami 1992
2784:Nizami 1992
2763:Nizami 1992
2688:Sharma 1959
2664:Nizami 1992
2643:Nizami 1992
2626:Nizami 1992
2614:Nizami 1992
2575:Nizami 1992
2560:Nizami 1992
2548:Nizami 1992
2506:Nizami 1992
2363:Chronicler
2228:Irfan Habib
2213:criticizes
2209:chronicler
2199:lakh-bakhsh
2182:(a form of
2067:wali al-ahd
1297:Meanwhile,
1164:Jayachandra
1134:Ranthambore
1126:Dor Rajputs
1124:) from the
1007:Bagar tract
918:sipahsalari
720:(RATNAPURA)
658:GAHADAVALAS
485:QARA KHITAI
408:Sultan Shah
404:Khwarazmian
275:Sultan Shah
271:Khwarazmian
92:Predecessor
3746:Categories
3446:9004102361
3273:Habib 1982
2751:Hooja 2006
2727:Singh 1964
2600:0226742210
2446:References
2420:Qutb Minar
2301:manumitted
2269:section).
2261:appointed
2211:Abu'l-Fazl
2073:Historian
1919:Khizr Khan
1743:Jalaluddin
1431:Tabarhinda
1264:Ibn-i Asir
1227:Chaulukyas
1203:Qutb Minar
1183:See also:
1160:Gahadavala
1074:Gahadavala
1052:mosque in
972:Hansi Fort
717:KALACHURIS
702:KALACHURIS
678:KACHCHAPA-
550:GHAZNAVIDS
537:CHAHAMANAS
526:CHAULUKYAS
470:KARAKHANID
457:South Asia
378:Abu Hanifa
342:Early life
338:in Ajmer.
332:Qutb Minar
290:Gahadavala
80:Coronation
2353:Iltutmish
2330:Aram Shah
2326:bin Aibak
2274:Iltutmish
2263:Aram Shah
2169:A modern
2129:Hindustan
2118:Firuz Kuh
2000:1517β1526
1990:1489β1517
1980:1451β1489
1953:1445β1451
1949:Alam Shah
1943:1434β1445
1933:1421β1434
1923:1414β1421
1896:1394β1413
1886:1394β1398
1866:1390β1393
1856:1389β1390
1846:1388β1389
1836:1351β1388
1826:1325β1351
1815:1320β1325
1777:1316β1320
1757:1296β1316
1747:1290β1296
1710:1287β1290
1700:1266β1287
1690:1246β1266
1680:1242β1246
1670:1240β1242
1660:1236-1240
1640:1211β1236
1636:Iltutmish
1630:1210β1211
1626:Aram Shah
1620:1206β1210
1530:Lakhnauti
1331:Khajuraho
1318:Paramardi
1251:Anhilwara
1243:Mount Abu
1237:In 1197,
1023:Pattavali
1015:Dungarpur
995:Chaulukya
878:Chahamana
849:SULTANATE
765:KAMARUPAS
754:NAGVANSIS
705:(TRIPURI)
691:CHANDELAS
585:KAKATIYAS
574:CHALUKYAS
561:PARAMARAS
384:recital.
372:. There,
348:Turkestan
328:Iltutmish
324:Aram Shah
294:Chaulukya
286:Chahamana
251:Turkestan
122:Turkestan
106:Aram Shah
102:Successor
3713:11038728
3680:(1959).
3670:31870180
3617:(eds.).
3605:(1982).
3581:(2003).
3555:(1982).
3499:(2007).
3433:(1991).
3399:(2000).
2856:(1981).
2799:(2004).
2434:See also
2382:idolatry
2369:Nishapur
2359:Religion
2220:Firishta
2114:Kohistan
1753:Alauddin
1506:Kalinjar
1410:Nahrwala
1370:Ismailis
1323:Ajaigarh
1314:Chandela
1276:Varanasi
1260:Firishta
1255:Bhima II
1120:(modern
1011:Banswara
999:Bhima II
987:Firishta
942:Hariraja
744:KARNATAS
646:HOYSALAS
634:KADAMBAS
412:foraging
370:Nishapur
298:Chandela
259:Nishapur
230:emperor
146:Pakistan
3648:4413150
2408:thakurs
2406:" and "
2378:Aligarh
2180:chaugan
1501:Kannauj
1496:Banaras
1486:Gwalior
1476:Thankar
1451:Sursuti
1421:Sialkot
1416:Purshor
1412:(Patan)
1362:Khokhar
1360:by the
1280:Kannauj
1231:Gujarat
1220:Gwalior
1172:Sarnath
1168:Benares
1122:Aligarh
991:Gujarat
921:), and
884:at the
835:EMIRATE
777:EASTERN
668:GUHILAS
624:PANDYAS
572:WESTERN
472:KHANATE
459:1175 CE
220:Persian
63:of the
3730:
3711:
3690:
3668:
3646:
3625:
3591:
3567:
3541:
3509:
3443:
3409:
2921:
2890:
2809:
2597:
2469:
2349:Multan
2297:Mamluk
2282:Badaun
2259:Lahore
2251:maliks
2243:Lahore
2207:Mughal
2192:saddle
2188:Lahore
2145:Lahore
2137:khutba
2110:Punjab
2103:khutba
2085:, and
2054:Samana
2050:iyalat
1566:iqta's
1558:Devkot
1534:Bengal
1521:Adwand
1481:Budaun
1461:Meerut
1456:Kuhram
1436:Tarain
1426:Lahore
1400:Multan
1392:Ujjain
1382:Minhaj
1366:Lahore
1329:, and
1327:Mahoba
1284:Sirohi
1272:Budaun
1216:Bayana
1191:, and
1152:Jamuna
1094:Minhaj
1082:Tomara
1066:Meerut
968:Jatwan
931:Samana
927:ayalat
905:Minhaj
897:Kuhram
880:ruler
847:MAKRAN
833:SOOMRA
805:MARYUL
779:GANGAS
680:GHATAS
615:CHERAS
606:CHOLAS
595:SHILA-
514:KUMAON
501:EMPIRE
499:GHURID
406:ruler
393:Ghazni
356:Turkic
313:Lahore
309:Ghazni
267:Ghazni
263:Persia
240:Lahore
228:Ghurid
162:Lahore
153:Burial
142:Lahore
134:Lahore
86:Lahore
61:Sultan
52:Lahore
3609:. In
2404:ranas
2374:Delhi
2278:iqta'
2255:amirs
2203:lakhs
2125:chatr
2079:after
2062:malik
1570:amirs
1525:Bihar
1516:Malwa
1511:Awadh
1491:Bhera
1471:Delhi
1446:Hansi
1441:Ajmer
1288:Malwa
1207:Delhi
1162:king
1098:Isami
1078:Delhi
1070:Baran
1054:Ajmer
997:king
976:Bagar
950:Ajmer
909:iqta'
818:LOHA-
733:SENAS
597:HARAS
382:Quran
71:Reign
3728:ISBN
3709:OCLC
3688:ISBN
3666:OCLC
3644:OCLC
3623:ISBN
3589:ISBN
3565:ISBN
3539:ISBN
3507:ISBN
3441:ISBN
3407:ISBN
3371:2019
3364:Dawn
2919:ISBN
2888:ISBN
2807:ISBN
2595:ISBN
2467:ISBN
2410:").
2253:and
2184:polo
1876:1393
1787:1320
1767:1316
1720:1290
1650:1236
1201:The
1118:Koil
1068:and
1048:The
1034:Jats
1013:and
792:GUGE
548:LATE
374:Qazi
255:Qazi
128:Died
119:1150
116:Born
59:1st
2280:of
2241:in
1556:at
1532:in
1466:Kol
1405:Uch
1384:'s
1241:at
1205:in
820:RAS
391:in
365:bek
261:in
257:at
50:in
3748::
3459:^
3449:.
3415:.
3362:.
3336:^
3297:^
3280:^
3253:^
3222:^
3159:^
3140:^
3123:^
3104:^
3053:^
2952:^
2933:^
2896:.
2872:^
2815:.
2770:^
2695:^
2650:^
2633:^
2567:^
2538:^
2513:^
2496:^
2481:^
2384:.
2288:.
2222:.
1572:.
1523:,
1372:.
1187:,
1136:.
1128:.
985:.
952:.
933:.
911:,
360:ai
296:,
292:,
288:,
246:.
222::
160:,
144:,
136:,
3736:.
3715:.
3696:.
3672:.
3650:.
3631:.
3597:.
3573:.
3547:.
3515:.
3373:.
2927:.
2603:.
2475:.
2245:.
2030:e
2023:t
2016:v
218:(
148:)
20:)
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