31:
39:
23:
130:
In two modern-day re-enactments performed in Japan of the
Pasteur experiment, it was established that the preparation of crystals was not very reproducible. The crystals deformed, but they were large enough to inspect with the naked eye (microscope not required).
287:"Pour discerner les mélanges et les combinaisons chimiques définies ou non définies, qui agissent sur la lumière polarisée; suivies d'applications aux combinaisons de l'acide tartarique avec l'eau, l'alcool et l'esprit de bois"
75:
is unusual among racemic mixtures in that during crystallization it can separate out into two kinds of crystals, each composed of one isomer, and whose macroscopic crystalline shapes are mirror images of each other. Thus,
289:(In order to discern mixtures and chemical combinations, defined or undefined, which act on polarized light; followed by applications to combinations of tartaric acid with water, alcohol , and spirit of wood ),
80:
was able in 1848 to isolate each of the two enantiomers by laboriously separating the two kinds crystals using delicate tweezers and a hand lens. Pasteur announced his intention to resolve racemic acid in:
171:
308:
87:"Sur les relations qui peuvent exister entre la forme cristalline, la composition chimique et le sens de la polarisation rotatoire"
68:), optically active in opposing directions. Racemic acid does not occur naturally in grape juice, although L-tartaric acid does.
348:
Masao
Nakazaki (1979). "Morphology of sodium ammonium tartrate: Pasteur's spontaneous resolution and its reexamination".
218:(On the relations that can exist between crystalline form, chemical composition, and the sense of rotary polarization),
286:
202:
373:
383:
393:
388:
111:
quite possibly for the first time. The optical property of tartaric acid was first observed in 1832 by
398:
244:
86:
101:
403:
408:
247:
and the report of the commission that was appointed to verify
Pasteur's findings, pp. 99–117.
17:
172:"Pasteur's Resolution of Racemic Acid: A Sesquicentennial Retrospect and a New Translation"
116:
102:"Recherches sur les propriétés spécifiques des deux acides qui composent l'acide racémique"
331:
276:(Note: This article was read to the French Royal Academy of Sciences on 1832 November 5.)
235:(Investigations into the specific properties of the two acids that compose racemic acid),
8:
273:
257:
378:
194:
127:, or other contemporary mathematicians who studied polytopes, knew of the French work.
112:
43:
258:"MĂ©moire sur la polarization circulaire et sur ses applications Ă la chimie organique"
124:
327:
198:
323:
186:
72:
108:
260:(Memoir on circular polarization and on its applications to organic chemistry),
367:
150:
140:
120:
77:
57:
190:
145:
65:
30:
169:
107:
In the latter paper, Pasteur sketches from natural concrete reality
38:
93:
61:
53:
92:
while he presented his resolution of racemic acid into separate
22:
309:"The reexamination of Pasteur's experiment in Japan"
42:Racemic acid crystals drawn as if seen through an
291:Mémoires de l'Académie des sciences de l'Institut
262:Mémoires de l'Académie des sciences de l'Institut
365:
34:Computer-rendered image of right-handed molecule
347:
170:George B. Kauffman & Robin Myers (1998).
60:. It is an equal mixture of two mirror-image
306:
272:) rotates plane-polarized light is shown in
52:is an old name for an optically inactive or
316:Mendeleev Communications Electronic Version
37:
29:
21:
366:
268: : 39–175. That tartaric acid (
115:, who observed its ability to rotate
13:
243:(3) : 56–99. Especially see
14:
420:
237:Annales de Chimie et de Physique
220:Annales de Chimie et de Physique
71:Tartaric acid's sodium-ammonium
328:10.1070/MC2003v013n03ABEH001803
341:
300:
279:
250:
229:
212:
163:
1:
156:
119:. It remains unknown whether
270:acide tartarique cristallisé
7:
134:
26:Tartaric acid in pen sketch
10:
425:
15:
274:Table G following p. 168.
100:Pasteur, Louis (1850)
85:Pasteur, Louis (1848)
46:
35:
27:
307:Yoshito Tobe (2003).
191:10.1007/s00897980257a
179:The Chemical Educator
41:
33:
25:
18:Chirality (chemistry)
226:(3) : 442–459.
374:Alpha hydroxy acids
337:on August 31, 2005.
384:Dicarboxylic acids
113:Jean Baptiste Biot
47:
44:optical microscope
36:
28:
394:Optical materials
389:Food antioxidants
416:
399:Racemic mixtures
358:
357:
350:Kagaku No Ryoiki
345:
339:
338:
336:
330:. Archived from
313:
304:
298:
297: : 93–279.
283:
277:
254:
248:
233:
227:
216:
210:
209:
207:
201:. Archived from
176:
167:
109:chiral polytopes
424:
423:
419:
418:
417:
415:
414:
413:
404:Stereochemistry
364:
363:
362:
361:
346:
342:
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311:
305:
301:
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280:
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234:
230:
217:
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205:
174:
168:
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159:
137:
125:Ludwig Schläfli
117:polarized light
20:
12:
11:
5:
422:
412:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
360:
359:
340:
299:
293:, 2nd series,
278:
264:, 2nd series,
249:
239:, 3rd series,
228:
222:, 3rd series,
211:
208:on 2006-01-17.
161:
160:
158:
155:
154:
153:
148:
143:
136:
133:
105:
104:
96:isomers in:
90:
89:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
421:
410:
409:Vicinal diols
407:
405:
402:
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275:
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246:
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225:
221:
215:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
173:
166:
162:
152:
151:Uvitonic acid
149:
147:
144:
142:
141:Tartaric acid
139:
138:
132:
128:
126:
122:
121:Arthur Cayley
118:
114:
110:
103:
99:
98:
97:
95:
88:
84:
83:
82:
79:
78:Louis Pasteur
74:
69:
67:
63:
59:
58:tartaric acid
55:
51:
45:
40:
32:
24:
19:
353:
349:
343:
332:the original
322:(3): 93–94.
319:
315:
302:
294:
290:
285:Biot (1838)
281:
269:
265:
261:
256:Biot (1835)
252:
240:
236:
231:
223:
219:
214:
203:the original
182:
178:
165:
129:
106:
91:
70:
50:Racemic acid
49:
48:
146:Uvitic acid
66:enantiomers
368:Categories
356:: 951–962.
185:(6): 1–4.
157:References
16:See also:
379:Chirality
245:Plate II.
199:95862598
135:See also
56:form of
94:optical
62:isomers
54:racemic
197:
335:(PDF)
312:(PDF)
206:(PDF)
195:S2CID
175:(PDF)
73:salt
324:doi
187:doi
123:or
370::
354:33
352:.
320:13
318:.
314:.
295:15
266:13
241:28
224:24
193:.
181:.
177:.
326::
189::
183:3
64:(
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