946:
6017:
50:
147:
158:
1180:
applied insecticides and deposits them in to larger bodies of water, rivers, wetlands, underground sources of previously potable water, and percolates in to watersheds. This runoff and percolation of insecticides can effect the quality of water sources, harming the natural ecology and thus, indirectly effect human populations through biomagnification and bioaccumulation.
416:) have the same mechanism of action. Organophosphates have a cumulative toxic effect to wildlife, so multiple exposures to the chemicals amplifies the toxicity. In the US, organophosphate use declined with the rise of substitutes. Many of these insecticides, first developed in the mid 20th century, are very poisonous. Many
880:, which naturally accumulate dsRNAs but do not have the machinery to convert them to siRNAs. Midgut cells in many larvae take up the molecules and help spread the signal. The technology can target only insects that have the silenced sequence, as was demonstrated when a particular RNAi affected only one of four
1075:
Some insecticides kill or harm other creatures in addition to those they are intended to kill. For example, birds may be poisoned when they eat food that was recently sprayed with insecticides or when they mistake an insecticide granule on the ground for food and eat it. Sprayed insecticide may drift
3234:
243:
In 2016 insecticides were estimated to account for 18% of worldwide pesticide sales. Worldwide sales of insecticides in 2018 were estimated as $ 18.4 billion, of which 25% were neonicotinoids, 17% were pyrethroids, 13% were diamides, and the rest were many other classes which sold for less than 10%
1223:
Besides the effects of direct consumption of insecticides, populations of insectivorous birds decline due to the collapse of their prey populations. Spraying of especially wheat and corn in Europe is believed to have caused an 80 per cent decline in flying insects, which in turn has reduced local
219:
of animals and humans. Insecticides are claimed to be a major factor behind the increase in the 20th-century's agricultural productivity. Nearly all insecticides have the potential to significantly alter ecosystems; many are toxic to humans and/or animals; some become concentrated as they spread
1179:
Solid bait and liquid insecticides, especially if improperly applied in a location, get moved by water flow. Often, this happens through nonpoint sources where runoff carries insecticides in to larger bodies of water. As snow melts and rainfall moves over and through the ground, the water picks
263:
or both. An insecticide with a high enough concentration in phloem, is particularly effective at killing insects, such as aphids, which feed on phloem. Such insects are often termed sap-feeding insects or sucking insects. Systemicity is a prerequisite for the pesticide to be used as a
1061:
A major emphasis of organic chemistry is the development of chemical tools to enhance agricultural productivity. Insecticides represent a major area of emphasis. Many of the major insecticides are inspired by biological analogues. Many others are not found in nature.
3280:
515:, of the neonicotinoid family, is the most widely used insecticide in the world. In the late 1990s neonicotinoids came under increasing scrutiny over their environmental impact and were linked in a range of studies to adverse ecological effects, including
227:
describes how the pesticide kills or inactivates a pest. It provides another way of classifying insecticides. Mode of action can be important in understanding whether an insecticide will be toxic to unrelated species, such as fish, birds and mammals.
953:
The myrosinase is released only upon crushing the flesh of horseradish. Since allyl isothiocyanate is harmful to the plant as well as the insect, it is stored in the harmless form of the glucosinolate, separate from the myrosinase enzyme.
1111:. One side-effect of DDT is to reduce the thickness of shells on the eggs of predatory birds. The shells sometimes become too thin to be viable, reducing bird populations. This occurs with DDT and related compounds due to the process of
468:) species. They have been modified to increase their stability in the environment. These compounds are nonpersistent sodium channel modulators and are less toxic than organophosphates and carbamates. Compounds in this group are often
727:, and secondly due to their toxic effects upon the environment. Many organic compounds are already produced by plants for the purpose of defending the host plant from predation, and can be turned toward human ends.
3977:
Colin, M. E.; Bonmatin, J. M.; Moineau, I.; et al. (2004). "A method to quantify and analyze the foraging activity of honey bees: Relevance to the sublethal effects induced by systemic insecticides".
1232:
Instead of using chemical insecticides to avoid crop damage caused by insects, there are many alternative options available now that can protect farmers from major economic losses. Some of them are:
3540:"Key scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of high economic importance in a Mediterranean area: host plants, bio-ecological characteristics, natural enemies and pest management strategies – a review"
3553:
4635:
3308:
Nauen, Ralf; Jeschke, Peter; Velten, Robert; Beck, Michael E; Ebbinghaus-Kintscher, Ulrich; Thielert, Wolfgang; Wölfel, Katharina; Haas, Matthias; Kunz, Klaus; Raupach, Georg (June 2015).
3235:"Possible connection between imidacloprid-induced changes in rice gene transcription profiles and susceptibility to the brown plant hopper Nilaparvata lugens Stål (Hemiptera: Delphacidae)"
1215:. Sublethal doses of insecticides (i.e. imidacloprid and other neonicotinoids) affect bee foraging behavior. However, research into the causes of CCD was inconclusive as of June 2007.
3544:
3215:
5825:
3432:"Combined nutritional stress and a new systemic pesticide (flupyradifurone, Sivanto®) reduce bee survival, food consumption, flight success, and thermoregulation"
4548:
McWilliams James E (2008). "'The
Horizon Opened Up Very Greatly': Leland O. Howard and the Transition to Chemical Insecticides in the United States, 1894–1927".
1039:
4620:
3558:
348:
compounds. Although commonly used in the past, many older chemicals have been removed from the market due to their health and environmental effects (
3197:
2721:
2565:
2528:
4523:
3787:
622:
in cardiac and skeletal muscle, blocking nerve transmission. The first insecticide from this class to be registered was
Rynaxypyr, generic name
2329:
Zhang, Y; Lorsbach, BA; Castetter, S; Lambert, WT; Kister, J; Wang, N (2018). "Physicochemical property guidelines for modern agrochemicals".
5245:
1466:
5650:
4780:
3357:
1620:
5695:
1605:
4435:
723:
More natural insecticides have been interesting targets of research for two main reasons, firstly because the most common chemicals are
5589:
5375:
3592:
Isman Murray B (2006). "Botanical
Insecticides, Deterrents, And Repellents In Modern Agriculture And An Increasingly Regulated World".
1566:
1274:
1090:
The development of DDT was motivated by desire to replace more dangerous or less effective alternatives. DDT was introduced to replace
697:. Methoprene was registered with the EPA in 1975. Virtually no reports of resistance have been filed. A more recent type of IGR is the
4178:
3512:
526:
and a few non EU countries restricted the use of certain neonicotinoids. and its potential to increase the susceptibility of rice to
374:
are another large class of contact insecticides. These also target the insect's nervous system. Organophosphates interfere with the
4072:
1640:
709:
and other applications for control of caterpillars, which are far more sensitive to its hormonal effects than other insect orders.
499:. They are broad-spectrum systemic insecticides, with rapid action (minutes-hours). They are applied as sprays, drenches, seed and
431:
insecticides have similar mechanisms to organophosphates, but have a much shorter duration of action and are somewhat less toxic.
4661:
4279:
2159:
4330:
3790:; Hardy, Margaret C. (2013-01-07). "Spider-Venom Peptides: Structure, Pharmacology, and Potential for Control of Insect Pests".
2532:
4701:
2466:
Vijverberg; et al. (1982). "Similar mode of action of pyrethroids and DDT on sodium channel gating in myelinated nerves".
1277:: intercropping with a "push" crop that repels the pest, and planting a "pull" crop on the boundary that attracts and traps it.
325:
4231:
Cook, Samantha M.; Khan, Zeyaur R.; Pickett, John A. (2007). "The use of push-pull strategies in integrated pest management".
4645:
4367:
4138:
2851:
2787:
2234:
1384:
865:) themselves, and siRNAs to be less effectively taken up by insect cells. Bolognesi therefore produced additional transgenic
557:
are a novel group of chemicals, similar to neonicotinoids in their mode of action, that have so far only one representative:
271:
Contact insecticides (non-systemic insecticides) remain on the leaf surface and act through direct contact with the insect.
5913:
1298:
884:
species. The technique is expected to replace many other insecticides, which are losing effectiveness due to the spread of
573:, but with a different pharmacophore. They are broad-spectrum systemic insecticides, applied as sprays, drenches, seed and
255:
Systemic insecticides penetrate into the plant and move (translocate) inside the plant. Translocation may be upward in the
4608:
2743:
Class, Thomas J.; Kintrup, J. (1991). "Pyrethroids as household insecticides: analysis, indoor exposure and persistence".
2372:
Hofstetter, S (2018). "How To Design for a
Tailored Subcellular Distribution of Systemic Agrochemicals in Plant Tissues".
114:
4612:
3219:
207:, are not strictly insecticides, but are usually classified together with insecticides. The major use of Insecticides is
3920:
86:
6036:
3903:
2093:
1127:. The near-worldwide ban on agricultural use of DDT and related chemicals has allowed some of these birds, such as the
133:
6191:
5047:
93:
17:
3847:
Cole
Rosemary A (1976). "Isothiocyanates, nitriles and thiocyanates as products of autolysis of glucosinolates in
2710:
6201:
4593:- Daily updated news on insects and their relatives, including information on insecticides and their alternatives
2778:
Soderlund D (2010). "Chapter 77 – Toxicology and Mode of Action of
Pyrethroid Insecticides". In Kreiger R (ed.).
3383:"Lethal and sublethal synergistic effects of a new systemic pesticide, flupyradifurone (Sivanto®), on honeybees"
5042:
3294:
1370:
839:
390:
71:
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100:
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1140:
1049:
67:
31:
6219:
6046:
5195:
4418:
3792:
3722:
3201:
2154:
855:. Bolognesi et al. 2012 is one of these following studies, however they found dsRNA to be processed into
789:
538:
82:
6214:
6141:
6061:
5689:
5002:
4694:
4531:
3801:
3731:
3233:
Yao, Cheng; Shi, Zhao-Peng; Jiang, Li-Ben; Ge, Lin-Quan; Wu, Jin-Cai; Jahn, Gary C. (20 January 2012).
2164:
2104:
1268:
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from the area to which it is applied and into wildlife areas, especially when it is sprayed aerially.
847:
as a whole will probably be effective. Similar studies have followed Baum's technique to protect with
6196:
6111:
5874:
5122:
5017:
4833:
4765:
981:
662:
4586:
3538:
Mansour, Ramzi; Grissa-Lebdi, Kaouthar; Suma, Pompeo; Mazzeo, Gaetana; Russo, Agatino (2017-01-05).
6151:
6146:
6071:
6056:
5906:
2255:"Systemic insecticides (neonicotinoids and fipronil): trends, uses, mode of action and metabolites"
2174:
1200:
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519:
2415:
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5867:
4878:
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1255:
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634:
337:
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60:
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Many plants exude substances to repel insects. Premier examples are substances activated by the
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5806:
4858:
4453:
2194:
2085:
1029:
963:
908:
885:
807:
798:
724:
491:.(with much lower acute mammalian toxicity and greater field persistence). These chemicals are
589:
and sublethal effects, alone or in combination with other chemicals or environmental factors.
321:
6245:
6101:
6096:
6086:
6066:
5860:
4687:
2169:
2114:
1123:, which causes progressively higher concentrations in the body fat of animals farther up the
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345:
275:
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5007:
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2475:
2266:
2054:
1415:
1204:
1136:
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pesticides have been banned from most uses worldwide. Globally they are controlled via the
1115:, wherein the chemical, due to its stability and fat solubility, accumulates in organisms'
935:
900:
378:
291:
4244:
3605:
2934:"Combined pesticide exposure severely affects individual- and colony-level traits in bees"
2557:
336:. The contemporaneous rise of the chemical industry facilitated large-scale production of
8:
6224:
6116:
5899:
5839:
5569:
5165:
5027:
5022:
4838:
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2080:
1786:
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107:
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5832:
5818:
5714:
5515:
5037:
5032:
4868:
4853:
4815:
4155:"Biological Control and Natural Enemies of Invertebrates Management Guidelines--UC IPM"
4103:
4049:
4022:
4003:
3829:
3809:
3769:
3756:
3739:
3717:
3407:
3382:
3334:
3309:
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2499:
2397:
2354:
2287:
2254:
2126:
1936:
1668:
1192:
1023:
765:
545:
are a class of synthetic insecticides that operate by interfering with GABA receptors.
4630:
4607:
Streaming online video about efforts to reduce insecticide use in rice in
Bangladesh.
3872:
3456:
3431:
2517:
1265:
into the field to confuse the insects into not being able to find mates and reproduce.
818:
The technique has been expanded to include the use of RNAi insecticides which fatally
6250:
6136:
6126:
5370:
5335:
5295:
4843:
4565:
4400:
4363:
4338:
4256:
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4134:
4111:
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3698:
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3272:
3254:
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1898:
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1506:
1365:
1344:
1208:
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is most widely used. It has no observable acute toxicity in rats and is approved by
6106:
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1904:
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and some other insects. Toxins produced by strains of this bacterium are used as a
831:
504:
413:
394:
232:
4642:
4472:"Oregano Oil Works As Well As Synthetic Insecticides To Tackle Common Beetle Pest"
4154:
3951:
3144:
6091:
5853:
5772:
5155:
5140:
4649:
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4590:
4207:
4039:
3693:
3668:
3250:
2688:
2224:
2005:
1395:
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1112:
852:
641:
mimics and an earlier class of chemicals, the benzoylphenyl ureas, which inhibit
619:
578:
558:
417:
371:
2604:
673:. Most of its uses are to combat insects where the adult is the pest, including
6170:
5670:
5150:
4989:
3198:"Bees & Pesticides: Commission goes ahead with plan to better protect bees"
2839:
1892:
1405:
1291:
1236:
1132:
945:
904:
819:
523:
522:(CCD) and loss of birds due to a reduction in insect populations. In 2013, the
480:
382:
329:
313:
265:
224:
212:
3991:
3627:
Trapp, S.; Croteau, R. (2001). "Defensive
Biosynthesis of Resin in Conifers".
3167:
3068:
3055:
2278:
581:
considered this insecticide group (and flupyradifurone specifically) safe for
6239:
6157:
5754:
5635:
5579:
5551:
5458:
5448:
5280:
5260:
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4891:
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4252:
3895:
3817:
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3465:
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3175:
3128:
3077:
3032:
2965:
2910:
2861:
2797:
2385:
1813:
1796:
1735:
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1491:
1476:
1107:
1102:
927:
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650:
570:
562:
492:
458:
386:
188:
2587:
Colović MB, Krstić DZ, Lazarević-Pašti TD, Bondžić AM, Vasić VM (May 2013).
6081:
5986:
5959:
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5615:
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4949:
4939:
4916:
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4745:
4710:
4569:
4404:
4260:
4058:
3999:
3825:
3765:
3702:
3648:
3620:
3613:
3569:
3539:
3473:
3416:
3398:
3343:
3276:
3136:
3040:
2983:
2918:
2838:
Yamamoto I (1999). "Nicotine to
Nicotinoids: 1962 to 1997". In Yamamoto I,
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2622:
2393:
2350:
2296:
1988:
1877:
1840:
1818:
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1747:
1723:
1718:
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1410:
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896:
822:
crucial insect genes. (RNAi likely originally evolved as a defense against
718:
702:
646:
512:
447:
4274:
4115:
2495:
6001:
5944:
5812:
5729:
5630:
5620:
5531:
5507:
5498:
5478:
5473:
5463:
5423:
5398:
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5190:
4974:
4944:
4934:
4886:
4863:
4770:
4760:
2063:
2017:
1915:
1808:
1767:
1752:
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1708:
1693:
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1431:
1314:
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976:
968:
931:
876:
793:
654:
527:
397:
208:
38:
4107:
3158:
Cressey, D (2013). "Reports spark row over bee-bothering insecticides".
3120:
2957:
903:
are another class of potential transgenic traits which could expand the
760:
is a component of the defense response against insect attack and fungal
393:. and killing or disabling the insect. Organophosphate insecticides and
6041:
5991:
5764:
5744:
5675:
5665:
5655:
5645:
5625:
5605:
5536:
5526:
5493:
5488:
5468:
5453:
5443:
5418:
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5403:
5390:
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5310:
5250:
5230:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5185:
5107:
5082:
5072:
4964:
4959:
4911:
4901:
4828:
4775:
4755:
4740:
2756:
2136:
2049:
1999:
1979:
1959:
1954:
1943:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1762:
1713:
1703:
1698:
1688:
1678:
1659:
1647:
1615:
1610:
1595:
1590:
1551:
1451:
1441:
1436:
1425:
1339:
1329:
1247:
1212:
1160:
1124:
923:
881:
844:
826:.) This was first demonstrated by Baum et al. 2007, who incorporated a
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658:
615:
439:
341:
333:
216:
184:
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6006:
5996:
5974:
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5145:
5112:
5012:
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4800:
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4735:
4722:
4396:
3718:"Mechanisms, Applications, and Challenges of Insect RNA Interference"
2487:
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2025:
1852:
1654:
1578:
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1511:
1501:
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1400:
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1148:
972:
757:
753:
731:
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690:
607:
586:
554:
516:
464:
452:
443:
442:
insecticides mimic the insecticidal activity of the natural compound
428:
360:
356:
252:
Insecticides may be systemic or non-systemic (contact insecticides).
196:
176:
3325:
3023:
2998:
2901:
2876:
2342:
1211:
colony abruptly disappear. Loss of pollinators means a reduction in
503:
treatments. Treated insects exhibit leg tremors, rapid wing motion,
49:
5880:
5782:
5777:
5749:
5724:
5680:
5660:
5365:
5350:
5240:
5225:
5180:
5130:
5067:
4848:
4805:
4785:
4750:
4730:
2586:
2043:
1994:
1969:
1964:
1929:
1920:
1882:
1857:
1635:
1625:
1600:
1585:
1556:
1461:
1446:
1420:
1390:
1324:
1251:
1152:
1098:-based compounds, which were in widespread use in the early 1940s.
1034:
1002:
990:
986:
827:
761:
739:
735:
706:
698:
674:
542:
488:
211:, but they are also used in home and garden, industrial buildings,
166:
146:
4073:"Catastrophic collapse in farmland bird populations across France"
3310:"Flupyradifurone: a brief profile of a new butenolide insecticide"
2311:
752:, which is a natural insecticide. Specifically, the production of
5949:
5718:
5610:
5561:
5355:
5345:
5325:
5315:
5275:
5200:
5092:
5062:
2816:
2031:
2012:
1974:
1948:
1868:
1863:
1779:
1531:
1521:
1349:
1271:: using multiple techniques in tandem to achieve optimal results.
1095:
1056:
670:
666:
638:
603:
566:
496:
279:
4383:
Bentley, Ronald (2008). "A fresh look at natural tropolonoids".
2844:
Nicotinoid
Insecticides and the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor
1005:) has been incorporated directly into plants through the use of
5330:
5220:
5087:
5077:
4997:
4795:
3918:
2149:
2059:
1925:
1910:
1887:
1630:
1541:
1334:
1304:
1239:
crops resistant, or at least less susceptible, to pest attacks.
1156:
1144:
920:
803:
788:
Transgenic crops that act as insecticides began in 1996 with a
642:
375:
260:
180:
162:
3976:
2589:"Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors: pharmacology and toxicology"
472:. Some synthetic pyrethroids are toxic to the nervous system.
5891:
5285:
5102:
4583:
4094:
Aidley, David (Summer 1976). "Alternatives to insecticides".
3629:
Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology
3537:
2328:
2201:
2131:
1496:
1360:
1164:
1044:
856:
848:
823:
749:
508:
409:
401:
256:
192:
4601:
2642:
5787:
5057:
4631:
University of California Integrated pest management program
4604:– Official site of the National Pest Management Association
4597:
International Pesticide Application Research Centre (IPARC)
4331:"Cornelia Dick-Pfaff: Wohlriechender Mückentod, 19.07.2004"
2419:
2067:
1984:
1872:
1091:
682:
653:
is a member of the latter class, used primarily to control
574:
500:
204:
200:
150:
4656:
4596:
4208:"Defining IPM | New York State Integrated Pest Management"
157:
5052:
3358:"Pesticide Marketed as Safe for Bees Harms Them in Study"
3099:
Osborne JL (2012). "Ecology: Bumblebees and pesticides".
2465:
2120:
1319:
1085:
949:
Biosynthesis of antifeedants by the action of myrosinase.
678:
582:
352:
317:
4652:(Japanese dry rock garden) in Lelystad, The Netherlands.
4362:(1st ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier. 1999. p. 306.
3430:
Tong, Linda; Nieh, James C.; Tosi, Simone (2019-12-01).
2931:
2312:"Insecticide mixtures—uses, benefits and considerations"
1017:
Other biological insecticides include products based on
689:
and kinoprene, are used for controlling species such as
3387:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
4627:– Has a thorough explanation on how insecticides work.
4424:. EPA – United States Environmental Protection Agency.
3980:
Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
3307:
2813:"Pesticide Toxicity Profile: Neonicotinoid Pesticides"
328:. DDT was introduced in 1944. It functions by opening
3510:
3626:
2782:(3rd ed.). Academic Press. pp. 1665–1686.
2640:
3921:"Protecting Water Quality from Agricultural Runoff"
2223:van Emden, H.F.; Peakall, David B. (30 June 1996).
989:. Because these toxins have little effect on other
610:, a naturally occurring insecticide extracted from
74:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4547:
3531:
1846:
4352:
2643:"Integrated Pest Management | NC State Extension"
2558:"Medical Management Guidelines (MMGs): Chlordane"
776:
6237:
2932:Gill, RJ; Ramos-Rodriguez, O; Raine, NE (2012).
2222:
4230:
3846:
3780:
3716:Zhu, Kun Yan; Palli, Subba Reddy (2020-01-07).
2641:Palmer, W.E.; Bromley, P.T.; Brandenburg, R.L.
2518:"Public Health Statement for DDT, DDE, and DDD"
2216:
1070:
730:Four extracts of plants are in commercial use:
4709:
4131:Plant Breeding for Pest and Disease Resistance
3888:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
3709:
3591:
1057:Synthetic insecticide and natural insecticides
771:
324:. For this discovery, he was awarded the 1948
5907:
4695:
4267:
3886:Metcalf, Robert L. (2002). "Insect Control".
3666:
3232:
1802:
585:, novel research has raised concern on their
511:), disoriented movement, paralysis and death.
4436:"BIOPESTICIDES REGISTRATION ACTION DOCUMENT"
3429:
2831:
2742:
2439:
2259:Environmental Science and Pollution Research
1901:(very effective for killing mosquito larvae)
1895:(very effective for killing mosquito larvae)
985:are isolated from fermentations and sold as
3488:"Pesticide Fact Sheet- chlorantraniliprole"
629:
5914:
5900:
4702:
4688:
4641:Example of Insecticide application in the
2745:Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry
2636:
2634:
2632:
2371:
2195:"Glossary of Terms Relating to Pesticides"
1131:, to recover in recent years. A number of
997:than synthetic pesticides. The toxin from
606:analogues with the same mode of action as
274:Efficacy can be related to the quality of
4303:
4301:
4299:
4297:
4048:
4038:
3786:
3755:
3692:
3568:
3455:
3406:
3333:
3266:
3067:
3022:
2973:
2900:
2846:. Tokyo: Springer-Verlag. pp. 3–27.
2777:
2612:
2286:
1254:to control pest populations as a form of
1174:
781:
637:(IGR) is a term coined to include insect
285:
134:Learn how and when to remove this message
4360:Comprehensive natural products chemistry
4065:
3945:
3943:
3919:Environmental Protection Agency (2005).
3715:
3380:
3053:
2837:
1641:2-(1-Methylpropyl)phenyl methylcarbamate
944:
712:
247:
156:
145:
4662:Insecticide Resistance Action Committee
4518:
4516:
4514:
4441:. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
4382:
4280:Insecticide Resistance Action Committee
4128:
4020:
4014:
3949:
3885:
3879:
3662:
3660:
3658:
3295:"Fipronil- A Phenylpyrazole Pesticides"
3216:"Insecticides taking toll on honeybees"
3157:
3098:
2874:
2780:Hayes' Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology
2629:
2160:Insecticide Resistance Action Committee
1224:bird populations by one to two thirds.
1101:DDT was brought to public attention by
979:, beetles, and mosquitoes. Toxins from
934:insects. One product of this enzyme is
930:to various compounds that are toxic to
837:and demonstrated effectiveness against
37:For the Nirvana compilation album, see
14:
6238:
4451:
4294:
4093:
3554:Czech Academy of Agricultural Sciences
2999:"Bees, lies and evidence-based policy"
2810:
2309:
2121:Inorganic/mineral derived insecticides
843:. This suggests oral delivery against
326:Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine
5895:
4683:
4638:, Michigan State University Extension
4245:10.1146/annurev.ento.52.110405.091407
4023:"What's Killing American Honey Bees?"
3940:
3606:10.1146/annurev.ento.51.110104.151146
3239:Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology
2996:
2811:Fishel, Frederick M. (9 March 2016).
2711:"Toxicological Profile for Toxaphene"
2252:
2192:
1385:Category:Organophosphate insecticides
1376:
1183:
1065:
4530:. Cornell University. Archived from
4511:
4486:
3840:
3655:
3381:Tosi, S.; Nieh, J. C. (2019-04-10).
2660:
2248:
2246:
1299:Category:Organochloride insecticides
1290:
967:is a bacterial disease that affects
594:
72:adding citations to reliable sources
43:
1734:
1203:(CCD), in which worker bees from a
851:targeting detox, especially insect
813:
420:do not persist in the environment.
366:
24:
4541:
4494:"Almond farmers seek healthy bees"
4454:"Nootkatone Now Registered by EPA"
3952:"Vanishing bees threaten US crops"
3810:10.1146/annurev-ento-120811-153650
3740:10.1146/annurev-ento-011019-025224
2101:Bacillus thuringiensis tenebrionis
2094:Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis
907:repertoire and help to answer the
764:infection. Many fragrances, e.g.
533:
385:, causing an increase in synaptic
307:
25:
6262:
4577:
3457:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124408
2667:"Infographic: Pesticide Planet".
2408:
2243:
577:treatments. Although the classic
475:
320:, was created by Swiss scientist
6015:
4452:US EPA, OCSPP (10 August 2020).
4275:"Interactive MoA Classification"
3641:10.1146/annurev.arplant.52.1.689
1646:
1261:Chemical control like releasing
665:(WHO) for use in drinking water
48:
4464:
4445:
4428:
4411:
4376:
4323:
4309:"Cinnamon Oil Kills Mosquitoes"
4224:
4200:
4171:
4147:
4122:
4087:
3970:
3912:
3585:
3504:
3480:
3423:
3374:
3350:
3301:
3287:
3226:
3208:
3190:
3151:
3092:
3047:
2990:
2925:
2868:
2804:
2771:
2736:
2703:
2580:
2550:
2538:from the original on 2008-09-23
2510:
2098:Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki
1847:Derived from plants or microbes
1577:
1227:
1218:
470:applied against household pests
278:, with small droplets, such as
235:, which repel but do not kill.
231:Insecticides are distinct from
59:needs additional citations for
5921:
2647:North Carolina State Extension
2459:
2433:
2418:. dropdata.org. Archived from
2365:
2322:
2303:
2186:
2074:
869:plants which instead produced
840:Diabrotica virgifera virgifera
777:Plant-incorporated protectants
548:
434:
391:parasympathetic nervous system
296:
27:Pesticide used against insects
13:
1:
3873:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)94437-6
3511:Krysan, James; Dunley, John.
3200:. 30 May 2013. Archived from
2877:"Europe debates risk to bees"
2180:
2090:Bacillus thuringiensis aizawi
1352:(gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane)
1141:persistent organic pollutants
796:, derived from the bacterium
685:. Two very similar products,
423:
282:often improving performance.
6077:Persistent organic pollutant
4040:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050168
3694:10.1126/science.341.6147.732
3251:10.1016/j.pestbp.2012.01.003
2689:10.1126/science.341.6147.730
2035:(South American plant genus)
2022:(bug found in stored cereal)
1071:Effects on nontarget species
1050:Cydia pomonella granulovirus
957:
938:, the pungent ingredient in
859:by the plants (in this case
768:, are in fact antifeedants.
483:are a class of neuro-active
183:. They include ovicides and
32:Insecticide (disambiguation)
7:
6220:Index of pesticide articles
6047:Agricultural spray adjuvant
5196:Diisopropyl fluorophosphate
4233:Annual Review of Entomology
4075:. BirdGuides. 21 March 2018
3793:Annual Review of Entomology
3723:Annual Review of Entomology
3594:Annual Review of Entomology
3056:"The buzz about pesticides"
2605:10.2174/1570159X11311030006
2155:Index of pesticide articles
2143:
1778:
1281:
993:, they are considered more
802:, which is toxic to beetle
790:genetically modified potato
772:Other biological approaches
657:that are pests. Of these,
539:Phenylpyrazole insecticides
389:and overstimulation of the
153:manual spray pump from 1928
10:
6267:
6215:Integrated Pest Management
6062:Integrated pest management
3950:Wells M (March 11, 2007).
3667:Kupferschmidt, K. (2013).
3513:"Insect Growth Regulators"
2440:Karl Grandin, ed. (1948).
2165:Integrated pest management
2105:Nuclear Polyhedrosis virus
2009:, seeds (smoke from), root
1382:
1296:
1269:Integrated Pest Management
1189:Insecticides can kill bees
1083:
914:
716:
705:(MIMIC), which is used in
300:
289:
36:
29:
6210:
6179:
6112:Paradox of the pesticides
6024:
6013:
5929:
5875:Purpureocillium lilacinum
5796:
5763:
5598:
5560:
5389:
5121:
4988:
4925:
4877:
4834:Chromated copper arsenate
4814:
4766:m-Cumenyl methylcarbamate
4721:
3992:10.1007/s00244-004-3052-y
3168:10.1038/nature.2013.12234
3069:10.1038/nature.2012.11626
2593:Current Neuropharmacology
2310:Sparks, Thomas C (2024).
2279:10.1007/s11356-014-3470-y
982:Saccharopolyspora spinosa
663:World Health Organization
6152:Pesticide Action Network
6072:Non-pesticide management
4879:Insect growth regulators
4562:10.3098/ah.2008.82.4.468
4419:"R.E.D. FACTS: Limonene"
3896:10.1002/14356007.a14_263
3545:Plant Protection Science
2386:10.1021/acs.jafc.8b02221
2253:Delso, N. Simon (2015).
2175:Sterile insect technique
1871:(pawpaw tree seeds) for
1803:Insect growth regulators
1201:colony collapse disorder
1195:, the loss of bees that
1012:
995:environmentally friendly
891:
630:Insect growth regulators
520:colony collapse disorder
338:chlorinated hydrocarbons
238:
6052:Biological pest control
5868:Paenibacillus popilliae
4609:on Windows Media Player
3362:The Scientist Magazine®
3314:Pest Management Science
2675:(6147): 730–731. 2013.
2442:"Paul Müller Biography"
2331:Pest Management Science
2316:Pest Management Science
1907:(kills mosquito larvae)
926:. This enzyme converts
748:A trivial case is tree
635:Insect growth regulator
303:Insecticide development
6165:The Pesticide Question
5847:Metarhizium anisopliae
5826:Beauveria brongniartii
5807:Bacillus thuringiensis
4859:Lead hydrogen arsenate
4474:. www.sciencedaily.com
4311:. www.sciencedaily.com
4021:Oldroyd, B.P. (2007).
3669:"A Lethal Dose of RNA"
3399:10.1098/rspb.2019.0433
2448:. The Nobel Foundation
2086:Bacillus thuringiensis
1928:(active ingredient is
1191:and may be a cause of
1175:Runoff and percolation
1079:
1030:Metarhizium anisopliae
1019:entomopathogenic fungi
964:Bacillus thuringiensis
950:
886:insecticide resistance
808:Colorado potato beetle
799:Bacillus thuringiensis
783:Bacillus thuringiensis
487:chemically similar to
286:Synthetic insecticides
220:along the food chain.
215:and control of insect
169:
154:
6067:Maximum residue limit
6037:Environmental effects
5861:Lecanicillium lecanii
4618:How Insecticides Work
2724:. Aug 1996. p. 5
2170:Pesticide application
2115:Lecanicillium lecanii
948:
830:as a protectant into
713:Biological pesticides
346:hexachlorocyclohexane
290:Further information:
276:pesticide application
259:, or downward in the
248:Systemic insecticides
160:
149:
6225:Pesticide categories
5008:Carbon tetrachloride
4550:Agricultural History
4129:Russell, GE (1978).
3570:10.17221/53/2016-pps
3054:Stoddart, C (2012).
2226:Beyond Silent Spring
2055:Tetranortriterpenoid
1416:Chlorpyriphos-methyl
1137:Stockholm Convention
936:allyl isothiocyanate
725:losing effectiveness
379:acetylcholinesterase
292:List of insecticides
244:each of the market.
187:used against insect
68:improve this article
30:For other uses, see
5840:Metarhizium acridum
5570:Chlorantraniliprole
5166:Chlorpyrifos-methyl
4839:Copper(II) arsenate
4824:Aluminium phosphide
4816:Inorganic compounds
4643:Tsubo-en Zen garden
4335:www.wissenschaft.de
4183:jenny.tfrec.wsu.edu
4179:"Mating Disruption"
3865:1976PChem..15..759C
3685:2013Sci...341..732K
3448:2019Chmsp.23724408T
3121:10.1038/nature11637
3113:2012Natur.491...43O
3015:2013Natur.494..283D
2958:10.1038/nature11585
2950:2012Natur.491..105G
2893:2013Natur.496..408C
2875:Cressey, D (2013).
2681:2013Sci...341..730.
2480:1982Natur.295..601V
2374:J. Agric. Food Chem
2271:2015ESPR...22....5S
2081:Bacillus sphaericus
1787:Chlorantraniliprole
1275:Push-pull technique
1040:Steinernema feltiae
1007:genetic engineering
909:resistance question
624:chlorantraniliprole
5833:Isaria fumosorosea
5819:Beauveria bassiana
5715:Piperonyl butoxide
5516:chrysanthemic acid
4854:Diatomaceous earth
4648:2012-06-02 at the
4636:Using Insecticides
4623:2013-09-03 at the
4589:2010-12-11 at the
4528:Biological Control
4212:nysipm.cornell.edu
3393:(1900): 20190433.
3222:on March 18, 2012.
2757:10.1007/BF00322420
2318:– via Wiley.
2127:Diatomaceous earth
1940:(leaves and roots)
1937:Desmodium caudatum
1669:Lambda-cyhalothrin
1256:biological control
1193:pollinator decline
1184:Pollinator decline
1066:Environmental harm
1024:Beauveria bassiana
951:
940:horseradish sauces
766:oil of wintergreen
340:including various
170:
161:Farmer spraying a
155:
6233:
6232:
5889:
5888:
5690:+milbemycin oxime
5371:Tetrachlorvinphos
5336:Pirimiphos-methyl
5296:Oxydemeton-methyl
4844:Copper(I) cyanide
4369:978-0-08-091283-7
4140:978-0-408-10613-9
2944:(7422): 105–108.
2853:978-4-431-70213-9
2789:978-0-12-374367-1
2718:ntp.niehs.nih.gov
2474:(5850): 601–603.
2380:(33): 8687-8697.
2236:978-0-412-72800-6
1951:(mosquito larvae)
1899:Cinnamon leaf oil
1860:(mosquito larvae)
1562:Tetrachlorvinphos
1547:Pirimiphos-methyl
1507:Oxydemeton-methyl
1366:Pentachlorophenol
1345:Hexachlorobenzene
1209:Western honey bee
1143:. These include:
862:Solanum tuberosum
595:Ryanoids/diamides
144:
143:
136:
118:
16:(Redirected from
6258:
6019:
5916:
5909:
5902:
5893:
5892:
5575:Cyantraniliprole
5306:Parathion-methyl
5176:Demeton-S-methyl
5123:Organophosphorus
4704:
4697:
4690:
4681:
4680:
4673:
4671:
4670:
4573:
4536:
4535:
4520:
4509:
4508:
4506:
4505:
4490:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4479:
4468:
4462:
4461:
4449:
4443:
4442:
4440:
4432:
4426:
4425:
4423:
4415:
4409:
4408:
4397:10.1039/B711474E
4380:
4374:
4373:
4356:
4350:
4349:
4347:
4346:
4337:. Archived from
4327:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4316:
4305:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4288:
4271:
4265:
4264:
4228:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4218:
4204:
4198:
4197:
4195:
4194:
4185:. Archived from
4175:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4165:
4151:
4145:
4144:
4126:
4120:
4119:
4102:(250): 293–303.
4096:Science Progress
4091:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4080:
4069:
4063:
4062:
4052:
4042:
4018:
4012:
4011:
3974:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3963:
3947:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3934:
3925:
3916:
3910:
3909:
3883:
3877:
3876:
3844:
3838:
3837:
3784:
3778:
3777:
3759:
3713:
3707:
3706:
3696:
3664:
3653:
3652:
3624:
3618:
3617:
3589:
3583:
3582:
3572:
3562:
3535:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3524:
3515:. Archived from
3508:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3498:
3492:
3484:
3478:
3477:
3459:
3427:
3421:
3420:
3410:
3378:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3354:
3348:
3347:
3337:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3279:. Archived from
3270:
3230:
3224:
3223:
3218:. Archived from
3212:
3206:
3205:
3204:on 21 June 2013.
3194:
3188:
3187:
3155:
3149:
3148:
3096:
3090:
3089:
3071:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3026:
2997:Dicks L (2013).
2994:
2988:
2987:
2977:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2904:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2819:on 28 April 2007
2815:. Archived from
2808:
2802:
2801:
2775:
2769:
2768:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2715:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2638:
2627:
2626:
2616:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2537:
2522:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2488:10.1038/295601a0
2463:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2337:(9): 1979-1991.
2326:
2320:
2319:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2290:
2250:
2241:
2240:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2199:
2190:
1905:Cinnamyl acetate
1792:Cyantraniliprole
1517:Parathion-methyl
1378:Organophosphates
1129:peregrine falcon
1119:. Also, DDT may
999:B. thuringiensis
814:RNA interference
620:calcium channels
618:). They bind to
418:organophosphates
395:chemical warfare
372:Organophosphates
367:Organophosphates
332:in the insect's
195:, respectively.
139:
132:
128:
125:
119:
117:
76:
52:
44:
21:
18:RNAi insecticide
6266:
6265:
6261:
6260:
6259:
6257:
6256:
6255:
6236:
6235:
6234:
6229:
6206:
6175:
6020:
6011:
5925:
5920:
5890:
5885:
5854:Nomuraea rileyi
5792:
5759:
5599:Other chemicals
5594:
5556:
5385:
5156:Chlorfenvinphos
5141:Azinphos-methyl
5117:
4990:Organochlorides
4984:
4921:
4873:
4869:Scheele's Green
4810:
4717:
4708:
4677:
4668:
4666:
4655:
4650:Wayback Machine
4625:Wayback Machine
4591:Wayback Machine
4580:
4544:
4542:Further reading
4539:
4522:
4521:
4512:
4503:
4501:
4492:
4491:
4487:
4477:
4475:
4470:
4469:
4465:
4450:
4446:
4438:
4434:
4433:
4429:
4421:
4417:
4416:
4412:
4381:
4377:
4370:
4358:
4357:
4353:
4344:
4342:
4329:
4328:
4324:
4314:
4312:
4307:
4306:
4295:
4286:
4284:
4273:
4272:
4268:
4229:
4225:
4216:
4214:
4206:
4205:
4201:
4192:
4190:
4177:
4176:
4172:
4163:
4161:
4153:
4152:
4148:
4141:
4127:
4123:
4092:
4088:
4078:
4076:
4071:
4070:
4066:
4019:
4015:
3975:
3971:
3961:
3959:
3948:
3941:
3932:
3930:
3923:
3917:
3913:
3906:
3884:
3880:
3845:
3841:
3785:
3781:
3714:
3710:
3679:(6147): 732–3.
3665:
3656:
3625:
3621:
3590:
3586:
3556:
3536:
3532:
3522:
3520:
3509:
3505:
3496:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3485:
3481:
3428:
3424:
3379:
3375:
3366:
3364:
3356:
3355:
3351:
3326:10.1002/ps.3932
3306:
3302:
3293:
3292:
3288:
3283:on 24 May 2013.
3231:
3227:
3214:
3213:
3209:
3196:
3195:
3191:
3156:
3152:
3107:(7422): 43–45.
3097:
3093:
3052:
3048:
3024:10.1038/494283a
2995:
2991:
2930:
2926:
2902:10.1038/496408a
2873:
2869:
2854:
2836:
2832:
2822:
2820:
2809:
2805:
2790:
2776:
2772:
2741:
2737:
2727:
2725:
2713:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2651:
2649:
2639:
2630:
2585:
2581:
2571:
2569:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2541:
2539:
2535:
2520:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2464:
2460:
2451:
2449:
2438:
2434:
2425:
2423:
2414:
2413:
2409:
2370:
2366:
2343:10.1002/ps.5037
2327:
2323:
2308:
2304:
2251:
2244:
2237:
2221:
2217:
2207:
2205:
2197:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2146:
2141:
2123:
2077:
2006:Peganum harmala
1849:
1805:
1783:
1739:
1651:
1582:
1396:Azinphos-methyl
1387:
1381:
1301:
1295:
1292:Organochlorides
1284:
1230:
1221:
1186:
1177:
1113:bioaccumulation
1088:
1082:
1073:
1068:
1059:
1015:
960:
917:
894:
816:
786:
779:
774:
758:conifer species
721:
715:
632:
612:Ryania speciosa
597:
579:risk assessment
559:flupyradifurone
551:
536:
534:Phenylpyrazoles
478:
437:
426:
383:cholinesterases
369:
330:sodium channels
312:The best known
310:
308:Organochlorides
305:
299:
294:
288:
250:
241:
140:
129:
123:
120:
77:
75:
65:
53:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6264:
6254:
6253:
6248:
6231:
6230:
6228:
6227:
6222:
6217:
6211:
6208:
6207:
6205:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6192:European Union
6189:
6183:
6181:
6177:
6176:
6174:
6173:
6171:Toxicity class
6168:
6161:
6154:
6149:
6147:Restricted use
6144:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6057:Gene silencing
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6032:Health effects
6028:
6026:
6025:Related topics
6022:
6021:
6014:
6012:
6010:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5978:
5977:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5936:
5934:
5927:
5926:
5919:
5918:
5911:
5904:
5896:
5887:
5886:
5884:
5883:
5878:
5871:
5864:
5857:
5850:
5843:
5836:
5829:
5822:
5815:
5810:
5802:
5800:
5794:
5793:
5791:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5769:
5767:
5761:
5760:
5758:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5671:Hydramethylnon
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5602:
5600:
5596:
5595:
5593:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5566:
5564:
5558:
5557:
5555:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5395:
5393:
5387:
5386:
5384:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5151:Chlorethoxyfos
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5127:
5125:
5119:
5118:
5116:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4994:
4992:
4986:
4985:
4983:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4931:
4929:
4927:Neonicotinoids
4923:
4922:
4920:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4883:
4881:
4875:
4874:
4872:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4820:
4818:
4812:
4811:
4809:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4727:
4725:
4719:
4718:
4707:
4706:
4699:
4692:
4684:
4675:
4674:
4653:
4639:
4633:
4628:
4615:
4605:
4599:
4594:
4584:InsectBuzz.com
4579:
4578:External links
4576:
4575:
4574:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4537:
4534:on 2011-09-09.
4510:
4485:
4463:
4444:
4427:
4410:
4391:(1): 118–138.
4385:Nat. Prod. Rep
4375:
4368:
4351:
4322:
4293:
4266:
4223:
4199:
4170:
4146:
4139:
4121:
4086:
4064:
4013:
3986:(3): 387–395.
3969:
3939:
3911:
3905:978-3527306732
3904:
3878:
3859:(5): 759–762.
3853:Phytochemistry
3839:
3802:Annual Reviews
3788:King, Glenn F.
3779:
3732:Annual Reviews
3708:
3654:
3635:(1): 689–724.
3619:
3584:
3530:
3519:on 17 May 2018
3503:
3479:
3422:
3373:
3349:
3320:(6): 850–862.
3300:
3286:
3245:(3): 213–219.
3225:
3207:
3189:
3150:
3091:
3046:
2989:
2924:
2867:
2852:
2830:
2803:
2788:
2770:
2751:(7): 446–453.
2735:
2702:
2659:
2628:
2579:
2568:. Apr 18, 2012
2549:
2509:
2458:
2446:Les Prix Nobel
2432:
2416:"dropdata.org"
2407:
2364:
2321:
2302:
2242:
2235:
2215:
2204:. p. 2123
2193:IUPAC (2006).
2184:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2091:
2088:
2083:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2046:AKA Spinosyn A
2041:
2036:
2028:
2023:
2010:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1946:
1941:
1933:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1893:Cinnamaldehyde
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1866:
1861:
1855:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1822:
1821:
1816:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1782:
1777:
1776:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1738:
1736:Neonicotinoids
1733:
1732:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1662:
1657:
1650:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1581:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1406:Chlorethoxyfos
1403:
1398:
1393:
1380:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1294:
1289:
1288:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1278:
1272:
1266:
1259:
1240:
1229:
1226:
1220:
1217:
1185:
1182:
1176:
1173:
1133:organochlorine
1084:Main article:
1081:
1078:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1058:
1055:
1014:
1011:
959:
956:
928:glucosinolates
916:
913:
905:mode of action
893:
890:
815:
812:
792:that produced
785:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
744:essential oils
742:, and various
717:Main article:
714:
711:
645:(exoskeleton)
631:
628:
602:are synthetic
596:
593:
571:neonicotinoids
550:
547:
535:
532:
524:European Union
481:Neonicotinoids
477:
476:Neonicotinoids
474:
436:
433:
425:
422:
368:
365:
314:organochloride
309:
306:
301:Main article:
298:
295:
287:
284:
266:seed-treatment
249:
246:
240:
237:
225:mode of action
213:vector control
142:
141:
56:
54:
47:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6263:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6243:
6241:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6212:
6209:
6203:
6202:United States
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6184:
6182:
6178:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6166:
6162:
6160:
6159:
6158:Silent Spring
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6029:
6027:
6023:
6018:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5976:
5973:
5972:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5928:
5924:
5917:
5912:
5910:
5905:
5903:
5898:
5897:
5894:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5876:
5872:
5870:
5869:
5865:
5863:
5862:
5858:
5856:
5855:
5851:
5849:
5848:
5844:
5842:
5841:
5837:
5835:
5834:
5830:
5828:
5827:
5823:
5821:
5820:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5808:
5804:
5803:
5801:
5799:
5798:Biopesticides
5795:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5770:
5768:
5766:
5762:
5756:
5755:Metaflumizone
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5720:
5716:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5691:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5636:Chlordimeform
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5603:
5601:
5597:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5580:Flubendiamide
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5567:
5565:
5563:
5559:
5553:
5552:Transfluthrin
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5517:
5513:
5509:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5459:Fenpropathrin
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5449:Esfenvalerate
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5396:
5394:
5392:
5388:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5281:Monocrotophos
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5261:Methamidophos
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5128:
5126:
5124:
5120:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4995:
4993:
4991:
4987:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4932:
4930:
4928:
4924:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4892:Diflubenzuron
4890:
4888:
4885:
4884:
4882:
4880:
4876:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4821:
4819:
4817:
4813:
4807:
4804:
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4787:
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4779:
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4772:
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4759:
4757:
4754:
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4698:
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4678:
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4640:
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4634:
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4629:
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4622:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4613:on RealPlayer
4610:
4606:
4603:
4602:Pestworld.org
4600:
4598:
4595:
4592:
4588:
4585:
4582:
4581:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4556:(4): 468–95.
4555:
4551:
4546:
4545:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4519:
4517:
4515:
4499:
4495:
4489:
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4459:
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4406:
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4390:
4386:
4379:
4371:
4365:
4361:
4355:
4341:on 2006-03-24
4340:
4336:
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4310:
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4300:
4298:
4282:
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4276:
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4213:
4209:
4203:
4189:on 2018-06-12
4188:
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4160:
4159:ipm.ucanr.edu
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4017:
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3997:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3973:
3957:
3956:www.bbc.co.uk
3953:
3946:
3944:
3929:
3922:
3915:
3907:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3890:. Wiley-VCH.
3889:
3882:
3874:
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3866:
3862:
3858:
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3835:
3831:
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3404:
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3377:
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3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3304:
3296:
3290:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3229:
3221:
3217:
3211:
3203:
3199:
3193:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3154:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3095:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3050:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3009:(7437): 283.
3008:
3004:
3000:
2993:
2985:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2928:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2887:(7446): 408.
2886:
2882:
2878:
2871:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2834:
2818:
2814:
2807:
2799:
2795:
2791:
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2781:
2774:
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2758:
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2706:
2698:
2694:
2690:
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2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2663:
2648:
2644:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2624:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2599:(3): 315–35.
2598:
2594:
2590:
2583:
2567:
2563:
2562:atsdr.cdc.gov
2559:
2553:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2525:atsdr.cdc.gov
2519:
2513:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2462:
2447:
2443:
2436:
2422:on 2015-08-01
2421:
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2256:
2249:
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2238:
2232:
2228:
2227:
2219:
2203:
2196:
2189:
2185:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
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1956:
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1950:
1947:
1945:
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1939:
1938:
1934:
1931:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1814:Diflubenzuron
1812:
1811:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1798:
1797:Flubendiamide
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1781:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1737:
1730:
1729:Transfluthrin
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
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1653:
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1642:
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1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1537:Phostebupirim
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1492:Monocrotophos
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1477:Methamidophos
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
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1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1379:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1293:
1287:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1260:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1225:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1181:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1117:fatty tissues
1114:
1110:
1109:
1108:Silent Spring
1104:
1103:Rachel Carson
1099:
1097:
1093:
1087:
1077:
1063:
1054:
1052:
1051:
1046:
1042:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1026:
1025:
1020:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
983:
978:
974:
970:
969:Lepidopterans
966:
965:
955:
947:
943:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
922:
912:
910:
906:
902:
898:
889:
887:
883:
879:
878:
872:
868:
864:
863:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
841:
836:
835:
829:
825:
821:
811:
809:
805:
801:
800:
795:
791:
784:
769:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
746:
745:
741:
737:
733:
728:
726:
720:
710:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
681:species, and
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
651:Diflubenzuron
648:
644:
640:
636:
627:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
592:
590:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
563:acetylcholine
560:
556:
546:
544:
540:
531:
529:
525:
521:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
493:acetylcholine
490:
486:
482:
473:
471:
467:
466:
461:
460:
459:Chrysanthemum
455:
454:
449:
445:
441:
432:
430:
421:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
396:
392:
388:
387:acetylcholine
384:
380:
377:
373:
364:
362:
358:
354:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
304:
293:
283:
281:
277:
272:
269:
267:
262:
258:
253:
245:
236:
234:
229:
226:
221:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
199:, which kill
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
179:used to kill
178:
174:
168:
164:
159:
152:
148:
138:
135:
127:
124:December 2010
116:
113:
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85: –
84:
83:"Insecticide"
80:
79:Find sources:
73:
69:
63:
62:
57:This article
55:
51:
46:
45:
40:
33:
19:
6246:Insecticides
6163:
6156:
6142:Bee toxicity
6082:Pest control
5987:Molluscicide
5981:
5960:Biopesticide
5955:Bioherbicide
5873:
5866:
5859:
5852:
5845:
5838:
5831:
5824:
5817:
5805:
5740:Tebufenpyrad
5735:Tebufenozide
5641:Chlorfenapyr
5616:Azadirachtin
5547:Tralomethrin
5542:Tetramethrin
5484:Metofluthrin
5439:Deltamethrin
5434:Cyphenothrin
5429:Cypermethrin
5414:Bioallethrin
5361:Tebupirimfos
5266:Methidathion
5236:Fenitrothion
5161:Chlorpyrifos
5136:Azamethiphos
5098:Methoxychlor
4980:Thiamethoxam
4970:Paichongding
4955:Imidaclothiz
4950:Imidacloprid
4940:Clothianidin
4917:Pyriproxyfen
4897:Flufenoxuron
4887:Benzoylureas
4746:Butocarboxim
4715:Insecticides
4714:
4711:Pest control
4676:
4667:. Retrieved
4665:. 2021-03-01
4660:
4553:
4549:
4532:the original
4527:
4502:. Retrieved
4500:. 2006-03-08
4497:
4488:
4476:. Retrieved
4466:
4457:
4447:
4430:
4413:
4388:
4384:
4378:
4359:
4354:
4343:. Retrieved
4339:the original
4334:
4325:
4313:. Retrieved
4285:. Retrieved
4283:. 2020-09-16
4278:
4269:
4236:
4232:
4226:
4215:. Retrieved
4211:
4202:
4191:. Retrieved
4187:the original
4182:
4173:
4162:. Retrieved
4158:
4149:
4133:. Elsevier.
4130:
4124:
4099:
4095:
4089:
4077:. Retrieved
4067:
4030:
4027:PLOS Biology
4026:
4016:
3983:
3979:
3972:
3962:19 September
3960:. Retrieved
3955:
3931:. Retrieved
3927:
3914:
3887:
3881:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3842:
3797:
3791:
3782:
3727:
3721:
3711:
3676:
3672:
3632:
3628:
3622:
3597:
3593:
3587:
3549:
3543:
3533:
3521:. Retrieved
3517:the original
3506:
3495:. Retrieved
3482:
3439:
3435:
3425:
3390:
3386:
3376:
3365:. Retrieved
3361:
3352:
3317:
3313:
3303:
3289:
3281:the original
3242:
3238:
3228:
3220:the original
3210:
3202:the original
3192:
3159:
3153:
3104:
3100:
3094:
3059:
3049:
3006:
3002:
2992:
2941:
2937:
2927:
2884:
2880:
2870:
2843:
2833:
2821:. Retrieved
2817:the original
2806:
2779:
2773:
2748:
2744:
2738:
2726:. Retrieved
2717:
2705:
2672:
2668:
2662:
2650:. Retrieved
2646:
2596:
2592:
2582:
2570:. Retrieved
2561:
2552:
2540:. Retrieved
2531:. Sep 2002.
2524:
2512:
2471:
2467:
2461:
2450:. Retrieved
2445:
2435:
2424:. Retrieved
2420:the original
2410:
2377:
2373:
2367:
2334:
2330:
2324:
2315:
2305:
2262:
2258:
2229:. Springer.
2225:
2218:
2206:. Retrieved
2188:
2110:Granulovirus
2068:bee colonies
2064:varroa mites
2030:
2016:
2004:
1989:Azadirachtin
1935:
1878:Azadirachtin
1841:Tebufenozide
1819:Flufenoxuron
1809:Benzoylureas
1773:Thiamethoxam
1758:Imidacloprid
1748:Clothianidin
1724:Tralomethrin
1719:Tetramethrin
1684:Deltamethrin
1674:Cypermethrin
1482:Methidathion
1457:Fenitrothion
1411:Chlorpyrifos
1356:Methoxychlor
1285:
1231:
1228:Alternatives
1222:
1219:Bird decline
1199:plants, and
1187:
1178:
1106:
1100:
1089:
1074:
1060:
1048:
1038:
1028:
1022:
1016:
998:
980:
977:caterpillars
962:
961:
952:
918:
897:Spider venom
895:
877:chloroplasts
874:
870:
867:S. tuberosum
866:
860:
838:
833:
817:
806:such as the
797:
794:Cry proteins
787:
782:
747:
729:
722:
719:Biopesticide
703:tebufenozide
655:caterpillars
647:biosynthesis
633:
611:
598:
591:
552:
537:
513:Imidacloprid
507:withdrawal (
485:insecticides
484:
479:
463:
457:
451:
448:biopesticide
438:
427:
398:nerve agents
370:
349:
311:
273:
270:
254:
251:
242:
230:
222:
173:Insecticides
172:
171:
130:
121:
111:
104:
97:
90:
78:
66:Please help
61:verification
58:
6197:New Zealand
6102:Degradation
6097:Formulation
6087:Application
6002:Rodenticide
5982:Insecticide
5945:Bactericide
5813:Baculovirus
5765:Metabolites
5730:Sulfluramid
5532:Silafluofen
5499:Prallethrin
5479:Imiprothrin
5474:Fluvalinate
5464:Fenvalerate
5424:Cyhalothrin
5399:Acrinathrin
5391:Pyrethroids
5381:Trichlorfon
5246:Fosthiazate
5191:Dicrotophos
4975:Thiacloprid
4945:Dinotefuran
4935:Acetamiprid
4864:Paris Green
4771:Ethienocarb
4761:Carbosulfan
4239:: 375–400.
4033:(6): e168.
3804:: 475–496.
3734:: 293–311.
3557: [
3436:Chemosphere
2265:(1): 5–34.
2208:January 28,
2075:Biologicals
2018:Rhyzopertha
1916:Citronellol
1768:Thiacloprid
1753:Dinotefuran
1743:Acetamiprid
1709:Prallethrin
1694:Fenvalerate
1665:Cyhalothrin
1648:Pyrethroids
1572:Trichlorfon
1467:Fosthiazate
1432:Dicrotophos
1315:Chlordecone
1248:parasitoids
1213:crop yields
932:herbivorous
832:transgenic
695:white flies
691:cockroaches
649:in insects
561:. They are
553:Butenolide
549:Butenolides
528:planthopper
435:Pyrethroids
334:nerve cells
322:Paul Müller
297:Development
209:agriculture
39:Incesticide
6240:Categories
6180:By country
6137:Resurgence
6132:Resistance
6042:Fumigation
5992:Nematicide
5923:Pesticides
5745:Veracevine
5676:Indoxacarb
5666:Fluralaner
5656:Fenoxycarb
5651:Fenazaquin
5646:Cyromazine
5626:Buprofezin
5606:Afoxolaner
5537:Tefluthrin
5527:Resmethrin
5494:Phenothrin
5489:Permethrin
5469:Flumethrin
5454:Etofenprox
5444:Empenthrin
5419:Cyfluthrin
5409:Bifenthrin
5404:Allethrins
5341:Quinalphos
5311:Phenthoate
5251:Isoxathion
5231:Fenamiphos
5216:Disulfoton
5211:Dioxathion
5206:Dimethoate
5186:Dichlorvos
5108:Tetradifon
5083:Heptachlor
5073:Endosulfan
5018:Cyclodiene
4965:Nithiazine
4960:Nitenpyram
4912:Methoprene
4902:Hydroprene
4829:Boric acid
4781:Isoprocarb
4776:Fenobucarb
4756:Carbofuran
4741:Bendiocarb
4723:Carbamates
4669:2021-04-02
4524:"Bacteria"
4504:2010-01-05
4345:2008-08-04
4287:2021-04-01
4217:2018-12-12
4193:2018-12-12
4164:2018-12-12
3958:. BBC News
3933:2019-11-19
3849:Cruciferae
3497:2011-09-14
3442:: 124408.
3367:2020-08-01
2652:14 October
2452:2008-07-24
2426:2011-01-05
2181:References
2137:Boric Acid
2062:(controls
2050:Spinosyn D
2015:oil kills
2000:Nootkatone
1980:Myristicin
1960:Ivermectin
1955:Hinokitiol
1944:Eucalyptol
1836:Hydroprene
1831:Methoprene
1826:Cyromazine
1763:Nithiazine
1714:Resmethrin
1704:Phenothrin
1699:Permethrin
1689:Etofenprox
1679:Cyfluthrin
1660:Bifenthrin
1621:Isoprocarb
1616:Fenoxycarb
1611:Fenobucarb
1596:Carbofuran
1591:Bendiocarb
1579:Carbamates
1552:Profenofos
1452:Fenamiphos
1442:Disulfoton
1437:Dimethoate
1426:Dichlorvos
1383:See also:
1340:Heptachlor
1330:Endosulfan
1297:See also:
1263:pheromones
1242:Releasing
1161:heptachlor
1125:food chain
1121:biomagnify
924:myrosinase
845:Coleoptera
687:hydroprene
677:, several
675:mosquitoes
669:to combat
659:methoprene
616:Salicaceae
555:pesticides
541:, such as
440:Pyrethroid
424:Carbamates
381:and other
342:cyclodiene
233:repellents
197:Acaricides
185:larvicides
177:pesticides
94:newspapers
6117:Poisoning
6007:Slimicide
5997:Piscicide
5975:Defoliant
5970:Herbicide
5965:Fungicide
5940:Acaricide
5931:Pesticide
5711:Adjuvants
5706:Sarolaner
5701:Pyriprole
5696:Pyridaben
5686:Lotilaner
5621:Bensultap
5585:Ryanodine
5522:Pyrethrum
5504:Pyrethrin
5321:Phosalone
5301:Parathion
5291:Omethoate
5271:Mevinphos
5256:Malathion
5171:Coumaphos
5146:Bensulide
5113:Toxaphene
5013:Chlordane
4907:Lufenuron
4801:Promecarb
4791:Metolcarb
4736:Aminocarb
4253:0066-4170
3818:0066-4170
3774:204702574
3748:0066-4170
3600:: 45–66.
3579:1212-2580
3493:. epa.gov
3466:0045-6535
3259:0048-3575
3176:1476-4687
3129:1476-4687
3086:208530336
3078:1476-4687
3033:1476-4687
2966:1476-4687
2911:1476-4687
2862:468555571
2798:918401061
2402:261974999
2039:Ryanodine
2026:Pyrethrum
1853:Anabasine
1655:Allethrin
1606:Dioxacarb
1527:Phosalone
1512:Parathion
1502:Omethoate
1487:Mevinphos
1472:Malathion
1401:Bensulide
1310:Chlordane
1252:pathogens
1244:predators
1197:pollinate
1169:toxaphene
1149:chlordane
1035:nematodes
991:organisms
973:larvicide
958:Bacterial
901:fractions
882:fruit fly
754:oleoresin
732:pyrethrum
608:ryanodine
565:receptor
530:attacks.
517:honey-bee
495:receptor
465:Tanacetum
453:Pyrethrum
450:found in
444:pyrethrin
429:Carbamate
400:(such as
361:toxaphene
357:chlordane
217:parasites
163:cashewnut
6251:Biocides
6122:Research
5881:Spinosad
5783:Paraoxon
5778:Malaoxon
5750:Xanthone
5725:Spinosad
5681:Limonene
5661:Fipronil
5590:Ryanodol
5562:Ryanoids
5376:Tribufos
5366:Terbufos
5351:Schradan
5241:Fenthion
5226:Ethoprop
5181:Diazinon
5131:Acephate
5068:Dieldrin
5003:Beta-HCH
4849:Cryolite
4806:Propoxur
4786:Methomyl
4751:Carbaryl
4731:Aldicarb
4646:Archived
4621:Archived
4587:Archived
4570:19266680
4498:BBC News
4405:18250899
4315:5 August
4261:16968206
4108:43420363
4079:27 March
4059:17564497
4008:18050050
4000:15386133
3826:23020618
3766:31610134
3703:23950525
3649:11337413
3614:16332203
3563:: 1–14.
3523:20 April
3474:31356997
3417:30966981
3344:25351824
3277:22544984
3184:88428354
3137:23086148
3041:23426287
2984:23086150
2919:23619669
2842:(eds.).
2840:Casida J
2823:11 March
2765:95713100
2697:23950524
2623:24179466
2533:Archived
2394:30024749
2351:29667318
2297:25233913
2144:See also
2044:Spinosad
2020:dominica
1995:Nicotine
1970:Linalool
1965:Limonene
1930:rotenone
1921:Deguelin
1883:Caffeine
1858:Anethole
1780:Ryanoids
1636:Propoxur
1626:Methomyl
1601:Carbaryl
1586:Aldicarb
1567:Tribufos
1557:Terbufos
1462:Fenthion
1447:Ethoprop
1421:Diazinon
1391:Acephate
1325:Dieldrin
1286:Source:
1282:Examples
1237:Breeding
1153:dieldrin
1105:'s book
1003:Bt toxin
987:Spinosad
975:against
899:peptide
834:Zea mays
828:V-APTase
762:pathogen
740:neem oil
736:rotenone
707:forestry
701:agonist
699:ecdysone
667:cisterns
600:Diamides
567:agonists
543:fipronil
497:agonists
489:nicotine
280:aerosols
167:Tanzania
165:tree in
6127:Residue
5950:Biocide
5719:Sesamex
5611:Amitraz
5356:Temefos
5346:R-16661
5326:Phosmet
5316:Phorate
5276:Mipafox
5201:Dimefox
5093:Lindane
5063:Dicofol
5038:1,2-DCE
5033:1,1-DCE
5028:1,4-DCB
5023:1,2-DCB
4116:1064167
4050:1892840
3928:EPA.gov
3861:Bibcode
3834:9530995
3757:9939233
3681:Bibcode
3673:Science
3444:Bibcode
3408:6501679
3335:4657471
3268:3334832
3109:Bibcode
3011:Bibcode
2975:3495159
2946:Bibcode
2889:Bibcode
2677:Bibcode
2669:Science
2614:3648782
2504:4259608
2496:6276777
2476:Bibcode
2359:4937939
2288:4284386
2267:Bibcode
2032:Quassia
2013:Oregano
1975:Menthol
1949:Eugenol
1869:Asimina
1864:Annonin
1532:Phosmet
1522:Phorate
1350:Lindane
1205:beehive
1151:, DDT,
1096:arsenic
1047:(e.g.,
1045:viruses
1037:(e.g.,
1021:(e.g.,
915:Enzymes
875:in the
873:dsRNAs
824:viruses
820:silence
671:malaria
639:hormone
604:ryanoid
569:, like
376:enzymes
181:insects
108:scholar
6187:Canada
6107:Misuse
5631:Cartap
5331:Phoxim
5221:Ethion
5088:Kepone
5078:Endrin
4998:Aldrin
4796:Oxamyl
4657:"IRAC"
4568:
4478:23 May
4458:US EPA
4403:
4366:
4259:
4251:
4137:
4114:
4106:
4057:
4047:
4006:
3998:
3902:
3832:
3824:
3816:
3772:
3764:
3754:
3746:
3701:
3647:
3612:
3577:
3472:
3464:
3415:
3405:
3342:
3332:
3275:
3265:
3257:
3182:
3174:
3160:Nature
3145:532877
3143:
3135:
3127:
3101:Nature
3084:
3076:
3060:Nature
3039:
3031:
3003:Nature
2982:
2972:
2964:
2938:Nature
2917:
2909:
2881:Nature
2860:
2850:
2796:
2786:
2763:
2728:Dec 9,
2695:
2621:
2611:
2572:Dec 9,
2542:Dec 9,
2502:
2494:
2468:Nature
2400:
2392:
2357:
2349:
2295:
2285:
2233:
2150:Fogger
2060:Thymol
1926:Derris
1911:Citral
1888:Carapa
1631:Oxamyl
1542:Phoxim
1428:(DDVP)
1335:Endrin
1305:Aldrin
1157:endrin
1145:aldrin
1043:) and
921:enzyme
871:longer
857:siRNAs
849:dsRNAs
804:larvae
643:chitin
587:lethal
509:aphids
505:stylet
446:, the
412:, and
359:, and
261:phloem
193:larvae
110:
103:
96:
89:
81:
6092:Drift
5933:types
5286:Naled
5103:Mirex
4439:(PDF)
4422:(PDF)
4104:JSTOR
4004:S2CID
3924:(PDF)
3830:S2CID
3800:(1).
3770:S2CID
3730:(1).
3561:]
3552:(1).
3491:(PDF)
3180:S2CID
3141:S2CID
3082:S2CID
2761:S2CID
2722:ATSDR
2714:(PDF)
2566:ATSDR
2536:(PDF)
2529:ATSDR
2521:(PDF)
2500:S2CID
2398:S2CID
2355:S2CID
2202:IUPAC
2198:(PDF)
2132:Borax
1497:Naled
1361:Mirex
1250:, or
1165:mirex
1013:Other
892:Venom
853:P450s
750:rosin
683:fleas
456:(Now
410:soman
406:tabun
402:sarin
257:xylem
239:Sales
205:ticks
201:mites
115:JSTOR
101:books
5788:TCPy
5773:Oxon
5058:DFDT
4566:PMID
4480:2008
4401:PMID
4364:ISBN
4317:2008
4257:PMID
4249:ISSN
4135:ISBN
4112:PMID
4081:2018
4055:PMID
3996:PMID
3964:2007
3900:ISBN
3822:PMID
3814:ISSN
3762:PMID
3744:ISSN
3699:PMID
3645:PMID
3610:PMID
3575:ISSN
3525:2017
3470:PMID
3462:ISSN
3413:PMID
3340:PMID
3273:PMID
3255:ISSN
3172:ISSN
3133:PMID
3125:ISSN
3074:ISSN
3037:PMID
3029:ISSN
2980:PMID
2962:ISSN
2915:PMID
2907:ISSN
2858:OCLC
2848:ISBN
2825:2012
2794:OCLC
2784:ISBN
2730:2018
2693:PMID
2654:2007
2619:PMID
2574:2018
2544:2018
2492:PMID
2390:PMID
2347:PMID
2293:PMID
2231:ISBN
2210:2014
1985:Neem
1873:lice
1167:and
1094:and
1092:lead
693:and
583:bees
575:soil
501:soil
462:and
350:e.g.
344:and
223:The
203:and
191:and
189:eggs
175:are
151:FLIT
87:news
5053:DDT
5048:DDE
5043:DDD
4558:doi
4393:doi
4241:doi
4045:PMC
4035:doi
3988:doi
3892:doi
3869:doi
3851:".
3806:doi
3752:PMC
3736:doi
3689:doi
3677:341
3637:doi
3602:doi
3565:doi
3452:doi
3440:237
3403:PMC
3395:doi
3391:286
3330:PMC
3322:doi
3263:PMC
3247:doi
3243:102
3164:doi
3117:doi
3105:491
3064:doi
3019:doi
3007:494
2970:PMC
2954:doi
2942:491
2897:doi
2885:496
2753:doi
2749:340
2685:doi
2673:341
2609:PMC
2601:doi
2484:doi
2472:295
2382:doi
2339:doi
2283:PMC
2275:doi
2066:in
1371:TDE
1320:DDT
1207:or
1139:on
1086:DDT
1080:DDT
1053:).
1033:),
756:by
679:fly
363:).
353:DDT
318:DDT
70:by
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