217:
202:
160:
229:
178:
1330:
1320:
190:
350:
313:
whereas a full rotation of the worm screw only displaces the rack by one tooth width. By the same token, a rack and pinion mechanism yields a smaller linear force than a worm gear, for the same input torque. Also, a rack and pinion pair can be used in the opposite way, to turn linear force into
135:
A single pinion can simultaneously drive two racks, parallel but opposite; which will always be displaced by the same distance, only in opposite directions. Conversely, by applying opposite forces to the two racks one can obtain pure torque on the pinion, without any force component. This
334:, as in most gears. On the rack, on the other hand, the matching working surfaces are flat. One may intrepret them as involute tooth faces for a gear with infinite radius. In both parts the teeth are typically formed with a gear cutter(a
308:
with a rack replacing the gear, in that both convert torque to linear force. However the rack and pinion generally provides higher linear speed — since a full turn of the pinion displaces the rack by an amount equal to the pinion's
58:). Together, they convert between rotational motion and linear motion: rotating the pinion causes the rack to be driven in a line. Conversely, moving the rack linearly will cause the pinion to rotate.
27:
558:
216:
244:
The time and place of the invention of the rack-and-pinion mechanism are unknown, but it presumably was not long after the invention of gears. The
159:
201:
474:
1354:
587:
228:
417:
933:
292:
in the 1970s, so as to improve vehicle response and steering "feel", especially at high speeds. He also created a low cost
1049:
779:
528:
425:
1059:
759:
618:
1006:
458:
1084:
1369:
1159:
996:
1295:
1184:
1124:
1089:
900:
364:
208:
189:
1074:
926:
322:
The teeth of a rack and pinion pair may be either straight (parallel to the rotation axis, as in a
177:
1044:
1016:
754:
1034:
1024:
245:
379:
249:
1129:
1064:
822:
289:
8:
1154:
1134:
919:
666:
661:
611:
579:
389:
1364:
1300:
1205:
890:
98:
1319:
1094:
1029:
981:
963:
880:
707:
676:
656:
524:
454:
431:
421:
355:
1169:
976:
717:
296:
process to manufacture the racks, eliminating the need to machine the gear teeth.
1189:
1119:
774:
671:
369:
268:
41:
330:. On the pinion, the profile of the working tooth surfaces is usually an arc of
1359:
1290:
1104:
1099:
990:
986:
784:
604:
512:
278:
128:
The term "rack and pinion" may be used also when the rack is not straight but
1348:
1333:
1272:
1257:
1237:
1164:
1001:
971:
764:
733:
253:
141:
118:
78:
435:
26:
1242:
1179:
1149:
1144:
738:
327:
70:
62:
20:
1323:
1247:
1220:
1215:
1079:
1069:
885:
845:
288:
The use of a variable rack (still using a normal pinion) was invented by
273:
86:
82:
310:
1305:
1267:
1109:
942:
865:
812:
769:
702:
697:
646:
374:
110:
73:
engages a rack usually placed between the rails, and helps to move the
66:
1262:
1252:
1174:
1139:
895:
875:
870:
692:
641:
323:
305:
264:
252:
are evidence of these being well-known already a couple of centuries
165:
114:
1054:
837:
827:
817:
712:
384:
331:
260:
122:
102:
349:
335:
293:
282:
475:"Automax SuperNova Series Pneumatic Rack & Pinion Actuators"
1225:
1039:
807:
259:
In 1598, firearms designer Zhao
Shizhen developed the Xuanyuan
50:
1210:
1114:
911:
169:
145:
106:
90:
74:
1232:
627:
583:
314:
torque; whereas a worm drive can be used in only one way.
101:
and other industrial piping systems, a rack displaced by a
45:
953:
596:
304:
A rack and pinion has roughly the same purpose than a
345:
414:
140:mechanism can be used, for example, with a pair of
125:mechanism of cars are other notable applications.
453:. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
1346:
132:(bent), namely just a section of a large gear.
559:"Rack and pinion variable ratio steering gear"
927:
612:
545:明代の鐡砲傳來とオスマン帝國 : 神器譜と西域土地人物略」『史學』第31巻1-4
299:
523:, Cambridge University Press, p. 446,
934:
920:
619:
605:
61:The rack and pinion mechanism is used in
448:
25:
572:
511:
492:
418:American Gear Manufacturers Association
285:that used a rack-and-pinion mechanism.
151:
1347:
408:
406:
915:
600:
89:, where the pinion is connected to a
547:. Tokyo: 三田史学会、東京. pp. 692–719.
234:Double-rack pneumatic valve actuator
93:and displaces a vertical rack (the
517:Science & Civilisation in China
403:
263:(軒轅銃), featuring a rack-and-pinion
13:
1050:Continuously variable transmission
780:Continuously variable transmission
542:
105:turns a pinion to open or close a
19:For rack-and-pinion railways, see
14:
1381:
1355:Automotive steering technologies
1329:
1328:
1318:
451:General Spatial Involute Gearing
348:
227:
215:
200:
188:
176:
158:
65:, where the pinion mounted on a
941:
580:Worm Gears vs. Rack and pinion
551:
536:
505:
467:
442:
271:Turkish matchlock design. The
54:) engaging a linear gear (the
30:Animation of a rack and pinion
1:
1085:Automated manual transmission
657:Epicyclic (planetary) gearing
396:
195:Automobile steering mechanism
222:Funicular wheelset and brake
7:
1160:Semi-automatic transmission
341:
317:
10:
1386:
997:Internal combustion engine
267:mechanism derived from an
239:
44:that comprises a circular
18:
1314:
1296:Hybrid vehicle drivetrain
1283:
1198:
1185:Transmission control unit
1125:Limited-slip differential
1090:Electrorheological clutch
1015:
962:
949:
901:Spur gear corrected tooth
858:
836:
800:
793:
747:
726:
685:
634:
626:
365:List of gear nomenclature
300:Comparison with Worm gear
34:
1075:Dual-clutch transmission
1045:Constant-velocity joint
543:和田, 博徳 (October 1958).
480:. Flowserve Corporation
449:Phillips, Jack (2003).
277:(1621) later described
16:Type of linear actuator
1025:Automatic transmission
588:Archived on 2024-07-28
561:. Google Patent Search
246:south-pointing chariot
138:double rack and pinion
81:. It is also used in
31:
584:the company's website
582:". Online article at
498:Zhao Shizhen (1598):
438:. ANSI/AGMA 1012-G05.
380:Rack phase difference
250:Antikythera mechanism
148:with minimum stress.
121:, and the mechanical
29:
1130:Locking differential
1065:Direct-shift gearbox
823:Shaft-driven bicycle
420:. 2005. p. 72.
290:Arthur Ernest Bishop
152:Applications gallery
1155:Preselector gearbox
1135:Manual transmission
662:Sun and planet gear
390:Steep grade railway
248:from China and the
142:pneumatic actuators
1370:Turkish inventions
1301:Electric generator
1206:Wheel hub assembly
891:Gear manufacturing
727:Geartooth profiles
521:The Gunpowder Epic
32:
1342:
1341:
1095:Epicyclic gearing
964:Automotive engine
909:
908:
854:
853:
677:Non-circular gear
642:Spur gear systems
578:ZHY Gear(1023): "
519:, vol. V:7:
356:Technology portal
1377:
1332:
1331:
1322:
1199:Wheels and tires
1170:Torque converter
936:
929:
922:
913:
912:
798:
797:
621:
614:
607:
598:
597:
591:
576:
570:
569:
567:
566:
555:
549:
548:
540:
534:
533:
509:
503:
496:
490:
489:
487:
485:
479:
471:
465:
464:
446:
440:
439:
410:
358:
353:
352:
231:
219:
204:
192:
180:
162:
36:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1338:
1310:
1279:
1194:
1190:Universal joint
1120:Hotchkiss drive
1011:
958:
945:
940:
910:
905:
850:
832:
789:
775:Bicycle gearing
743:
722:
681:
672:Cycloidal drive
652:Rack and pinion
630:
625:
595:
594:
577:
573:
564:
562:
557:
556:
552:
541:
537:
531:
513:Needham, Joseph
510:
506:
497:
493:
483:
481:
477:
473:
472:
468:
461:
447:
443:
428:
412:
411:
404:
399:
394:
370:Machine element
354:
347:
344:
320:
302:
242:
235:
232:
223:
220:
211:
205:
196:
193:
184:
181:
172:
163:
154:
42:linear actuator
38:rack and pinion
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1383:
1373:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1336:
1326:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1291:Electric motor
1287:
1285:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1230:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1208:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1105:Friction drive
1102:
1100:Fluid coupling
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1021:
1019:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
991:Plug-in hybrid
984:
979:
974:
968:
966:
960:
959:
950:
947:
946:
939:
938:
931:
924:
916:
907:
906:
904:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
862:
860:
856:
855:
852:
851:
849:
848:
842:
840:
834:
833:
831:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
804:
802:
795:
791:
790:
788:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
751:
749:
745:
744:
742:
741:
736:
730:
728:
724:
723:
721:
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
689:
687:
683:
682:
680:
679:
674:
669:
667:Harmonic drive
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
638:
636:
632:
631:
624:
623:
616:
609:
601:
593:
592:
571:
550:
535:
529:
504:
491:
466:
459:
441:
426:
401:
400:
398:
395:
393:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
361:
360:
359:
343:
340:
319:
316:
301:
298:
241:
238:
237:
236:
233:
226:
224:
221:
214:
212:
206:
199:
197:
194:
187:
185:
182:
175:
173:
164:
157:
153:
150:
119:electric gates
103:linar actuator
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1382:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1335:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1316:
1313:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1165:Shift-by-wire
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1002:Petrol engine
1000:
998:
995:
992:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
972:Diesel engine
970:
969:
967:
965:
961:
957:
955:
948:
944:
937:
932:
930:
925:
923:
918:
917:
914:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
863:
861:
857:
847:
844:
843:
841:
839:
835:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
805:
803:
799:
796:
792:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
752:
750:
746:
740:
737:
735:
732:
731:
729:
725:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
690:
688:
684:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
639:
637:
633:
629:
622:
617:
615:
610:
608:
603:
602:
599:
589:
585:
581:
575:
560:
554:
546:
539:
532:
530:0-521-30358-3
526:
522:
518:
514:
508:
501:
495:
476:
470:
462:
456:
452:
445:
437:
433:
429:
427:1-55589-846-7
423:
419:
415:
409:
407:
402:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
362:
357:
351:
346:
339:
337:
333:
329:
325:
315:
312:
307:
297:
295:
294:press forging
291:
286:
284:
280:
276:
275:
270:
266:
262:
257:
255:
251:
247:
230:
225:
218:
213:
210:
207:Rack railway
203:
198:
191:
186:
183:Electric gate
179:
174:
171:
167:
161:
156:
155:
149:
147:
144:to operate a
143:
139:
133:
131:
126:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
87:drill presses
84:
83:arbor presses
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
63:rack railways
59:
57:
53:
52:
47:
43:
40:is a type of
39:
28:
22:
1243:Racing slick
1180:Transfer box
1150:Park-by-wire
1145:Parking pawl
1060:Differential
1035:Direct-drive
1017:Transmission
1007:Steam engine
952:Part of the
951:
760:Differential
755:Transmission
708:Spiral bevel
651:
574:
563:. Retrieved
553:
544:
538:
520:
516:
507:
499:
494:
482:. Retrieved
469:
450:
444:
413:
321:
311:pitch circle
303:
287:
272:
258:
243:
168:lifter on a
137:
134:
129:
127:
94:
71:railroad car
60:
55:
49:
37:
33:
21:Rack railway
1221:Alloy wheel
1080:Drive wheel
1070:Drive shaft
1030:Chain drive
886:Chain drive
846:Wheel train
718:Herringbone
274:Wu Pei Chih
77:up a steep
1349:Categories
1306:Alternator
954:Automobile
943:Powertrain
881:Belt drive
866:Ball screw
813:Derailleur
647:Worm drive
565:2007-03-22
500:Shen Qi Pu
460:3662053020
397:References
375:Pitman arm
115:lock gates
111:Stairlifts
67:locomotive
1365:Actuators
1175:Transaxle
1140:Manumatic
1110:Gearshift
982:Fuel cell
896:Freewheel
876:Jackscrew
871:Leadscrew
748:Mechanics
324:spur gear
306:worm gear
265:matchlock
166:Lock gate
99:pipelines
1334:Category
1273:Tubeless
1258:Run-flat
1238:Off-road
1055:Coupling
977:Electric
859:See also
838:Horology
828:Sprocket
818:Hub gear
801:Bicycles
794:Examples
765:Coupling
734:Involute
515:(1986),
436:65562739
385:Sprocket
342:See also
332:involute
318:Geometry
281:Turkish
261:arquebus
209:wheelset
123:steering
79:gradient
739:Cycloid
713:Helical
635:Systems
328:helical
283:muskets
279:Ottoman
269:Ottoman
240:History
130:arcuate
97:). In
1324:Portal
1284:Hybrid
1248:Radial
1226:Hubcap
1040:Clutch
987:Hybrid
956:series
808:Cogset
785:Offset
686:Shapes
527:
484:7 July
457:
434:
424:
51:pinion
1360:Gears
1268:Spare
1211:Wheel
1115:Giubo
770:Train
703:Crown
698:Bevel
628:Gears
502:(神器譜)
478:(PDF)
326:) or
170:canal
146:valve
107:valve
91:lever
75:train
69:or a
48:(the
1263:Snow
1253:Rain
1233:Tire
693:Spur
525:ISBN
486:2014
455:ISBN
432:OCLC
422:ISBN
85:and
56:rack
46:gear
1216:Rim
338:).
336:hob
95:ram
1351::
586:.
430:.
416:.
405:^
256:.
254:BC
117:,
113:,
109:.
993:)
989:(
935:e
928:t
921:v
620:e
613:t
606:v
590:.
568:.
488:.
463:.
35:A
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
