Racial discrimination

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late adolescence (17 and older). While it includes Asian, African descent, and Latino populations, this study also speculates the variances amongst the racial groups and other differences contributed by intersectionality. To investigate these relationships, the researchers examined data containing reports of racial discrimination from children, which served as a significant tool to further explore these ideas. In addition they analyzed the relationship between racial discrimination and aspects of well-being (e.g., self-esteem, substance abuse, student engagement) by organizing these components into broader categories of youth development: mental health, behavioral conditions and academic success. Subsequently, the results show a relationship between racial discrimination and negative outcomes relating to youth wellness across all three categories. Moreover, while examining differences among racial groups, children of Asian and Latino descent were found to be most at risk for mental health development, and Latino children, for academic success.

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African Cultures. The racism that was developed by the influence of colonization and American influenced there to create levels of power based on racism. Racism in African cultures is connected to the opportunities received in life, virus susceptibility, and tribal traditions. For example, in the north, an indirect policy of rule settled a new way of life between the colonizing government and the Fulani- Hausa ruling class. Because of this the North falls behind the South and West on education development which causes racial malignity.

2248:(the country in which they were born or have citizenship) is sometimes used in determining a person's ethnicity or race, but discrimination based on national origin can also be independent of race (and is sometimes specifically addressed in anti-discrimination laws). Language and culture are sometimes markers of national origin and can prompt instances of discrimination based on national origin. For example, someone of a South Asian ethnicity who grew up in London, speaks 32: 110: 2737:. After the birth of her daughter via C-section, the tennis player began to feel pain and shortness of breath. It took her several times to convince the nurse they actually took her self-said symptoms seriously. Had she not been persistent and demanded a CT scan, which showed a clot resulting in blood thinning, Williams might have not been alive. This is just one of hundreds of cases where 2790:

evidence of a weaker relationship between racial discrimination and well-being in children of African descent may be linked to parent-guided socialization practices to help children cope with racial discrimination, or possibly lack of research concerning the severity of discrimination. Also, researchers speculate the meaningful ways

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dosage of medication. Infant mortality rates and life expectancies of minorities are much lower than that of white people in the United States. Illnesses like cancer and heart diseases are more prevalent in minorities, which is one of the factors for the high mortality rate in the group. however are not treated accordingly.

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Controlled experiments, using matched pairs of bogus transactors, to test for discrimination in the marketplace have been conducted for over 30 years, and have extended across 10 countries. Significant, persistent, and pervasive levels of discrimination have been found against non-whites and women in

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since 1998. For example, one of the studies included in the report by Ngo (2017), studied an extracurricular program that analyzed the racial discrimination faced by Hmong adolescents and the exploration of critical consciousness participation in theater. The non-scholastic theater program encouraged

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A study led by Benner et al. (2018) analyzes a combination of previous studies indicating an existing relationship between racial discrimination and well-being, more specifically, in regards to mental health, behaviors, and academic performance of adolescents ranging from early adolescence (10-13) to

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program was passed to ensure African Americans and other minorities received the healthcare treatment they deserved and to limit discrimination in hospital facilities, there still seems to be an underlying cause for the low number of black patients admitted to hospitals, like not receiving the proper

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sociologist S. Michael Gaddis examines the job prospects of black and white college graduates from elite private and high-quality state higher education institutions. This research finds that blacks who graduate from an elite school such as Harvard have about the same prospect of getting an interview

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The British colonial impact greatly affected the cultures of African society but the differences in the countries like Nigeria remain as close to tradition compared to countries like South Africa. American racism also plays a part that escalates racism in Nigeria but American racism ideas influencing

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A 2016 poll found that 38% of US citizens thought that Whites faced a lot of discrimination. Among Democrats, 29% thought there was some discrimination against Whites in the United States, while 49% of Republicans thought the same. Similarly, another poll conducted earlier in the year found that 41%

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The longer hospitalization of black patients does not improve care conditions, it makes it worse, especially when treated poorly by faculty. Not a lot of minorities are admitted into hospitals and those that are receive poor conditioned treatment and care. This discrimination results in misdiagnosis

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whose whiteness was challenged and who faced interpersonal if not legal discrimination. American and South African laws which divided the population into whites from Europe and blacks from sub-Saharan Africa often caused problems of interpretation when dealing with people from other areas, such as

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The topic of racial discrimination appears in discussion concerning children, and adolescents. Amongst the number of theories evaluating how children come to understand social identities, research presumes that social and cognitive developmental changes influence children's perspectives regarding

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Financial and cultural influences can impact the way patients are treated by their healthcare providers. When doctors have a bias on a patient, it can lead to the formation of stereotypes, impacting the way they view their patient's data and diagnosis, affecting the treatment plan they implement.

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found in a 2004 study, that there was widespread racial discrimination in the workplace. In their study, candidates perceived as having "white-sounding names" were 50% more likely than those whose names were merely perceived as "sounding black" to receive callbacks for interviews. The researchers

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of any race (for example including Native Americans from Mexico, descendants of Africans transported to New Spain as enslaved people, and descendants of Spanish colonists). In surveys taken by the Mexican government, the same people would have been described as indigenous, black, or white (with a

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system in South Africa, and Brazil has set up boards to assign a racial category to people for the purpose of enforcing racial quotas. Because of genetic variation, skin color, and other features of physical appearance can vary considerably even among siblings. Some children with the same parents

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Many say that the education level of people affect whether or not they admit to healthcare facilities, leaning to the argument that people of color purposefully avoid hospitals compared to white counterparts however, this is not the case. Even Serena Williams, a well-known athlete, was not taken

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have found strong evidence of racial discrimination in the United States' labor market, with magnitudes of employers' preferences of white applicants found in these studies ranging from 50% to 240%. Other such studies have found significant evidence of discrimination in car sales, home insurance

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Racial discrimination affects about 90% of black adolescents, impacting their personal, social, psychological, and academic well-being. It leads to heightened stress, lowered self-esteem, and decreased academic performance. Creating inclusive educational environments with specialized support is

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One of the factors that lead to higher mortality rates amongst black mothers is the poorly conditioned hospitals and lack of standard healthcare facilities. Along with having deliveries done in underdeveloped areas, the situation becomes complicated when the pain dealt by patients are not taken

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Critical consciousness can be used as a tool to fight against racial discrimination. Heberle et al. (2020) argued that a decrease in racial discrimination can happen when White youth are aware of differences in groups and injustices due to their critical consciousness. They might change their

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Although the studies’ results correlate reported racial discrimination with outcomes to well-being, this does not conclude that one or more racial groups experience greater discrimination than other racial groups. Other factors may have contributed to the relationships’ findings. For example,

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seriously when she described her pain. It is true that the experiences of patients in hospital settings influence whether or not they return to healthcare facilities. Black people are less likely to admit to hospitals however those that are admitted have longer stays than white people

2192:(measured for example on a scale from 1a to 4c) is closely related to racial discrimination, as skin color and hair texture are often used as a proxy for race in everyday interactions, and is one factor used by legal systems that apply detailed criteria. For example, the 2821:

The researchers, Heberle, Rapa, and Farago (2020), conducted a systematic review of research literature on the concept critical consciousness. The study focused on 67 qualitative and quantitative studies regarding the effects of critical consciousness in

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Harris, Ricci; Tobias, Martin; Jeffreys, Mona; Waldegrave, Kiri; Karlsen, Saffron; Nazroo, James (June 2006). "Effects of self-reported racial discrimination and deprivation on Māori health and inequalities in New Zealand: cross-sectional study".

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Discrimination may occur at any point in the employment process, including pre-employment inquiries, hiring practices, compensation, work assignments and conditions, privileges granted to employees, promotion, employee discipline and termination.

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like Australia or a subcontinental region like South Asia) that are typically similar in appearance. In such cases, racial discrimination can occur because someone is of an ethnicity defined as outside that race, or ethnic discrimination (or

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can play a role in variances of discrimination. Ultimately, they conclude that further studies to examine racial discrimination are necessary to provide a more comprehensive approach in determining effective support systems for children.

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Sellers, Robert M.; Copeland-Linder, Nikeea; Martin, Pamela P.; Lewis, R. L'Heureux (June 2006). "Racial Identity Matters: The Relationship between Racial Discrimination and Psychological Functioning in African American Adolescents".

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of US citizens believed there was "widespread" discrimination against whites. There is evidence that some people are motivated to believe they are the victims of reverse discrimination because the belief bolsters their self-esteem.

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Although programs like Medicaid exists to support minorities, there still seems to be a large number of people who are not insured. This financial drawback discourages people in the group to go to hospitals and doctors offices.

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looked at the fraction of people in each country that indicated they would prefer not to have neighbours from a differing race. It ranged from below 5% in Australia, New Zealand, and many countries in the Americas, to 51.4% in

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Blommaert, L.; Coenders, M.; van Tubergen, F. (19 December 2013). "Discrimination of Arabic-Named Applicants in the Netherlands: An Internet-Based Field Experiment Examining Different Phases in Online Recruitment Procedures".

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to distinguish language from racial identity. Discrimination based on being Hispanic or Latino does occur in the United States and might be considered a form of racial discrimination if "Hispanic" or "Latino" are considered

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Racial bias exists in the medical field affecting the way patients are treated and the way they are diagnosed. There are instances where patients’ words are not taken seriously, an example would be the recent case with

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either self-identify or are identified by others as being of different races. In some cases, the same person is identified as a different race on a birth certificate versus a death certificate. Different rules (such as

2652:, sent matched pairs of applicants to apply for jobs in Milwaukee and New York City, finding that black applicants received callbacks or job offers at half the rate of equally qualified whites. Another recent audit by 3757: 2141:. Individuals can discriminate by refusing to do business with, socialize with, or share resources with people of a certain group. Governments can discriminate explicitly in law, for example through policies of 2891:

prohibits all racial discrimination based on race. Although some courts have taken the position that a white person must meet a heightened standard of proof to prove a reverse-discrimination claim, the U.S.

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when they are used to promote a diverse work or educational environment. Some critics have described those policies as discriminating against white people. In response to arguments that such policies (e.g.

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to attempt to overcome or compensate for the effects of racial discrimination. In some cases, this is simply enhanced recruitment of members of underrepresented groups; in other cases, there are firm

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Multiple experimental audit studies conducted in the United States have found that blacks and Hispanics experience discrimination in about one in five and one in four housing searches, respectively.

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Santiago-Rivera, Azara L.; Adames, Hector Y.; Chavez-Dueñas, Nayeli Y.; Benson-Flórez, Gregory (2016), "The impact of racism on communities of color: Historical contexts and contemporary issues.",

4851:"Does the Context of Racial Discrimination Matter for Adolescent School Outcomes?: The Impact of In-School Racial Discrimination and General Racial Discrimination on Black Adolescents' Outcomes" 5176:

Wilkins, Clara L.; Hirsch, Alexander A.; Kaiser, Cheryl R.; Inkles, Michael P. (23 February 2016). "The threat of racial progress and the self-protective nature of perceiving anti-White bias".

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the rest of the Mediterranean Basin, Asia, North Africa, or even Native Americans, with classification as non-white usually resulting in legal discrimination. (Some Native American tribes have

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can involve many factors (such as ancestry, physical appearance, national origin, language, religion, and culture), and can be set in law by governments, or may depend on local cultural norms.

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When people of different races are treated differently, decisions about how to treat a particular person raise the question of which racial classification that person belongs to. For example,

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survey which featured the largest sample of Black people in Britain found that 88% had reported racial discrimination at work, 79% believed the police unfairly targeted black people with

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Persons affected by Homelessness also show a large disparity with more individuals being minorities in the United States. We Can Now is a Texas-based nonprofit that serves these people.

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Amutah, C.; Greenidge, K.; Mante, A.; Munyikwa, M.; Surya, S. L.; Higginbotham, E.; Jones, D. S.; Lavizzo-Mourey, R.; Roberts, D.; Tsai, J.; Aysola, J. (March 2021). Malina, D. (ed.).

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Studies have shown an association between reported racial discrimination and adverse physical and mental health outcomes. This evidence has come from multiple countries, including the

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More than 30 years of field experimental studies have found significant levels of discrimination against people of color in labor, housing, and product markets in 10 countries.

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seriously by healthcare providers. Pain heard from patients of color are underestimated by doctors compared to pain told by patients who are white leading them to misdiagnose.

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derived from ethnicities which formed after the independence of the former colonies of the Americas. Many statistical reports apply both characteristics, for example comparing

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Reverse discrimination is a term for allegations that the member of a dominant or majority group has suffered discrimination for the benefit of a minority or historically

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race. The common American notion that all people of geographically European ancestry and of light skin are "white" prevailed for Finns, and other European immigrants like

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which prohibit the government or individuals from being discriminated based on race (and sometimes other factors) in various circumstances. Some institutions and laws use

2283:. Sometimes the ethnicity of immigrants in their new country is defined as their national origin, and span multiple races. For example, the 2015 Community Survey of the 4267:; Klonoff, E. A. (1 May 1996). "The Schedule of Racist Events: A Measure of Racial Discrimination and a Study of Its Negative Physical and Mental Health Consequences". 3167: 2827:

this group of students to explore their identities through the injustices they faced and to fight against the oppression and racial discrimination they experienced.

1558: 3722: 2302: 582: 2870:) constitute discrimination against whites, sociologists note that the purpose of these policies is to level the playing field to counteract discrimination. 798: 3812:

Bertrand, M.; Mullainathan, S. (2004). "Are Emily and Greg More Employable Than Lakisha and Jamal? A Field Experiment on Labor Market Discrimination".

2609:: Although an employer may not intend to discriminate based on racial characteristics, its policies nonetheless have an adverse effect based upon race. 2778:

their own racial/ethnic identities and children develop a greater understanding of how their race/ethnicity can be perceived by the greater society.

1969: 1330: 3000: 2603:: An employer's policies discriminate based upon any immutable racial characteristic, such as skin, eye or hair color, and certain facial features; 2101: 749: 3408: 662: 42: 4913:

Diemer, Matthew A.; Li, Cheng-Hsien (2011-09-28). "Critical Consciousness Development and Political Participation Among Marginalized Youth".

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applications, provision of medical care, and hailing taxis. There is some debate regarding the method used to signal race in these studies.

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Ewens, Michael; Tomlin, Bryan; Wang, Liang Choon (March 2014). "Statistical Discrimination or Prejudice? A Large Sample Field Experiment".

1335: 4888: 3639: 2680: 1305: 891: 407: 5077: 4586:"Racial bias in pain assessment and treatment recommendations, and false beliefs about biological differences between blacks and whites" 2818:. Additionally, critical consciousness can grow in individuals as a result of inequalities they may face such as racial discrimination. 4012:"Critical consciousness in children and adolescents: A systematic review, critical assessment, and recommendations for future research" 2575: 2213:" as a member of a different race than they would otherwise be classified in, possibly avoiding legal or interpersonal discrimination. 567: 2691:

Researchers found in contrast to White families, families of color were led to obtain housing in poor, low-quality communities due to

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A growing number of studies are researching the differences into the mental health of children of different nationalities and races.

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is similar; because caste is hereditary, people of the same caste are usually considered to be of the same race and ethnicity.

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arose, resulting in Jews who identify as white, black, and other races. The reunification of diverse populations in modern

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which grant privileges rather than disadvantages, though these were often negotiated on unfavorable terms.) Though as an

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Elvira, Marta; Town, Robert (2001-10-01). "The Effects of Race and Worker Productivity on Performance Evaluations".

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and published in 2013 found significant levels of discrimination against job applicants with Arabic-sounding names.

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for the purpose of immigration and the ability to hold citizenship or be enslaved. If a race is defined as a set of

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Perry, Justin C.; Pickett, Lela L. (2016), Alvarez, Alvin N.; Liang, Christopher T. H.; Neville, Helen A. (eds.),

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in a large U.S. company showed that black supervisors rate white subordinates lower than average and vice versa.

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Benner, Aprile D.; Wang, Yijie; Shen, Yishan; Boyle, Alaina E.; Polk, Richelle; Cheng, Yen-Pi (October 2018).

4487:"Beyoncé, Serena Williams open up about potentially fatal childbirths, a problem especially for black mothers" 3883:"Discrimination in the Credential Society: An Audit Study of Race and College Selectivity in the Labor Market" 3435:"Extraterritoriality of European borders to Turkey: an implementation perspective of counteractive strategies" 547: 3669:"The Sociology of Discrimination: Racial Discrimination in Employment, Housing, Credit, and Consumer Markets" 3100: 2896:(EEOC) applies the same standard to all claims of racial discrimination without regard to the victim's race. 2888: 2477:, and Europe's patrolling of its southern borders between 2010 and 2016 intensified, resulting in deals with 2425: 2297: 2001: 1709: 372: 4385:"Cumulative Effect of Racial Discrimination on the Mental Health of Ethnic Minorities in the United Kingdom" 3553: 2545: 1258: 1206: 127: 3270: 3005: 2559: 2443: 2175: 2122: 1912: 1756: 1161: 744: 682: 2469:

in 2010, media coverage shaped public opinion and created hostility towards refugees. Prior to that the

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might be treated more favorably than someone of the same ethnicity who is a recent immigrant and speaks

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had started implementing the hotspot system, which categorized people them as either asylum seekers or

2419:; Europe had wide variation, from below 5% in the UK, France, Norway, and Sweden, to 22.7% in Germany. 2275:

In countries where migration, unification, or breakup has occurred relatively recently, the process of

2021: 766: 427: 142: 54: 4645:"The Color of Hospitalization Over the Adult Life Course: Cumulative Disadvantage in Black and White?" 2381:). The actual ancestry of most Jewish people is more varied than simply ancient Hebrew tribes. As the 2145:, disparate enforcement of laws, or disproportionate allocation of resources. Some jurisdictions have 5051: 4455: 3718:"How Black Are Lakisha and Jamal? Racial Perceptions from Names Used in Correspondence Audit Studies" 2915: 2280: 2210: 1352: 1166: 1055: 935: 589: 557: 206: 132: 4079: 3828: 3343: 3814: 3329:

Riach, P. A.; Rich, J. (November 2002). "Field Experiments of Discrimination in the Market Place".

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has led to some problems of racial discrimination against dark-skinned Jews by light-skinned Jews.

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Kahn, Katherine L. (1994-04-20). "Health Care for Black and Poor Hospitalized Medicare Patients".

3249:. Penguin history. UK USA Canada Ireland Australia India New Zealand South Africa: Penguin Books. 2688:

A 2014 study also found evidence of racial discrimination in an American rental apartment market.

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This article is about specific discriminatory actions and processes. For the broader concept, see

3381: 2862: 2551: 2386: 2337: 2146: 1917: 1897: 1751: 1741: 1699: 1315: 1156: 1005: 1000: 970: 965: 908: 843: 828: 761: 734: 719: 93: 3582: 3532:(1973 ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138: Schenkman Publishing Compani Inc. p. 215. 3216: 2324:, then common language origin can be used to define the boundaries of that group. The status of 2237:) can occur between groups who consider each other to be the same race. Discrimination based on 945: 4074: 3823: 3338: 3045: 2844: 2815: 2158: 2016: 1989: 1979: 1437: 1417: 1280: 1151: 1035: 980: 950: 930: 858: 838: 813: 808: 803: 714: 677: 650: 621: 616: 542: 191: 181: 50: 3190: 2626: 2560:

racial discrimination was the biggest barrier to academic attainment for young Black students

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Ferraro, K. F.; Thorpe, R. J.; McCabe, G. P.; Kelley-Moore, J. A.; Jiang, Z. (2006-11-01).

4597: 3753:"Racial/Ethnic Perceptions from Hispanic Names: Selecting Names to Test for Discrimination" 2649: 2622: 2284: 1855: 1367: 1241: 1060: 940: 898: 848: 823: 631: 594: 322: 176: 2426:

Discrimination against refugees, asylum seekers, migrants and internally displaced persons

8: 5126: 3684: 3154: 2995: 2506: 2459: 2411: 2407: 2306: 2031: 1892: 1511: 1407: 1387: 1176: 1084: 1030: 1010: 975: 868: 655: 452: 4794:"Racial/ethnic discrimination and well-being during adolescence: A meta-analytic review" 4601: 5301: 5193: 5100: 4981: 4826: 4793: 4766: 4749: 4677: 4644: 4620: 4585: 4561: 4536: 4468: 4409: 4384: 4356: 4331: 4284: 4241: 4216: 4192: 4167: 4092: 4047: 3904: 3693: 3668: 3547: 3510: 3464: 3356: 3130: 3035: 3030: 2867: 2451: 2370: 2293: 2150: 2142: 1796: 1791: 1781: 1729: 1719: 1694: 1628: 1586: 1496: 1491: 1486: 1392: 667: 4850: 4446: 4112:

The cost of racism for people of color: Contextualizing experiences of discrimination.

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The cost of racism for people of color: Contextualizing experiences of discrimination.

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was also challenged in the United States, with attempts to classify them as Asiatic (

2349: 2288: 2185: 2063: 1974: 1902: 1887: 1670: 1613: 1412: 1320: 1211: 1131: 960: 231: 5197: 4472: 4096: 3360: 5291: 5214: 5185: 5154: 5092: 4965: 4922: 4862: 4821: 4805: 4761: 4709: 4672: 4656: 4615: 4605: 4556: 4548: 4450: 4442: 4404: 4396: 4351: 4343: 4312: 4276: 4236: 4228: 4187: 4179: 4115: 4084: 4023: 3966: 3931: 3896: 3833: 3766: 3731: 3688: 3680: 3594: 3500: 3492: 3446: 3348: 3217:"International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination" 3104: 3015: 2920: 2510: 2474: 2333: 2329: 2134: 2026: 2011: 1939: 1860: 1830: 1645: 1481: 1181: 729: 724: 562: 447: 3087:"Misrepresenting Race — The Role of Medical Schools in Propagating Physician Bias" 2264:. Such a difference in treatment might still informally be described as a form of 5351: 3010: 2935: 2925: 2832: 2738: 2734: 2707: 2555: 2524:

While Uganda was under Idi Amin's rule, there was a policy to replace Asians and

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The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences

3050: 5078:"Discrimination Comes in Many Forms: Individual, Institutional, and Structural" 4866: 4750:"Health disparities: gaps in access, quality and affordability of medical care" 4660: 4590:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

4552: 4217:"Discrimination and racial disparities in health: evidence and needed research" 4109: 3409:"The refugee 'crisis' showed Europe's worst side to the world | Hsiao-Hung Pai" 3020: 2811: 2717: 2692: 2470: 2374: 2261: 2118: 2036: 1994: 1964: 1954: 1872: 1865: 1850: 1840: 1660: 1596: 1538: 1533: 1518: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1171: 1106: 604: 577: 417: 101: 4956:

Ngo, Bic (2016-10-26). "Naming Their World in a Culturally Responsive Space".

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For Affirmative Action, Brazil Sets Up Controversial Boards To Determine Race

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may complicate the determination of both ethnicity and race and is related to

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Williams, David R.; Neighbors, Harold W.; Jackson, James S. (February 2003).

4264: 4035: 3943: 3887: 3855: 3837: 3771: 3606: 3460: 3306:"A fascinating map of the world's most and least racially tolerant countries" 3163: 3118: 2940: 2850: 2814:, and when they address and counteract these injustices, they are expressing 2713: 2639: 2435: 2354: 2226: 2209:) classify the same people differently, and for various reasons some people " 2048: 1655: 1591: 1576: 1432: 1397: 1377: 1248: 1191: 1126: 494: 397: 4610: 3935: 3352: 2801: 5313: 4942: 4835: 4775: 4686: 4629: 4570: 4464: 4418: 4380: 4365: 4250: 4201: 4043: 3702: 3640:"White police officers lost out on job after order to pick Asian candidate" 3126: 2975: 2930: 2831:

thinking by fostering antiracist beliefs and having awareness of their own

2536:

The constitution of Liberia renders non-blacks ineligible for citizenship.

2525: 2276: 2206: 2161:, where members of a dominant or majority group are discriminated against. 2154: 1882: 1761: 1581: 1548: 1528: 1452: 1442: 1422: 1402: 1025: 918: 913: 636: 611: 462: 402: 367: 337: 4729: 4347: 4332:"Racial/Ethnic Discrimination and Health: Findings From Community Studies" 3786: 3598: 3583:"A Black Republic: Citizenship and naturalisation requirements in Liberia" 3382:"HRW: Refugees, Asylum seekers, Migrants and Internally Displaced Persons" 3109: 3086: 4088: 3958: 2970: 2905: 2721: 2645: 2581: 2494: 2217: 2202: 1776: 1736: 1704: 1563: 1523: 1357: 1270: 1221: 1196: 1096: 771: 484: 467: 422: 342: 5296: 5277: 3900: 3496: 2164: 5305: 4809: 4537:"Black-white differences in severe maternal morbidity and site of care" 4535:

Howell EA, Egorova N, Balbierz A, Zeitlin J, Hebert PL (January 2016).

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view these results as strong evidence of unconscious biases rooted in

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Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association

4114:, Washington: American Psychological Association, pp. 229–245, 3965:, Washington: American Psychological Association, pp. 203–227, 3736: 3717: 2950: 2945: 2757: 2126: 1924: 1746: 1665: 1310: 1236: 1141: 1101: 442: 437: 432: 357: 352: 297: 4511:"Pregnancy-Related Deaths | Pregnancy | Reproductive Health | CDC" 2657:

as whites who graduate from a state school such as UMass Amherst.

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have been the victims of racial discrimination, racist attacks,

2157:. Opponents of strong remedies like quotas characterize them as 4642: 3040: 2478: 2466: 2455: 2416: 2390: 2265: 1362: 347: 243: 221: 216: 166: 20: 4889:"Prioritizing Racial Equity in Student Mental Health Spending" 4431: 2991:

International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination

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based on race continues to be violated in the United Kingdom.

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large number of people unclassified who might be described as

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crucial for their holistic development amid such challenges.

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Williams, David R.; Mohammed, Selina A. (22 November 2008).

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United Nations Human Rights, Office of the High Commissioner

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from populations in neighboring geographic areas (such as a

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When a person is conscious of their privilege, mindful of

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Hoffman KM, Trawalter S, Axt JR, Oliver MN (April 2016).

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Critical Consciousness in Youth and Racial Discrimination

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rates are higher for blacks and Latinos than for whites.

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with blacks. Idi Amin was also an anti Semitic person.

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and ethnic and religious intolerance. According to the

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Heberle, Amy E.; Rapa, Luke J.; Farago, Flora (2020).

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Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society

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can affect women of color in pregnancy complications.

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JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association

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Boundary problems and related forms of discrimination

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and medical mistakes that lead to high death rates.

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The U.S. census asks separate questions about 1970:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States 5338: 4214: 4143:"Local outreach group take on homeless equality" 3192:Complexion Based Discrimination: Global Insights 3001:Psychological impact of discrimination on health 2328:as white was challenged on the grounds that the 4263: 4064: 3398: 2385:spread across Europe and Africa over time many 1614:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting) 5119:"Discrimination and conflicts in U.S. society" 5004:"Court tackles racial bias in work promotions" 3527: 3188: 3150:"Race Is a Social Construct, Scientists Argue" 2727: 2216:A given race is sometimes defined as a set of 1090:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups 5215:"Section 15: Race & Color Discrimination" 5209: 5207: 4849:Gale, Adrian; Dorsey, Marquitta (June 2020). 4743: 4741: 4739: 4541:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 3666: 2314:definitions of whiteness in the United States 2121:against any individual on the basis of their 2095: 39:The examples and perspective in this article 16:Discrimination in basis of race and ethnicity 3956: 3791:U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission 3667:Pager, Devah; Shepherd, Hana (August 2008). 3530:Power and Privilege at an African University 2681:Housing discrimination in the United States 2252:with a London accent, and whose family has 1306:List of people killed for being transgender 5204: 5178:Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 4848: 4736: 4166:Pascoe, EA; Smart Richman, L (July 2009). 3921: 3662: 3660: 3376: 3374: 2576:Racial discrimination in the United States 2102: 2088: 5295: 4825: 4765: 4676: 4619: 4609: 4560: 4456:1983/da95cbcd-a090-4373-b20a-ccde6b392a06 4454: 4408: 4355: 4240: 4191: 4078: 3827: 3770: 3735: 3692: 3637: 3504: 3450: 3342: 3328: 3141: 3108: 3078: 2889:Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 2861:In the United States, courts have upheld 2838: 77:Learn how and when to remove this message 4998: 4912: 3182: 378:Social determinants of health in poverty 3867:"The Mark of a Criminal Record," 2003, 3787:"Facts About Race/Color Discrimination" 3657: 3432: 3371: 2894:Equal Employment Opportunity Commission 5339: 5075: 4787: 4785: 3880: 3750: 3715: 3580: 3244: 3147: 3061:Statistical discrimination (economics) 2772: 2594:Racial discrimination in the workplace 2340:, purportedly making the Finns of the 5312: 5272: 4747: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3999: 3997: 3995: 3170:from the original on 14 February 2023 5319:Superior: The Return of Race Science 5283:The Journal of Economic Perspectives 5148:Jones, Jeffrey M. (17 August 2016). 5052:"Ten Myths About Affirmative Action" 4699: 3685:10.1146/annurev.soc.33.040406.131740 3638:Reporters, Telegraph (12 Aug 2024). 3631: 3621:"Black British Voices: the findings" 3366:labor, housing, and product markets. 3240: 3238: 2701: 2580:With regard to employment, multiple 2462:, and an obstacle to its solution." 1112:Capital punishment for homosexuality 383:Social determinants of mental health 25: 4955: 4782: 3092:The New England Journal of Medicine 2396: 2171:Discrimination based on nationality 1232:Genital modification and mutilation 13: 5237: 4305:Journal of Research on Adolescence 4067:Review of Economics and Statistics 3992: 3528:Van Den Berghe, Pierre L. (1973). 3271:"What Are the Four Types of Hair?" 2911:Discrimination based on skin color 2856: 2488: 2182:Discrimination based on skin color 14: 5363: 5076:Pincus, F. L. (1 November 1996). 4389:American Journal of Public Health 4336:American Journal of Public Health 3581:Ludwig, Bernadette (2016-01-15). 3298: 3235: 3148:Gannon, Megan (5 February 2016). 2596:falls into two basic categories: 2539: 2458:is both a cause and a product of 2401: 2194:Population Registration Act, 1950 4927:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01650.x 4714:10.1001/jama.1994.03510390039027 4317:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2006.00128.x 2986:Index of racism-related articles 2695:during the home-buying process. 2569: 2281:personal identity or affiliation 1725:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 1554:Law for Protection of the Nation 1448:White genocide conspiracy theory 108: 30: 5169: 5141: 5111: 5069: 5044: 5023: 4992: 4949: 4906: 4881: 4842: 4693: 4636: 4577: 4528: 4503: 4479: 4425: 4372: 4323: 4295: 4257: 4208: 4159: 4135: 4103: 4058: 3950: 3915: 3874: 3861: 3844: 3805: 3779: 3744: 3709: 3613: 3574: 3560: 3521: 3475: 3426: 3189:Dr. Deen Dayal (15 June 2018). 2465:With the influx of refugees to 1559:MSM blood donation restrictions 1301:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory 4958:Journal of Adolescent Research 4221:Journal of Behavioral Medicine 3322: 3287: 3263: 3209: 2873: 2184:,(measured for example on the 1572:(as religious or racial quota) 1: 5085:American Behavioral Scientist 4447:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68890-9 4383:; B?cares, Laia (July 2016). 3869:American Journal of Sociology 3439:Comparative Migration Studies 3433:Karadağ, Sibel (2019-04-18). 3195:. Notion Press. p. 249. 3101:Massachusetts Medical Society 3071: 2588: 2298:Hispanic and Latino Americans 2272:or anti-immigrant sentiment. 2002:Second-generation gender bias 1710:Constitutional colorblindness 373:Social determinants of health 5263:Resources in other libraries 4893:Center for American Progress 4760:: 167–72, discussion 172–4. 3852:American Sociological Review 2546:Racism in the United Kingdom 2444:internally displaced persons 7: 5097:10.1177/0002764296040002009 4269:Journal of Black Psychology 3881:Gaddis, S. M. (June 2015). 3751:Gaddis, S. Michael (2017). 3716:Gaddis, S. Michael (2017). 3006:Race (human categorization) 2899: 2728:Racism in healthcare system 2287:accepted identification as 2133:or national origin, and/or 1913:Medical model of disability 1757:Hate speech laws by country 53:, discuss the issue on the 10: 5368: 5123:U.S. Politics & Policy 5056:Understandingprejudice.org 4867:10.1007/s12552-020-09286-0 4553:10.1016/j.ajog.2015.08.019 3673:Annual Review of Sociology 3056:Taste-based discrimination 2842: 2705: 2678: 2674: 2573: 2543: 2531: 2504: 2377:(which would also include 2373:being in western Asia) or 2168: 2022:Social model of disability 428:Discrimination against men 18: 5258:Resources in your library 4281:10.1177/00957984960222002 4233:10.1007/s10865-008-9185-0 3452:10.1186/s40878-019-0113-y 2916:Employment discrimination 2519: 2500: 2493:A study conducted in the 1353:Opposition to immigration 222:Race / Ethnicity 5190:10.1177/1368430216631030 4970:10.1177/0743558416675233 4855:Race and Social Problems 4661:10.1093/geronb/61.6.S299 4401:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303121 3838:10.1257/0002828042002561 3815:American Economic Review 3772:10.1177/2378023117737193 3552:: CS1 maint: location ( 2981:Historical race concepts 2667:Research indicates that 2363:religious discrimination 2196:was used to enforce the 2147:anti-discrimination laws 1348:Occupational segregation 1117:Compulsory sterilization 4611:10.1073/pnas.1516047113 3936:10.1111/0019-8676.00226 3625:University of Cambridge 3353:10.1111/1468-0297.00080 2863:race-conscious policies 2552:University of Cambridge 2387:Jewish ethnic divisions 2365:, the whiteness of all 2268:, or more precisely as 1898:Internalized oppression 1752:Fighting Discrimination 1742:Fat acceptance movement 1700:Anti-discrimination law 1326:Native American mascots 5347:Discrimination by type 5219:EEOC Compliance Manual 5033:. Academic.udayton.edu 4172:Psychological Bulletin 4016:Psychological Bulletin 3046:Racism on the Internet 2887:In the United States, 2882: 2845:Reverse discrimination 2839:Reverse discrimination 2816:critical consciousness 2322:ethnolinguistic groups 2159:reverse discrimination 2017:Social identity threat 1990:Reverse discrimination 1980:Racial color blindness 1438:Violence against women 1418:Sex-selective abortion 5249:Racial discrimination 4798:American Psychologist 4348:10.2105/AJPH.93.2.200 4147:spectrumlocalnews.com 3858:, and Bart Bonikowski 3599:10.33182/ml.v13i1.265 3245:Dabiri, Emma (2020). 3110:10.1056/NEJMms2025768 2627:University of Chicago 2359:ethno-religious group 2318:civil rights movement 2316:were used before the 2303:a new racial category 2115:Racial discrimination 1985:Religious intolerance 1945:Political correctness 1767:Intersex human rights 1715:Cultural assimilation 1383:Religious persecution 1147:Disability hate crime 914:Jewish / Antisemitism 4379:Wallace, Stephanie; 4089:10.1162/REST_a_00365 3723:Sociological Science 3627:. 28 September 2023. 3331:The Economic Journal 2662:workplace evaluation 2650:Princeton University 2623:Sendhil Mullainathan 2285:United States Census 1368:Political repression 333:Anti-left handedness 323:Anti-intellectualism 59:create a new article 51:improve this article 41:may not represent a 5297:10.1257/jep.12.2.91 5127:Pew Research Center 4602:2016PNAS..113.4296H 4441:(9527): 2005–2009. 3765:: 237802311773719. 3247:Don't touch my hair 3155:Scientific American 2773:Welfare of Children 2648:, a sociologist at 2601:Disparate Treatment 2507:Zanzibar Revolution 2460:forced displacement 2412:The Washington Post 2408:World Values Survey 2406:A 2013 analysis of 2307:Non-Hispanic whites 1893:Historical eugenics 1408:Segregation academy 1388:Religious terrorism 1177:Enemy of the people 1085:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric 573:Jehovah's Witnesses 453:Perpetual foreigner 5002:(April 22, 2009). 4810:10.1037/amp0000204 4028:10.1037/bul0000230 3854:, by Devah Pager, 3793:. 8 September 2008 3337:(483): F480–F518. 3051:Supremacism#Racial 3036:Racial integration 3031:Racial segregation 2868:affirmative action 2430:Around the world, 2151:affirmative action 2143:racial segregation 1797:Social integration 1792:Self-determination 1782:Racial integration 1730:Diversity training 1720:Cultural pluralism 1695:Affirmative action 1587:Racial segregation 1497:Crime of apartheid 1393:Religious violence 878:Indigenous people 249:Sexual orientation 5329:978-0-8070-7691-0 5274:Arrow, Kenneth J. 5244:Library resources 5129:. 8 December 2016 4915:Child Development 4748:Riley WJ (2012). 4129:978-1-4338-2095-3 4120:10.1037/14852-011 3980:978-1-4338-2095-3 3971:10.1037/14852-010 3901:10.1093/sf/sou111 3587:Migration Letters 3497:10.1093/sf/sot124 3256:978-0-14-198628-9 3202:978-1-64324-232-3 3026:Racial inequality 2792:intersectionality 2702:Effects on health 2619:Marianne Bertrand 2475:economic migrants 2452:Human Right Watch 2350:Italian Americans 2309:to other groups. 2289:Mexican Americans 2186:Fitzpatrick scale 2176:Racial boundaries 2112: 2111: 1975:Racism by country 1903:Intersectionality 1888:Heteronormativity 1671:Voter suppression 1413:Sexual harassment 1212:Forced conversion 1132:Cultural genocide 777:African Americans 583:post–Cold War era 568:Eastern Orthodoxy 318:Anti-drug addicts 313:Anti-homelessness 232:Scientific racism 87: 86: 79: 61:, as appropriate. 5359: 5333: 5322:. 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equality 2936:Ethnic violence 2926:Ethnic conflict 2902: 2885: 2876: 2859: 2847: 2841: 2833:White privilege 2804: 2775: 2739:systemic racism 2735:Serena Williams 2730: 2710: 2708:Race and health 2704: 2683: 2677: 2591: 2578: 2572: 2564:Formal equality 2556:stop and search 2548: 2542: 2534: 2522: 2513: 2505:Main articles: 2503: 2491: 2489:The Netherlands 2428: 2404: 2399: 2383:Jewish diaspora 2346:Irish Americans 2258:British culture 2250:British English 2246:national origin 2235:ethnic violence 2231:ethnic conflict 2173: 2167: 2108: 2079: 2078: 2077: 2076: 2075: 1950:Polyculturalism 1846:Civil liberties 1818: 1810: 1809: 1808: 1807: 1806: 1787:Reappropriation 1687: 1686:Countermeasures 1679: 1678: 1677: 1676: 1675: 1604:Racial steering 1570:Numerus clausus 1474: 1466: 1465: 1464: 1463: 1462: 1187:Ethnic conflict 1122:Corrective rape 1077: 1069: 1068: 1067: 1066: 1065: 702: 691: 690: 689: 688: 687: 642:minority Muslim 530: 520: 519: 518: 517: 516: 408:HIV/AIDS stigma 280: 272: 271: 270: 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1869: 1868: 1866:Neurodiversity 1863: 1853: 1851:Dehumanization 1848: 1843: 1841:Cisnormativity 1838: 1833: 1828: 1822: 1821: 1820: 1819: 1817:Related topics 1816: 1815: 1812: 1811: 1805: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1754: 1749: 1744: 1739: 1734: 1733: 1732: 1722: 1717: 1712: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1691: 1690: 1689: 1688: 1685: 1684: 1681: 1680: 1674: 1673: 1668: 1663: 1661:State religion 1658: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1642: 1641: 1636: 1631: 1626: 1616: 1611: 1606: 1601: 1600: 1599: 1597:Nuremberg Laws 1594: 1584: 1579: 1574: 1566: 1561: 1556: 1551: 1546: 1541: 1539:Ghetto benches 1536: 1534:Gerrymandering 1531: 1526: 1521: 1519:Gender pay gap 1516: 1515: 1514: 1509: 1499: 1494: 1489: 1484: 1478: 1477: 1476: 1475: 1472: 1471: 1468: 1467: 1461: 1460: 1455: 1450: 1445: 1440: 1435: 1430: 1425: 1420: 1415: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1344: 1343: 1338: 1333: 1323: 1318: 1313: 1308: 1303: 1298: 1296:Lavender scare 1293: 1291:Kill Haole Day 1288: 1286:Indian rolling 1283: 1278: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1262: 1261: 1251: 1246: 1245: 1244: 1234: 1229: 1224: 1219: 1214: 1209: 1204: 1199: 1194: 1189: 1184: 1179: 1174: 1172:Eliminationism 1169: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1144: 1139: 1134: 1129: 1124: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1107:Cancel culture 1104: 1099: 1094: 1093: 1092: 1081: 1080: 1079: 1078: 1076:Manifestations 1075: 1074: 1071: 1070: 1064: 1063: 1058: 1053: 1048: 1043: 1038: 1033: 1028: 1023: 1018: 1013: 1008: 1003: 998: 993: 988: 983: 978: 973: 968: 963: 958: 956:Middle Eastern 953: 948: 943: 938: 933: 928: 923: 922: 921: 911: 906: 901: 896: 895: 894: 889: 884: 876: 871: 866: 861: 856: 851: 846: 841: 836: 831: 826: 821: 816: 811: 806: 801: 796: 791: 790: 789: 784: 779: 769: 764: 759: 758: 757: 752: 747: 737: 732: 727: 722: 717: 712: 706: 705: 704: 703: 697: 696: 693: 692: 686: 685: 683:Zoroastrianism 680: 675: 670: 665: 660: 659: 658: 648: 647: 646: 645: 644: 639: 634: 629: 624: 609: 608: 607: 605:Untouchability 602: 592: 587: 586: 585: 580: 575: 570: 565: 555: 550: 545: 540: 534: 533: 532: 531: 526: 525: 522: 521: 515: 514: 509: 504: 503: 502: 497: 492: 482: 481: 480: 475: 465: 460: 455: 450: 445: 440: 435: 430: 425: 420: 418:Leprosy stigma 415: 410: 405: 400: 395: 390: 385: 380: 375: 370: 365: 360: 355: 350: 345: 340: 335: 330: 325: 320: 315: 310: 305: 300: 295: 290: 284: 283: 282: 281: 278: 277: 274: 273: 267: 266: 261: 256: 251: 246: 241: 236: 235: 234: 229: 219: 214: 209: 204: 199: 194: 189: 184: 179: 174: 169: 163: 162: 161: 160: 157: 156: 153: 152: 146: 145: 140: 135: 130: 124: 123: 122: 121: 118: 117: 114: 113: 105: 104: 102:Discrimination 98: 97: 85: 84: 45:of the subject 43:worldwide view 38: 36: 29: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5364: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5344: 5342: 5331: 5325: 5321: 5320: 5315: 5314:Saini, Angela 5311: 5307: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5290:(2): 91–100. 5289: 5285: 5284: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5270: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5220: 5216: 5210: 5208: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5179: 5172: 5157: 5156: 5151: 5144: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5114: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5079: 5072: 5057: 5053: 5047: 5032: 5026: 5011: 5010: 5005: 5001: 4995: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4952: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4909: 4895:. 19 May 2022 4894: 4890: 4884: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4845: 4837: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4788: 4786: 4777: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4744: 4742: 4740: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4696: 4688: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4639: 4631: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4580: 4572: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4531: 4516: 4512: 4506: 4492: 4488: 4482: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4428: 4420: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4381:Nazroo, James 4375: 4367: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4326: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4298: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4260: 4252: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4211: 4203: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4178:(4): 531–54. 4177: 4173: 4169: 4162: 4148: 4144: 4138: 4131: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4106: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4081: 4076: 4073:(1): 119–34. 4072: 4068: 4061: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4006: 4004: 4002: 4000: 3998: 3996: 3982: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3953: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3918: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3889: 3888:Social Forces 3884: 3877: 3870: 3864: 3857: 3856:Bruce Western 3853: 3847: 3839: 3835: 3830: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3816: 3808: 3792: 3788: 3782: 3773: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3759: 3754: 3747: 3738: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3724: 3719: 3712: 3704: 3700: 3695: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3663: 3661: 3645: 3644:The Telegraph 3641: 3634: 3626: 3622: 3616: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3577: 3569: 3563: 3555: 3549: 3541: 3539:9780870739682 3535: 3531: 3524: 3516: 3512: 3507: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3491:(3): 957–82. 3490: 3486: 3485:Social Forces 3478: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3453: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3429: 3414: 3410: 3404: 3402: 3387: 3383: 3377: 3375: 3367: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3345: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3325: 3311: 3307: 3301: 3295: 3290: 3276: 3272: 3266: 3258: 3252: 3248: 3241: 3239: 3222: 3218: 3212: 3204: 3198: 3194: 3193: 3185: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3156: 3151: 3144: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3111: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3093: 3088: 3081: 3077: 3067: 3064: 3062: 3059: 3057: 3054: 3052: 3049: 3047: 3044: 3042: 3039: 3037: 3034: 3032: 3029: 3027: 3024: 3022: 3019: 3017: 3014: 3012: 3009: 3007: 3004: 3002: 2999: 2997: 2994: 2992: 2989: 2987: 2984: 2982: 2979: 2977: 2974: 2972: 2969: 2967: 2964: 2962: 2959: 2957: 2954: 2952: 2949: 2947: 2944: 2942: 2941:Ethnocentrism 2939: 2937: 2934: 2932: 2929: 2927: 2924: 2922: 2919: 2917: 2914: 2912: 2909: 2907: 2904: 2903: 2897: 2895: 2890: 2880: 2871: 2869: 2864: 2857:United States 2854: 2852: 2851:disadvantaged 2846: 2836: 2834: 2828: 2825: 2819: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2799: 2796: 2793: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2759: 2756:Although the 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2740: 2736: 2725: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2714:United States 2709: 2699: 2696: 2694: 2689: 2686: 2682: 2672: 2670: 2665: 2663: 2658: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2641: 2640:Jim Crow laws 2637: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2615: 2608: 2605: 2602: 2599: 2598: 2597: 2595: 2586: 2583: 2582:audit studies 2577: 2570:United States 2567: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2547: 2537: 2529: 2527: 2517: 2512: 2508: 2498: 2496: 2486: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2463: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2423: 2420: 2418: 2413: 2409: 2394: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2355:treaty rights 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2338:Indo-European 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2310: 2308: 2304: 2299: 2295: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2273: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2242: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2227:ethnic hatred 2223: 2219: 2214: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2177: 2172: 2162: 2160: 2156: 2155:racial quotas 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2105: 2100: 2098: 2093: 2091: 2086: 2085: 2083: 2082: 2072: 2069: 2065: 2062: 2061: 2060: 2057: 2055: 2052: 2050: 2049:Social stigma 2047: 2043: 2040: 2038: 2035: 2033: 2030: 2029: 2028: 2025: 2023: 2020: 2018: 2015: 2013: 2010: 2008: 2005: 2003: 2000: 1996: 1993: 1992: 1991: 1988: 1986: 1983: 1981: 1978: 1976: 1973: 1971: 1968: 1966: 1963: 1961: 1958: 1956: 1953: 1951: 1948: 1946: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1919: 1916: 1915: 1914: 1911: 1909: 1906: 1904: 1901: 1899: 1896: 1894: 1891: 1889: 1886: 1884: 1881: 1879: 1876: 1874: 1871: 1867: 1864: 1862: 1859: 1858: 1857: 1854: 1852: 1849: 1847: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1829: 1827: 1824: 1823: 1814: 1813: 1803: 1800: 1798: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1758: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1748: 1745: 1743: 1740: 1738: 1735: 1731: 1728: 1727: 1726: 1723: 1721: 1718: 1716: 1713: 1711: 1708: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1692: 1683: 1682: 1672: 1669: 1667: 1664: 1662: 1659: 1657: 1656:State atheism 1654: 1652: 1649: 1647: 1644: 1640: 1637: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1627: 1625: 1622: 1621: 1620: 1617: 1615: 1612: 1610: 1607: 1605: 1602: 1598: 1595: 1593: 1592:Jim Crow laws 1590: 1589: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1578: 1577:One-drop rule 1575: 1573: 1571: 1567: 1565: 1562: 1560: 1557: 1555: 1552: 1550: 1547: 1545: 1542: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1532: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1504: 1503: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1493: 1492:Blood quantum 1490: 1488: 1485: 1483: 1480: 1479: 1470: 1469: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1439: 1436: 1434: 1433:Victimisation 1431: 1429: 1428:Trans bashing 1426: 1424: 1421: 1419: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1406: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1398:Religious war 1396: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1378:Racialization 1376: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1342: 1339: 1337: 1334: 1332: 1329: 1328: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1260: 1257: 1256: 1255: 1252: 1250: 1249:Glass ceiling 1247: 1243: 1240: 1239: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1193: 1192:Ethnic hatred 1190: 1188: 1185: 1183: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1173: 1170: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1128: 1127:Counter-jihad 1125: 1123: 1120: 1118: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1091: 1088: 1087: 1086: 1083: 1082: 1073: 1072: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1047: 1044: 1042: 1039: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1017: 1014: 1012: 1009: 1007: 1004: 1002: 999: 997: 994: 992: 989: 987: 984: 982: 979: 977: 974: 972: 969: 967: 964: 962: 959: 957: 954: 952: 949: 947: 944: 942: 939: 937: 934: 932: 929: 927: 924: 920: 917: 916: 915: 912: 910: 907: 905: 902: 900: 897: 893: 892:United States 890: 888: 885: 883: 880: 879: 877: 875: 872: 870: 867: 865: 862: 860: 857: 855: 852: 850: 847: 845: 842: 840: 837: 835: 832: 830: 827: 825: 822: 820: 817: 815: 812: 810: 807: 805: 802: 800: 797: 795: 792: 788: 785: 783: 780: 778: 775: 774: 773: 770: 768: 765: 763: 760: 756: 755:United States 753: 751: 748: 746: 743: 742: 741: 738: 736: 733: 731: 728: 726: 723: 721: 718: 716: 713: 711: 708: 707: 701: 695: 694: 684: 681: 679: 676: 674: 671: 669: 668:Protestantism 666: 664: 661: 657: 654: 653: 652: 649: 643: 640: 638: 635: 633: 630: 628: 625: 623: 620: 619: 618: 615: 614: 613: 610: 606: 603: 601: 598: 597: 596: 593: 591: 588: 584: 581: 579: 578:LDS or Mormon 576: 574: 571: 569: 566: 564: 561: 560: 559: 556: 554: 551: 549: 546: 544: 541: 539: 536: 535: 529: 524: 523: 513: 510: 508: 505: 501: 498: 496: 495:Transmisogyny 493: 491: 488: 487: 486: 483: 479: 476: 474: 471: 470: 469: 466: 464: 461: 459: 456: 454: 451: 449: 446: 444: 441: 439: 436: 434: 431: 429: 426: 424: 421: 419: 416: 414: 411: 409: 406: 404: 401: 399: 398:Gerontophobia 396: 394: 391: 389: 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 351: 349: 346: 344: 341: 339: 336: 334: 331: 329: 328:Anti-intersex 326: 324: 321: 319: 316: 314: 311: 309: 306: 304: 303:Anti-albinism 301: 299: 296: 294: 291: 289: 286: 285: 276: 275: 265: 262: 260: 257: 255: 252: 250: 247: 245: 242: 240: 237: 233: 230: 228: 225: 224: 223: 220: 218: 215: 213: 210: 208: 205: 203: 200: 198: 195: 193: 190: 188: 185: 183: 180: 178: 175: 173: 170: 168: 165: 164: 155: 154: 144: 141: 139: 136: 134: 131: 129: 128:Institutional 126: 125: 116: 115: 111: 107: 106: 103: 100: 99: 95: 91: 90: 81: 78: 70: 60: 56: 52: 46: 44: 37: 28: 27: 22: 5317: 5287: 5281: 5248: 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Retrieved 3153: 3143: 3096: 3090: 3080: 2976:Hate studies 2931:Ethnic group 2886: 2877: 2860: 2848: 2829: 2820: 2805: 2797: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2767: 2763: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2731: 2711: 2697: 2690: 2687: 2684: 2669:unemployment 2666: 2659: 2644: 2617:Researchers 2616: 2612: 2606: 2600: 2592: 2579: 2549: 2535: 2526:white people 2523: 2514: 2492: 2464: 2429: 2421: 2405: 2336:rather than 2311: 2277:ethnogenesis 2274: 2243: 2215: 2207:hyperdescent 2190:hair texture 2180: 2174: 2139:hair texture 2114: 2113: 1883:Gender-blind 1762:Human rights 1582:Racial quota 1569: 1549:Jewish quota 1529:Gerontocracy 1524:Gender roles 1502:Disabilities 1487:Blood purity 1453:Wife selling 1443:White flight 1423:Slut-shaming 1403:Scapegoating 1321:Murder music 976:Palestinians 919:Anti-Zionism 787:South Africa 772:Black people 750:South Africa 558:Christianity 548:Baháʼí Faith 463:Sectarianism 403:Heterosexism 368:Ephebiphobia 338:Anti-Masonry 197:Hair texture 73: 64: 40: 4515:www.cdc.gov 3730:: 469–489. 3506:2066/129904 3386:www.hrw.org 3275:MedicineNet 3103:: 872–878. 2971:Hate speech 2906:Anti-racism 2874:Perceptions 2722:New Zealand 2646:Devah Pager 2495:Netherlands 2254:assimilated 2244:A person's 2218:ethnicities 2203:hypodescent 1777:Nonviolence 1772:LGBT rights 1737:Empowerment 1705:Anti-racism 1619:Segregation 1564:No kid zone 1358:Persecution 1271:Hate speech 1222:Gay bashing 1197:Ethnic joke 1152:Dog whistle 1097:Blood libel 767:Azerbaijani 663:Neopaganism 656:Persecution 617:Persecution 600:Persecution 563:Catholicism 543:Exclusivism 485:Transphobia 468:Supremacism 423:Lesbophobia 343:Aporophobia 308:Anti-autism 143:Taste-based 138:Statistical 67:August 2017 5341:Categories 5037:2010-05-23 4899:2022-06-09 4521:2018-10-14 4496:2018-10-14 4435:The Lancet 4152:2022-06-09 3986:2020-08-09 3419:2021-07-06 3391:2021-07-06 3315:2017-08-16 3280:2024-02-07 3072:References 3066:Xenophobia 2966:Hate media 2961:Hate group 2956:Hate Crime 2843:See also: 2808:oppression 2589:Employment 2448:xenophobia 2270:xenophobia 2169:See also: 2135:skin color 2059:Stereotype 2054:Speciesism 1935:Oppression 1930:Oikophobia 1826:Allophilia 1802:Toleration 1651:Sodomy law 1544:Internment 1458:Witch-hunt 1336:Blackhawks 1266:Hate group 1254:Hate crime 1227:Gendercide 1217:Freak show 1207:Excellence 1167:Employment 1137:Defamation 1056:Vietnamese 1051:Venezuelan 936:Lithuanian 590:Falun Gong 512:Xenophobia 507:Vegaphobia 490:Non-binary 448:Pedophobia 413:Homophobia 227:Skin color 187:Disability 158:Attributes 133:Structural 5225:16 August 5105:143231189 5009:USA Today 4986:151424013 4978:0743-5584 4935:0009-3920 4875:1867-1748 4818:1935-990X 4722:0098-7484 4669:1079-5014 4289:145535500 4075:CiteSeerX 4052:215618919 4036:1939-1455 3944:1468-232X 3909:145386374 3824:CiteSeerX 3797:16 August 3607:1741-8992 3548:cite book 3515:145446149 3469:150384637 3461:2214-594X 3445:(1): 12. 3339:CiteSeerX 3164:0036-8733 3135:230820421 3119:1533-4406 2625:, at the 2371:Palestine 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