239:), or stern-coxed. In coxless ("straight") boats, a steersman is responsible for steering by either use of a mechanism connecting one of his shoes by wire to the rudder—the swiveling of the shoe turns the rudder, or by using a hand controlled string, called a tiller rope, which is parallel to the gunwales or the boat, and controls the rudder in a similar fashion. Singles and doubles do not employ a rudder in competition; the oarsmen steer by increasing or decreasing pressure or length on one scull or the other. In competition, bow- and stern-coxed boats may race one another.
313:, controlled by the coxswain, if present, or by one of the crew. In the latter case, the rudder cable is attached to the toe of one of his shoes which can pivot about the ball of the foot, moving the cable left or right. The bowman may steer since he has the best vision when looking over his shoulder. On straighter courses, the strokesman may steer, since he can point the stern of the boat at some landmark at the start of the course. On international courses, landmarks for the steersmen, consisting of two aligned poles, may be provided.
31:
948:
1504:
317:
333:, which is a metal or plastic fin that extends from the bottom of the boat to help maintain stability and to assist in steering. This protrusion renders the skeg vulnerable to damage, but it is relatively easy to replace one by gluing in a new one. Hull damage is also a concern both for maintaining equipment and for rower safety. Hull damage can be caused by submerged logs, poor strapping to trailers, and collisions with other boats, docks, rocks, etc.
342:
357:. These are specially designed storage areas which usually consist of a long two-story building with a large door at one end which leads out to a pontoon or slipway on the river or lakeside. The boats are stored on racks (horizontal bars, usually metal) on the ground floor. Oars, riggers, and other equipment is stored around the boats, and there may be a workshop alongside or behind the storage areas. Boat houses are typically associated with
1516:
124:
174:
community, which allows nearly frictionless movement of the rower's body. Rolling seats were introduced around the year 1880. They differed from modern seats in that ball bearings were not available. Several inventors produced designs which avoided the friction which would result from use of a simple axle and bushing design. Patents were granted to
155:
structure. They are manufactured by either cold laying up of the carbon, which is then left to set, or by using heat curing, which ensures that the carbon fibre composite is properly set. The best shells are characterized by their "stiffness", as the lack of flexing means none of the force exerted by
69:
to hold the oarlocks away from the boat, and sliding seats. The boat's long length and semicircular cross-section reduce drag to a minimum. This makes the boat both fast and unstable. It must be balanced by the rowers to avoid tipping. Being able to balance – or "set" – the boat while putting maximum
164:
A rower on a fixed seat is limited in the amount of power they can apply to the oars by the strength in their upper body and the distance they can pull the oars on each stroke. After riggers were added to the shell allowing the use of longer oars, rowers took advantage by taking longer strokes and
146:
and became popular in the 1870s. These paper shells were sold world-wide by the Waters Paper Boat
Factory of Troy, New York. The next evolution of rowing shells were mainly created from thin plywood sandwiching a cardboard honeycomb structure with a fiberglass outer hull. Modern shells are usually
202:
The same advantages may be obtained by fixing the seat and mounting the outriggers on rollers. Now the athlete's body mass remains stationary and the boat doesn't pitch bow to stern nearly as much. This improves the boat speed significantly. The disadvantage is that this arrangement may result in
173:
and the shells had concave, longitudinal seats. The athletes could then use their legs to slide along the seat, adding the power of their legs and letting them greatly lengthen the stroke. This eventually led to the modern sliding seat, mounted on rollers, commonly called the slide in the rowing
115:"). By attaching outriggers to the gunwales, the oarlocks could be placed farther out. This resulted in two things: oars got much longer, providing more length to the strokes, and hulls got narrower until they were as narrow as possible while still retaining sufficient buoyancy and balance.
469:
203:
blisters on one's buttocks and in the risk of sliding off one's seat when exerting too much explosive force at the beginning of a race . In April 1877 Michael Davis of
Portland Maine applied for a patent for a sliding rigger/foot-board with fixed seat. In 1981, the German
450:
488:
90:
were developed in the early 19th century specifically for team racing. These dedicated boats were the first boats that could be called racing shells, and they evolved into the highly specialized forms used today.
211:
World
Championship using a sliding rigger. In August 1983 FISA banned the use of the sliding-rigger, presumably because it was thought to be more costly than sliding-seat boats.
111:
limitations at race speed. The first racing shells, while narrower than working rowboats, were limited by the width necessary to mount the oarlocks on the boat's sides ("
190:. With the advent of the sliding seat, Hanlan was able to greatly outperform his English and American counterparts. The Davis seat used rollers in a race similar to a
226:. In all forms of modern competition the number of rowers can be 1, 2, 4, or 8. In the 19th century, there were often races with 6, 10 and 12 rowers per boat.
257:
Although sculling and sweep boats are generally identical to each other (except having different riggers), they are referred to using different names:
1484:
998:
1469:
1137:
972:
613:
1283:
1104:
879:
309:
Single, and double sculls are usually steered by the scullers pulling harder on one side or the other. In other boats, there is a
1547:
1084:
361:
and often include some social facilities on the upper floor: a cafe, bar, or gym, in addition to changing areas for the rowers.
1303:
977:
1464:
937:
1293:
1228:
927:
1489:
1298:
1064:
917:
1474:
1342:
370:
1377:
1367:
1362:
1327:
1192:
606:
907:
208:
148:
1347:
1273:
1352:
1322:
1162:
962:
912:
17:
1542:
1443:
1212:
1207:
1059:
1039:
932:
872:
375:
There are numerous companies worldwide producing a spectrum of boats for all levels of the sport including
1398:
1372:
1253:
1187:
1142:
599:
1357:
1157:
1152:
1132:
1127:
1332:
1054:
483:
1459:
1248:
1147:
580:
464:
445:
388:
1177:
1013:
865:
99:
A narrower boat provides a sharper angle to the bow and a smaller cross-sectional area reducing
1202:
1044:
1029:
922:
104:
1479:
320:
Two hatchet sculls. The "blades" are at the top and the handles at the bottom of the picture.
165:
using their legs during the stroke. At first, the athletes wore trousers with wear resistant
1278:
1197:
1182:
1172:
1167:
1114:
1099:
967:
219:
There are a large number of different types of racing shells. They are classified using:
8:
1122:
467:, Warin, George, "IMPROVEMENTS ON SLIDING SEATS FOR BOATS", issued 1882-10-23
204:
142:
for strength and weight advantages. The first composite shells were made from a form of
1408:
1069:
1008:
170:
139:
448:, Hicks, Octavius, "IMPROVEMENTS ON BOAT SLIDING SEATS", issued 1880-08-26
1263:
1049:
982:
769:
407:
Boats are conveyed to competitions on special trailers accommodating up to 20 boats.
143:
83:
1337:
1268:
1258:
1238:
1094:
902:
506:
384:
1508:
1243:
1233:
1074:
791:
87:
1520:
1428:
1288:
1034:
888:
738:
660:
632:
416:
392:
346:
278:
175:
100:
62:
35:
585:
1536:
1079:
713:
697:
552:
380:
297:
186:, a boat builder and famous decoy maker, was coach to world rowing champion
1433:
1403:
1313:
1089:
833:
801:
748:
687:
682:
650:
640:
527:
421:
289:
285:
270:
262:
246:
191:
1438:
947:
358:
58:
1413:
1393:
723:
692:
655:
645:
581:
For information on the development and process of paper boat production
354:
316:
296:(4x); also, but not in world-class competition, coxed quad (4x+), and
293:
274:
266:
187:
108:
42:
30:
718:
341:
182:, was a boat builder, hotelier, road and bridge contractor. Warin, of
70:
effort into the oars is therefore an essential skill of sport rowing.
1003:
591:
236:
179:
152:
132:
66:
178:(1880), George Warin (1882), and Michael F. Davis (1882). Hicks, of
1423:
785:
779:
674:
426:
376:
250:
231:
774:
743:
728:
396:
183:
166:
112:
79:
574:
753:
733:
310:
486:, Davis, M.F., "ROW BOAT SEAT", issued 1883-08-07
330:
329:
The most commonly damaged piece of rowing equipment is the
253:). The shell then has one rigger or two riggers per rower.
135:
123:
857:
57:) is an extremely narrow, and often comparatively long,
553:"Improvement in outrigger-boats (US patent 209,960)"
235:. Boats are either coxless, bow-coxed (also called
500:
498:
999:List of New Zealand rowers at the Summer Olympics
78:The racing shell evolved from the simple working
1534:
588:, which covers the evolution of the rowing shell
495:
444:
399:which are renowned racing shell manufacturers.
873:
607:
463:
65:or exercise. It is equipped with long oars,
482:
138:, shells are now almost always made from a
27:Rowing boat designed for racing or exercise
880:
866:
614:
600:
156:the rower is wasted in twisting the boat.
340:
315:
122:
29:
525:
14:
1535:
621:
504:
245:. The rower(s) may each hold one oar (
214:
1105:Women's Eights Head of the River Race
938:Head of the River (Western Australia)
861:
595:
550:
507:"The Development Of Rowing Equipment"
345:Lea Rowing Club, a local club on the
1515:
973:Secondary School Rowing Association
928:Head of the River (New South Wales)
24:
918:Head of the Schoolgirls (Victoria)
577:, including the paper racing shell
127:University of Vermont 8+ oar shell
25:
1559:
402:
371:List of rowing boat manufacturers
197:
1514:
1503:
1502:
946:
364:
159:
1065:Schools' Head of the River Race
149:carbon-fibre reinforced plastic
1548:Rowing equipment manufacturers
1138:Silver Goblets & Nickalls'
586:History of MIT Crew: Chapter 8
544:
519:
476:
457:
438:
13:
1:
978:University Rowing Association
568:
551:Davis, Michael (1877-04-04).
505:Miller, Bill (January 2000).
1040:British Rowing Championships
933:Head of the River (Victoria)
118:
7:
410:
353:Racing boats are stored in
304:
10:
1564:
1485:School and university oars
1343:World Junior Championships
887:
368:
336:
94:
73:
61:specifically designed for
1498:
1475:Rowing boat manufacturers
1452:
1386:
1312:
1221:
1113:
1060:National Schools' Regatta
1022:
991:
955:
944:
895:
832:
800:
762:
706:
669:
627:
324:
1460:Glossary of rowing terms
575:A history of paper boats
432:
1348:World U23 Championships
526:Mallory, Peter (2010).
49:(also referred to as a
1353:European Championships
1274:Head of the Schuylkill
1055:Henley Women's Regatta
1045:Head of the River Race
350:
321:
128:
38:
528:"The Sport of Rowing"
344:
319:
131:Originally made from
126:
33:
1279:Poughkeepsie Regatta
1115:Henley Royal Regatta
968:Rowing Canada Aviron
908:Rowing Championships
484:US patent 282855
465:CA patent 155676
82:. Boats with longer
1543:Rowing racing boats
1358:Asian Championships
1333:World Championships
749:Thames racing skiff
446:CA patent 11666
281:(8+) (always coxed)
215:Boat classification
205:Peter-Michael Kolbe
169:bottoms covered in
1378:Commonwealth Games
1368:Pan American Games
1193:Princess Elizabeth
1070:Scottish Boat Race
1009:Rowing New Zealand
992:New Zealand rowing
622:Oared racing boats
351:
322:
140:composite material
129:
53:(UK) or simply a
39:
1530:
1529:
1264:Head of the Hooch
1100:Women's Boat Race
1085:University rowing
1050:Henley Boat Races
983:Head of the Trent
913:Head of the River
896:Australian rowing
855:
854:
770:Cornish pilot gig
763:Coastal and ocean
707:Traditional boats
16:(Redirected from
1555:
1518:
1517:
1506:
1505:
1490:World best times
1338:World Rowing Cup
1328:Paralympic Games
1269:Head of the Ohio
1259:Head of the Fish
1095:Wingfield Sculls
950:
903:Rowing Australia
882:
875:
868:
859:
858:
616:
609:
602:
593:
592:
563:
562:
560:
559:
548:
542:
541:
539:
538:
532:
523:
517:
516:
514:
513:
502:
493:
492:
491:
487:
480:
474:
473:
472:
468:
461:
455:
454:
453:
449:
442:
224:Number of rowers
86:and narrower in
21:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1552:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1526:
1494:
1448:
1387:Types of rowing
1382:
1308:
1244:Eastern Sprints
1217:
1163:Prince of Wales
1109:
1075:Scottish Rowing
1030:Boston Marathon
1018:
987:
963:Canadian Henley
956:Canadian rowing
951:
942:
891:
886:
856:
851:
828:
804:boats - Classic
796:
792:Celtic longboat
758:
702:
665:
623:
620:
571:
566:
557:
555:
549:
545:
536:
534:
530:
524:
520:
511:
509:
503:
496:
489:
481:
477:
470:
462:
458:
451:
443:
439:
435:
413:
405:
373:
367:
339:
327:
307:
249:) or two oars (
217:
200:
162:
121:
107:, and avoiding
97:
76:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1561:
1551:
1550:
1545:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1524:
1512:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1429:Stern sculling
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1319:
1317:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1289:Stotesbury Cup
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1229:College rowing
1225:
1223:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1215:
1213:Princess Royal
1210:
1208:Princess Grace
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1119:
1117:
1111:
1110:
1108:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1035:British Rowing
1032:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1019:
1017:
1016:
1014:The Great Race
1011:
1006:
1001:
995:
993:
989:
988:
986:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
959:
957:
953:
952:
945:
943:
941:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
899:
897:
893:
892:
885:
884:
877:
870:
862:
853:
852:
850:
849:
846:
843:
839:
837:
830:
829:
827:
826:
823:
820:
817:
814:
811:
807:
805:
798:
797:
795:
794:
789:
782:
777:
772:
766:
764:
760:
759:
757:
756:
751:
746:
741:
739:Sampan panjang
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
710:
708:
704:
703:
701:
700:
695:
690:
685:
679:
677:
667:
666:
664:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
637:
635:
625:
624:
619:
618:
611:
604:
596:
590:
589:
583:
578:
570:
567:
565:
564:
543:
533:. p. 1836
518:
494:
475:
456:
436:
434:
431:
430:
429:
424:
419:
417:Rowing (sport)
412:
409:
404:
403:Transportation
401:
366:
363:
347:Lea Navigation
338:
335:
326:
323:
306:
303:
302:
301:
282:
255:
254:
243:Type of rowing
240:
227:
216:
213:
199:
198:Sliding rigger
196:
176:Octavius Hicks
161:
158:
120:
117:
96:
93:
75:
72:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1560:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1523:
1522:
1513:
1511:
1510:
1501:
1500:
1497:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1480:Rowing venues
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1470:National oars
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1373:African Games
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1323:Olympic Games
1321:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1311:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1188:Prince Albert
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1143:Double Sculls
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1080:The Boat Race
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
996:
994:
990:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
960:
958:
954:
949:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
900:
898:
894:
890:
883:
878:
876:
871:
869:
864:
863:
860:
847:
844:
841:
840:
838:
835:
831:
824:
821:
818:
815:
812:
809:
808:
806:
803:
799:
793:
790:
788:
787:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
767:
765:
761:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
711:
709:
705:
699:
698:Octuple scull
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
680:
678:
676:
672:
668:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
638:
636:
634:
630:
626:
617:
612:
610:
605:
603:
598:
597:
594:
587:
584:
582:
579:
576:
573:
572:
554:
547:
529:
522:
508:
501:
499:
485:
479:
466:
460:
447:
441:
437:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
414:
408:
400:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
372:
365:Manufacturers
362:
360:
356:
348:
343:
334:
332:
318:
314:
312:
299:
295:
294:straight quad
291:
287:
283:
280:
276:
272:
271:straight four
268:
264:
263:straight pair
260:
259:
258:
252:
248:
244:
241:
238:
234:
233:
228:
225:
222:
221:
220:
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168:
160:Sliding seats
157:
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92:
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37:
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19:
18:Racing shells
1519:
1507:
1419:Racing shell
1418:
1404:Indoor rower
1314:World Rowing
1249:Harvard–Yale
1133:Queen Mother
1090:Welsh Rowing
836:boats - Open
834:Ocean rowing
802:Ocean rowing
784:
688:Double scull
683:Single scull
670:
651:Coxless four
641:Coxless pair
628:
556:. Retrieved
546:
535:. Retrieved
521:
510:. Retrieved
478:
459:
440:
422:Sweep rowing
406:
374:
359:rowing clubs
352:
328:
308:
256:
247:sweep rowing
242:
230:Position of
229:
223:
218:
201:
192:ball bearing
163:
144:papier-mâché
130:
98:
77:
54:
50:
47:racing shell
46:
40:
1439:Rowing tank
1409:Lightweight
1363:Universiade
355:boat houses
59:rowing boat
1537:Categories
1394:Bumps race
923:King's Cup
724:Frejgatina
693:Quad scull
671:Fine boats
656:Coxed four
646:Coxed pair
629:Fine boats
569:References
558:2011-04-26
537:2011-04-26
512:2020-12-31
369:See also:
349:in London.
284:Sculling:
275:coxed four
267:coxed pair
237:bowloaders
188:Ned Hanlan
109:hull speed
67:outriggers
43:watercraft
1465:Club oars
1222:US rowing
1178:Britannia
1158:Visitors'
1128:Stewards'
1023:UK rowing
1004:Maadi Cup
180:Etobicoke
153:honeycomb
133:lapstrake
119:Materials
105:wave drag
51:fine boat
1509:Category
1424:Sculling
1239:Dad Vail
1203:Remenham
786:Trainera
780:Surfboat
675:Sculling
427:Sculling
411:See also
389:Stämpfli
377:Empacher
305:Steering
251:sculling
232:coxswain
207:won the
147:made of
113:gunwales
1521:Commons
1444:Women's
1399:Coastal
1294:NCAA D1
1234:CRASH-B
1153:Ladies'
1148:Diamond
825:Sixteen
775:Currach
744:Sandolo
729:Gondola
719:Dgħajsa
397:Vespoli
393:Wintech
381:Filippi
337:Storage
298:octuple
261:Sweep:
184:Toronto
167:leather
95:Riggers
80:rowboat
74:History
1316:events
1198:Fawley
1183:Temple
1173:Wyfold
1168:Thames
889:Rowing
754:Wherry
734:Kajjik
714:Cutter
490:
471:
452:
395:, and
385:Hudson
325:Damage
311:rudder
292:(2x),
290:double
288:(1x),
286:single
277:(4+),
273:(4-),
269:(2+),
265:(2-),
171:grease
63:racing
1453:Lists
1434:Sweep
1284:SRAAA
1123:Grand
822:Eight
661:Eight
633:Sweep
531:(PDF)
433:Notes
300:(8x+)
279:eight
151:in a
84:hulls
55:shell
36:eight
1414:Para
1304:ACRA
1254:HOCR
848:Four
845:Pair
842:Solo
816:Four
813:Pair
810:Solo
331:skeg
209:FISA
136:wood
103:and
101:drag
88:beam
45:, a
1299:IRA
819:Six
41:In
34:An
1539::
673:–
631:–
497:^
391:,
387:,
383:,
379:,
194:.
881:e
874:t
867:v
615:e
608:t
601:v
561:.
540:.
515:.
20:)
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