342:(1996) argued that in claiming the existence of "major races", and that these categories reflected large biological differences, "Rushton moves in the opposite direction from the entire development of physical anthropology and human genetics for the last thirty years. Anthropologists no longer regard "race" as a useful concept in understanding human evolution and variation." The anthropologist
239:. The book argues that Mongoloids, on average, are at one end of a continuum, that Negroids, on average, are at the opposite end of that continuum, and that Caucasoids rank in between Mongoloids and Negroids, but closer to Mongoloids. His continuum includes both external physical characteristics and personality traits.
378:, although he had defended the original edition of the book, "condemned the abridged edition as a 'pamphlet' that he had never seen or approved prior to its publication." A subsequent 2nd special abridged edition was published in 2000 with a rejoinder to Horowitz's criticisms under a new entity called
385:
According to Tucker, many academics who received the book unsolicited were outraged at its content, calling it "racial pornography" and a "vile piece of work"; at least one insisting on returning it to the publisher. Hermann
Helmuth, a professor of anthropology at Trent University, said, "It is in a
409:
as an example of the
Pioneer Fund's continued role "to subsidize the creation and distribution of literature to support racial superiority and racial purity." The mass distribution of the abridged third edition he described as part of a "public relations effort", and "the latest attempt to convince
201:
The book was generally received negatively, its methodology and conclusions being criticized by many experts. The aggressive marketing strategy also received a lot of criticism. The book received positive reviews by some researchers, many of whom were personally associated with
Rushton and with the
319:
Valencia identified the main areas of criticism as focusing on
Rushton's use of "race" as a biological concept, a failure to appreciate the extent of variation within populations compared with that between populations, a false separation of genetics and environment, poor statistical methodology, a
320:
failure to consider alternative hypotheses, and the use of unreliable and inappropriate data to draw conclusions about the relationship between brain size and intelligence. According to
Valencia, "experts in life history conclude that Rushton's (1995) work is pseudoscientific and racist."
222:
The book grew out of
Rushton's 1989 paper, "Evolutionary Biology and Heritable Traits (With Reference to Oriental-White-Black Difference)". The 1st unabridged edition was published in 1995, the 2nd unabridged edition in 1997, and the 3rd unabridged edition in 2000.
684:
Race and ethnicity have been used as categories in biomedical research and clinical medicine. Recent genetic research indicates that the degree of genetic heterogeneity within groups and homogeneity across groups make race per se a less compelling
230:
Rushton uses averages of hundreds of studies, modern and historical, to assert the existence of this pattern. Rushton's book is focused on what he considers the three broadest racial groups, and does not address other populations such as
405:. Valencia notes that many of the supportive comments for the book come from Pioneer grantees like Rushton himself, and that a 100,000 copy print-run of the third edition was financed by Pioneer. The book is cited by psychologist
674:
used by
Rushton (2000) was in wide use in mainstream literature until the 1990s at least, e.g. by Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza. Since the 2000s, these terms have been deprecated in by some authorities. For example, the recommended
299:
According to
Richard R. Valencia, the response to the first edition of Rushton's book was "overwhelmingly negative", with only a small number of supporters, many being, like Rushton, Pioneer Fund grantees, such as psychologists
226:
Rushton argues that
Mongoloid, Caucasoid and Negroid populations fall consistently into the same one-two-three way pattern when compared on a list of sixty distinctly different behavioral and anatomical traits and variables.
29:
329:
that the book "confronts us as few books have with the dilemmas wrought in a democratic society by individual and group differences in key human traits". Another favorable review of the book appeared in the
374:, many of whom were angered when they discovered that their identities and addresses had been obtained from their respective professional associations' mailing lists." The director of Transaction Press
410:
the nation of 'the completely different nature' of blacks and whites." He notes that bulk rates were offered "for distribution to media figures, especially columnists who write on race issues".
682:
The MeSH descriptor Racial Stocks, and its four children (Australoid Race, Caucasoid Race, Mongoloid Race, and
Negroid Race) have been deleted from MeSH in 2004 along with Blacks and Whites.
679:
as of 2004 was "Oriental Continental Ancestry Group, "African Continental Ancestry Group" and "European Continental Ancestry Group" for "Mongoloid", "Caucasoid" and "Negroid", respectively.
276:. According to Rushton, this theory explains race differences in fertility, IQ, criminality, and sexual anatomy and behavior. The theory also hypothesizes that a single factor, the "
362:
The first special abridged edition published under the Transaction Press name in 1999 caused considerable controversy when 40,000 copies were "mailed, unsolicited, to
159:. The first unabridged edition of the book came out in 1995, and the third, latest unabridged edition came out in 2000; abridged versions were also distributed.
346:(1996) concurred, stating that the book was an amalgamation of bad biology and inexcusable anthropology. It is not science but advocacy, and advocacy of '
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Presented at the Symposium on Evolutionary Theory, Economics and Political Science, AAAS Annual Meeting (San Francisco, CA, January 19, 1989)
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846:(December 1995). "Environmental variability selects for large families only in special circumstances: Another objection to differential
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has identified the book as part of a movement, begun in the 1990s, to promote a racial agenda in social policy.
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which funded much of Rushton's research. The book has been examined as an example of Pioneer's funding of
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Anderson, Judith L. (1991). "Rushton's racial comparisons: An ecological critique of theory and method".
305:
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826:"Statement from the Department of Psychology regarding research conducted by Dr. J. Philippe Rushton"
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Weizmann, Fredric; Wiener, Neil I.; Wiesenthal, David L.; Ziegler, Michael (1990). "Differential
508:
195:
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frequently arrange in a continuum across 60 different behavioral and anatomical variables, with
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factor", affects multiple population statistics Rushton referred to as "life-history traits".
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1123:- Copy of the 2nd Special Abridged Edition that the author put on his personal website
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767:(October 2008). "Correlational and factor analytic support for Rushton's differential
386:
way personal and political propaganda. There is no basis to his scientific research."
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544:(2nd special abridged ed.). Port Huron, MI: Charles Darwin Research Institute.
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Dismantling contemporary deficit thinking: educational thought and practice
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Dismantling contemporary deficit thinking: educational thought and practice
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theory is a debunked theory proposed by Rushton, which attempts to apply
323:
A more favorable review of the book came from Gottfredson, who wrote in
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The funding of scientific racism: Wickliffe Draper and the Pioneer Fund
291:, and cites sources which Rushton had misinterpreted or misunderstood.
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theory: The sociobiology of individual and group differences".
354:(1995) criticized Rushton's model as "faulty at many points."
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Transaction Books, later The Charles Darwin Research Institute
488:, by Irving Louis Horowitz in Society, Jan-Feb 1995 v32 n2.
907:"Race, Evolution and Behavior: A Life History Perspective"
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Race, Evolution, and Behavior: A Life History Perspective
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UWO Gazette Volume 93, Issue 68 Tuesday, February 1, 2000
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Race, Evolution, and Behavior: A Life History Perspective
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Race, Evolution, and Behavior: A Life History Perspective
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This theory has been widely rejected as unscientific or
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Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario
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155:for many years, and the head of the controversial
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983:"Review: Racialism and Racist Agendas".
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434:The Decline of Intelligence in America
390:As an example of Pioneer Fund activity
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380:The Charles Darwin Research Institute
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884:. Taylor & Francis. p. 55.
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572:. Taylor & Francis. p. 53.
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459:, by Henry Harpending, published in
450:, December 1996, pp. 1189–1191.
421:What is Intelligence and Who has it?
397:has been cited as an example of the
1147:Books about evolutionary psychology
1070:Weizmann, Fredric (November 2001).
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960:"Review: Of Genes and Genitals".
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737:theory and racial hierarchies".
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190:) at the opposite extreme, and
182:) at one end of the continuum,
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699:(January 1985). "Differential
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471:, discussing the links of the
350:'". Similarly, anthropologist
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880:Valencia, Richard R. (2010).
864:10.1016/S0191-8869(95)00126-3
568:Valencia, Richard R. (2010).
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430:Race, Evolution, and Behavior
395:Race, Evolution, and Behavior
153:University of Western Ontario
147:. Rushton was a professor of
1106:Psych prof accused of racism
927:Lind, Michael (1994-10-16).
717:10.1016/0191-8869(85)90137-0
485:Race, Evolution and Behavior
477:Race, Evolution and Behavior
456:Race, Evolution and Behavior
444:The Return of Racial Science
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625:Howe, Michael J. A (1997).
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1042:10.1002/ajpa.1330980110
985:American Anthropologist
929:"Calling All Crackpots"
540:Rushton, J. P. (1995).
509:Evolutionary psychology
448:Contemporary Psychology
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771:life history theory".
1172:Human evolution books
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514:Race and intelligence
376:Irving Louis Horowitz
253:Differential K theory
237:Australian Aborigines
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499:Behavioural genetics
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504:Behaviorism
274:human races
180:East Asians
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662:The terms
525:References
483:Review of
454:Review of
428:review of
192:Caucasoids
176:Mongoloids
168:biological
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850:theory".
668:Caucasoid
664:Mongoloid
348:racialism
295:Responses
196:Europeans
110:Paperback
106:Hardcover
75:Publisher
1100:Archived
633:. Sage.
493:See also
184:Negroids
57:Subjects
49:Language
970:2935246
672:Negroid
463:, 1995.
414:Reviews
218:Summary
151:at the
104:Print (
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1046:ISBN
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