556:, how these vaccines are produced is affected. Inactivated RHD vaccines, including Eravac, Felavac, and Cylap, are “liver-derived”, meaning that laboratory rabbits are intentionally infected with RHD and their livers and spleens harvested to make vaccines. Each rabbit used results in the production of thousands of vaccine doses. This has led to controversy among rabbit lovers, who question the ethics of some rabbits having to die to protect others but is not an issue where rabbits are primarily farmed for meat. Another method of reproducing the virus is through recombinant technology, where antigenic portions of the RHD viruses are inserted into viruses that can be grown in culture. This is the method used to create Nobivac Myxo-RHD PLUS.
232:
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bedding, feeders, and water also spread the virus. Flies, fleas, and mosquitoes can carry the virus between rabbits. Predators and scavengers can also spread the virus by shedding it in their feces. Caliciviruses are highly resistant in the environment, and can survive freezing for prolonged periods. The virus can persist in infected meat for months, and for prolonged periods in decomposing carcasses. Importation of rabbit meat may be a major contributor in the spread of the virus to new geographic regions.
65:
599:, 2% One-Stroke Environ, Virkon S, Clorox Healthcare Bleach Germicidal Wipes, Trifectant, Rescue, and hydrogen peroxide cleaners. Surface debris must always be mechanically removed prior to disinfection. A list of disinfectants that are effective against calicivirus (in this case norovirus) can be found on the Environmental Protection Agency's website. Studies have shown that many quaternary ammonium compound based disinfectants do not inactivate caliciviruses.
334:. It is a nonenveloped virus with a diameter around 35–40 nm, icosahedral symmetry, and a linear positive-sense RNA genome of 6.4–8.5 kb. RHDV causes a generalized infection in rabbits that is characterized by liver necrosis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and rapid death. Division into serotypes has been defined by a lack of cross-neutralization using specific antisera. Rabbit lagoviruses also include related caliciviruses such as
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2 weeks old at the time of the introduction were resistant to the disease. These young rabbits were, therefore, able to survive and breed rabbit numbers back up. Ten years on, rabbit populations (in the
Mackenzie Basin in particular) are beginning to reach near preplague proportions once again, though they have not yet returned to pre-RHD levels. Resistance to RHD in New Zealand rabbits has led to the widespread use of
31:
763:. In 1995, the virus escaped quarantine and subsequently killed 10 million rabbits within 8 weeks of its release. In March 2017, a new Korean strain known as RHDV K5 was successfully released in a deliberate manner after almost a decade of research. This strain was chosen in part because it functions better in cool, wet regions where the previous
813:
The first report of RHDV2 virus in North
America was on a farm in Québec, in 2016. In 2018, a larger outbreak occurred in feral European rabbits on Delta and Vancouver Island, British Columbia. The disease was confirmed later that year in a pet rabbit in Ohio. In July 2019, the first case of RHDV2 in
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area) admitted to processing rabbits that had died from the disease in kitchen blenders for further spreading. Had the disease been introduced at a better time, control of the population would have been more effective, but it was released after breeding had commenced for the season, and rabbits under
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In acute cases, rabbits are inactive and reluctant to move. They may develop a fever up to 42 °C (107.6 °F) and have increased heart and respiratory rates. Bloody discharge from the nose, mouth, or vulva is common, as is blood in the feces or urine. Lateral recumbency, coma, and convulsions
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RHD caused by RHDV and RHDVa demonstrates high morbidity (up to 100%) and mortality (40-100%) in adult
European rabbits. Young rabbits 6–8 weeks old are less likely to be infected, and kits younger than 4 weeks old do not become ill. The more recently emerged RHDV2 causes death and disease in rabbits
341:
RHDV appears to have evolved from a pre-existing avirulent rabbit calicivirus (RCV). Nonpathogenic rabbit caliciviruses related to, but distinct from RHDV, had been circulating, apparently harmlessly, in Europe, Australia, and New
Zealand prior to the emergence of RHDV. In the course of its evolution
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Mexico experienced an outbreak of RHDVa in domestic rabbits from 1989 to 1991, presumably following the importation of rabbit meat from the People's
Republic of China. Strict quarantine and depopulation measures were able to eradicate the virus, and the country was officially declared to be RHD-free
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Vaccines that protect against both RHDVa and RHDV2 strains include: Filavac VHD K C+V, manufactured by
Filavie, protects against both classical RHDVa and RHDV-2. It is available in single dose and multidose vials. A soon-to-be-released vaccine from MSD Animal Health, Nobivac Myxo-RHD PLUS, is a live
809:
Isolated outbreaks of RHDVa in domestic rabbits have occurred in the United States, the first of which was in Iowa in 2000. In 2001, outbreaks occurred in Utah, Illinois, and New York. More recent outbreaks of RHDVa have occurred in 2005 in
Indiana and 2018 in Pennsylvania. Each of these outbreaks
709:
RHD caused by RHDVa was reported for the first time in the United
Kingdom in 1992. This initial epidemic was brought under control in the late 1990s using a combination of vaccination, strict biosecurity, and good husbandry. The newer viral strain RHDV2 was first detected in England and Wales in
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The incubation period for RHDVa is 1–2 days, and for RHDV2 3–5 days. Rabbits infected with RHDV2 are more likely to show subacute or chronic signs than are those infected with RHDVa. In rabbitries, an epidemic with high mortality rates in adult and subadult rabbits is typical. If the outbreak is
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Because of the highly infectious nature of the disease, strict quarantine is necessary when outbreaks occur. Depopulation, disinfection, vaccination, surveillance, and quarantine are the only way to properly and effectively eradicate the disease. Deceased rabbits must be removed immediately and
377:
Both viruses causing RHD are extremely contagious. Transmission occurs by direct contact with infected animals, carcasses, bodily fluids (urine, feces, respiratory secretions), and hair. Surviving rabbits may be contagious for up to 2 months. Contaminated fomites such as clothing, food, cages,
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Complete blood counts from rabbits with RHD often show low levels of white blood cells and platelets, and chemistry panels show elevated liver enzymes. Evidence of liver failure may also be present, including increased bile acids and bilirubin, and decreased glucose and cholesterol. Prolonged
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as young as 15 days old. Mortality rates from RHDV2 are more variable at 5-70%. Initially less virulent, the pathogenicity of RHDV2 has been increasing and is now similar to that found with RHDV and RHDVa. Deaths from RHDV2 have been confirmed in rabbits previously vaccinated against RHDVa.
537:. The tissue of choice for molecular testing is fresh or frozen liver, as it usually contains the largest numbers of virus, but if this is not available, spleen and serum can also be used. Identification of the strain of RHDV is needed so vaccination protocols can be adjusted accordingly.
668:. The cause of the disease was determined to be a small, nonenveloped RNA virus. An inactivated vaccine was developed that proved effective in preventing disease. In less than a year, the disease spread over an area of 50,000 km in China and killed 140 million domestic rabbits.
381:
RHD outbreaks tend to be seasonal in wild rabbit populations, where most adults have survived infection and are immune. As young kits grow up and stop nursing, they no longer receive the antibodies provided in their mother's milk and become susceptible to infection. Thus, RHD
389:
Generally, high host specificity exists among lagoviruses. Classic RHDVa only affects
European rabbits, a species native to Europe and from which the domestic rabbit is descended. The new variant RHDV2 affects European rabbits, as well, but also causes fatal RHD in various
1435:
Ambagala, Aruna; Schwantje, Helen; Laurendeau, Sonja; Snyman, Heindrich; Joseph, Tomy; Pickering, Bradley; Hooper-McGrevy, Kathleen; Babiuk, Shawn; Moffat, Estella; Lamboo, Lindsey; Lung, Oliver; Goolia, Melissa; Pinette, Mathieu; Embury-Hyatt, Carissa (2021-05-26).
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Caliciviruses are stable in the environment and difficult to inactivate. Products commonly used for household disinfection such as Clorox and Lysol disinfecting wipes do not work against these viruses. One effective option is to wipe down surfaces with a 10%
364:(abbreviated as RHDV2 or RHDVb), also caused RHD, but exhibited distinctive genetic, antigenic, and pathogenic features. Importantly, RHDV2 killed rabbits previously vaccinated with RHDV vaccines, and affected young European rabbits, as well as hares (
353:). This virus was first reported in China in 1984, from which it spread to much of Asia, Europe, Australia, and elsewhere. A few isolated outbreaks of RHDV have occurred in the United States and Mexico, but they remained localized and were eradicated.
3123:
Farnós, O; Fernández, E; Chiong, M; et al. (2009). "Virus-like particles of the Rabbit
Hemorrhagic Disease Virus obtained in yeast are able to induce protective immunity against classical strains and a viral subtype circulating in Cuba".
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Vaccines against only the classic RHDVa strain are: Cylap RCD Vaccine, made by Zoetis, protects rabbits from two different strains of RHDVa (v351 and K5) that are used for wild rabbit control in Australia. CUNIPRAVAC RHD, manufactured by
878:. A mass disinfectant and vaccination campaign was ordered by the Directorate of Agricultural Development and over 390 thousand rabbits have received vaccinations. It has been confirmed ever since then, that the disease is present In
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A second outbreak of RHD in domestic rabbits began in the state of Chihuahua in April 2020 and has since spread to Sonora, Baja California, Baja California Sur, Coahuila, and Durango. As of 2021 and 2022, a RHD outbreak occurred in
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Since 1993, RHDVa has been endemic in Cuba. Four epizootics involving domesticated rabbits were reported in 1993, 1997, 2000–2001, and 2004–2005. As consequence, thousands of rabbits have died or have been slaughtered each time.
368:
spp.). All these features strongly suggest that the virus was not derived from RHDVa, but from some other unknown source. RHDV2 has since spread to the majority of Europe, as well as to Australia, Canada, and the United States.
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and are found in the wild in much of Western Europe. Domesticated breeds are farmed throughout the world for meat and fur, and are becoming increasingly popular pets. European rabbits have been introduced to and become
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From China, RHDVa spread westward to Europe. The first report of RHD in Europe came from in Italy in 1986. From there, it spread to much of Europe. Spain's first reported case was in 1988, and France, Belgium, and
643:(RHDV2) emerged in France. RHDV2 has since spread from France to the rest of Europe, Great Britain, Australia, and New Zealand. Outbreaks started occurring in the United States and Vancouver Island Canada in 2019.
679:
was the next country to report RHD outbreaks following the importation of rabbit fur from Mainland China. RHD has since spread to and become endemic in many countries in Asia, including India and the Middle East.
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In 2020, outbreaks of the disease in domestic rabbits, as well as cottontail rabbits and hares, have been reported in Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, Texas, Nevada, California and Utah. Affected wildlife include
810:
was contained and was the result of separate but indeterminable introductions of RHDVa. RHDVa does not affect the native cottontail and jackrabbits in the United States, so the virus did not become endemic.
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lesion seen in rabbits with RHD is extensive hepatic necrosis. Multifocal hemorrhages, splenomegaly, bronchopneumonia, pulmonary hemorrhage or edema, and myocardial necrosis may sometimes also be seen.
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Countries in which RHD is not considered endemic may place restrictions on importation of RHDV vaccines. Importation of these vaccines into the United States can only be done with the approval of the
857:
In June 2022, a case occurred in Hawaii. It was first confirmed in a neutered hare on Maui. Department of Agriculture inspectors began testing after becoming aware of 9 rabbit deaths on a Maui farm.
854:). The virus circulating in the Southwest United States is distinct from the RHDV2 isolated from New York, Washington, Ohio, and British Columbia, Canada. The sources of these outbreaks are unknown.
564:, protects against the RHDVa strains found in Europe. Nobivac Myxo-RHD, made by MSD Animal Health, is a live myxoma-vectored vaccine that offers one-year duration of immunity against both RHDVa and
2695:
550:
A number of vaccines available against RHD are sold in countries where the disease is endemic. All provide 12 months of protection against RHD viruses. Because RHD viruses cannot normally be grown
2609:
796:. The government and department of conservation are having to increase their use of 1080 to protect reserve land from rabbits and preserve the gains made in recent years through the use of RHD.
458:
RHD can vary in the rate clinical signs occur. In peracute cases, rabbits are usually found dead with no premonitory symptoms. Rabbits may be observed grazing normally immediately before death.
779:
decided not to allow RHDVa to be imported into New Zealand to control rabbit populations. However, in late August, RHDVa was confirmed to have been deliberately and illegally introduced to the
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lesions. Definitive diagnosis requires detection of the virus. As most caliciviruses cannot be grown in cell culture, antibody and nucleic acid based methods of viral detection are often used.
484:
also occur, and can continue to shed virus for months, thereby infecting other animals. Surviving rabbits develop a strong immunity to the specific viral variant with which they were infected.
787:. An unsuccessful attempt was made by New Zealand officials to control the spread of the disease. It was, however, being intentionally spread, and several farmers (notably in the
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465:
Subacute to chronic RHD has a more protracted clinical course, and is more commonly noted with RHDV2 infections. Clinical signs include lethargy, anorexia, weight loss, and
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followed in 1990. Spain experienced a large die-off of wild rabbits, which in turn caused a population decline in predators that normally ate rabbits, including the
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identified the viral strain as RHDV2. Cases of viral transmission to domesticated pet rabbits have been confirmed, and vaccinating rabbits has been recommended.
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discarded in a safe manner. Surviving rabbits should be quarantined or humanely euthanized. Test rabbits may be used to monitor the virus on vaccinated farms.
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RHD was first reported in 1984 in the People's Republic of China. Since then, RHD has spread to over 40 countries in Africa, the Americas, Asia, Europe, and
480:
Not all rabbits exposed to RHDVa or RHDV2 become overtly ill. A small proportion of infected rabbits clears the virus without developing signs of disease.
257:. Some viral strains also affect hares and cottontail rabbits. Mortality rates generally range from 70 to 100 percent. The disease is caused by strains of
2320:
477:, and neurologic abnormalities can also occur. Death, if it occurs, usually happens 1–2 weeks after the onset of symptoms, and is due to liver failure.
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of medical significance are RHDV, RHDVa and RHDV2. RHDV (also referred to as RHDV, RHDV1, or as classical RHD) only affects adult European rabbits (
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1612:"Inclusion of an Arg-Gly-Asp receptor-recognition motif into the capsid protein of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus enables culture of the virus"
2004:
3271:
962:"Epitope Insertion at the N-Terminal Molecular Switch of the Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus T=3 Capsid Protein Leads to Larger T=4 Capsids"
1908:
Le Minor, O.; Boucher, S.; Joudou, L.; Mellet, R.; Sourice, M.; Le Moullec, T.; Nicolier, A.; Beilvert, F.; Sigognault-Flochlay, A. (2019).
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prothrombin and activated partial thromboplastin times are typical. Urinalysis can show bilirubinuria, proteinuria, and high urinary GGT.
3210:
2486:
1765:
Read, AJ; Kirkland, PD (July 2017). "Efficacy of a commercial vaccine against different strains of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus".
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1516:
1511:
1386:"Comparative analysis of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) and new RHDV2 virus antigenicity, using specific virus-like particles"
2948:"Acuerdo por el que se declara el territorio de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos, libre de la enfermedad hemorrágica viral de los conejos"
2635:
Campagnolo, ER; Ernst, MJ; Berniger, ML; et al. (October 2003). "Outbreak of rabbit hemorrhagic disease in domestic lagomorphs".
1910:"Rabbit haemorrhagic disease: experimental study of a recent highly pathogenic GI.2/RHDV2/b strain and evaluation of vaccine efficacy"
1189:"Detection and preliminary characterization of a new rabbit calicivirus related to rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus but nonpathogenic"
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Vaccines against only the newer RHDV2 strain are: Eravac vaccine, manufactured by HIPRA, protects rabbits against RHDV2 for a year.
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A presumptive diagnosis of RHD can often be made based on clinical presentation, infection pattern within a population, and
2747:
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Kennedy, MA; Mellon, VS; Caldwell, G; et al. (1995). "Virucidal efficacy of the newer quaternary ammonium compounds".
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may be observed before death. Rabbits with the acute form generally die within 12 to 36 hours from the onset of fever.
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1808:
1438:"Incursions of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus 2 in Canada—Clinical, molecular and epidemiological investigation"
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Isomursu, M; Neimanis, A; Karkamo, V; et al. (2018). "An Outbreak of Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease in Finland".
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RHD was detected for the first time in Finland in 2016. The outbreak occurred in feral European rabbits, and
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solution, allowing 10 minutes of contact time before rinsing. Other disinfectants shown to work include 10%
356:
In 2010, a new lagovirus with a distinct antigenic profile was identified in France. The new virus, named
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tests are a commonly used and accurate testing modality for RNA-based viruses. Other tests used include
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These viruses replicate in the liver and by mechanisms not fully elucidated, trigger the mass death of
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64:
2901:
793:
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Rocchi, MS; Dagleish, MP (2018). "Diagnosis and prevention of rabbit viral haemorrhagic disease 2".
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The first reported outbreak of RHD caused by RHDVa occurred in 1984 in the Jiangsu Province of the
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Parts of this article (those related to subdivision by genotype (use Pendu et al 2017)) need to be
2305:
1094:
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In 1991, a strain of the RHDVa virus, Czech CAPM 351RHDV, was imported to Australia under strict
2902:"Viral haemorrhagic disease of rabbits in Mexico : epidemiology and viral characterization"
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3099:
2722:"Rabbit haemorrhagic disease, United States of America (Jefferson County, Pennsylvania report)"
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431:
3143:"B.C. Issues warning to pet rabbit owners as virus spreads to Lower Mainland | CBC News"
1976:
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231:
249:), also known as viral hemorrhagic disease (VHD), is a highly infectious and lethal form of
3232:
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1585:
912:
744:
59:
2583:
2338:
Chasey, D (1994). "Possible origin of rabbit haemorrhagic disease in the United Kingdom".
2215:"Rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD) and rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV): a review"
8:
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recombinant vector vaccine active against both RHDVa and RHDV2, as well as myxomatosis.
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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El Sol de Tulancingo | Noticias Locales, Policiacas, sobre MĂ©xico, Hidalgo y el Mundo
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conditions to research the safety and usefulness of the virus if it were used as a
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El Sol de Hidalgo | Noticias Locales, Policiacas, sobre MĂ©xico, Hidalgo y el Mundo
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El Sol de Hidalgo | Noticias Locales, Policiacas, sobre MĂ©xico, Hidalgo y el Mundo
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2821:"Highly Contagious and Deadly Rabbit Disease Found in California for First Time"
2648:
2266:"An outbreak of rabbit sudden death in Korea suspected of a new viral hepatitis"
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Liu, SJ; Xue, HP; Pu, BQ; et al. (1984). "A new viral disease in rabbits".
51:
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Gleeson, M; Petritz, OA (May 2020). "Emerging Infectious Diseases of Rabbits".
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RHD is primarily a disease affecting European rabbits, which are native to the
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Committee for Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use, European Medicines Agency
1402:
1011:"Proposal for a unified classification system and nomenclature of lagoviruses"
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3195:
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1055:"Increased pathogenicity in rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus type 2 (RHDV2)"
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RHDV split into six distinct genotypes, all of which are highly pathogenic.
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2157:"Emergence of a new lagovirus related to rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus"
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1512:"Deadly rabbit disease confirmed in Thurston County; vets urge vaccination"
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818:. RHDV2 have been reported in domestic rabbits in Washington and New York.
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113:
3049:"Advierten sobre la enfermedad hemorrágica viral del conejo en Tulancingo"
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species have been coming from the current outbreak in the United States.
2801:(Press release). Olympia, WA: Washington State Department of Agriculture
2514:
Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease: Issues in Assessment for biological control
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2776:"First report of Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Type 2 In US found in Ohio"
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1437:
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423:
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2033:"EPA's registered antimicrobial products effective against Norovirus"
438:. Bleeding may occur, as clotting factors and platelets are used up.
435:
383:
268:
161:
89:
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Le Gall-Reculé, G; Lavazza, A; Marchandeau, S; et al. (2013).
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in Australia, New Zealand, Chile, Argentina, and various islands.
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In July 1997, after considering over 800 public submissions, the
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592:
42:
38:
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Abrantes, J; van der Loo, W; Le Pendu, J; et al. (2012).
2057:
1245:"Origin and Phylodynamics of Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus"
1187:
Capucci, L; Fusi, P; Lavazza, A; et al. (December 1996).
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Luque, D; González, JM; Gómez-Blanco, J; et al. (2012).
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Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation
1186:
1053:
Capucci, L; Cavadini, P; Schiavitto, M; et al. (2017).
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1907:
1690:"HRS RHDV2 Vaccine Ethics Statement | House Rabbit Society"
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Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice
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Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice
46:
30:
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caused by RHDV2, then deaths also occur in young rabbits.
2584:"Rabbit calicivirus infection confirmed in Iowa rabbitry"
1299:
Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine (Xumu Yu Shouyi)
2877:"State: Virus that's deadly to rabbits detected on Maui"
2748:"Rabbit hemorrhagic disease in British Columbia, Canada"
3161:
2851:"Rabbit haemorrhagic disease, United States of America"
2637:
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
1384:
Bárcena, J; Guerra, B; Angulo, I; et al. (2015).
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occur more often during the rabbits' breeding season.
2512:
Munro, Robert K.; Williams, Richard T., eds. (1994).
1099:
International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)
940:
International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)
3140:
New outbreak in Canada reported on Vancouver Island
2671:"Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease (Calicivirus) in the US"
2610:"Viral Hemorrhagic Disease of Rabbits_ Utah 8_28_01"
2321:"Deadly Rabbit Disease May Have Doomed Iberian Lynx"
2899:
2590:. American Veterinary Medical Association. May 2000
2487:"K5 rabbit virus an early success, researchers say"
2061:
Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association
1586:"Southwest US faces lethal rabbit disease outbreak"
280:
3075:"Inmunizan a más de 390 mil conejos en Tepeapulco"
3023:"Detectan primer caso de fiebre hemorrágica viral"
2799:"Deadly rabbit disease confirmed on Orcas Island"
2264:Lee, CS; Park, CK; Shin, TK; et al. (1990).
1242:
3291:
1504:
602:
372:
2208:
2206:
2204:
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710:2014, and soon spread to Scotland and Ireland.
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2306:"Iberian Lynx Depends On Rabbits for Survival"
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2107:The Center for Food Security and Public Health
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1143:
1139:
1137:
1135:
814:Washington was confirmed in a pet rabbit from
16:Disease that affects wild and domestic rabbits
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1610:Zhu, J; Miao, Q; Tan, Y; et al. (2017).
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636:, and is endemic in most parts of the world.
2702:. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
2616:. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
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924:
899:The virus is also believed to be present in
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1312:
804:
2900:Gregg, DA; House, C; Berninger, M (1991).
2270:The Japanese Journal of Veterinary Science
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1517:Washington State Department of Agriculture
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29:
2516:. Canberra: Bureau of Resource Sciences.
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1935:
1925:
1713:
1637:
1627:
1453:
1411:
1401:
1360:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1268:
1243:Kerr, PJ; Kitchen, A; Holmes, EC (2009).
1214:
1204:
1070:
1026:
985:
747:. Testing of the virus was undertaken on
540:
394:species, including Sardinian Cape hares (
2906:Revue Scientifique et Technique de l'OIE
2845:
2843:
2841:
2539:"Plan for 1080 drops in MacKenzie Basin"
2536:
2312:
2298:
1309:
582:and the appropriate state veterinarian.
445:
230:
1491:American Veterinary Medical Association
1231:
1087:
580:United States Department of Agriculture
360:rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus type 2
3292:
2796:
2728:. World Organization for Animal Health
2450:
2444:
2337:
1285:
660:. The outbreak occurred in a group of
428:disseminated intravascular coagulation
3171:
3170:
2973:"Rabbit haemorrhagic disease, Mexico"
2874:
2838:
2696:"Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease_ Indiana"
2484:
2423:
2318:
1583:
1478:
469:. Gastrointestinal dilation, cardiac
2097:
794:Compound 1080 (Sodium fluoroacetate)
743:against Australia and New Zealand's
639:In 2010, a new virus variant called
450:European rabbit with ocular jaundice
286:
1714:Francisco, EM (13 September 2019).
1662:"CVMP assessment report for ERAVAC"
1442:Transboundary and Emerging Diseases
1335:Kerr, PJ; Donnelly, TM (May 2013).
13:
3072:
3020:
2453:"Rabbit Calicivirus Disease (RCD)"
2037:US Environmental Protection Agency
1009:Le Pendu, J.; et al. (2017).
641:rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus 2
417:
336:European brown hare syndrome virus
14:
3321:
3150:
3046:
1584:Fiala, Jennifer (2 August 2008).
704:
516:enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
441:
3211:Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus
3181:Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus
2875:Staff, H. N. N. (22 June 2022).
2778:. Ohio Department of Agriculture
1206:10.1128/JVI.70.12.8614-8623.1996
347:rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus
324:Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus
291:
282:Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus
260:rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus
176:Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus
63:
23:Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus
3116:
3092:
3066:
3040:
3014:
2990:
2965:
2952:Diario Oficial de la FederaciĂłn
2940:
2893:
2868:
2813:
2790:
2768:
2740:
2714:
2688:
2663:
2602:
2576:
2555:
2530:
2505:
2478:
2427:Australia's War Against Rabbits
2417:
2374:
2331:
2257:
2148:
2120:
2051:
2025:
2005:"State Animal Health Officials"
1997:
1969:
1944:
1901:
1876:
1851:
1826:
1801:
1758:
1733:
1707:
1682:
1654:
1616:Journal of Biological Chemistry
1603:
1577:
1428:
1377:
1015:The Journal of General Virology
585:
326:(RHDV) is a virus in the genus
1180:
1002:
953:
777:New Zealand Ministry of Health
770:
671:
1:
2308:. Science Daily. 5 July 2011.
2128:"Rabbit haemorrhagic disease"
1834:"Nobivac Myxo RHD | Overview"
1767:Australian Veterinary Journal
1337:"Viral Infections of Rabbits"
918:
876:Mexico City Metropolitan Area
603:Quarantine and other measures
373:Epidemiology and transmission
2563:"Welcome to 1080: The Facts"
2383:Journal of Wildlife Diseases
2100:"Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease"
1486:"Rabbit hemorrhagic disease"
730:
664:that had been imported from
487:
41:reconstruction of the virus
7:
2649:10.2460/javma.2003.223.1151
2537:Williams, D (26 May 2009).
2135:OIE Technical Disease Cards
906:
545:
10:
3326:
2797:McGann, C (19 June 2019).
2319:Platt, JR (12 July 2011).
1353:10.1016/j.cvex.2013.02.002
1158:10.1016/j.cvex.2020.01.008
894:
725:
713:
426:which can in turn lead to
243:Rabbit hemorrhagic disease
3179:
2485:Adams, P (1 April 2017).
2074:10.5326/15473317-31-3-254
1720:European Medicines Agency
1403:10.1186/s13567-015-0245-5
860:
683:
396:L. capensis mediterraneus
213:
206:
188:
183:
58:
37:
28:
21:
2283:10.1292/jvms1939.52.1135
932:"ICTV 9th Report (2011)
848:black-tailed jackrabbits
805:United States and Canada
741:biological control agent
651:
2232:10.1186/1297-9716-43-12
2174:10.1186/1297-9716-44-81
1952:"Nobivac Myxo-RHD PLUS"
1716:"Nobivac Myxo-RHD Plus"
1629:10.1074/jbc.M117.780924
885:
800:North and South America
646:
612:Geographic distribution
402:), and mountain hares (
3126:BiotecnologĂa Aplicada
1927:10.4995/wrs.2019.11082
699:Spanish imperial eagle
541:Prevention and control
451:
432:hepatic encephalopathy
239:
3300:Animal viral diseases
2918:10.20506/rst.10.2.556
2352:10.1136/vr.135.21.496
755:off the coast of the
482:Asymptomatic carriers
449:
406:). Reports of RHD in
351:Oryctolagus cuniculus
345:The three strains of
234:
197:RCV-A1 (RHDV-RCV-A1)
2430:. CSIRO Publishing.
1914:World Rabbit Science
1694:House Rabbit Society
1261:10.1128/JVI.01523-09
1028:10.1099/jgv.0.000840
978:10.1128/JVI.07050-11
913:Rabbits in Australia
840:antelope jackrabbits
767:was less effective.
60:Virus classification
3100:"Story Map Journal"
2395:10.7589/2017-11-286
2325:Scientific American
2219:Veterinary Research
2161:Veterinary Research
2039:. 28 September 2015
1884:"Filavac VHD K C+V"
1741:"Cylap RCD Vaccine"
1390:Veterinary Research
1255:(23): 12129–12138.
1249:Journal of Virology
1193:Journal of Virology
966:Journal of Virology
824:mountain cottontail
745:rabbit pest problem
520:electron microscopy
235:Rabbit Calicivirus
3305:Hemorrhagic fevers
3104:dj.senasica.gob.mx
2700:www.aphis.usda.gov
2614:www.aphis.usda.gov
2451:Strive, T (2008).
2424:Cooke, BD (2014).
1455:10.1111/tbed.14128
828:Sylvilagus nutalli
452:
398:), Italian hares (
240:
222:Pendu et al., 2017
217:Lagovirus europeus
3287:
3286:
3173:Taxon identifiers
3073:Vargas, Gustavo.
2881:hawaiinewsnow.com
2565:. 1080facts.co.nz
2466:on April 15, 2014
2340:Veterinary Record
1977:"APHIS Form 2005"
1838:MSD Animal Health
1779:10.1111/avj.12600
1745:www.zoetis.com.au
1622:(21): 8605–8615.
1199:(12): 8614–8623.
1072:10.1136/vr.104132
1059:Veterinary Record
972:(12): 6470–6480.
832:desert cottontail
618:Iberian Peninsula
321:
320:
238:
229:
228:
223:
3317:
3280:
3279:
3267:
3266:
3254:
3253:
3241:
3240:
3228:
3227:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3200:
3199:
3198:
3168:
3167:
3146:
3134:
3133:
3120:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3096:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3086:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3060:
3047:Ortiz, Yulissa.
3044:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3021:Vargas, Bianca.
3018:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3008:
2994:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2944:
2938:
2937:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2847:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2817:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2752:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2675:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2570:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2534:
2528:
2527:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2465:
2459:. Archived from
2448:
2442:
2441:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2285:
2276:(5): 1135–1137.
2261:
2255:
2254:
2244:
2234:
2210:
2197:
2196:
2186:
2176:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2132:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2104:
2098:Spickler, Anna.
2095:
2086:
2085:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2009:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1981:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1929:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1809:"CUNIPRAVAC RHD"
1805:
1799:
1798:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1666:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1641:
1631:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1546:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1525:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1498:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1457:
1448:(4): 1711–1720.
1432:
1426:
1425:
1415:
1405:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1364:
1332:
1307:
1306:
1294:
1283:
1282:
1272:
1240:
1229:
1228:
1218:
1208:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1141:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1074:
1050:
1041:
1040:
1030:
1021:(7): 1658–1666.
1006:
1000:
999:
989:
957:
951:
950:
948:
946:
928:
597:sodium hydroxide
362:
361:
316:
313:
307:
295:
294:
287:
255:European rabbits
236:
221:
200:RHDV (RHDV-Ash)
191:RHDV (RHDV-FRG)
68:
67:
54:
33:
19:
18:
3325:
3324:
3320:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3314:
3310:Rabbit diseases
3290:
3289:
3288:
3283:
3275:
3270:
3262:
3257:
3249:
3244:
3236:
3231:
3223:
3218:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3194:
3193:
3188:
3175:
3153:
3141:
3137:
3121:
3117:
3108:
3106:
3098:
3097:
3093:
3084:
3082:
3071:
3067:
3058:
3056:
3045:
3041:
3032:
3030:
3019:
3015:
3006:
3004:
2996:
2995:
2991:
2981:
2979:
2971:
2970:
2966:
2956:
2954:
2946:
2945:
2941:
2898:
2894:
2885:
2883:
2873:
2869:
2859:
2857:
2849:
2848:
2839:
2830:
2828:
2825:NBC Los Angeles
2819:
2818:
2814:
2804:
2802:
2795:
2791:
2781:
2779:
2774:
2773:
2769:
2759:
2757:
2750:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2731:
2729:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2705:
2703:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2679:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2633:
2629:
2619:
2617:
2608:
2607:
2603:
2593:
2591:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2568:
2566:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2547:
2545:
2535:
2531:
2524:
2510:
2506:
2497:
2495:
2483:
2479:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2449:
2445:
2438:
2422:
2418:
2379:
2375:
2346:(21): 469–499.
2336:
2332:
2317:
2313:
2304:
2303:
2299:
2262:
2258:
2211:
2200:
2153:
2149:
2139:
2137:
2130:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2111:
2109:
2102:
2096:
2089:
2056:
2052:
2042:
2040:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2016:
2014:
2007:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1988:
1986:
1979:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1960:
1958:
1956:NOAH Compendium
1950:
1949:
1945:
1906:
1902:
1892:
1890:
1888:NOAH Compendium
1882:
1881:
1877:
1867:
1865:
1863:NOAH Compendium
1857:
1856:
1852:
1842:
1840:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1817:
1815:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1763:
1759:
1749:
1747:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1724:
1722:
1712:
1708:
1698:
1696:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1673:
1671:
1664:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1608:
1604:
1594:
1592:
1582:
1578:
1563:10.1136/inp.k54
1547:
1532:
1523:
1521:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1496:
1494:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1433:
1429:
1382:
1378:
1333:
1310:
1295:
1286:
1241:
1232:
1185:
1181:
1142:
1113:
1103:
1101:
1095:"Caliciviridae"
1093:
1092:
1088:
1051:
1044:
1007:
1003:
958:
954:
944:
942:
930:
929:
925:
921:
909:
897:
888:
863:
852:L. californicus
807:
802:
789:Mackenzie Basin
773:
761:South Australia
757:Yorke Peninsula
733:
728:
720:genetic testing
716:
707:
686:
674:
654:
649:
614:
605:
588:
548:
543:
490:
444:
420:
418:Pathophysiology
375:
359:
358:
330:and the family
317:
311:
308:
305:
296:
292:
285:
251:viral hepatitis
220:
194:RCV (RHDV-RCV)
179:
127:Pisoniviricetes
62:
50:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3323:
3313:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3268:
3255:
3242:
3229:
3216:
3201:
3185:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3152:
3151:External links
3149:
3148:
3147:
3136:
3135:
3115:
3091:
3065:
3039:
3013:
3002:wahis.woah.org
2989:
2964:
2939:
2912:(2): 435–451.
2892:
2867:
2837:
2827:. May 14, 2020
2812:
2789:
2767:
2739:
2713:
2687:
2662:
2627:
2601:
2575:
2554:
2529:
2522:
2504:
2477:
2443:
2436:
2416:
2389:(4): 838–842.
2373:
2330:
2311:
2297:
2256:
2198:
2147:
2119:
2087:
2068:(3): 254–258.
2050:
2024:
1996:
1968:
1943:
1900:
1875:
1850:
1825:
1800:
1773:(7): 223–226.
1757:
1732:
1706:
1681:
1653:
1602:
1576:
1530:
1503:
1477:
1427:
1376:
1347:(2): 437–468.
1308:
1284:
1230:
1179:
1152:(2): 249–261.
1111:
1086:
1042:
1001:
952:
922:
920:
917:
916:
915:
908:
905:
896:
893:
887:
884:
880:Central Mexico
862:
859:
806:
803:
801:
798:
772:
769:
749:Wardang Island
732:
729:
727:
724:
715:
712:
706:
705:United Kingdom
703:
685:
682:
673:
670:
662:Angora rabbits
658:Mainland China
653:
650:
648:
645:
625:and sometimes
613:
610:
604:
601:
587:
584:
547:
544:
542:
539:
524:immunostaining
489:
486:
443:
442:Clinical signs
440:
419:
416:
374:
371:
319:
318:
299:
297:
290:
284:
279:
271:in the family
227:
226:
225:
224:
211:
210:
204:
203:
202:
201:
198:
195:
192:
186:
185:
181:
180:
173:
171:
167:
166:
159:
155:
154:
147:
143:
142:
139:Picornavirales
135:
131:
130:
123:
119:
118:
111:
107:
106:
99:
95:
94:
87:
80:
79:
74:
70:
69:
56:
55:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3322:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3278:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3221:
3217:
3212:
3206:
3202:
3197:
3191:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3169:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3144:
3139:
3138:
3131:
3127:
3119:
3105:
3101:
3095:
3080:
3076:
3069:
3054:
3050:
3043:
3028:
3024:
3017:
3003:
2999:
2993:
2978:
2974:
2968:
2953:
2949:
2943:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2896:
2882:
2878:
2871:
2856:
2852:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2826:
2822:
2816:
2800:
2793:
2777:
2771:
2756:
2749:
2743:
2727:
2723:
2717:
2701:
2697:
2691:
2672:
2666:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2643:(8): 1151–5.
2642:
2638:
2631:
2615:
2611:
2605:
2589:
2585:
2579:
2564:
2558:
2544:
2540:
2533:
2525:
2523:9780644335126
2519:
2515:
2508:
2494:
2493:
2488:
2481:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2447:
2439:
2437:9780643096127
2433:
2429:
2428:
2420:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2377:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2334:
2326:
2322:
2315:
2307:
2301:
2293:
2289:
2284:
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