161:
713:
731:
1008:"...a government may lawfully decide to restrict the payment of benefits of any kind to those who are within its territorial jurisdiction, leaving the care and support of those who live elsewhere to the governments of the countries in which they live. Such a restriction may be based wholly or partly on considerations of cost, but having regard to the wide margin of discretion that must be accorded to the government, I do not think it one that a court may say is unreasonable or lacking in objective justification".
767:
749:
857:
803:
785:
875:
839:
821:
917:"Very many of the expatriate UK pensioners who do not receive uprated pensions have a strong and understandable sense of grievance......They feel that they have been deprived of an increasingly substantial part of the fruit of their contributions......as a result, they have formed associations to press their cause for equal treatment"
1200:
988:
The UK Government stated that successive governments have limited the annual increase to the UK state pension since the increase is based on economic factors in the UK. At the same time, to pass on the increase to pensioners who have chosen to live in "frozen" countries would mean that to do so would
921:
Carson claimed that she had not been informed that her UK state pension would be "frozen" when she decided to pay her voluntary contributions from South Africa. and that the failure of the UK Government to pay her the amount of the annual uprating wrongfully deprived her part of her pension and the
19:
962:
Surely no one would have deliberately designed a policy of paying pensions to people living abroad intending to end up where we are today....it would be clearly impractical to negotiate bilateral agreements with each of the other countries where people draw
British state retirement pensions, and in
553:
Carson contended that she was being discriminated against with regard to deprivation of the annual inflationary increase to her UK State
Pension because she had relocated to South Africa for work purposes . She had determined that UK pensioners living in some overseas countries received the annual
1012:
Justice
Burnton concluded that the remedy to the "frozen" UK state pension annual increase issue was a political decision and not a judicial one, and, as a result, he dismissed the application, and found in favour of the UK Government. Costs were awarded against Carson, be she was given leave to
590:
In May 2002, there were 11.1 million pensioners in receipt of a UK state pension - 10.2 million living in the UK and 900,000 who resided abroad. Of those, 418,000 resided in countries where UK pensioners received the annual inflationary increase to their UK state pension, and 482,000 who, like
549:
in 1989 for work purposes, and continued paying NICs to ensure that on retirement she would be eligible for the full UK State
Pension. This she had started drawing in September 2000. She then realised that the amount she received would not be increased in line with her peers in the UK, and her
983:
I have already said I am not prepared to defend the logic of the present situation. It is illogical. There is no consistent pattern. It does not matter whether it is in the
Commonwealth or outside it. We have arrangements with some Commonwealth countries and not with others. Indeed, there are
581:
In addition, Carson contended that this contravened
Article 14 of the convention (Prohibition of Discrimination), and also that her state pension, or alternatively its uprating, were "pecuniary rights", and therefore “possessions” within the meaning of Article 1 of the First Protocol of the
935:
If uprating is not a possession for the purposes of
Article 1 of the First Protocol, is the payment of uprating to some, but not all, pensioners nonetheless within the scope of Article 14? i.e. does Carson's complaint relate to "the enjoyment of the rights and freedoms set forth in (the)
544:
In April 2002, Carson brought this case before the High Court under the Human Rights Act 1998. Carson had spent most of her working life in the UK, and during that time she kept paying her full
National Insurance Contributions (NICs) and UK taxes where applicable. She relocated to
1003:
rejected as manifestly ill-founded the complaint that the failure to pay uprating infringed
Article 1 of the First Protocol and Article 14. In Justice Burnton's opinion, this case in and of itself was enough to rule in the Government's favour. Justice Burnton also stated:
557:
Carson also contended that the failure of the UK Government to pay to pensioners resident in certain countries abroad the inflation uprating of their UK State pensions, while paying the annual uprating in other countries, contravened the Human Rights Act 1998 (based on the
679:
Of the 482,000 pensioners who did not receive the annual increase to their UK State
Pension, 465,000 of them resided in just 10 countries - the remaining 17,000 were spread far and wide around the world. The top 10 "Frozen" countries at that time were:
945:
If so, is the differential treatment of Carson's wrongful discrimination in breach of Article 14 as compared with (i) pensioners living in the UK, or (ii) pensioners residing in countries such as the United States where the UK State Pension is
922:
entirety of the uprating. The UK Government also claimed that their policy decision not to pay uprating to Carson and others in her position was justified. The Court believed that there were seven key issues that needed addressing:
1221:
1227:
1700:
1209:
1353:
536:
case on the "right to property" under Article 1 of the First Protocol and Prohibition of Discrimination under Article 14 of the European Convention on Human Rights as reflected in UK law.
1215:
1710:
1705:
929:
If so, is the failure or refusal of the Government to pay an uprated pension to Carson a deprivation of that possession for the purposes of Article 1 of the First Protocol?
963:
any case unnecessary; a simple change in British law could enable upratings to be paid in any or all overseas countries provided the political will was there to do so.
1429:
410:
1407:
269:
358:
954:
It is impossible to discern any pattern behind the selection of countries with whom bilateral agreements have been made providing for uprating.
1392:
187:
489:
942:
Is that criterion a ground "such as sex, race, ... or other status" that is, unless objectively justified, prohibited by Article 14?
1730:
375:
341:
329:
242:
230:
1740:
1720:
1745:
1725:
1449:"Response to the Department for Work and Pensions' Green Paper and the Inland Revenue Review submitted by Mr Alan S May (PEN 70)"
324:
215:
1201:
R (Carson) v Secretary of State for Work and Pensions & R (Carson & Reynolds) v Secretary of State for Work and Pensions
976:
405:
380:
279:
55:
The Queen on the application of Annette Carson (Claimant) and The Secretary of State for Work and Pensions (Defendant) and The
20:
R (Carson) v Secretary of State for Work and Pensions and R (Carson & Reynolds) v Secretary of State for Work and Pensions
992:
The United Kingdom is the only OECD country that discriminates between pensioners living in different overseas countries.
346:
319:
257:
220:
175:
1312:
1275:"Carson, R (on the application of) v Secretary of State for Work and Pensions & Anor [2002] EWHC 978 (Admin)"
559:
518:
314:
210:
92:
88:
363:
526:
522:
482:
447:
385:
286:
264:
247:
926:
Is the state pension or the uprating a possession of Carson within the meaning of Article 1 of the First Protocol?
1448:
562:) on grounds of discrimination. Annual uprating to the UK State Pension is payable in countries like the UK, the
440:
1715:
1335:
127:
1750:
1735:
984:
differences among Caribbean countries. This is an historical issue and the situation has existed for years.
274:
252:
475:
144:
435:
415:
56:
570:, for example), whilst not being payable in predominantly Commonwealth countries such as Australia,
40:
1023:
This case evoked emotions around the world, with some writing to the UK Parliament in protest.
563:
296:
533:
508:
336:
237:
36:
507:
EWHC 978 (Admin) was heard in the Administration Court of the Queen's Bench Division in the
939:
If so, what is the criterion applied to determine the differential treatment of pensioners?
131:
44:
1646:
1520:
1502:
1274:
8:
1000:
291:
225:
1556:
1371:
457:
192:
1628:
972:
119:
1610:
1592:
1538:
1484:
1466:
1064:
The Queen on the application of Reynolds v Secretary of State for Work and Pensions
368:
1574:
1293:
950:
According to the Third Report (January 1997) of Social Security Committee Report:
550:
pension was being "frozen" at the level at which she first started receiving it.
180:
107:
1521:"Reynolds, R (on the application of) v Secretary of State for Work and Pensions"
529:) was the defendant and the Commonwealth of Australia was an intervening party.
1195:
1017:
514:
123:
1664:
1694:
567:
766:
546:
554:
increase, whilst others, like her, were deprived of this annual increase.
968:
748:
575:
353:
152:
591:
Carson, resided in countries which did not receive the annual increase.
856:
1701:
Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 of the European Convention on Human Rights
1575:"CASE OF JOHN MURRAY v. THE UNITED KINGDOM (Application no. 18731/91)"
712:
452:
802:
784:
504:
R (Carson) v Secretary of State for Work and Pensions & Another
27:
R (Carson) v Secretary of State for Work and Pensions & Another
1611:"Director of Public Prosecutions, Ex Parte Kebeline and Others, R"
1182:
Protocol 1 of Article 1 of the European Convention on Human Rights
874:
1354:"Countries where we pay an annual increase in the State Pension"
1313:"Protocol 1 Article 1 - Right to peaceful enjoyment of property"
1156:
J H Rayner (Mincing Lane) Ltd v Department of Trade and Industry
1016:
On 22 June 2002, the "frozen" pensions issue was raised in the
730:
571:
1144:
Waite v London Borough of Hammersmith & Fulham and another
1503:"Hooper & Ors v Secretary of State for Work and Pensions"
1393:"House of Commons - Social Security Committee - Third Report"
1222:
European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) - Fourth Section - 2008
838:
820:
1228:
European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) - Grand Chamber - 2010
1685:
1092:
Skorkiewicz, Coke and Bellet v France (App. no. 4083332/98
511:
on 22 May 2002 before the Honourable Mr. Justice Burnton.
1060:
Hooper and ors v Secretary of State for Work and Pensions
1453:
House of Commons - Select Committee on Work and Pensions
1116:
Human Rights: The 1998 Act and the European Convention
1711:
Article 14 of the European Convention on Human Rights
1074:(App. No. 5849/72, Comm. Report 1.10.75, 73 DR 19);
1706:
Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights
1593:"CASE OF DARBY v. SWEDEN (Application no. 11581/85)"
1162:(1844) 6 Beav. 1; (1848) 2 H.L. Cas. 1, H.L. (E.);
1485:"DROZD AND JANOUSEK v. FRANCE AND SPAIN - 12747/87"
989:create an additional tax burden of UK taxpayers.
1692:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1096:Walden v Liechtenstein (Decision no. 33916/96)
1020:, and there was reference to the Carson case.
585:
1647:"R (Smeaton) v Secretary of State for Health"
1467:"AIR CANADA v. THE UNITED KINGDOM - 18465/91"
1104:Matthews v United Kingdom (App. No. 40302/98)
483:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1665:"Introduction to the Human Rights Act 1998"
1307:
1305:
1303:
1240:
1168:R (Smeaton) v Secretary of State for Health
1124:Nelson v United Kingdom (App. No. 11077/84)
1038:, 3rd edition, at section 106, page 252;
490:
476:
188:His Majesty's Courts and Tribunals Service
1557:"Michalak v London Borough of Wandsworth"
1323:
566:and a number of disparate countries (the
1372:"Department for Work and Pensions (DWP)"
1300:
1387:
1385:
1112:Michalak v London Borough of Wandsworth
1693:
1405:
1160:Brunswick (Duke of) v. King of Hanover
386:Justice of the peace / lay magistrates
1291:
1048:Bankovic and ors v Belgium and others
1044:Drozd and Janousek v France and Spain
932:If so, is that deprivation justified?
582:convention (Protection of Property).
1430:"Pensioners Living Abroad: Payments"
1418:. London, England: House of Commons.
1382:
1294:"Australia attacks UK over pensions"
1108:Jankovic v Croatia Dec. no. 43440/98
142:This article is part of the series:
1446:
560:European Convention on Human Rights
315:Supreme Court of the United Kingdom
211:Supreme Court of the United Kingdom
13:
1629:"Blackburn v The Attorney General"
1336:"Article 14 - Anti-Discrimination"
1189:
108:The Honourable Mr. Justice Burnton
14:
1762:
1679:
1671:. 1 Crown Office Row barristers'.
1447:May, Alan S. (31 December 2002).
1406:Rooker, Jeff (13 November 2000).
1395:. House of Commons. January 1997.
1342:. 1 Crown Office Row barristers'.
1319:. 1 Crown Office Row barristers'.
1185:Article 14 of the same Convention
1084:JW and EW v UK (App. No. 9776/82)
1052:Ryan v Liverpool Health Authority
1036:Bennion, Statutory Interpretation
1731:United Kingdom equality case law
1358:Department for Work and Pensions
873:
855:
837:
819:
801:
783:
765:
747:
729:
711:
523:Department for Work and Pensions
448:Law Society of England and Wales
248:President of the Family Division
159:
1741:2002 in United Kingdom case law
1721:1998 in United Kingdom case law
1657:
1639:
1621:
1603:
1585:
1567:
1549:
1531:
1513:
1495:
1477:
1459:
1440:
1100:Shackell v UK (App No. 4585/99)
411:Director of Public Prosecutions
1746:Pensions in the United Kingdom
1726:United Kingdom labour case law
1422:
1399:
1364:
1346:
1292:Toyne, Sarah (15 March 2002).
1285:
1148:Steele Ford & Newton v CPS
1076:T v Sweden (App. No. 10671/83)
1:
1233:
913:Justice Burnton stated that:
539:
342:President of the King's Bench
243:President of the King's Bench
124:Prohibition of discrimination
1216:House of Lords Appeal - 2005
1152:Blackburn v Attorney-General
1080:X v Italy (App. No. 7459/76)
1026:
275:County Court Business Centre
253:Chancellor of the High Court
7:
1210:Supreme Court Appeal - 2003
1173:
958:The report went on to say:
908:
586:UK state pension recipients
270:List of County Court venues
145:Courts of England and Wales
10:
1767:
1136:Havard (App. No. 38882/97)
1120:P v UK (App. No. 14751/89)
1088:Corner (App. No. 11271/84)
359:List of Crown Court venues
17:
999:(App. No. 11271/84), the
698:
691:
685:
610:
603:
596:
416:Crown Prosecution Service
118:
113:
103:
98:
84:
79:
64:
57:Commonwealth of Australia
50:
31:
26:
153:Law of England and Wales
91:(Civil Division) in the
1408:"UK/Australia Pensions"
1128:Murray v United Kingdom
205:Civil and family courts
1434:House of Lords Hansard
1296:. BBC News - Business.
1050:(App. no. 52207/99);
1034:(1996) 23 EHRLR 230;
986:
965:
956:
919:
517:was the claimant, the
68:May 22, 2002
41:Queen's Bench Division
1716:Human rights case law
1179:Human Rights Act 1998
1134:(1991) 13 EHRR 774;
1058:Lloyd's Rep Med 12;
1054:Lloyd's Rep Med 23;
1046:(1992) 14 EHRR 745;
1042:(1995) 20 EHRR 150;
981:
967:On 13 November 2000,
960:
952:
915:
534:Human Rights Act 1998
509:High Court of Justice
337:High Court of Justice
330:Court of Appeal judge
238:High Court of Justice
231:Court of Appeal judge
59:(Intervening Party)
37:High Court of Justice
1751:Frozen state pension
1736:House of Lords cases
1669:UK Human Rights Blog
1340:UK Human Rights Blog
1317:UK Human Rights Blog
1130:(1996) 22 EHRR 29;
400:Criminal prosecution
132:Frozen State Pension
45:Administrative Court
1686:Official Transcript
1509:. 14 February 2002.
1164:Mellacher v Austria
1066:EWHC 426 (Admin);
1062:EWHC 191 (Admin);
1001:European Commission
636:Abroad - Not Frozen
376:Magistrates' courts
292:Court of Protection
226:Master of the Rolls
176:Ministry of Justice
1617:. 30 October 1999.
1599:. 23 October 1990.
1581:. 8 February 1996.
1170:EWHC 886 (Admin).
1078:(1986) EHRR 269;
1032:Gaygusuz v Austria
578:and South Africa.
519:Secretary of State
458:Solicitor advocate
325:Lord Chief Justice
973:Minister of State
906:
905:
843:Republic of Yemen
677:
676:
500:
499:
297:Court of Chivalry
137:
136:
120:Right to property
1758:
1673:
1672:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1389:
1380:
1379:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1332:
1321:
1320:
1309:
1298:
1297:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1271:
1072:MĂĽller v Austria
977:House of Commons
878:
877:
860:
859:
842:
841:
824:
823:
806:
805:
788:
787:
770:
769:
752:
751:
734:
733:
716:
715:
683:
682:
594:
593:
492:
485:
478:
430:Legal profession
406:Attorney General
347:High Court judge
258:High Court judge
163:
162:
139:
138:
99:Court membership
75:
73:
24:
23:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1691:
1690:
1682:
1677:
1676:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1563:. 6 March 2002.
1555:
1554:
1550:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1527:. 7 March 2002.
1519:
1518:
1514:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1491:. 26 June 1992.
1483:
1482:
1478:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1445:
1441:
1436:. 22 June 2002.
1428:
1427:
1423:
1404:
1400:
1391:
1390:
1383:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1334:
1333:
1324:
1311:
1310:
1301:
1290:
1286:
1273:
1272:
1241:
1236:
1192:
1190:Further reading
1176:
1146:EWCA Civ 482;
1114:EWCA Civ 271;
1040:Air Canada v UK
1029:
911:
872:
854:
836:
818:
800:
782:
764:
746:
728:
710:
703:
702:Amount Received
701:
700:Average Weekly
694:
686:
649:Abroad - Frozen
615:
614:Amount Received
613:
612:Average Weekly
606:
599:
588:
542:
496:
467:
466:
431:
423:
422:
401:
393:
392:
320:Court of Appeal
310:
309:Criminal courts
302:
301:
221:Court of Appeal
206:
198:
197:
193:Judges' Council
181:Lord Chancellor
171:
160:
130:
126:
122:
89:Court of Appeal
71:
69:
43:
39:
22:
12:
11:
5:
1764:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1689:
1688:
1681:
1680:External links
1678:
1675:
1674:
1656:
1653:. 10 May 2002.
1638:
1635:. 10 May 1971.
1620:
1602:
1584:
1566:
1548:
1530:
1512:
1494:
1476:
1458:
1439:
1421:
1398:
1381:
1363:
1360:. 9 June 2014.
1345:
1322:
1299:
1284:
1281:. 22 May 2002.
1238:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1230:
1224:
1218:
1212:
1205:
1204:
1203:- Case Summary
1198:
1196:Annette Carson
1191:
1188:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1175:
1172:
1166:12 EHRR 391;
1132:Darby v Sweden
1028:
1025:
1018:House of Lords
1010:
1009:
975:, said in the
948:
947:
943:
940:
937:
933:
930:
927:
910:
907:
904:
903:
898:
893:
891:TOP 10 Totals:
887:
886:
883:
880:
869:
868:
865:
862:
851:
850:
847:
844:
833:
832:
829:
826:
815:
814:
811:
808:
797:
796:
793:
790:
779:
778:
775:
772:
761:
760:
757:
754:
743:
742:
739:
736:
725:
724:
721:
718:
707:
706:
697:
690:
675:
674:
669:
664:
658:
657:
654:
651:
645:
644:
641:
638:
632:
631:
628:
625:
623:United Kingdom
619:
618:
609:
602:
587:
584:
541:
538:
515:Annette Carson
498:
497:
495:
494:
487:
480:
472:
469:
468:
465:
464:
463:
462:
461:
460:
445:
444:
443:
432:
429:
428:
425:
424:
421:
420:
419:
418:
408:
402:
399:
398:
395:
394:
391:
390:
389:
388:
383:
381:District judge
373:
372:
371:
366:
361:
351:
350:
349:
344:
334:
333:
332:
327:
317:
311:
308:
307:
304:
303:
300:
299:
294:
289:
284:
283:
282:
280:District judge
277:
272:
262:
261:
260:
255:
250:
245:
235:
234:
233:
228:
218:
213:
207:
204:
203:
200:
199:
196:
195:
190:
185:
184:
183:
172:
170:Administration
169:
168:
165:
164:
156:
155:
149:
148:
135:
134:
116:
115:
111:
110:
105:
101:
100:
96:
95:
86:
82:
81:
77:
76:
66:
62:
61:
52:
51:Full case name
48:
47:
33:
29:
28:
18:Main article:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1763:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
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1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1670:
1666:
1660:
1652:
1648:
1642:
1634:
1630:
1624:
1616:
1612:
1606:
1598:
1594:
1588:
1580:
1576:
1570:
1562:
1558:
1552:
1545:. 9 May 2001.
1544:
1540:
1534:
1526:
1522:
1516:
1508:
1504:
1498:
1490:
1486:
1480:
1473:. 5 May 1995.
1472:
1468:
1462:
1454:
1450:
1443:
1435:
1431:
1425:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1402:
1394:
1388:
1386:
1377:
1373:
1367:
1359:
1355:
1349:
1341:
1337:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1318:
1314:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1295:
1288:
1280:
1276:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1239:
1229:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1154:1 WLR 1037;
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1014:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1002:
998:
993:
990:
985:
980:
978:
974:
970:
964:
959:
955:
951:
944:
941:
938:
934:
931:
928:
925:
924:
923:
918:
914:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
888:
884:
881:
876:
871:
870:
866:
863:
858:
853:
852:
848:
845:
840:
835:
834:
830:
827:
822:
817:
816:
812:
809:
804:
799:
798:
794:
791:
786:
781:
780:
776:
773:
768:
763:
762:
758:
755:
750:
745:
744:
740:
737:
732:
727:
726:
722:
719:
714:
709:
708:
705:
704:(GBP) in 2002
696:
695:UK Pensioners
689:
684:
681:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
659:
655:
652:
650:
647:
646:
642:
639:
637:
634:
633:
629:
626:
624:
621:
620:
617:
616:(GBP) in 2002
608:
607:UK Pensioners
601:
595:
592:
583:
579:
577:
573:
569:
568:United States
565:
561:
555:
551:
548:
537:
535:
530:
528:
527:UK Government
524:
520:
516:
512:
510:
506:
505:
493:
488:
486:
481:
479:
474:
473:
471:
470:
459:
456:
455:
454:
451:
450:
449:
446:
442:
439:
438:
437:
434:
433:
427:
426:
417:
414:
413:
412:
409:
407:
404:
403:
397:
396:
387:
384:
382:
379:
378:
377:
374:
370:
367:
365:
364:Circuit judge
362:
360:
357:
356:
355:
352:
348:
345:
343:
340:
339:
338:
335:
331:
328:
326:
323:
322:
321:
318:
316:
313:
312:
306:
305:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
267:
266:
263:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
240:
239:
236:
232:
229:
227:
224:
223:
222:
219:
217:
216:Privy Council
214:
212:
209:
208:
202:
201:
194:
191:
189:
186:
182:
179:
178:
177:
174:
173:
167:
166:
158:
157:
154:
151:
150:
147:
146:
141:
140:
133:
129:
128:State Pension
125:
121:
117:
112:
109:
106:
104:Judge sitting
102:
97:
94:
93:Supreme Court
90:
87:
83:
78:
67:
63:
60:
58:
53:
49:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
25:
21:
16:
1668:
1659:
1650:
1641:
1632:
1623:
1614:
1605:
1596:
1587:
1578:
1569:
1560:
1551:
1542:
1533:
1524:
1515:
1506:
1497:
1488:
1479:
1470:
1461:
1452:
1442:
1433:
1424:
1415:
1411:
1401:
1375:
1366:
1357:
1348:
1339:
1316:
1287:
1278:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1070:2WLR 1389;
1067:
1063:
1059:
1056:Bell v Todd
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1030:
1022:
1015:
1011:
996:
994:
991:
987:
982:
966:
961:
957:
953:
949:
936:Convention?"
920:
916:
912:
900:
895:
890:
771:South Africa
699:
692:
687:
678:
671:
666:
661:
648:
635:
622:
611:
604:
597:
589:
580:
556:
552:
547:South Africa
543:
531:
513:
503:
502:
501:
287:Family Court
265:County Court
143:
80:Case history
54:
15:
1539:"Alconbury"
1376:Stat-Xplore
1158:2 AC 418;
1142:2 AC 326;
969:Jeff Rooker
753:New Zealand
576:New Zealand
532:This was a
436:Bar Council
354:Crown Court
85:Appealed to
1695:Categories
1234:References
861:Bangladesh
693:Number of
667:11,128,577
627:10,228,744
605:Number of
540:Background
72:2002-05-22
1118:(2000);
1068:Alconbury
1027:Citations
1013:appeal.
717:Australia
453:Solicitor
441:Barrister
1174:See also
1140:Kebilene
946:uprated?
909:Judgment
807:Zimbabwe
789:Pakistan
521:for the
369:Recorder
114:Keywords
1651:BAIL II
1633:BAIL II
1615:BAIL II
1597:BAIL II
1579:BAIL II
1561:BAIL II
1543:BAIL II
1525:BAIL II
1507:BAIL II
1489:BAIL II
1471:BAIL II
1412:Hansard
1279:BAIL II
896:465,090
879:Nigeria
738:144,819
720:224,263
688:Country
653:482,019
640:417,814
600:Summary
598:Country
70: (
65:Decided
35:In the
997:Corner
774:34,978
756:38,611
735:Canada
662:TOTAL:
572:Canada
882:1,858
864:3,130
846:3,157
828:3,950
825:India
810:4,407
792:5,917
564:(EEA)
525:(the
32:Court
1416:536
1150:;
1138:;
1126:;
1122:;
1110:;
1106:;
1102:;
1094:;
1090:;
1086:;
1082:;
995:In
979::
1697::
1667:.
1649:.
1631:.
1613:.
1595:.
1577:.
1559:.
1541:.
1523:.
1505:.
1487:.
1469:.
1451:.
1432:.
1414:.
1410:.
1384:^
1374:.
1356:.
1338:.
1325:^
1315:.
1302:^
1277:.
1242:^
1226:-
1220:-
1214:-
1208:-
1098:;
971:,
901:27
885:18
867:26
849:31
831:28
813:27
795:28
777:31
759:28
741:24
723:27
672:76
656:27
643:41
630:80
574:,
1455:.
1378:.
491:e
484:t
477:v
74:)
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