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down to issues of group security. In situations when offensive and defensive actions are indistinguishable to outsiders, and in situations when the offensive actions are more effective in insuring group survival, then violence is sure to be present and harsh. This view of ethnic violence placed risk in areas where members of ethnic groups feel insecure about their future, not as a result of emotional tensions.
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group responds with messages of their own group cohesion. Of course, this only happens when outside groups are already perceived as being potential threats. Using this logic, ethnic violence might be prevented by decreasing messages of group cohesion, while increasing messages of safety and solidarity with members of other ethnic groups.
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common bonds. According to Dr. May Lim, a researcher who is affiliated with NECSI, "Violence normally occurs when a group is large enough to impose cultural norms on public spaces, but not large enough to prevent those norms from being broken. Usually this occurs in places where boundaries between ethnic or cultural groups are unclear."
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is seen as the cause; Since there was no longer a strong centralized power (in the form of the USSR) to control the various ethnic groups, they then had to provide defense for themselves. This implies that once ethnicity is established, there needs to be strong distinctions, otherwise violence is inevitable.
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Another theory supports the belief that a general feeling that security is lacking can cause ethnic violence, particularly when different ethnic groups live in proximity to each other. This feeling can eventually cause different ethnic groups to distrust each other, which leads to their unwillingness
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There are various potential causes of ethnic violence. Research which has been conducted by the New
England Complex Systems Institute (NESCI) has shown that violence results when ethnic groups are partially mixed: neither clearly separated enough to reduce contact nor thoroughly mixed enough to build
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This theory also states that the minimum requirement for ethnic tensions to result in ethnic violence on a systemic level is a heterogeneous society and the lack of a power to prevent them from fighting. In the ethnic conflicts that erupted after the end of the Cold War, this lack of outer controls
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Ethnic violence obviously does not exist in exactly the same conditions in every example. Whereas one case of ethnic violence might result in a drawn out genocide, another case might result in a race riot. Different issues lead to different levels of intensity of violence. The problem mainly comes
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Another theory states that ethnic violence is the result of past tensions. Referring to the members of the other ethnic group based solely on their previous offences tends to increase the probability of future violence. This is referenced in the literature on ethnic violence that tends to focus on
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Using the media to change perceptions of ethnicity might lead to a change in the probability of ethnic violence. The use of media that results in ethnic violence is usually a cyclical relationship; one group increases messages of group cohesion in response to a perceived threat, and a neighboring
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Outside forces may also be effective in decreasing the likelihood of ethnic violence. However, not all interferences by outside forces may be helpful. If not handled delicately, the possibility might increase. Outside groups can help stabilize danger zones by imposing gentle economic sanctions,
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Because ethnic violence is particularly extreme, there are numerous theories on how it can be prevented, and once it starts, there are numerous theories on how it can be ended. At the New
England Complex Systems Institute, Yaneer Bar-Yam suggests that "clear boundaries" or "thorough mixing" can
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Ethnic violence frequently occurs as a result of individual domestic disputes which spiral out of control and lead to large-scale conflicts. When individual disputes occur between two members of different ethnic groups, they can result in peace or they can result in more violence. Peace is more
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Assuming that ethnic groups can be defined as groups of people which band together in order to protect material goods, while they are also satisfying the need to feel that they are a part of a group, violence which results from ethnicity can be a result of a violation which is committed against
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likely when offended persons feel that the offenders will be sufficiently punished by members of their own ethnic group. Or peace is simply achieved through the fear of greater ethnic violence. If the fear of retribution or the fear of violence is not present, ethnic violence may occur.
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develop more representative political institutions that would allow for minority voices to be heard, and encourage the respect of ethnically diverse communities and minorities. However, if done incorrectly, outside interference can cause a nationalistic lash-back.
376:. Individual identities might change throughout the years, but strong emotional issues can lead to a desire to fulfill those needs above all other concerns. This strong desire to satisfy individual needs, without harming your own group, can have violent results.
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was fought along ideological lines (leftist rebel groups fought against the
Guatemalan government) but it acquired ethnic characteristics because the rebels were primarily supported by the indigenous Mayan groups.
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Habyrimana, James, Macartan
Humphreys, Daniel Posner, Jeremy Weinstein, Richard Rosecrance, Arthur Stein, and Jerry Z. Muller. "Is Ethnic Conflict Inevitable?" Council on Foreign Relations (July 2008). Web.
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in Egypt qualifies as both ethnic and religious violence but it isn't occurring during an ongoing conflict, instead, it reflects a history of sporadic and continuous attacks, over the years.
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by an ethnic division, from violence that is motivated by other factors and just happens to break out between members of different ethnic groups (political or ideological).
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either ethnic group. However, violence occurs when the members of the opposing groups believe that there is no peaceful solution to the tensions which are plaguing them.
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qualify as "ethnic violence" (of the most extreme sorts), because by definition, the victims of a genocide are usually killed based on their membership in a particular
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Petersen, Roger Dale. Understanding Ethnic
Violence: Fear, Hatred, and Resentment in Twentieth-century Eastern Europe. Cambridge [England: Cambridge UP, 2002. Print.
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The United States is often presented as the classic "melting pot" of ethnicities. "Ethnic" tensions in the United States are more typically viewed in terms of
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1240:"Scientists Who study Ethnic Violence Find That in Switzerland, Separation Is the Key to Peace." Discover Blogs. Discover Magazine, 12 Oct. 2011. Web. <
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Brown, Michael E., and John Rex. The
Ethnicity Reader: Nationalism, Multiculturalism, and Migration. Cambridge, UK: Polity, 1997. 80–100. Print.
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http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/80beats/2011/10/12/scientists-who-model-ethnic-violence-find-that-in-switzerland-separation-is-key-to-peace/
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Fearon, James D., and David D. Laitin. "Explaining
Interethnic Cooperation." The American Political Science Review 90.4 (1996): 715–35. Print.
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http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/64457/james-habyarimana-macartan-humphreys-daniel-posner-jeremy-weinst/is-ethnic-conflict-inevitable#
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areas that have already had a history of ethnic violence, instead of comparing them with areas that have had peaceful ethnic relations.
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M. Lim, R. Metzler, Y. Bar-Yam, Global
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Unfortunately, poorly planned separations do not lead to peace between members of different ethnic groups. the
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Muller, Jerry Z. "Us and Them." Foreign
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and all of the major conflicts between industrialised nations which occurred during the 19th century.
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330:: How Exporting Free Market Democracy Breeds Ethnic Hatred and Global Instability
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Ethnic violence which is perpetrated in an organized, sustained form is known as
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Form of political violence specifically targeted towards a certain ethnic group
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reduce the possibility of violence, citing
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Care must be taken to distinguish ethnic violence, which is violence
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Violent ethnic rivalry is the subject matter of Jewish sociologist
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The Ethnicity Reader: Nationalism, Multiculturalism, and Migration
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The "Ancient Hatreds" type of ethnic violence associates modern
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Race riots and racial supremacist violence in the United States
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Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia
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Killing Others: A Natural History of Ethnic Violence
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http://www.necsi.edu/research/ethnicviolence/sci317/
1368:"The Muslim Brotherhood's War on Coptic Christians"
101:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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777:history of Native Americans in the United States
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1311:. Cambridge, UK: Polity, 1997. 80–100. Print.
890:Mouvement de Libération Nationale du Québec
851:and the history of ethnic conflicts in the
634:Other examples of ethnic violence include:
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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1216:. Johns Hopkins University. Archived from
1211:"The Security Problem and Ethnic Conflict"
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607:Persecution of Shias by the Islamic State
446:in the 1990s was seen as revenge for the
241:Learn how and when to remove this message
223:Learn how and when to remove this message
161:Learn how and when to remove this message
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612:Genocide of Yazidis by the Islamic State
332:. Some academicians would classify all "
1263:Russian Nationalism and Ethnic Violence
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627:Ethnic violence in Papua New Guinea
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2789:Victims of Acts of Terror Memorial
2753:Designated terrorist organizations
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1033:List of ongoing military conflicts
1028:List of ethnic cleansing campaigns
497:List of ethnic cleansing campaigns
438:(or even mythical) conflicts. The
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1401:(Cornell University Press, 2017)
1307:Brown, Michael E., and John Rex.
1063:Political cleansing of population
754:Race riots in the United Kingdom
721:Black Legion (political movement)
677:War crime against the Afar people
403:which occurred between India and
45:This article has multiple issues.
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1366:Powers, Kirsten (Aug 22, 2013).
1279:. irinnews.com. 8 November 2017.
884:Azanian People's Liberation Army
260:which is expressly motivated by
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1321:Abdelhadi, Magdi (3 May 2012).
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502:List of genocides by death toll
86:needs additional citations for
53:or discuss these issues on the
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689:Ethnic violence in South Sudan
278:ethnically motivated terrorism
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861:'s White tigers and many more
844:Other secessionist conflicts
710:Lynching in the United States
679:in Ethiopia from 2021 to 2022
532:Great Famine of Mount Lebanon
344:Causality and characteristics
440:massacres of Bosnian Muslims
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2925:Racially motivated violence
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512:Herero and Namaqua genocide
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203:the claims made and adding
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2481:Anti-terrorism legislation
1812:Countries by ethnic groups
1807:Contemporary ethnic groups
824:2006 Moscow market bombing
694:Sudanese nomadic conflicts
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1008:Extrajudicial punishment
878:Kurdish–Turkish conflict
665:Ethnic violence in Konso
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2686:Clandestine cell system
1924:Torres Strait Islanders
1769:Ethnopsychopharmacology
1513:In-group and out-groups
963:Crimes against humanity
738:Don Black (nationalist)
2632:Propaganda of the deed
2165:Cultural appropriation
1417:(archived 24 May 2018)
1053:Persecution of Uyghurs
1048:Persecution of Muslims
673:in Ethiopia since 1994
667:in Ethiopia since 1994
2772:Memorials and museums
2190:Ethnic interest group
2030:Ethnicity in censuses
1980:Cultural assimilation
1481:Ethnolinguistic group
1003:Extrajudicial killing
896:Numerous individual "
470:Further information:
2784:Topography of Terror
2471:History of terrorism
2410:Minzu (anthropology)
2379:Separatist movements
2235:Ethnographic village
2065:Legendary progenitor
1700:Transidioethnography
1503:Hyphenated ethnicity
1498:Ethnographic realism
1491:Ethnoreligious group
1073:Population cleansing
1038:List of ethnic riots
917:Guatemalan Civil War
907:Some of the world's
818:Russo-Circassian War
781:American Indian Wars
683:Oromo-Somali clashes
492:Genocides in history
401:religious separation
95:improve this article
2270:Multinational state
2265:Model minority myth
2152:Multiethnic society
2070:Linguistic homeland
1486:Ethnonational group
790:Cronulla Race Riots
685:in Ethiopia in 2017
572:East Timor genocide
507:Circassian genocide
450:perpetrated by the
442:perpetrated by the
291:or ethnic warfare (
2602:Aircraft hijacking
2250:Middleman minority
2210:Ethnic pornography
2205:Ethnic nationalism
2110:Pantribal sodality
2055:Imagined community
1580:Symbolic ethnicity
1508:Indigenous peoples
1476:Ethnographic group
1403:online book review
1297:. 7 December 2015.
1247:2012-01-16 at the
1088:Religious violence
1078:Sectarian violence
1068:Political violence
993:Ethnic nationalism
923:Terrorism against
900:" incidents, e.g.
747:Crown Heights riot
567:Cambodian genocide
325:'s notable study,
295:), in contrast to
258:political violence
188:possibly contains
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2486:Counter-terrorism
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2245:Indigenous rights
2230:Ethnographic film
2215:Ethnic theme park
2175:Dominant minority
2170:Diaspora politics
2160:Consociationalism
2095:National language
1985:Cultural identity
1975:Cross-race effect
1919:Aboriginal groups
1261:Arnold, Richard.
973:Diaspora politics
953:Cultural genocide
948:Cultural conflict
943:Communal violence
909:ongoing conflicts
870:which was led by
742:Operation Red Dog
660:Muhajir genocides
597:Rohingya genocide
522:Assyrian genocide
517:Armenian genocide
315:Ludwig Gumplowicz
301:ethnic background
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2297:Ethnic bioweapon
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587:Rwandan genocide
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2085:Nation-building
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1759:Ethnophilosophy
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552:The Holocaust
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284:reactionism.
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262:ethnic hatred
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186:This article
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112: –
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106:Find sources:
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84:This article
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72:
67:
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58:
57:
52:
51:
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41:
32:
31:
19:
2875:Soviet Union
2732:White Terror
2679:Organisation
2607:Bioterrorism
2535:
2384:Xenocentrism
2342:Ethnic riots
2336:
2327:Ethnic slurs
2317:Ethnic party
2280:Ideology and
2200:Ethnic media
2142:White ethnic
2135:Neotribalism
2090:Nation state
2035:Ethnofiction
1966:ethnogenesis
1937:
1930:
1911:
1880:Central Asia
1872:
1825:
1818:
1801:
1774:Ethnoscience
1764:Ethnopoetics
1712:Ethnohistory
1650:Ethnogeology
1638:Ethnozoology
1628:Ethnoecology
1618:Ethnobiology
1603:Anthropology
1555:Panethnicity
1471:Ethnic group
1398:
1377:. Retrieved
1371:
1361:
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1343:
1331:. Retrieved
1327:The Guardian
1326:
1316:
1308:
1303:
1295:the guardian
1294:
1285:
1271:
1265:. Routledge.
1262:
1256:
1236:
1225:. Retrieved
1218:the original
1187:
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1139:
922:
906:
872:Ante Pavelić
758:Oldham riots
732:Death Angels
715:Ku Klux Klan
633:
485:ethnic group
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213:October 2023
210:
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151:October 2023
148:
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124:
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105:
93:Please help
88:verification
85:
61:
54:
48:
47:Please help
44:
2647:Palestinian
2612:Car bombing
2558:Nationalist
2541:Palestinian
2509:By ideology
2312:Ethnic joke
2120:Tribal name
2105:Origin myth
2080:Mythomoteur
2010:Ethnic flag
1995:Development
1680:Netnography
1655:Ethnography
1645:Ethnocinema
1623:Ethnobotany
1550:Nationality
1103:Vigilantism
726:Hammerskins
639:Antisemitic
334:nationalist
2919:Categories
2898:Venezuela
2798:By country
2722:Red Terror
2715:Historical
2637:Proxy bomb
2587:Types and
2531:Right-wing
2466:Definition
2394:Xenophobia
2389:Xenophilia
2364:Indigenism
2292:Allophilia
2225:Ethnocracy
2115:Statistext
2050:Historical
1943:Indigenous
1895:South Asia
1831:Indigenous
1565:Population
1333:7 December
1227:2012-03-11
1115:References
1023:Hate group
1018:Hate crime
938:Classicide
898:hate crime
370:resentment
338:World Wars
282:xenophobic
197:improve it
121:newspapers
50:improve it
2902:Sponsored
2892:Sponsored
2882:Sri Lanka
2863:Sponsored
2855:Palestine
2848:Sponsored
2844:Pakistan
2838:Sponsored
2828:Sponsored
2818:Sponsored
2808:Sponsored
2758:Incidents
2701:Lone wolf
2691:Financing
2567:Christian
2563:Religious
2526:Left-wing
2516:Communist
2452:Terrorism
2354:Ethnocide
2220:Ethnoburb
2125:Tribalism
1913:Australia
1905:West Asia
1885:East Asia
1856:Caribbean
1841:Greenland
1722:Ethnology
1595:Ethnology
1533:Influence
1452:Ethnicity
1379:22 August
1108:War crime
1093:Terrorism
998:Ethnocide
831:Kondopoga
829:Riots in
768:Combat 18
704:The Order
542:Holodomor
308:motivated
270:terrorism
201:verifying
56:talk page
2935:Violence
2374:Nativism
2040:Ethnonym
2005:Ethnarch
1961:Identity
1948:European
1826:Americas
1670:Critical
1665:Clinical
1459:Concepts
1329:. London
1245:Archived
1043:Lynching
1013:Genocide
968:Democide
931:See also
826:, Russia
804:Dashnaks
655:Dalmatia
481:genocide
466:Examples
448:genocide
405:Pakistan
323:Amy Chua
293:race war
2824:Kuwait
2814:Israel
2622:Nuclear
2589:tactics
2572:Islamic
2565: (
2546:Zionist
2403:Related
2060:Kinship
2000:Endonym
1990:Demonym
1938:Oceania
1695:Salvage
853:Balkans
835:Karelia
642:pogroms
458:of the
452:Ustashe
436:ancient
195:Please
135:scholar
2870:Russia
2859:Qatar
2834:Libya
2627:Piracy
2577:Jewish
1932:Europe
1846:Mexico
1836:Canada
1820:Africa
1685:Online
1545:Nation
1058:Pogrom
915:. The
868:Ustaše
796:, 2005
794:Sydney
456:hatred
372:, and
137:
130:
123:
116:
108:
2804:Iran
2741:Lists
2696:Front
2521:Green
2075:Mores
1802:World
1705:Video
1585:Tribe
1251:>.
1221:(PDF)
1214:(PDF)
1196:>.
1147:>.
925:Copts
859:Arkan
444:Serbs
434:with
426:Types
142:JSTOR
128:books
1874:Asia
1570:Race
1466:Clan
1381:2013
1335:2012
1192:<
882:The
876:The
847:The
822:The
816:The
810:and
808:EOKA
802:The
775:The
740:and
479:and
454:and
412:race
374:rage
366:hate
362:fear
264:and
114:news
1963:and
792:in
653:in
644:in
317:'s
276:or
199:by
97:by
2921::
1370:.
1351:.
1325:.
1293:.
1201:^
1173:^
1123:^
833:,
806:,
783:,
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368:,
364:,
303:.
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2579:)
2444:e
2437:t
2430:v
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