2266:
2299:), for example of court decisions. This situation changed drastically, however, mainly as the result of the destruction of the Jewish commonwealth in the year 70 CE and the consequent upheaval of Jewish social and legal norms. As the rabbis were required to face a new reality—mainly Judaism without a Temple (to serve as the center of teaching and study) and Judea without autonomy—there was a flurry of legal discourse and the old system of oral scholarship could not be maintained. It is during this period that rabbinic discourse began to be recorded in writing.
2107:. For example, the written Torah prohibits certain types of travelling on the Sabbath; consequently, the Oral Torah prohibits walking great distances on the Sabbath to ensure that one does not accidentally engage in a type of travelling prohibited by the written Torah. Similarly, the written Torah prohibits plowing on the Sabbath; the Oral Torah prohibits carrying a stick on the Sabbath to ensure that one does not drag the stick and accidentally engage in prohibited plowing.
2244:. Numerous examples exist of this general prohibitive language in the Torah (such as, "don't steal", without defining what is considered theft, or ownership and property laws), requiring—according to rabbinic thought—a subsequent definition through the Oral Torah. Thus Rabbinic Judaism claims that almost all directives, both positive and negative, in the Torah are non-specific in nature and require the existence of either an Oral Torah or some other method to explain them.
1254:
4816:
20:
185:
179:
2391:
1739:
4830:
1194:
3040:, Jewish Publication Society, 1945. pp. 11–12. " was handed down by word of mouth during a long period...The first attempts to write down the traditional matter, there is reason to believe, date from the first half of the second post-Christian century." Strack theorizes that the growth of a Christian canon (the New Testament) was a factor that influenced the rabbis to record the Oral torah in writing.
2983:, Jewish Publication Society, 1945. pp. 11–12. " was handed down by word of mouth during a long period...The first attempts to write down the traditional matter, there is reason to believe, date from the first half of the second post-Christian century." Strack theorizes that the growth of a Christian canon (the New Testament) was a factor that influenced the rabbis to record the oral law in writing.
1989:. Up until this time, a number of Christians were still part of the Jewish community. However, they did not support or take part in the revolt. Whether because they had no wish to fight, or because they could not support a second messiah in addition to Jesus, or because of their harsh treatment by Bar Kokhba during his brief reign, these Christians also left the Jewish community around this time.
191:
2856:: "Post-exilic Judaism was largely recruited from those returned exiles who regarded it as their chief task to preserve their religion uncontaminated, a task that required the strict separation of the congregation both from all foreign peoples (Ezra x. 11; Neh. ix. 2) and from the Jewish inhabitants of Palestine who did not strictly observe the Law (Ezra vi. 22; Neh. x. 29)."
2889:—there was usually an atmosphere of understanding between the Jews and the empire ... These relations deteriorated seriously during Caligula's reign, and, though after his death the peace was outwardly re-established, considerable bitterness remained on both sides. ... Caligula ordered that a golden statue of himself be set up in the
2032:, a prayer which in part exclaims, "Praised are You O Lord, who breaks enemies and defeats the arrogant," and which is understood as a rejection of sectarians and sectarianism. This shift by no means resolved conflicts over the interpretation of the Torah; rather, it relocated debates between sects to debates within Rabbinic Judaism.
2555:
One theory is that the present
Mishnah was based on an earlier collection by Rabbi Meir. There are also references to the "Mishnah of Rabbi Akiva", although this may simply mean his teachings in general. It is possible that Rabbi Akiva and Rabbi Meir established the divisions and order of subjects in
2050:
The destruction of the Second Temple brought about a dramatic change in
Judaism. Rabbinic Judaism built upon Jewish tradition while adjusting to new realities. Temple ritual was replaced with prayer service in synagogues which built upon practices of Jews in the diaspora dating back to the Babylonian
2709:
does not accept the scholarly view that
Rabbinic Judaism came into being in the post-Second Temple era. Rather, it sees the Judaism of this period as continuing organically from the religious and cultural heritage of the Israelites, stemming from the Law given to Moses at Sinai onwards. According to
2535:
As he went through the tractates, the
Mishnah was set forth, but throughout his life some parts were updated as new information came to light. Because of the proliferation of earlier versions, it was deemed too hard to retract anything already released, and therefore a second version of certain laws
2215:
and study) and Judea without autonomy, there was a flurry of legal discourse, and the old system of oral scholarship could not be maintained. It is during this period that rabbinic discourse began to be recorded in writing. The theory that the destruction of the Temple and subsequent upheaval led to
1920:
Of all the major Second Temple sects, only the
Pharisees remained. Their vision of Jewish law as a means by which ordinary people could engage with the sacred in their daily lives, provided them with a position from which to respond to all four challenges, in a way meaningful to the vast majority of
2102:
11 as a display of Moses' appointing elders as judges to govern with him and judge disputes, imparting to them details and guidance of how to interpret the laws of God while carrying out their duties. The Oral Torah includes rules intended to prevent violations of the laws of the Torah and Talmud,
2235:
detailing subsequent rabbinic decisions and writings. Rabbinic Jewish literature is predicated on the belief that the Torah cannot be properly understood without recourse to the Oral Torah. It states that many commandments and stipulations contained in the
Written Torah would be difficult, if not
2054:
As the rabbis were required to face two shattering new realities, Judaism without a Temple (to serve as the center of teaching and study) and Judea without autonomy, there was a flurry of legal discourse and the old system of oral scholarship could not be maintained. It is during this period that
1883:
How people answered these questions depended largely on their position prior to the revolt. But the destruction of the Second Temple by the Romans not only put an end to the revolt, it marked the end of an era. Revolutionaries like the
Zealots had been crushed by the Romans, and had little
1912:
and Paula
Fredricksen, suggest that it was at this time, when Christians and Pharisees were competing for leadership of the Jewish people, that accounts of debates between Jesus and the apostles, debates with Pharisees, and anti-Pharisaic passages, were written and incorporated into the
1367:, which lasted from 165 BCE to 63 BCE. The Hasmonean dynasty eventually disintegrated in a civil war. The people, who did not want to continue to be governed by a Hellenized dynasty, appealed to Rome for intervention, leading to a total Roman conquest and annexation of the country, see
1896:
also vanished (or developed into
Christians), perhaps because their teachings so diverged from the issues of the times that the destruction of the Second Temple was of no consequence to them; precisely for this reason, they were of little consequence to the vast majority of Jews.
2510:) that he was the author of an earlier collection. For this reason, the few passages that actually say "this is the view of Rabbi Meir" represent cases where the author intended to present Rabbi Meir's view as a "minority opinion" not representing the accepted law.
2018:. The Pharisees had been partisan. Members of different sects argued with one another over the correctness of their respective interpretations. After the destruction of the Second Temple, these sectarian divisions ended. The term
2529:, after the tremendous upheaval caused by the destruction of the Temple and the Bar Kokhba revolt, the Oral Torah was in danger of being forgotten. It was for this reason that Judah haNasi chose to redact the Mishnah.
2646:
Much of the Gemara consists of legal analysis. The starting point for the analysis is usually a legal statement found in a
Mishnah. The statement is then analyzed and compared with other statements used in different
2683:(answerer). Another important function of Gemara is to identify the correct biblical basis for a given law presented in the Mishnah and the logical process connecting one with the other: this activity was known as
2577:
The Gemara is the part of the Talmud that contains rabbinical commentaries and analysis of the Mishnah. In the three centuries following the redaction of the Mishnah by Judah ha-Nasi (c. 200 CE), rabbis throughout
2055:
rabbinic discourse began to be recorded in writing. The theory that the destruction of the Temple and subsequent upheaval led to the committing of Oral Law into writing was first explained in the Epistle of
1713:, but also included other less influential sects. This led to further unrest, and the 1st century BCE and 1st century CE saw a number of charismatic religious leaders, contributing to what would become the
2457:
The Mishnah does not claim to be the development of new laws, but merely the collection of existing oral laws, traditions and traditional wisdom. The rabbis who contributed to the Mishnah are known as the
1863:, Jewish worship stopped being centrally organized around the Temple, prayer took the place of sacrifice, and worship was rebuilt around rabbis who acted as teachers and leaders of individual communities.
2070:
detailing subsequent rabbinic decisions and writings. Rabbinic Jewish literature is predicated on the belief that the Written Law cannot be properly understood without recourse to the Oral Law (the
2022:
was no longer used, perhaps because it was a term more often used by non-Pharisees, but also because the term was explicitly sectarian. The rabbis claimed leadership over all Jews, and added to the
2314:
commentary on the Pentateuch (Torah). But an alternative form, organized by subject matter instead of by biblical verse, became dominant about the year 200 CE, when Rabbi Judah haNasi redacted the
2718:
was the first rabbi (and is commonly referred to by Orthodox Jews as "Moses our Rabbi"), with the knowledge and laws received at Sinai being passed down from teachers to students through the
2559:
Authorities are divided on whether Judah haNasi recorded the Mishnah in writing or established it as an oral text for memorisation. The most important early account of its composition, the
2014:
Although the rabbis traced their origins to the Pharisees, Rabbinic Judaism nevertheless involved a radical repudiation of certain elements of Pharisaism, elements that were basic to
1948:
under Pharisee control. Instead of giving tithes to the priests and sacrificing offerings at the Temple, the rabbis instructed Jews to give money to charities and study in local
2951:
132:, which do not recognize the Oral Torah as a divine authority nor the rabbinic procedures used to interpret Jewish scripture. Although there are now profound differences among
1514:. The Hasmonean Kingdom ended in 37 BCE but it is believed that the "two-man rule of the Sanhedrin" lasted until the early part of the 1st century CE during the period of the
2513:
Judah haNasi is credited with publishing the Mishnah, although there have been a few edits since his time (for example, those passages that cite him or his grandson, Rabbi
2532:
In addition to redacting the Mishnah, Judah haNasi and his court also ruled on which opinions should be followed, although the rulings do not always appear in the text.
1374:
Nevertheless, the cultural issues remained unresolved. The main issue separating the Hellenistic and other Jews was the application of biblical laws in a Hellenistic (
109:) from God. The Oral Torah, transmitted orally, explains the Written Torah. At first, it was forbidden to write down the Oral Torah, but after the destruction of the
2893:. ... Only Caligula's death, at the hands of Roman conspirators (41), prevented the outbreak of a Jewish-Roman war that might well have spread to the entire East."
1866:
The destruction of the Second Temple was a profoundly traumatic experience for the Jews, who were now confronted with difficult and far-reaching questions:
3062:
The theory that the destruction of the Temple and subsequent upheaval led to the committing of Oral Law into writing was first explained in the Epistle of
2240:) on the Sabbath, which is given no definition in the Torah, is given a practical meaning in the Oral Torah, which provides definition of what constitutes
2514:
1363:. Consequently, the Jews who rejected Hellenism revolted against the Greek ruler leading to the formation of an independent Jewish kingdom, known as the
1534:, their version of events has perished. In addition, Hillel's views have been seen as superior to Shammai's by Rabbinic Judaism. The development of an
4320:
2047:. Yavneh replaced Jerusalem as the new seat of a reconstituted Sanhedrin, which reestablished its authority and became a means of reuniting Jewry.
4710:
2477:). This usually indicates that many sages taught so, or that Judah haNasi who redacted the Mishnah together with his academy/court ruled so. The
2287:
Originally, Jewish scholarship was oral. Rabbis expounded and debated the law (the written law expressed in the Hebrew Bible) and discussed the
1446:
3393:
2481:
ruling usually follows that view. Sometimes, however, it appears to be the opinion of a single sage, and the view of the sages collectively (
2194:
1660:
However, as the persecutions of the Jews increased and the details were in danger of being forgotten, these oral laws were recorded by rabbi
2622:: "to study"). The Gemara mainly focuses on elucidating and elaborating the opinions of the Tannaim. The rabbis of the Gemara are known as
2955:
1409:
The decline of Hellenistic Judaism is obscure. It may be that it was marginalized by, absorbed into or became Early Christianity (see the
4670:
2462:, of whom approximately 120 are known. The period during which the Mishnah was assembled spanned about 130 years, and five generations.
3188:
1620:" (37–41) was the "first open break" between Rome and the Jews even though tension already existed during the census in 6 CE and under
2094:
contains discussions and opinions regarding details of many oral laws believed to have originally been transmitted to Moses. Some see
3013:
An Introduction to Second Temple Judaism: History and Religion of the Jews in the Time of Nehemiah, the Maccabees, Hillel, and Jesus
3217:
2247:
Much rabbinic Jewish literature concerns specifying what behavior is sanctioned by the law; this body of interpretations is called
2077:
Much rabbinic Jewish literature concerns specifying what behavior is sanctioned by the law; this body of interpretations is called
1686:, rabbinic commentaries redacted over the next three centuries. The Gemara originated in two major centers of Jewish scholarship,
1467:
seemed only to increase the number of Christian converts, leading eventually to the adoption of Christianity by the Roman emperor
4716:
2850:
2265:
3816:
3270:
2579:
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of Sherira Gaon, is ambiguous on the point, although the "Spanish" recension leans to the theory that the Mishnah was written.
1803:
1694:. Correspondingly, two bodies of analysis developed, and two works of Talmud were created. The older compilation is called the
1687:
1449:. The attractiveness of Christianity may, however, have suffered a setback with its being explicitly outlawed in the 80s CE by
2521:
refers to the period after Judah haNasi's death, which could not have been written by Judah haNasi himself). According to the
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3021:
2776:
1775:
710:
1068:
3720:
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without the benefit of written works (other than the biblical books themselves), though some may have made private notes (
1563:
1474:
On the other hand, mainstream Judaism began to reject Hellenistic currents, outlawing use of the Septuagint (see also the
146:) and the willingness to challenge preceding interpretations, all identify themselves as coming from the tradition of the
3831:
3826:
3250:
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1348:
in the Jewish diaspora which sought to establish a Hebraic-Jewish religious tradition within the culture and language of
1113:
1782:
4643:
3520:
1992:
This revolt ended in 135 when Bar Kokhba and his army were defeated. The Romans then barred Jews from Jerusalem, until
2327:
The Oral Law was far from monolithic; rather, it varied among various schools. The most famous two were the School of
3671:
3525:
2874:
2835:
2438:
2412:
2187:
2003:
After the suppression of the revolt the vast majority of Jews were sent into exile; shortly thereafter (around 200),
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1756:
1224:
2420:
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impossible, to keep without the Oral Torah to define them. For example, the prohibition to do any "creative work" (
1789:
4745:
3939:
2664:
2583:
1691:
1410:
1355:
There was a general deterioration in relations between Hellenized Jews and other Jews, leading the Seleucid king
3621:
3181:
2416:
1760:
1468:
2881:, pages 254–256: "The reign of Gaius Caligula (37–41) witnessed the first open break between the Jews and the
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4043:
2506:
1771:
4785:
4653:
4648:
3836:
3821:
3585:
3540:
3285:
2180:
1941:
1086:
4750:
4735:
3616:
3476:
1646:
511:
4704:
4598:
4249:
4143:
3851:
3784:
3345:
3235:
3113:
1836:
1613:
1531:
1265:
297:
201:
1856:
4856:
4820:
4760:
4658:
4638:
4508:
4433:
4293:
4160:
3846:
3806:
3174:
1889:
1464:
1438:
317:
260:
2211:
were required to face a new reality, that of Judaism without a Temple (to serve as the location for
4740:
4571:
3870:
3745:
2401:
1349:
1337:
1178:
1076:
799:
4693:
4682:
4276:
4197:
3902:
3801:
3740:
3626:
3599:
2667:) exchanges between two (frequently anonymous and sometimes metaphorical) disputants, termed the
2466:
2405:
1749:
1530:
were actually the dominant party while the Temple stood. Since the Sadducees did not survive the
327:
227:
2556:
the Mishnah, but this would make them the authors of a school curriculum rather than of a book.
4729:
4699:
3762:
1860:
1569:
1515:
1356:
1315:
1168:
804:
43:
2496:
The Talmud records a tradition that unattributed statements of the law represent the views of
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4755:
4676:
4458:
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4048:
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3772:
3757:
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2015:
1993:
1840:
1290:
1217:
1173:
1091:
82:
2335:. In general, all valid opinions, even the non-normative ones, were recorded in the Talmud.
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4780:
4283:
3255:
1497:
1414:
1148:
1081:
236:
133:
2919:
2660:
8:
4861:
4438:
4406:
4332:
4241:
4187:
3794:
3594:
3328:
3293:
2886:
2723:
2232:
2116:
2067:
1933:
1650:
1609:
1381:
1345:
1307:
1301:
1103:
794:
567:
403:
90:
2593:
1657:
imparting these laws to Moses and commanding him to transmit them to the Jewish nation.
1653:. All the laws in the Written Torah are recorded only as part of a narrative describing
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4765:
4576:
4298:
4175:
4170:
4155:
4125:
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4001:
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3767:
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3245:
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3100:
5.21: "five for the Torah, ten for Mishnah, thirteen for the commandments, fifteen for
2821:
2552:
actually refers to texts from earlier sages upon which Judah haNasi based his Mishnah.
2545:
2036:
1929:
1925:
1718:
1669:
1491:
1403:
1330:. An important advocate of the symbiosis of Jewish theology and Hellenistic thought is
1243:
1163:
493:
307:
270:
162:
4053:
3929:
4554:
4485:
4367:
4352:
4135:
4006:
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3017:
2890:
2870:
2831:
2772:
2739:
2354:
writings that often ventures onto other subjects and expounds broadly on the Tanakh.
1986:
1974:
1945:
1701:
Judaism at this time was divided into antagonistic factions. The main camps were the
1557:
1501:
1475:
1364:
586:
381:
289:
74:
3161:
4620:
4588:
4549:
4520:
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4453:
4254:
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3996:
3949:
3897:
3865:
3856:
3841:
3715:
3690:
3666:
3550:
3481:
3398:
3083:
This theory was held by David Zvi Hoffmann, and is repeated in the introduction to
2952:"Western Wall: This remnant of the Second Temple is an important symbol in Judaism"
2706:
2619:
2332:
2282:
2104:
1978:
1977:(and, for a short time, an independent state) led by Simon bar Kozeba (also called
1970:
1901:
1695:
1581:
1434:
1418:
1311:
1310:. After his demise, and the division of Alexander's empire among his generals, the
1210:
872:
771:
507:
468:
453:
209:
184:
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4337:
4264:
4097:
4068:
3991:
3981:
3944:
3919:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3710:
3705:
3695:
3680:
3471:
3388:
3355:
3313:
3303:
3146:
3133:
3067:
3011:
2993:
2825:
2719:
2677:
2669:
2638:
2632:
2623:
2603:
2482:
2099:
1954:
1850:
1844:
1722:
1597:
1458:
1385:
1368:
1319:
1108:
1016:
910:
463:
255:
220:
125:
31:
2885:
empire. Until then—if one accepts Sejanus' heyday and the trouble caused by the
2216:
the committing of Oral Torah into writing was first explained in the Epistle of
4834:
4809:
4630:
4537:
4495:
4475:
4463:
4443:
4357:
4347:
4315:
4308:
4288:
4259:
4231:
4226:
4192:
4102:
4026:
4016:
3954:
3752:
3700:
3611:
3606:
3368:
3363:
3298:
3227:
2882:
2727:
2696:
2518:
2095:
2028:
1909:
1642:
1641:(Written Law), which are called the Oral Torah or Oral Law, were originally an
1577:
1544:
would be the means by which the faith of Judaism would sustain the fall of the
1535:
1518:. The last pair, Hillel and Shammai, was the most influential of the Sanhedrin
1390:
1198:
972:
767:
656:
562:
458:
334:
322:
265:
248:
215:
4850:
4603:
4448:
4375:
4182:
4116:
4089:
4038:
3986:
3959:
3934:
3924:
3685:
3631:
3565:
3545:
3535:
3530:
3503:
3449:
3378:
3323:
3141:
3128:
3084:
1997:
1966:
1914:
1661:
1545:
1024:
939:
448:
348:
312:
178:
143:
110:
2011:. This marks the transformation of Pharisaic Judaism into Rabbinic Judaism.
4583:
4380:
4342:
4303:
3892:
3636:
3575:
3555:
3515:
3498:
3466:
3454:
3415:
3333:
3308:
3063:
2648:
2526:
2501:
2217:
2056:
2004:
1593:
1395:
1158:
1153:
1098:
977:
882:
842:
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547:
356:
129:
2903:
Early Rabbinic Judaism: Historical Studies in Religion, Literature and Art
1580:", in place of the foreign rulers of the time. This corresponded with the
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4108:
4033:
4011:
3914:
3508:
3437:
3432:
3420:
3410:
3097:
2007:
edited together judgments and traditions into an authoritative code, the
1982:
1616:
in 66 CE. Historian H. H. Ben-Sasson has proposed that the "Crisis under
1572:
of the 2nd to 1st centuries BCE, promising a future "anointed" leader or
1454:
1375:
784:
241:
1888:
in 73). The Sadducees, whose teachings were so closely connected to the
1253:
190:
4687:
4394:
3976:
3570:
3318:
3240:
2497:
2343:
2270:
1924:
Following the destruction of the Temple, Rome governed Judea through a
1763: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1426:
1422:
1399:
1327:
1323:
1029:
779:
572:
367:
102:
70:
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analyzed, debated and discussed that work. These discussions form the
1441:
made Christianity a more attractive option for interested pagans than
1326:, culminating in a Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible known as the
19:
4608:
4073:
3964:
3875:
3493:
3427:
2168:
2035:
The survival of Pharisaic or Rabbinic Judaism is attributed to Rabbi
1949:
1905:
1702:
1589:
1585:
1527:
1523:
1511:
1457:", while Judaism retained its privileges as long as members paid the
1430:
997:
696:
542:
519:
121:
78:
3444:
2390:
1738:
1637:
Rabbinic tradition holds that the details and interpretation of the
1340:
had a profound impact on the customs and practices of Jews, both in
1314:
was formed. During this time currents of Judaism were influenced by
4327:
4269:
4214:
4209:
3880:
3166:
2745:
2726:(most of whom are seen as the "rabbis" of their time), through the
2652:
2311:
2163:
2151:
1996:
allowed Jews to enter for one day each year, during the holiday of
1706:
1617:
1601:
1504:) was established and religious matters were determined by a pair (
1450:
1398:, until its decline in the 3rd century concurrent with the rise of
1054:
1039:
1002:
992:
987:
852:
738:
691:
677:
534:
483:
302:
275:
147:
1564:
Anti-Judaism § Anti-Judaism in the pre-Christian Roman Empire
1478:). Remaining currents of Hellenistic Judaism may have merged into
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4426:
4421:
4411:
4399:
4219:
4204:
4148:
4083:
4058:
4021:
3885:
3560:
3459:
3383:
3275:
3201:
2656:
2625:
2452:
2369:
2359:
2351:
2339:
2328:
2315:
2307:
2303:
2249:
2224:
2146:
2141:
2079:
2071:
2063:
2040:
2008:
1962:
1893:
1714:
1710:
1665:
1621:
1612:
of 6 CE, although full scale open revolt did not occur until the
1605:
1573:
1540:
1479:
1442:
1360:
1138:
1044:
962:
867:
857:
812:
672:
667:
638:
626:
594:
473:
440:
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419:
409:
372:
170:
138:
66:
2536:
were released. The Talmud refers to these differing versions as
1698:. It was compiled sometime during the 4th century in Palestine.
4613:
4480:
4416:
2587:
2572:
2347:
2346:), the first written compendium of Judaism's Oral Law; and the
2288:
2278:
2228:
2212:
2158:
2131:
2091:
2023:
1937:
1928:
at Caesarea and a Jewish Patriarch. A former leading Pharisee,
1885:
1683:
1679:
1143:
1034:
982:
967:
957:
952:
925:
920:
903:
877:
862:
847:
822:
817:
733:
686:
661:
643:
557:
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529:
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414:
391:
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114:
2730:
of the late Second Temple period, and continuing until today.
4564:
4559:
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4468:
4389:
4384:
3648:
3403:
3373:
2975:
2973:
2715:
2208:
2136:
2044:
1965:
threatened to rebuild Jerusalem as a pagan city dedicated to
1638:
1506:
1344:
and in the diaspora. These inroads into Judaism gave rise to
1341:
1331:
1049:
947:
896:
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753:
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728:
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718:
633:
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94:
86:
2500:(Sanhedrin 86a), which supports the theory (recorded by Rav
4663:
3197:
1133:
648:
2970:
2742:, older and for a long time distinct from Rabbinic Judaism
2062:
The Oral Law was subsequently codified in the Mishnah and
2785:
1973:. Some of the leading sages of the Sanhedrin supported a
1855:
Following the destruction of the Temple in 70 CE and the
1654:
136:
of Rabbinic Judaism with respect to the binding force of
2913:
2911:
2794:"Is Rabbinic Judaism authentic? Musings on living Torah"
1873:
How to explain the disastrous outcome of the rebellion?
117:
and other rabbinic texts for the sake of preservation.
2273:
of the Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Berachot, folio 2a.
1932:, was appointed the first Patriarch (the Hebrew word,
1318:
developed from the 3rd century BCE, notably among the
2908:
2350:(c. 500 CE), a discussion of the Mishnah and related
1500:(2nd century BCE), the Second Commonwealth of Judea (
113:, it was decided to write it down in the form of the
2302:
The earliest recorded oral law may have been of the
48:
2687:long before the existence of the Talmud as a text.
2367:תנא). The rabbis of the Gemara are referred to as
16:Orthodox form of Judaism since the 6th century CE
4848:
2827:Understanding Second Temple and Rabbinic Judaism
2223:The Oral Torah was subsequently codified in the
1876:How to live in the post-Temple, Romanized world?
1627:
2824:(2003). Jon Bloomberg; Samuel Kapustin (eds.).
1388:from the 3rd century BCE, and became a notable
1682:was a compilation of both the Mishnah and the
1447:Circumcision controversy in early Christianity
3182:
2188:
1218:
2764:
2613:
2607:
2591:
2471:
2319:
2293:
1870:How to achieve atonement without the Temple?
1728:
4671:Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation
2816:
2814:
2419:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1879:How to connect present and past traditions?
3189:
3175:
3003:
2949:
2917:
2195:
2181:
1463:. However, from a historical perspective,
1306:In 332 BCE, the Persians were defeated by
1225:
1211:
2820:
2758:
2618:: "to complete") or "learning" (from the
2517:; in addition, the Mishnah at the end of
2439:Learn how and when to remove this message
1823:Learn how and when to remove this message
3218:Index of Jewish history-related articles
2811:
2264:
1284:
77:. Rabbinic Judaism has its roots in the
18:
4717:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
3354:
2701:
2465:Most of the Mishnah is related without
2357:The rabbis of the Mishnah are known as
1632:
1421:preferredly evangelized communities of
4849:
3066:and often repeated. See, for example,
3038:Introduction to the Talmud and Midrash
3009:
2981:Introduction to the Talmud and Midrash
2954:. MyJewishLearning.com. Archived from
2791:
2771:. Behrman House, Inc. pp. 19–20.
2110:
1884:credibility (the last Zealots died at
1568:Jewish messianism has its root in the
1295:
3170:
3010:Grabbe, Lester L. (August 12, 2010).
1981:, or "son of a star"); some, such as
1592:kingdom, it was directed against the
1485:
1482:movements in the early centuries CE.
1361:Jewish religious rites and traditions
1237:
150:and the rabbinic method of analysis.
3196:
3151:Boston; Leiden: Brill Academic Publ.
3147:Rabbinic Judaism: Theological System
2639:
2417:adding citations to reliable sources
2384:
1761:adding citations to reliable sources
1732:
1551:
1247:
120:Rabbinic Judaism contrasts with the
3134:The Four Stages of Rabbinic Judaism
2614:
2486:
2338:The Talmud has two components: the
2320:
1900:Two organized groups remained: the
35:
13:
4664:YIVO Institute for Jewish Research
4644:American Jewish Historical Society
3122:
2887:census after Archelaus' banishment
2869:, Harvard University Press, 1976,
1604:, began with the formation of the
85:, and is based on the belief that
14:
4873:
3155:
2690:
4828:
4815:
4814:
3162:Britannica.com: Rabbinic Judaism
2792:Shahar, Yael (October 2, 2018).
2389:
1737:
1252:
1192:
189:
183:
177:
73:, after the codification of the
3107:
3090:
3077:
3056:
3043:
3030:
2986:
2879:The Crisis Under Gaius Caligula
1748:needs additional citations for
1717:of Rabbinic Judaism, including
1411:Gospel according to the Hebrews
65:, has been an orthodox form of
4736:Relations with other religions
3114:Unbroken Chain of Transmission
3074:, Penguin Books, 1984, p. 193.
3053:, Penguin Books, 1984, p. 193.
3000:, Penguin Books, 1984, p. 193.
2943:
2930:
2896:
2867:A History of the Jewish People
2859:
2844:
1985:, believed Bar Kokhba to be a
1:
4723:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust
2751:
2602:means "completion" (from the
2561:Iggeret of Rabbi Sherira Gaon
1672:
1628:Emergence of Rabbinic Judaism
153:
4654:Leo Baeck Institute New York
4649:American Sephardi Federation
3138:London; New York: Routledge.
2678:
2670:
2633:
2624:
2310:discussion is structured as
1944:), and he reestablished the
1664:("Judah the Prince") in the
1588:. Following the fall of the
1576:to resurrect the Israelite "
7:
3477:Constantinopolitan Karaites
3049:See, for example, Grayzel,
2733:
2710:this view, while the title
2608:
2472:
2294:
1437:allowing converts to forgo
49:
10:
4878:
4705:National Library of Israel
3346:Zionism, race and genetics
2694:
2570:
2450:
2380:
2276:
2114:
2105:"a fence around the Torah"
1848:
1834:
1561:
1555:
1489:
1299:
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1241:
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4659:Yeshiva University Museum
4639:Center for Jewish History
4629:
4494:
4366:
4240:
4134:
3665:
3284:
3226:
3208:
2768:The Book of Jewish Belief
2592:
2566:
2260:
2103:sometimes referred to as
1908:. Some scholars, such as
1729:Destruction of the Temple
1496:In the later part of the
1465:persecution of Christians
36:
3251:Ancient Israel and Judah
2231:, and is interpreted in
2066:, and is interpreted in
1952:, as well as to pay the
3627:North African Sephardim
3600:Jewish tribes of Arabia
3087:'s Mishnah translation.
2493:) is given separately.
1861:Roman province of Judea
1538:of teaching called the
1516:Roman province of Judea
4730:Holocaust Encyclopedia
4700:Jewish Virtual Library
3036:See, Strack, Hermann,
2979:See, Strack, Hermann,
2905:by Jacob Neusner, p. 1
2822:Schiffman, Lawrence H.
2714:was not used earlier,
2540:("First Mishnah") and
2274:
2269:The first page of the
2043:(religious school) in
1837:First Jewish–Roman War
1614:First Jewish–Roman War
1600:, which, according to
1570:apocalyptic literature
1532:First Jewish–Roman War
1431:sympathetic to Judaism
1357:Antiochus IV Epiphanes
1316:Hellenistic philosophy
1262:This section is empty.
69:since the 6th century
24:
4677:Encyclopaedia Judaica
4459:Sefer Raziel HaMalakh
3644:Sephardic Bnei Anusim
3394:Udmurt and Tatar Jews
3072:A History of the Jews
3051:A History of the Jews
2998:A History of the Jews
2940:Rossell Books. p. 175
2765:Louis Jacobs (1984).
2695:Further information:
2268:
2039:, the founder of the
2016:Second Temple Judaism
1857:expulsion of the Jews
1584:directed against the
1562:Further information:
1291:Second Temple Judaism
1285:Second Temple Judaism
83:Second Temple Judaism
22:
3256:Second Temple period
2938:Torah From our Sages
2830:. Jersey, NJ: KTAV.
2702:Orthodox Jewish view
2413:improve this section
2220:and often repeated.
2059:and often repeated.
1961:In 132, the Emperor
1757:improve this article
1633:Written and Oral Law
1498:Second Temple period
1417:at least report how
1415:Acts of the Apostles
134:Jewish denominations
4694:Jewish Encyclopedia
4439:Hekhalot literature
4250:Religious movements
3785:Judeo-Tripolitanian
2936:Jacob Neusner 1984
2924:Jewish Encyclopedia
2891:Temple in Jerusalem
2852:Jewish Encyclopedia
2233:rabbinic literature
2117:Rabbinic literature
2111:Rabbinic literature
2068:rabbinic literature
1946:Sanhedrin at Javneh
1892:, disappeared. The
1643:unwritten tradition
1610:Census of Quirinius
1382:Hellenistic Judaism
1346:Hellenistic Judaism
1338:Hellenistic culture
1308:Alexander the Great
1302:Hellenistic Judaism
1296:Hellenistic Judaism
1104:Abrahamic religions
1003:Selichot (S'lichot)
795:Bar and bat mitzvah
298:Principles of faith
107:Torah she-be-al Peh
99:Torah she-be-Khetav
4835:Judaism portal
4771:Jews and Halloween
4766:Jews and Christmas
4156:Rabbinic authority
3908:Judaeo-Piedmontese
3341:Xueta Christianity
3246:Origins of Judaism
3213:Outline of Judaism
2992:See, for example,
2546:David Zvi Hoffmann
2544:("Last Mishnah").
2331:and the School of
2275:
2037:Yohanan ben Zakkai
1930:Yohanan ben Zakkai
1772:"Rabbinic Judaism"
1719:Yochanan ben Zakai
1647:Law given to Moses
1596:administration of
1492:Hillel and Shammai
1486:Hillel and Shammai
1404:Early Christianity
1244:Origins of Judaism
1238:Origins of Judaism
1199:Judaism portal
1164:Holocaust theology
93:received both the
25:
4844:
4843:
4810:extinct languages
4711:YIVO Encyclopedia
4486:Hebrew literature
4454:Sefer HaEtz Chaim
4294:Reconstructionist
3972:Judaeo-Portuguese
3661:
3660:
3617:Eastern Sephardim
3261:Synagogal Judaism
3023:978-0-567-55248-8
3016:. A&C Black.
2865:H.H. Ben-Sasson,
2778:978-0-87441-379-3
2740:Synagogal Judaism
2720:era of the Judges
2675:(questioner) and
2542:Mishnah Acharonah
2449:
2448:
2441:
2205:
2204:
1841:Jewish–Roman wars
1833:
1832:
1825:
1807:
1558:Jewish messianism
1552:Jewish messianism
1502:Hasmonean Kingdom
1476:Council of Jamnia
1365:Hasmonean dynasty
1282:
1281:
1235:
1234:
587:Important figures
261:Reconstructionist
75:Babylonian Talmud
63:Rabbanite Judaism
47:
4869:
4857:Rabbinic Judaism
4833:
4832:
4831:
4818:
4817:
3950:Judeo-Golpaygani
3551:Palestinian Jews
3526:Alexandrian Jews
3482:Crimean Karaites
3399:Unterlander Jews
3352:
3351:
3266:Rabbinic Judaism
3191:
3184:
3177:
3168:
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3116:
3111:
3105:
3094:
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2958:on 24 March 2015
2950:Larry Domnitch.
2947:
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2918:Wilhelm Bacher.
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2707:Orthodox Judaism
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2629:
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2550:Mishnah Rishonah
2538:Mishnah Rishonah
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2295:megillot setarim
2283:Jerusalem Talmud
2197:
2190:
2183:
2121:
2120:
1979:Simon bar Kokhba
1971:Aelia Capitolina
1902:Early Christians
1828:
1821:
1817:
1814:
1808:
1806:
1765:
1741:
1733:
1696:Jerusalem Talmud
1677:
1674:
1624:(before 31 CE).
1582:Maccabean Revolt
1510:) which led the
1435:Apostolic Decree
1419:Paul the Apostle
1312:Seleucid Kingdom
1277:
1274:
1264:You can help by
1256:
1248:
1227:
1220:
1213:
1197:
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469:Aruch HaShulchan
193:
187:
181:
158:
157:
79:Pharisaic school
52:
42:
40:
38:
28:Rabbinic Judaism
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3945:Judeo-Borujerdi
3920:Judeo-Malayalam
3866:Judeo-Aragonese
3837:Lishanid Noshan
3669:
3657:
3389:Oberlander Jews
3350:
3280:
3222:
3204:
3195:
3158:
3125:
3123:Further reading
3120:
3119:
3112:
3108:
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2306:form, in which
2285:
2277:Main articles:
2263:
2201:
2124:Rabbinical eras
2119:
2113:
1955:Fiscus Iudaicus
1853:
1851:Karaite Judaism
1847:
1845:Jewish diaspora
1835:Main articles:
1829:
1818:
1812:
1809:
1766:
1764:
1754:
1742:
1731:
1723:Hanina Ben Dosa
1675:
1645:based upon the
1635:
1630:
1598:Iudaea Province
1566:
1560:
1554:
1494:
1488:
1460:Fiscus Judaicus
1394:throughout the
1386:Ptolemaic Egypt
1369:Iudaea province
1359:to ban certain
1320:Jewish diaspora
1304:
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1109:Judeo-Christian
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1069:Other religions
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126:Karaite Judaism
53:), also called
50:Yahadut Rabanit
23:Talmud students
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5:
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3157:
3156:External links
3154:
3153:
3152:
3142:Neusner, Jacob
3139:
3129:Neusner, Jacob
3124:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3106:
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2753:
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2735:
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2703:
2700:
2697:Jewish history
2692:
2691:Jewish history
2689:
2661:interpretation
2571:Main article:
2568:
2565:
2548:suggests that
2519:Tractate Sotah
2515:Yehuda Nesi'ah
2504:in his famous
2451:Main article:
2447:
2446:
2429:September 2020
2397:
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2115:Main article:
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2029:birkat haMinim
1910:Daniel Boyarin
1881:
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1830:
1813:September 2020
1745:
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1730:
1727:
1634:
1631:
1629:
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1578:Kingdom of God
1556:Main article:
1553:
1550:
1536:oral tradition
1490:Main article:
1487:
1484:
1391:religio licita
1300:Main article:
1297:
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1289:Main article:
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1127:Related topics
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1017:Major holidays
1015:
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973:Birkat Hamazon
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4761:Protestantism
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4449:Sefer HaBahir
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4376:Sifrei Kodesh
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4233:
4232:Who is a Jew?
4230:
4228:
4225:
4221:
4218:
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4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
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4186:
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4177:
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4162:
4161:Chosen people
4159:
4157:
4154:
4150:
4147:
4146:
4145:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4137:
4133:
4127:
4124:
4118:
4117:Scots-Yiddish
4115:
4111:
4110:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4100:
4099:
4096:
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4090:Klezmer-loshn
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4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3960:Judeo-Shirazi
3958:
3956:
3953:
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3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3937:
3936:
3935:Judeo-Persian
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3925:Judeo-Marathi
3923:
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3909:
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3903:Judeo-Italian
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3810:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3803:
3800:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3774:
3771:
3770:
3769:
3766:
3765:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3758:Judeo-Amazigh
3756:
3754:
3751:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
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3714:
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3699:
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3638:
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3634:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
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3614:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3596:
3593:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3581:Hadhrami Jews
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3546:Mountain Jews
3544:
3542:
3541:Egyptian Jews
3539:
3537:
3536:Bukharan Jews
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3517:
3514:
3510:
3507:
3506:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
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3468:
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3446:
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3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3426:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3413:
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3409:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
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3362:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3353:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3324:Lists of Jews
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3291:
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3287:
3283:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3225:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3192:
3187:
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3172:
3169:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3150:
3148:
3143:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3115:
3110:
3103:
3099:
3093:
3086:
3085:Herbert Danby
3080:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3059:
3052:
3046:
3039:
3033:
3025:
3019:
3015:
3014:
3006:
2999:
2995:
2989:
2982:
2976:
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2925:
2921:
2914:
2912:
2904:
2899:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2875:0-674-39731-2
2872:
2868:
2862:
2855:
2853:
2847:
2839:
2837:9780881258134
2833:
2829:
2828:
2823:
2817:
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2799:
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2731:
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2644:
2637:
2635:
2628:
2627:
2621:
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2581:
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2557:
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2530:
2528:
2524:
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2511:
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2492:
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2463:
2461:
2454:
2443:
2440:
2432:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2398:This section
2396:
2392:
2387:
2386:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2362:
2361:
2355:
2353:
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2317:
2313:
2309:
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2300:
2298:
2296:
2290:
2284:
2280:
2272:
2271:Vilna Edition
2267:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2251:
2245:
2243:
2239:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2221:
2219:
2214:
2210:
2198:
2193:
2191:
2186:
2184:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2175:
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2165:
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2160:
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2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2134:
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2128:
2127:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2108:
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2048:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1936:, also means
1935:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1916:
1915:New Testament
1911:
1907:
1903:
1898:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1867:
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1827:
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1816:
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1802:
1798:
1795:
1791:
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1784:
1781:
1777:
1774: –
1773:
1769:
1768:Find sources:
1762:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1746:This section
1744:
1740:
1735:
1734:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1676: 200 CE
1671:
1667:
1663:
1662:Judah ha-Nasi
1658:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1565:
1559:
1549:
1547:
1546:Second Temple
1543:
1542:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1508:
1503:
1499:
1493:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1456:
1453:as a "Jewish
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1429:, or circles
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1407:
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1401:
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1317:
1313:
1309:
1303:
1292:
1276:
1273:February 2024
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21:
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4509:perspectives
4343:Samaritanism
4304:Neo-Hasidism
4284:Conservative
4198:Names of God
4107:
4088:
3898:Judaeo-Greek
3893:Judeo-Gascon
3832:Lishán Didán
3827:Lishana Deni
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3763:Judeo-Arabic
3637:Meshuchrarim
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3489:Kurdish Jews
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3379:Galitzianers
3334:Antisemitism
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3294:Assimilation
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3079:
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3064:Sherira Gaon
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2956:the original
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2803:December 29,
2801:. Retrieved
2797:
2787:
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2655:in rabbinic
2651:to biblical
2645:
2631:
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2013:
2005:Judah haNasi
2002:
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1960:
1953:
1923:
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1865:
1854:
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1810:
1800:
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1755:Please help
1750:verification
1747:
1700:
1659:
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1539:
1522:. Both were
1519:
1505:
1495:
1473:
1459:
1455:superstition
1439:circumcision
1408:
1396:Roman Empire
1389:
1380:
1373:
1354:
1336:
1305:
1270:
1266:adding to it
1261:
1159:Anti-Judaism
1154:Antisemitism
1099:Samaritanism
1077:Christianity
978:Shehecheyanu
909:
902:
895:
888:
883:Four species
790:Pidyon haben
744:Rosh yeshiva
655:
548:Beth midrash
494:Noahide laws
237:Conservative
137:
130:Samaritanism
119:
106:
98:
62:
58:
54:
27:
26:
4751:Catholicism
4333:Hellenistic
4171:Eschatology
4109:Lachoudisch
4034:Lotegorisch
4012:Lachoudisch
4002:Koiné Greek
3915:Judeo-Latin
3852:Palestinian
3746:Palestinian
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3521:Afghan Jews
3509:Berber Jews
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3411:Beta Israel
3329:Persecution
3271:Middle Ages
3098:Pirkei Avot
2854:: Hellenism
2665:Torah study
2663:of text in
2467:attribution
1994:Constantine
1983:Rabbi Akiva
1890:Temple cult
1651:Mount Sinai
1608:during the
1469:Constantine
1445:. See also
1378:) culture.
1376:melting pot
843:Sefer Torah
805:Bereavement
785:Zeved habat
568:Holy Temple
508:Holy cities
242:Conservadox
91:Mount Sinai
59:Rabbinicism
37:יהדות רבנית
4862:Oral Torah
4851:Categories
4746:Anabaptism
4688:Jew (word)
4555:Leadership
4368:Literature
4353:Secularism
4299:Humanistic
4166:Conversion
4136:Philosophy
3977:Judeo-Urdu
3741:Babylonian
3586:Saada Jews
3571:Adeni Jews
3364:Ashkenazim
3319:Samaritans
3286:Population
3241:Israelites
2752:References
2722:, and the
2649:approaches
2498:Rabbi Meir
2312:exegetical
1998:Tisha B'Av
1950:synagogues
1926:Procurator
1849:See also:
1783:newspapers
1526:, but the
1427:Godfearers
1423:proselytes
1400:Gnosticism
1384:spread to
1328:Septuagint
1324:Alexandria
1030:Yom Kippur
573:Tabernacle
318:Chosenness
290:Philosophy
271:Humanistic
154:Background
103:Oral Torah
101:) and the
4808:indicate
4756:Mormonism
4741:Christian
4621:Symbolism
4609:Synagogue
4589:Mythology
4550:Education
4521:Astronomy
4504:Astrology
4321:relations
4126:Zarphatic
4074:Galitzish
3876:Yeshivish
3753:Catalanic
3716:Samaritan
3691:Ashkenazi
3672:Diasporic
3667:Languages
3612:Sephardim
3607:Romaniote
3494:Krymchaks
3428:Desi Jews
3304:Buddhists
2798:The Blogs
2584:Babylonia
2580:Palestine
2400:does not
2352:Tannaitic
2304:midrashic
2213:sacrifice
2169:Acharonim
1975:rebellion
1969:, called
1942:president
1906:Pharisees
1859:from the
1703:Pharisees
1692:Babylonia
1688:Palestine
1590:Hasmonean
1586:Seleucids
1528:Sadducees
1524:Pharisees
1512:Sanhedrin
1350:Hellenism
1149:Criticism
1114:Pluralism
1092:Mormonism
998:Kol Nidre
772:education
697:Acharonim
543:Synagogue
520:Jerusalem
202:Movements
122:Sadducees
55:Rabbinism
44:romanized
4821:Category
4791:Hinduism
4781:Buddhism
4683:Genetics
4599:Politics
4572:Marriage
4531:Holidays
4526:Calendar
4407:Rabbinic
4383:/Hebrew
4328:Haymanot
4255:Orthodox
4242:Branches
4215:Kabbalah
4210:Haskalah
4188:Holiness
4064:dialects
4044:Shassagh
4007:Krymchak
3987:Kayliñña
3881:Yinglish
3857:Galilean
3847:Talmudic
3842:Biblical
3817:Betanure
3736:Biblical
3731:Mishnaic
3726:Medieval
3711:Tiberian
3706:Yemenite
3696:Sephardi
3632:Paradesi
3576:Ḥabbanim
3566:Teimanim
3531:Baghdadi
3504:Maghrebi
3472:Karaites
3450:Gruzínim
3438:Kochinim
3356:Diaspora
3314:Karaites
3299:Atheists
3236:Timeline
3144:(2002).
3131:(1999).
2962:15 March
2920:"Talmud"
2746:Beth din
2734:See also
2724:prophets
2653:exegesis
2491:hachamim
2479:halakhic
2377:אמורא).
2342:(c. 200
2308:halakhic
2164:Rishonim
2152:Savoraim
2020:Pharisee
1707:Saducees
1670:redacted
1618:Caligula
1602:Josephus
1451:Domitian
1179:Muhammad
1082:Hinduism
1055:Hanukkah
993:Tachanun
988:Havdalah
853:Tefillin
800:Marriage
692:Rishonim
678:Savoraim
535:Tiberias
484:Tzedakah
404:Rabbinic
303:Kabbalah
276:Haymanot
210:Orthodox
163:a series
161:Part of
148:Oral Law
142:(Jewish
4806:Italics
4631:Studies
4577:Divorce
4543:Kashrut
4538:Cuisine
4496:Culture
4427:Midrash
4422:Tosefta
4412:Mishnah
4400:Ketuvim
4395:Nevi'im
4358:Schisms
4348:Science
4338:Karaite
4309:Renewal
4270:Litvaks
4265:Hasidic
4220:Sefirot
4205:Halakha
4176:Messiah
4149:Mitzvah
4144:Beliefs
4098:Western
4084:Poylish
4079:Litvish
4069:Eastern
4059:Yiddish
4054:Shuadit
4039:Qwareña
4027:Tetuani
4022:Haketia
3997:Knaanic
3992:Kivruli
3940:Bukhori
3886:Heblish
3822:Hulaulá
3812:Barzani
3768:Yahudic
3701:Mizrahi
3561:Urfalim
3516:Mizrahi
3460:Neofiti
3455:Italkim
3384:Lita'im
3276:Zionism
3228:History
3202:Judaism
3068:Grayzel
2994:Grayzel
2679:tartzan
2671:makshan
2657:Judaism
2630:(sing.
2626:Amoraim
2620:Aramaic
2523:Iggeret
2507:Iggeret
2460:Tannaim
2453:Mishnah
2421:removed
2406:sources
2381:Mishnah
2373:(sing.
2370:Amoraim
2363:(sing.
2360:Tannaim
2340:Mishnah
2329:Shammai
2316:Mishnah
2255:the way
2250:halakha
2242:melakha
2238:melakha
2225:Mishnah
2207:As the
2147:Amoraim
2142:Tannaim
2100:Numbers
2098:18 and
2085:the way
2080:halakha
2072:Mishnah
2064:Gemarah
2051:exile.
2041:Yeshiva
2009:Mishnah
1987:messiah
1967:Jupiter
1963:Hadrian
1894:Essenes
1797:scholar
1715:Mishnah
1711:Zealots
1666:Mishnah
1622:Sejanus
1606:Zealots
1574:Messiah
1480:Gnostic
1443:Judaism
1413:). The
1139:Zionism
1045:Shavuot
963:Kaddish
940:Prayers
873:Menorah
868:Mezuzah
858:Tzitzit
813:Yeshiva
768:Culture
673:Amoraim
668:Tannaim
639:Rebecca
627:Solomon
595:Abraham
474:Kashrut
425:Tosefta
420:Midrash
410:Mishnah
392:Piyutim
373:Ketuvim
368:Nevi'im
308:Messiah
266:Renewal
256:Karaite
221:Hasidic
171:Judaism
139:halakha
67:Judaism
46::
39:
4614:Hazzan
4604:Prayer
4481:Siddur
4417:Talmud
4381:Tanakh
4316:Neolog
4289:Reform
4277:Modern
4260:Haredi
4183:Ethics
4049:Shassi
4017:Ladino
3982:Karaim
3965:Juhuri
3807:Targum
3721:Signed
3686:Modern
3681:Hebrew
3649:Xuetes
3445:Dönmeh
3404:Yekkes
3102:talmud
3020:
2873:
2834:
2775:
2685:talmud
2604:Hebrew
2600:Gemara
2588:Gemara
2573:Gemara
2567:Gemara
2483:Hebrew
2348:Gemara
2333:Hillel
2289:Tanakh
2279:Talmud
2261:Talmud
2229:Gemara
2209:rabbis
2159:Geonim
2132:Chazal
2096:Exodus
2092:Talmud
2024:Amidah
1938:prince
1921:Jews.
1904:, and
1886:Masada
1843:, and
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1792:
1785:
1778:
1770:
1709:, and
1684:Gemara
1680:Talmud
1678:. The
1433:: the
1144:Israel
1040:Pesach
1035:Sukkot
983:Hallel
968:Minyan
958:Aleinu
953:Amidah
926:Gartel
921:Kittel
904:Hadass
878:Shofar
863:Kippah
848:Tallit
823:Cheder
818:Kollel
734:Hazzan
687:Geonim
662:Chazal
644:Rachel
558:Sukkah
553:Mikveh
530:Hebron
512:places
489:Niddah
479:Tzniut
415:Talmud
387:Siddur
382:Ḥumash
357:Tanakh
313:Ethics
249:Reform
228:Modern
216:Haredi
188:
182:
115:Talmud
32:Hebrew
4786:Islam
4594:Names
4584:Music
4565:Rebbe
4560:Rabbi
4514:Monen
4469:Zohar
4390:Torah
4385:Bible
3499:Lemba
3374:Chuts
3096:e.g.
2728:sages
2716:Moses
2712:rabbi
2640:אמורא
2634:Amora
2609:gamar
2487:חכמים
2375:Amora
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2137:Zugot
2045:Yavne
1940:, or
1804:JSTOR
1790:books
1639:Torah
1594:Roman
1541:tanna
1520:zugot
1507:zugot
1342:Judea
1332:Philo
1174:Jesus
1169:Music
1087:Islam
1050:Purim
948:Shema
911:Arava
897:Lulav
890:Etrog
754:Kohen
749:Mohel
739:Dayan
729:Posek
724:Rebbe
719:Rabbi
634:Sarah
622:David
617:Aaron
612:Moses
605:Jacob
600:Isaac
525:Safed
397:Zohar
363:Torah
349:Texts
328:Names
87:Moses
61:, or
3200:and
3198:Jews
3018:ISBN
2964:2014
2871:ISBN
2832:ISBN
2805:2020
2773:ISBN
2594:גמרא
2582:and
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2404:any
2402:cite
2321:משנה
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1776:news
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1690:and
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770:and
649:Leah
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