564:
173:
1244:
739:
872:
886:
602:
On
October 23, 1935, a group of students at the university who supported Chardón began to collect signatures for a petition to declare Albizu Campos "Student Enemy Number One." In turn, a protest against the group by the pro-Nationalist faction of students denounced Chardón and the Liberal Party as
811:
from
Maryland, a Democrat, in a 1943 legislative proposal to grant independence to Puerto Rico. Although the measure was welcomed by every political party in Puerto Rico, including Muñoz's Liberal Party, the senator opposed the measure. Senator Muñoz Marín said that independence would hurt Puerto
619:
officers on the university grounds if the situation turned violent. Two police officers spotted a "suspicious-looking vehicle" and asked the driver, Ramón S. Pagán, and his friend Pedro Quiñones, for identification. A struggle ensued, and the police killed Pagán and Quiñones. The local newspaper,
859:
These leaders were charged with having "conspired to overthrow" the U.S. government on the island. They were tried in the U.S. District Court in Old San Juan, Puerto Rico. The first trial jury, which included a minority of Puerto Ricans among its members, ended in a hung jury. A second jury was
860:
picked, consisting solely of "Anglo-Americans." This jury found every
Nationalist charged "guilty" except Juarbe Juarbe. The guilty findings and sentences were appealed before the U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit in Boston, MA, which affirmed the lower court's determinations.
631:, testified that she saw the police officers shooting at the victims and heard one police officer screaming, "not to let them escape alive." Her testimony was ignored, and no charges were filed against the police officers. The Río Piedras massacre left four men dead.
1949:
816:, which provided independence for the Philippines after a 10-year transition period. Due to his opposition, the bill did not progress in Congress, and Puerto Rico did not receive its political independence from the U.S.
598:
and which was transmitted by radio, Albizu Campos denounced Chardón, the university deans and the
Liberal Party as traitors, saying they wanted to convert the university into an "American" propaganda institution.
839:
After Col. Riggs's assassination, many
Nationalist Party leaders were imprisoned. Members of the Puerto Rican independence movement came under greater scrutiny and prosecution. Among the leaders arrested were
804:(1935–1937), to publicly condemn Col. Riggs's assassination. Senator Muñoz Marín declined unless he was also allowed to condemn the Puerto Rico Police for allegedly executing the two assassins without trial.
823:
to organize a local government pursuant to a constitution of their own, comparable to those of other territories and states of the United States. From its enactment until this day, the act has served as the
852:, Erasmo Velazquez, Julio H. Velazquez, Juan Gallardo Santiago, Juan Juarbe Juarbe, and Pablo Rosado Ortiz. They were later released on $ 10,000 bail. The Nationalist Rafael Ortiz Pacheco fled to the
30:
624:, reported on October 25 that the day before, observers heard an explosion followed by gunfire; Eduardo Rodríguez Vega and José Santiago Barea were also killed that day.
594:(PRRA) to "Americanize" the university with the support of the Liberal Party. On October 20, 1935, in a political meeting which the Nationalist Party held in the town of
1364:
488:
537:
as
Chancellor of the University of Puerto Rico. He was the first Puerto Rican to have this position. In 1935, Chardón initiated a project based on the ideas of
712:
2064:
1914:
924:
214:
1337:
2019:
1643:
1161:"War Against All Puerto Ricans: Revolution and Terror in America's Colony"; Author: Nelson Antonio Denis; Publisher: Nation Books (April 7, 2015);
1970:
1939:
481:
836:
Muñoz Marín, as
Governor of Puerto Rico, supported the measure. Muñoz Marín became the first native-born elected governor of Puerto Rico.
2069:
1934:
234:
2079:
2074:
2059:
2024:
801:
591:
2029:
1327:
1233:
727:, the U.S. appointed governor of Puerto Rico. He was an unpopular police chief, stemming from his decisions to repress the growing
63:
2039:
1307:
474:
962:
1011:
972:
2054:
1247:
688:
Dionisio
Pearson, a nationalist youth who was later charged with murder, because he participated in the Río Piedras riots.
239:
123:
773:
wing of the
Nationalist Party. They attacked and fatally shot the police chief as he was returning home after attending
1445:
1166:
904:
2014:
1538:
1853:
1475:
455:
1889:
1533:
1322:
25:
1548:
1400:
1317:
929:
833:
2044:
1658:
914:
575:
518:
162:
107:
1874:
1332:
716:
582:
of the
Department of Interior to arrange for private leasing of Navy oil fields, in what became known as the
590:
would strip Puerto Rico of her natural resources. He believed that Chardón had been placed in charge of the
2049:
2034:
1768:
1563:
1312:
1226:
909:
542:
317:
56:
1628:
1623:
1465:
1924:
735:
took their orders from Colonel Riggs, the Nationalist Party considered him responsible for the massacre.
224:
1430:
1420:
510:
2009:
1803:
1440:
563:
445:
1848:
1415:
1410:
1380:
521:. Four Nationalist Party members were killed, and one police officer was wounded during the shooting.
362:
1513:
1485:
829:
550:
506:
460:
1843:
1678:
1508:
1435:
704:
At the time of the massacre, the top-ranking U.S.-appointed police chief on the island was a former
385:
357:
1618:
1460:
813:
1748:
1543:
731:
movement among sugar cane workers and the Nationalist Pro-Independence Movement. Since the entire
578:, knew that Roosevelt had been implicated as Assistant Secretary of the Navy in helping Secretary
307:
1944:
1753:
1743:
1425:
1219:
708:
400:
395:
1598:
1578:
1054:
1828:
1738:
1728:
1713:
1353:
845:
766:
743:
530:
450:
410:
297:
282:
200:
1833:
1823:
1733:
1588:
1202:
849:
425:
347:
342:
1904:
1783:
1708:
899:
820:
793:
538:
327:
277:
205:
172:
1788:
1593:
1558:
1470:
1211:
1068:
545:. It was known as the Reconstruction of Puerto Rico Project. The plan, which was within the
435:
1673:
1358:
1302:
595:
262:
1798:
534:
440:
8:
1965:
1858:
1668:
1603:
1583:
1455:
999:
841:
792:
News of the assassination spread throughout the United States. The Puerto Rican Senator,
777:
at San Juan's Cathedral. Rosado and Beauchamp were arrested and were either subjected to
611:
On October 24, 1935, a student assembly held at the university declared Albizu Campos as
583:
571:
367:
257:
1450:
1884:
1838:
1793:
1688:
1638:
1518:
934:
877:
853:
782:
750:
732:
616:
514:
352:
332:
267:
141:
1683:
1395:
762:
390:
1778:
1573:
1523:
1266:
1162:
1007:
968:
778:
430:
1818:
1528:
628:
541:, who at the time was a Senator in the Puerto Rican legislature and a member of the
337:
1950:
Latin American and Caribbean Congress in Solidarity with Puerto Rico's Independence
1385:
1261:
891:
720:
554:
1763:
1480:
1405:
312:
1929:
1919:
1703:
1693:
1613:
1390:
808:
797:
786:
774:
746:
728:
724:
302:
229:
219:
1899:
1879:
1698:
1568:
1243:
919:
272:
195:
1136:
1110:
48:
2003:
1813:
1773:
1718:
1490:
420:
322:
287:
78:
65:
21:
1004:
Puerto Rico Por Encima de Todo: Vida y Obra de Antonio R. Barcelo, 1868-1938
1808:
1758:
1723:
1608:
812:
Rico's economy. He contrasted the proposed bill with the provisions of the
770:
758:
415:
405:
292:
819:
In 1950, the 81st United States Congress passed legislation to enable the
1648:
1633:
1553:
825:
757:
On February 23, 1936, Colonel Riggs was assassinated by the Nationalists
738:
639:
The supporters of the Nationalist Party killed during the shooting were:
579:
749:, moments before being shot, officially while attempting to escape, at
1286:
785:
headquarters in San Juan. Before his death, Beauchamp posed, giving a
705:
1987:
546:
119:
16:
Police shooting of supporters of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
1281:
1271:
1276:
723:, and was appointed Chief of Police of Puerto Rico in 1933, by
1241:
796:, who was in Washington, D.C., at the time, was asked by
517:
officers confronted and opened fire on supporters of the
133:
5 (4 were members of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party)
1006:; p. 292; Publisher: Ediciones Puerto (January 2008);
664:
A bystander (not a Nationalist) who was also killed:
529:
In 1931, the U.S.-appointed Governor of Puerto Rico,
867:
925:
Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s
647:Ramón S. Pagán – Nationalist Party Treasurer
215:
Puerto Rican Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s
1338:Puerto Rico Pro-Independence University Federation
615:Chardón requested that the governor provide armed
2001:
1105:
1103:
956:
954:
952:
950:
1227:
1095:Pedro Albizu Campos: Las Llamas de la Aurora,
1082:Pedro Albizu Campos: Las Llamas de la Aurora,
482:
2065:Crimes in insular areas of the United States
1111:"Prisoner Says Winship Acted in Retaliation"
1100:
960:
947:
715:. Colonel Elisha Francis Riggs was born in
586:of the 1920s. Albizu Campos worried that
1234:
1220:
1055:Nationalist Party of Puerto Rico-FBI files
524:
489:
475:
235:Attempted assassination of Harry S. Truman
177:Flag of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
1137:"Assassins Threaten Puerto Rico Governor"
802:Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration
592:Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration
2020:Massacres committed by the United States
1328:Hostosian National Independence Movement
1181:, Markus Wiener Publishers, 2008, p. 179
1179:The Puerto Ricans: A Documentary History
737:
562:
557:, was well received and became known as
1308:Independence Association of Puerto Rico
1034:
1032:
549:criteria established by U.S. President
2002:
1971:La Borinqueña by Lola Rodríguez de Tío
1915:Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s
1365:Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional
994:
992:
990:
781:or shot while attempting to escape at
1940:U.S. Capitol shooting incident (1954)
1215:
1050:
1048:
505:occurred on October 24, 1935, at the
1248:Independence movement in Puerto Rico
1064:
1062:
1029:
834:its relation with the United States.
1084:Ediciones Puerto, 2008, pp. 218-224
987:
240:1954 United States Capitol shooting
13:
1045:
905:List of revolutions and rebellions
14:
2091:
2070:School shootings in North America
1059:
2080:Nationalist Party of Puerto Rico
2075:University and college shootings
2060:Police misconduct in Puerto Rico
2025:Political history of Puerto Rico
1242:
884:
870:
171:
2030:Student protests in Puerto Rico
1318:Puerto Rican Independence Party
1196:
1184:
1172:
1155:
1129:
964:Puerto Rico Under Colonial Rule
930:Puerto Rican Independence Party
2040:People murdered in Puerto Rico
1854:Teófilo Villavicencio Marxuach
1486:José "Aguila Blanca" Maldonado
1323:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
1192:Puerto Rico Por Encima de Todo
1097:Ediciones Puerto, 2008, p. 228
1087:
1074:
1040:Puerto Rico Por Encima de Todo
1024:Puerto Rico Por Encima de Todo
1016:
915:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
576:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
519:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
456:Teófilo Villavicencio Marxuach
108:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
1:
1875:Ducoudray Holstein Expedition
1789:Pedro "Davilita" Ortiz Dávila
1549:Gilberto Concepción de Gracia
1401:María de las Mercedes Barbudo
940:
634:
603:agents of the United States.
567:Don Pedro Albizu Campos, 1936
436:Pedro "Davilita" Ortiz Dávila
1935:Truman assassination attempt
1313:Liberal Party of Puerto Rico
961:Bosque Pérez, Ramón (2006).
910:Truman assassination attempt
699:
543:Liberal Party of Puerto Rico
7:
2055:1935 murders in Puerto Rico
1925:San Juan Nationalist revolt
1534:Marie Haydée Beltrán Torres
863:
807:Gruening joined US Senator
800:, the administrator of the
606:
225:San Juan Nationalist revolt
10:
2096:
1303:Union Party of Puerto Rico
967:. SUNY Press. p. 71.
146:Chief Elisha Francis Riggs
1979:
1958:
1867:
1657:
1629:María de Lourdes Santiago
1624:Manuel Rodríguez Orellana
1499:
1466:Antonio Valero de Bernabé
1373:
1346:
1295:
1254:
830:government of Puerto Rico
789:for a news photographer.
753:headquarters in San Juan.
551:Franklin Delano Roosevelt
507:University of Puerto Rico
137:
129:
113:
102:
94:
55:
44:
40:1935 Río Piedras massacre
39:
2015:Massacres in Puerto Rico
1461:Arturo Alfonso Schomburg
1431:Francisco Ramírez Medina
1421:Rosendo Matienzo Cintrón
742:Eliás Beauchamp gives a
680:Among the wounded were:
1945:Cerro Maravilla murders
1890:Levantamiento de Ciales
1849:Carlos Vélez Rieckehoff
1769:Tomás López de Victoria
1754:Andres Figueroa Cordero
1744:Carmelo Delgado Delgado
1564:José M. Dávila Monsanto
1426:Antonio Mattei Lluberas
1416:Francisco Gonzalo Marín
1411:Eugenio María de Hostos
1381:Ramón Emeterio Betances
1296:Political organizations
1071:, testimony, Peace Host
525:Prelude to the massacre
401:Andres Figueroa Cordero
396:Carmelo Delgado Delgado
363:Carlos Vélez Rieckehoff
318:Tomás López de Victoria
157:Part of a series on the
26:Infobox civilian attack
18:
1844:Antonio Vélez Alvarado
1739:Isabel Freire de Matos
1729:Juan Antonio Corretjer
1679:Margot Arce de Vázquez
1509:Antonio Rafael Barceló
1436:José Gualberto Padilla
1374:19th century activists
1354:Cadets of the Republic
1347:Militant organizations
846:Juan Antonio Corretjer
767:Cadets of the Republic
765:, both members of the
754:
744:Cadets of the Republic
650:Eduardo Rodríguez Vega
568:
531:Theodore Roosevelt Jr.
411:Isabel Freire de Matos
386:Margot Arce de Vázquez
358:Antonio Vélez Alvarado
298:Juan Antonio Corretjer
201:Cadets of the Republic
31:considered for merging
2045:Crimes in Puerto Rico
1804:Helen Rodríguez Trías
1784:Francisco Matos Paoli
1749:Raimundo Díaz Pacheco
1709:Rafael Cancel Miranda
1644:Carlos Alberto Torres
1544:Cayetano Coll y Cuchí
1500:20th and 21st century
1441:Lola Rodríguez de Tió
1255:Indigenous resistance
900:List of Puerto Ricans
848:, Luis F. Velazquez,
821:people of Puerto Rico
741:
566:
446:Helen Rodríguez Trías
328:Francisco Matos Paoli
308:Raimundo Díaz Pacheco
278:Rafael Cancel Miranda
79:18.39972°N 66.05000°W
1895:Río Piedras massacre
1599:Filiberto Ojeda Ríos
1579:Víctor Manuel Gerena
1514:Félix Benítez Rexach
1359:Boricua Popular Army
814:Tydings–McDuffie Act
713:Elisha Francis Riggs
503:Río Piedras massacre
461:Félix Benítez Rexach
380:Notable nationalists
191:Río Piedras massacre
2050:October 1935 events
2035:1935 in Puerto Rico
1966:Grito de Lares flag
1859:Olga Viscal Garriga
1834:Clemente Soto Vélez
1824:Vidal Santiago Díaz
1734:José Ferrer Canales
1669:Pedro Albizu Campos
1619:Ángel Rivero Méndez
1604:Antonio S. Pedreira
1589:Luis Lloréns Torres
1584:Edwin Irizarry Mora
1456:Segundo Ruiz Belvis
1203:Historical Timeline
1190:Arrigoitia (2008),
1038:Arrigoitia (2008),
1022:Arrigoitia (2008),
1000:Delma S. Arrigoitia
850:Clemente Soto Vélez
842:Pedro Albizu Campos
691:One police officer.
653:José Santiago Barea
584:Teapot Dome Scandal
574:, president of the
572:Pedro Albizu Campos
426:José Ferrer Canales
368:Olga Viscal Garriga
348:Clemente Soto Vélez
343:Vidal Santiago Díaz
258:Pedro Albizu Campos
252:Nationalist leaders
84:18.39972; -66.05000
75: /
1885:Intentona de Yauco
1839:Griselio Torresola
1794:Ruth Mary Reynolds
1689:Casimiro Berenguer
1639:Alejandrina Torres
1594:Oscar López Rivera
1559:Pedro Ortiz Dávila
1476:Fernando Fernandez
1471:Manuel Zeno Gandía
935:Intentona de Yauco
878:Puerto Rico portal
854:Dominican Republic
783:Puerto Rico Police
755:
751:Puerto Rico Police
733:Puerto Rico Police
672:Juan Muñoz Jiménez
617:Puerto Rico Police
613:persona non grata.
569:
515:Puerto Rico Police
353:Griselio Torresola
333:Ruth Mary Reynolds
268:Casimiro Berenguer
185:Events and revolts
142:Puerto Rico Police
106:Supporters of the
2010:Massacres in 1935
1997:
1996:
1909:Ley de la Mordaza
1799:Germán Rieckehoff
1714:José Coll y Cuchí
1661:Nationalist Party
1574:Leopoldo Figueroa
1524:Americo Boschetti
1115:The Baltimore Sun
1012:978-1-934461-69-3
974:978-0-7914-6417-5
779:summary execution
535:Carlos E. Chardón
499:
498:
441:Germán Rieckehoff
283:José Coll y Cuchí
208:Ley de la Mordaza
165:Nationalist Party
152:
151:
2087:
1451:Juan Ríus Rivera
1386:Mariana Bracetti
1246:
1236:
1229:
1222:
1213:
1212:
1206:
1200:
1194:
1188:
1182:
1176:
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1148:
1133:
1127:
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1107:
1098:
1091:
1085:
1078:
1072:
1069:"Isolina Rondón"
1066:
1057:
1052:
1043:
1036:
1027:
1020:
1014:
996:
985:
984:
982:
981:
958:
894:
892:Biography portal
889:
888:
887:
880:
875:
874:
873:
794:Luis Muñoz Marín
721:Washington, D.C.
555:Great Depression
539:Luis Muñoz Marín
491:
484:
477:
175:
154:
153:
98:October 24, 1935
90:
89:
87:
86:
85:
80:
76:
73:
72:
71:
68:
37:
36:
34:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1975:
1954:
1930:Utuado Uprising
1920:Jayuya Uprising
1863:
1704:Nemesio Canales
1694:Julia de Burgos
1684:Elías Beauchamp
1674:José S. Alegría
1660:
1653:
1614:Miguel Poventud
1501:
1495:
1396:Roberto Cofresí
1391:Mathias Brugman
1369:
1342:
1333:Socialist Front
1291:
1250:
1240:
1210:
1209:
1201:
1197:
1189:
1185:
1177:
1173:
1160:
1156:
1146:
1144:
1143:. 30 March 1936
1135:
1134:
1130:
1120:
1118:
1109:
1108:
1101:
1093:Marisa Rosado,
1092:
1088:
1080:Marisa Rosado,
1079:
1075:
1067:
1060:
1053:
1046:
1037:
1030:
1021:
1017:
997:
988:
979:
977:
975:
959:
948:
943:
890:
885:
883:
876:
871:
869:
866:
809:Millard Tydings
798:Ernest Gruening
787:military salute
763:Elías Beauchamp
747:military salute
729:organized labor
725:Blanton Winship
702:
637:
627:An eyewitness,
609:
527:
495:
466:
465:
391:Elías Beauchamp
381:
373:
372:
303:Julia de Burgos
263:José S. Alegría
253:
245:
244:
230:Utuado uprising
220:Jayuya Uprising
186:
178:
164:
116:
83:
81:
77:
74:
69:
66:
64:
62:
61:
35:
19:
17:
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11:
5:
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2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
1995:
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1991:
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1981:
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1973:
1968:
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1960:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1952:
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1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1902:
1900:Ponce massacre
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1880:Grito de Lares
1877:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1819:Isolina Rondón
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
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1791:
1786:
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1699:Blanca Canales
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1571:
1569:Elizam Escobar
1566:
1561:
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1541:
1536:
1531:
1529:Juan Mari Brás
1526:
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323:Hugo Margenat
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313:Lolita Lebrón
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124:mass shooting
121:
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60:
58:
54:
51:, Puerto Rico
50:
47:
43:
38:
32:
28:
27:
23:
1986:
1908:
1894:
1809:Hiram Rosado
1779:René Marqués
1759:Irvin Flores
1724:Rosa Collazo
1659:Puerto Rican
1609:Pedro Pietri
1446:Manuel Rojas
1361:(Macheteros)
1267:Agüeybaná II
1198:
1191:
1186:
1178:
1174:
1157:
1145:. Retrieved
1140:
1131:
1119:. Retrieved
1114:
1094:
1089:
1081:
1076:
1039:
1023:
1018:
1003:
978:. Retrieved
963:
858:
838:
818:
806:
791:
771:paramilitary
759:Hiram Rosado
756:
703:
679:
663:
638:
626:
621:
612:
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588:Plan Chardón
587:
570:
558:
533:, named Dr.
528:
502:
500:
431:René Marqués
416:Hiram Rosado
406:Irvin Flores
293:Rosa Collazo
207:
190:
163:Puerto Rican
24:
1649:Iris Zavala
1634:Piri Thomas
1554:Juan Dalmau
1262:Agüeybaná I
826:organic law
580:Albert Fall
553:during the
511:Río Piedras
138:Perpetrator
115:Attack type
82: /
57:Coordinates
49:Río Piedras
20:‹ The
2004:Categories
1205:, PR Dream
980:2009-03-17
941:References
717:Georgetown
635:Casualties
70:66°03′00″W
67:18°23′59″N
1539:Roy Brown
1502:activists
706:U.S. Army
700:Aftermath
206:Gag Law (
29:is being
1988:Claridad
1147:28 April
1121:28 April
1042:, p. 306
1026:, p. 305
864:See also
828:for the
622:El Mundo
607:Massacre
547:New Deal
120:Massacre
45:Location
33:. ›
22:template
1959:Symbols
1905:Gag Law
1287:Urayoán
1282:Jumacao
1272:Arasibo
709:Colonel
596:Maunabo
1868:Events
1277:Hayuya
1165:
1010:
971:
769:, the
711:named
130:Deaths
103:Target
1980:Media
1163:ISBN
1149:2020
1123:2020
1008:ISBN
998:Dr.
969:ISBN
832:and
775:Mass
761:and
501:The
95:Date
509:in
2006::
1139:.
1113:.
1102:^
1061:^
1047:^
1031:^
1002:,
989:^
949:^
856:.
844:,
513:.
122:,
1911:)
1907:(
1235:e
1228:t
1221:v
1169:.
1151:.
1125:.
983:.
490:e
483:t
476:v
210:)
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