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the princely state of
Kapurthala (which had a Muslim majority) and would enclose within Pakistan the whole of the Amritsar district of which only one tehsil, Ajnala, had a Muslim majority. It would also give Pakistan the Shakargarh, Batala and Gurdaspur tehsils of the Gurdaspur district. If the boundary went by Doabs, Pakistan could get not only the 16 districts which had already under the notional partition been put into West Punjab, including the Gurdaspur District, but also get the Kangra District in the mountains, which was about 93% Hindu and was located to the north and east of Gurdaspur. Or one could go by commissioners' divisions. Any of these units being adopted would have been more favourable to Pakistan than the present boundary line. The tehsil was the most favourable unit. But all of the aforementioned Muslim majority tehsils, with the exception of Shakargarh, were handed over to India while Pakistan didn't receive any Non-Muslim majority district or tehsil in Punjab. Zafruallh Khan states that Radcliffe used district, tehsil, thana, and even village boundaries to divide Punjab in such a way that the boundary line was drawn much to the prejudice of Pakistan. However, while Muslims formed about 53% of the total population of Punjab in 1941, Pakistan received around 58% of the total area of the Punjab, including more of the most fertile parts.
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the creation of a separate Sikh state "Khalistan". Master Tara Singh wanted the right for an independent
Khalistan to federate with either Hindustan or Pakistan. However, the Sikh state being proposed was for an area where neither religion was in absolute majority. Negotiations for the independent Sikh state had commenced at the end of World War II and the British initially agreed but the Sikhs withdrew this demand after pressure from Indian nationalists. The proposals of the Cabinet Mission Plan had seriously jolted the Sikhs because while both the Congress and League could be satisfied the Sikhs saw nothing in it for themselves. as they would be subjected to a Muslim majority. Master Tara Singh protested this to Pethic-Lawrence on 5 May. By early September the Sikh leaders accepted both the long term and interim proposals despite their earlier rejection. The Sikhs attached themselves to the Indian state with the promise of religious and cultural autonomy.
2015:, para. 19: "Irrevocably enfeebled by the Second World War, the British belatedly realized that they had to leave the subcontinent, which had spiraled out of their control through the nineteen-forties. ... But in the British elections at the end of the war, the reactionaries unexpectedly lost to the Labour Party, and a new era in British politics began. As von Tunzelmann writes, 'By 1946, the subcontinent was a mess, with British civil and military officers desperate to leave, and a growing hostility to their presence among Indians.' ... The British could not now rely on brute force without imperiling their own sense of legitimacy. Besides, however much they 'preferred the illusion of imperial might to the admission of imperial failure,' as von Tunzelmann puts it, the country, deep in wartime debt, simply couldn't afford to hold on to its increasingly unstable empire. Imperial disengagement appeared not just inevitable but urgent."
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1220:. On his motivation for writing the play, Brenton said he first became interested in the story of the Radcliffe Line while holidaying in India and hearing stories from people whose families had fled across the new line. Defending his portrayal of Cyril Radcliffe as a man who struggled with his conscience, Brenton said, "There were clues that Radcliffe had a dark night of the soul in the bungalow: he refused to accept his fee, he did collect all the papers and draft maps, took them home to England and burnt them. And he refused to say a word, even to his family, about what happened. My playwright's brain went into overdrive when I discovered these details."
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1093:), but was given to Pakistan. The Chittagong Hill Tracts People's Association (CHTPA) petitioned the Bengal Boundary Commission that, since the CHTs were inhabited largely by non-Muslims, they should remain within India. The Chittagong Hill Tracts was an excluded area since 1900 and was not part of Bengal. It had no representative at the Bengal Legislative Assembly in Calcutta, since it was not part of Bengal. Since they had no official representation, there was no official discussion on the matter, and many on the Indian side assumed the CHT would be awarded to India.
934:, one of the two non-Muslim members of the boundary commission, in his autobiography, has acknowledged that when he was selected for the boundary commission, he was not inclined to accept the invitation as he believed that the commission was just a farce and that decisions were actually to be taken by Mountbatten himself. It was only under British pressure that the charges against Mountbatten of last minute alterations in the Radcliffe Award were not officially brought forward by Pakistani Government in the UN Security Council while presenting its case on Kashmir.
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the High Court be appointed as the chairman of the commission. Jinnah and the Muslim League continued to oppose the idea of partitioning the provinces, and the Sikhs were disturbed about the possibility of getting only 12 districts (without
Gurdaspur). In this context, the Partition Plan of 3 June was announced with a notional partition showing 17 districts of Punjab in Pakistan and 12 districts in India, along with the establishment of a Boundary Commission to decide the final boundary. In Sialkoti's view, this was done mainly to placate the Sikhs.
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958:'s Histories flagship project, recently disclosed documents of the history of the partition reveal British complicity with the top Indian leadership to wrest Kashmir from Pakistan. Alastair Lamb, based on the study of recently declassified documents, has convincingly proven that Mountbatten, in league with Nehru, was instrumental in pressurizing Radcliffe to award the Muslim-majority district of Gurdaspur in East Punjab to India which could provide India with the only possible access to Kashmir.
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and regional information. The absence of some experts and advisers, such as the United
Nations, was deliberate, to avoid delay. Britain's new Labour government "deep in wartime debt, simply couldn't afford to hold on to its increasingly unstable empire." "The absence of outside participants—for example, from the United Nations—also satisfied the British Government's urgent desire to save face by avoiding the appearance that it required outside help to govern—or stop governing—its own empire."
1100:, the capital of Chittagong Hill Tracts. When the boundaries of Pakistan and India were announced by radio on 17 August 1947, they were shocked to know that the Chittagong Hill Tracts had been awarded to Pakistan. The Baluch Regiment of the Pakistani Army entered Chittagong Hill Tracts a week later and lowered the Indian flag at gun point. The rationale of giving the Chittagong Hill Tracts to Pakistan was that they were inaccessible to India and to provide a substantial rural
1314:, p. 35): Wavell, however, had made a more significant political judgement in his plan, submitted to the secretary of state, Lord Pethick-Lawrence, in February 1946: 'Gurdaspur must go with Amritsar for geographical reasons and Amritsar being sacred city of Sikhs must stay out of Pakistan... Fact that much of Lahore district is irrigated from upper Bari Doab canal with headworks in Gurdaspur district is awkward but there is no solution that avoids all such difficulties.'
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conferences in Lahore to condemn the Muslim League. Master Tara Singh, leader of the Akali Dal, declared that his party would fight
Pakistan 'tooth and nail'. Not be outdone, other Sikh political organizations, rival to the Akali Dal, namely the Central Khalsa Young Men Union and the moderate and loyalist Chief Khalsa Dewan, declared in equally strong language their unequivocal opposition to the Pakistan scheme.
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2132:, p. 484: Years later, he told Leonard Mosley, "The heat is so appalling, that at noon it looks like the blackest night and feels like the mouth of hell. After a few days of it, I seriously began to wonder whether I would come out of it alive. I have thought ever since that the greatest achievement which I made as Chairman of the Boundary Commission was a physical one, in surviving."
2072:, pp. 484–485: "After the 3 June 1947 plan had been announced, the main Sikh organization, the Shiromani Akali Dal, had distributed a circular saying that 'Pakistan means total death to the Sikh Panth and the Sikhs are determined on a free sovereign state with the Chenab and the Jamna as its borders, and it calls on all Sikhs to fight for their ideal under the flag of the Dal.'"
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the community who, in his words, had "provided many thousands of splendid recruits for the Indian Army" in its service for the crown in World War I. However, the Sikhs were militant in their opposition to any solution which would put their community in a Muslim ruled state. Moreover, many insisted on their own sovereign state, something no one else would agree to.
2003:, p. 482: "After the obligatory wrangles, with Jinnah playing for time by suggesting calling in the United Nations, which could have delayed things for months if not years, it was decided to set up two boundary commissions, each with an independent chairman and four High Court judges, two nominated by Congress and two by the League."
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of its sacredness to the Sikhs and that of
Gurdaspur district because it had to go with Amritsar for 'geographical reasons'. The Secretary of State commended the proposal and forwarded it to the India and Burma Committee, saying, "I do not think that any better division than the one the Viceroy proposes is likely to be found".
1132:. The district overall had a slight Muslim majority, but was divided and most of it, including Malda town, went to India. The district remained under East Pakistan administration for 3–4 days after 15 August 1947. It was only when the award was made public that the Pakistani flag was replaced by the Indian flag in Malda.
321:, sent a memorandum to the viceroy titled "Next Step in India", wherein he recommended that the principle of 'Muslim homeland' be conceded but territorial adjustments made to the two provinces to meet the claims of the Hindus and Sikhs. Based on these discussions, the viceroy sent a note on the "Pakistan theory" to the
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The division of India is now finally and irrevocably effected. No doubt we feel that the carving out of this great independent Muslim State has suffered injustices. We have been squeezed in as much it was possible, and the latest blow that we have received was the award of the
Boundary Commission. It
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and heroes. Reactions to the Lahore
Resolution were uniformly negative and Sikh leaders of all political persuasions made it clear that Pakistan would be 'wholeheartedly resisted'. The Shiromani Akali Dal, the party with a substantial following amongst the rural Sikhs, organized several well-attended
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The indigenous people sent a delegation led by Sneha Kumar Chakma to Delhi to seek help from the Indian leadership. Sneha Kumar Chakma contacted Sardar Patel by phone. Sardar Patel was willing to help, but insisted Sneha Kumar Chakma seek assistance from Prime
Minister Pandit Nehru. But Nehru refused
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According to
Zafrullah Khan, the assertion that the award of the Batala and Gurdaspur tehsils to India did not 'affect' Kashmir is far-fetched. If Batala and Gurdaspur had gone to Pakistan, Pathankot tehsil would have been isolated and blocked. Even though it would have been possible for India to get
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that irrigated the Amritsar district lay in the Gurdaspur district and it was important to keep them under one administration. Radcliffe might have sided with Lord Wavell's reasoning from February 1946 that Gurdaspur had to go with the Amritsar district, and the latter could not be in Pakistan due to
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Before his appointment, Radcliffe had never visited India and knew no one there. To the British and the feuding politicians alike, this neutrality was looked upon as an asset; he was considered to be unbiased toward any of the parties, except of course Britain. Only his private secretary, Christopher
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arrived in India as the next viceroy, with an explicit mandate to achieve the transfer of power before June 1948. Over ten days, Mountbatten obtained the agreement of Congress to the Pakistan demand except for the 13 eastern districts of Punjab (including Amritsar and Gurdaspur). However, Jinnah held
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and called for independence on the grounds that no single religious community should control Punjab. Other Sikhs argued that just as Muslims feared Hindu domination the Sikhs also feared Muslim domination. Sikhs warned the British government that the morale of Sikh troops in the British Army would be
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The entire district of Gurdaspur had a bare majority of 50.2% Muslims. (In the `notional' award attached to the Indian Independence Act, all of Gurdaspur district was marked as Pakistan with a 51.14% Muslim majority. In the 1901 census, the population of Gurdaspur district was 49% Muslim, 40% Hindu,
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to keep the peace around Lahore, but 50,000 men was not enough to prevent thousands of killings, 77% of which were in the rural areas. Given the size of the territory, the force amounted to less than one soldier per square mile. This was not enough to protect the cities much less the caravans of the
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In fact, minimizing the numbers of Hindus and Muslims on the wrong side of the line was not the only concern to balance. The Punjab Border Commission was to draw a border through the middle of an area home to the Sikh community. Lord Islay was rueful for the British not to give more consideration to
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The equal representation given to politicians from Indian National Congress and the Muslim League appeared to provide balance, but instead created deadlock. The relationships were so tendentious that the judges "could hardly bear to speak to each other", and the agendas so at odds that there seemed
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All lawyers by profession, Radcliffe and the other commissioners had all of the polish and none of the specialized knowledge needed for the task. They had no advisers to inform them of the well-established procedures and information needed to draw a boundary. Nor was there time to gather the survey
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During the Partition developments, Jinnah offered Sikhs to live in Pakistan with safeguards for their rights. Sikhs refused because they opposed the concept of Pakistan and also because they did not want to become a small minority within a Muslim majority. Vir Singh Bhatti distributed pamphlets for
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in the eastern zone of Pakistan, which similarly had a marginal Muslim majority. After receiving comments from John Thorne, member of the Executive Council in charge of Home affairs, Wavell forwarded the proposal to the Secretary of State. He justified the exclusion of the Amritsar district because
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Though Mountbatten thought the concept of Pakistan 'sheer madness', he became reconciled to it in the course of six interviews with Jinnah from 5 to 10 April. Jinnah, whom he described as a 'psychopathic case', remained obdurate in the face of his insistence that Pakistan involved the partition of
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No sooner was it made public than the Sikhs launched a virulent campaign against the Lahore Resolution. Pakistan was portrayed as a possible return to an unhappy past when Sikhs were persecuted and Muslims the persecutor. Public speeches by various Sikh political leaders on the subject of Pakistan
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However, some British works suggest that the 'Kashmir State was not in anybody's mind' when the Award was being drawn and that even the Pakistanis themselves had not realized the importance of Gurdaspur to Kashmir until the Indian forces actually entered Kashmir. Both Mountbatten and Radcliffe, of
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writes that Radcliffe in his initial maps awarded Gurdaspur district to Pakistan but one of Nehru's and Mountbatten's greatest concerns over the new Punjab border was to make sure that Gurdaspur would not go to Pakistan, since that would have deprived India of direct road access to Kashmir. As per
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Zafrullah Khan states that, in fact, adopting the tehsil as a unit would have given Pakistan the Firozepur and Zira tehsils of the Firozpur District, the Jullundur and Nakodar tehsils of Jullundur district and the Dasuya tehsil of the Hoshiarpur district. The line so drawn would also give Pakistan
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Indian historians now accept that Mountbatten probably did influence the Firozpur award in India's favour. The headworks of River Beas, which later joins River Sutlej flowing into Pakistan, were located in Firozpur. Congress leader Nehru and Viceroy Mountbatten had lobbied Radcliffe that headworks
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to meet with commission members, chiefly Nehru from the Congress and Jinnah, president of the Muslim League. He objected to the short time frame, but all parties were insistent that the line be finished by the 15 August British withdrawal from India. Mountbatten had accepted the post as Viceroy on
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wrote a note to Mountbatten proposing that Punjab be divided along Muslim and non-Muslim majority districts and proposed that a Boundary Commission be set up consisting of two Muslim and two non-Muslim members recommended by the Punjab Legislative Assembly. He also proposed that a British judge of
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It seems that Radcliffe had wanted to compensate Pakistan for having given a small portion of Lahore District and most of Gurdaspur to India, but he changed his mind. Firozpur was an important cantonment area, the major military bastion south of the Sutlej, and a junction point where four railway
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of the Gurdaspur District, but when, after a delay of two days, it was announced that the major portion of the district had been awarded to India instead of Pakistan, Cheema left for Pakistan. The major part of Gurdaspur district, i.e. three of the four sub-districts had been handed over to India
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that no matter what he did, people would suffer. The thinking behind this justification may never be known since Radcliffe "destroyed all his papers before he left India". He departed on Independence Day itself, before even the boundary awards were distributed. By his own admission, Radcliffe was
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states that Mountbatten, who was officially supposed to neither exercise any influence on Radcliffe nor to have any knowledge of his findings, intervened behind the scenes – probably at Nehru's behest – to alter the award. He had little difficulty in getting Radcliffe to change his boundaries to
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According to Read and Fisher, there is some circumstantial evidence that Nehru and Patel were secretly informed of the Punjab Award's contents on 9 or 10 August, either through Mountbatten or Radcliffe's Indian assistant secretary. Regardless of how it transpired, the award was changed to put a
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No amount of knowledge could produce a line that would completely avoid conflict; already, "sectarian riots in Punjab and Bengal dimmed hopes for a quick and dignified British withdrawal". "Many of the seeds of postcolonial disorder in South Asia were sown much earlier, in a century and half of
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The commission was instructed to "demarcate the boundaries of the two parts of the Punjab on the basis of ascertaining the contiguous majority areas of Muslims and non-Muslims. In doing so, it will also take into account other factors." Other factors were undefined, giving Radcliffe leeway, but
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In the tract, he discussed the boundaries of Muslim and non-Muslim regions of Punjab and Bengal. His calculations showed a Muslim majority in 16 western districts of Punjab and non-Muslim majority in 13 eastern districts. In Bengal, he showed non-Muslim majority in 15 districts. He thought the
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Upon the assurances of the Congress Party that Sikh interests would be respected as an independent India, Sikh leadership agreed to support the Congress Party and its vision of a united India rather than seeking a separate state. When Partition was announced by the British in 1946, Sikhs were
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Both India and Pakistan were loath to violate the agreement by supporting the rebellions of villages drawn on the wrong side of the border, as this could prompt a loss of face on the international stage and require the British or the UN to intervene. Border conflicts led to three wars, in
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believes that Mountbatten cheated over India-Pak frontier and states that if gerrymandering took place in the case of Firozepur, it is not too hard to believe that Mountbatten also pressurized Radcliffe to ensure that Gurdaspur wound up in India to give India road access to Kashmir.
2524:
915:; Gurdaspur was handed over to India and thus was manipulated the accession of Kashmir to India. In support of this view, some scholars claim the award to India "had little to do with Sikh demands but had much more to do with providing India a road link to Jammu and Kashmir."
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Perceiving the situation as intractable and urgent, Radcliffe went on to make all the difficult decisions himself. This was impossible from inception, but Radcliffe seems to have had no doubt in himself and raised no official complaint or proposal to change the circumstances.
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course, have strongly denied those charges. It is impossible to accurately quantify the personal responsibility for the tragedy of Kashmir as the Mountbatten papers relating to the issue at the India Office Library and records are closed to scholars for an indefinite period.
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out. Through a series of six meetings with Mountbatten, he continued to maintain that his demand was for six full provinces. He "bitterly complained" that the Viceroy was ruining his Pakistan by cutting Punjab and Bengal in half as this would mean a 'moth-eaten Pakistan'.
721:) east of the Sutlej canal within India's domain instead of Pakistan's. There were two apparent reasons for the switch: the area housed an army arms depot, and contained the headwaters of a canal which irrigated the princely state of Bikaner, which would accede to India.
1935:, 'It makes all the difference to me to know that you propose to make a statement in the House, terminating the British 'Raj' on a definite and specified date; or earlier than this date, if the Indian Parties can agree a constitution and form a Government before this.'"
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After briefly visiting Lahore and Calcutta to meet the members of the two commissions, Radcliffe settled into the Controller's House on the edge of the viceregal estate, avoiding contact with the viceroy as far as possible, to minimize any suspicions of influence and
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or a 'larger Pakistan' under the sovereignty of the Indian Union. The Cabinet Mission came close to success with its proposal for an Indian Union under a federal scheme, but it fell apart in the end because of Nehru's opposition to a heavily decentralised India.
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The Partition of India is one of the central events in the collective memory in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. As a crucial determiner in the outcomes of the partition, the Radcliffe Line and award process has been referred to in many films, books, and other
1728:: "Just when Jinnah was beginning to turn in the direction that he both wanted and needed to go, his own followers pressed him to stick rigidly to his earlier unbending stance which he had adopted while he was preparing for the time of bargaining in earnest."
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Populations of Muslim and Non-Muslims in Gurdaspur District, based on Census Data. In the 1881 Census, Non-Muslims were in majority, at 52.49%. The proportion of the Muslim population increased in the following decades, turning them into a majority by the
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as well as the Governor telling them that Gurdaspur was a "non-Muslim district". They contended that even if it had a marginal Muslim majority of 51%, which they believed to be erroneous, the Muslims paid only 35% of the land revenue in the district.
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districts of the Lahore Division from Pakistan would put a majority of Sikhs in India. (Amritsar had a non-Muslim majority and Gurdaspur a marginal Muslim majority.) To compensate for the exclusion of the Gurdaspur district, they included the entire
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The term "Radcliffe Line" is also sometimes used for the entire boundary between India and Pakistan. However, outside of Punjab and Bengal, the boundary is made of existing provincial boundaries and had nothing to do with the Radcliffe commissions.
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As per the 'notional' award that had already been put into effect for purposes of administration ad interim, all of Gurdaspur district, owing to its Muslim majority, was assigned to Pakistan. From 14 to 17 August, Mushtaq Ahmed Cheema acted as the
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the condition of an early deadline. The decision was completed just a couple of days before the withdrawal, but due to political considerations, not published until 17 August 1947, two days after the grant of independence to India and Pakistan.
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its Sikh religious shrines. In addition, the railway line from Amritsar to Pathankot passed through the Batala and Gurdaspur tehsils. He further claimed that to compensate for the exclusion of the Gurdaspur district, they included the entire
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The implementation was no less hasty than the process of drawing the border. On 16 August 1947 at 5:00 pm, the Indian and Pakistani representatives were given two hours to study copies, before the Radcliffe award was published on 17 August.
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featured an episode looking at "the ways that the Radcliffe line changed Punjab, and its everlasting effects" including disrupting "a centuries-old Sikh pilgrimage" and separating "Punjabi people of all faiths from each other."
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930:, who represented the Muslim League in July 1947 before the Radcliffe Boundary Commission, stated that the boundary commission was a farce. A secret deal between Mountbatten and Congress leaders had already been struck.
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to India to find a solution to resolve the conflicting demands of Congress and the Muslim League. Congress agreed to allow Pakistan to be formed with 'genuine Muslim areas'. The Sikh leaders asked for a Sikh state with
903:. However, Shereen Ilahi points out that the land route to Kashmir was entirely within the Hindu-majority Pathankot tehsil. The award of the Batala and Gurdaspur tehsils to India did not affect the Kashmir land route.
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India: Volume XI: The Mountbatten Viceroyalty-Announcement and Reception of 3 June Plan, 31 May-7 July 1947. Reviewed by Wood, J.R. "Dividing the Jewel: Mountbatten and the Transfer of Power to India and Pakistan".
1701:: "... the Congress leadership, above all Jawaharlal Nehru, increasingly came to the conclusion that, under the Cabinet mission proposals, the centre would be too weak to achieve the goals of the Congress ..."
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giving India practical land access to Kashmir. It came as a great blow to Pakistan. Jinnah and other leaders of Pakistan, and particularly its officials, criticized the award as 'extremely unjust and unfair'.
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included decisions regarding "natural boundaries, communications, watercourses and irrigation systems", as well as socio-political consideration. Each commission also had four representatives—two from the
1148:(with a 70% Muslim majority), which went to India. However, the Pakistani flag remained hoisted in Murshidabad for three days until it was replaced by the Indian flag on the afternoon of 17 August 1947.
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Last of all, were the communities without any representation. The Bengal Border Commission representatives were chiefly concerned with the question of who would get Calcutta. The Buddhist tribes in the
1189:. Apart from the larger story of the partition, the specific commemoration of the award itself or the recounting of the story of the process and the people involved in it has been comparatively rare.
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After the partition, the fledgling governments of India and Pakistan were left with all responsibility to implement the border. After visiting Lahore in August, Viceroy Mountbatten hastily arranged a
234:. Moreover, any division based on religious communities was sure to entail "cutting through road and rail communications, irrigation schemes, electric power systems and even individual landholdings."
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access to Pathankot through the Hoshiarpur district, it would have taken quite long time to construct the roads, bridges and communications that would have been necessary for military movements.
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2622:, pp. 65–66: "The final border was almost a ditto copy of Viceroy Lord Wavell's top secret Demarcation Plan of February 1946, which was an auxiliary to the Demarcation Plan of February 1946...".
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313:, the private secretary of the viceroy (later the governor of Punjab), wrote a memorandum titled "Pakistan and the Punjab", where he discussed the issues surrounding the partition of Punjab.
120:, who, as the joint chairman of the two boundary commissions, had the ultimate responsibility to equitably divide 175,000 square miles (450,000 km) of territory with 88 million people.
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The Transfer of Power, 1942-7: Constitutional Relations Between Britain and India: Volume XI: The Mountbatten Viceroyalty Announcement and Reception of the 3rd June Plan 31 May- 7 July 1947
489:, which, however, did not meet the Cabinet delegates' agreement. In discussions with Jinnah, the Cabinet Mission offered either a 'smaller Pakistan' with all the Muslim-majority districts
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of the Parliament of the United Kingdom stipulated that British rule in India would come to an end just one month later, on 15 August 1947. The Act also stipulated the partition of the
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considered a Hindu sect for Partition purposes. They violently opposed the creation of Pakistan since historically Sikh territories and cities were included in the new Muslim homeland.
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Princely States were given the option of either acceding to one of the two countries (India and Pakistan) or declaring independence. The ruler of Kapurthala acceded to India.
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After arriving in India on 8 July 1947, Radcliffe was given just five weeks to decide on a border. He soon met with his fellow college alumnus Mountbatten and travelled to
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Pakistanis have alleged that the award of the three tehsils to India was a manipulation of the Award by Lord Mountbatten in an effort to provide a land route for India to
876:.) The division of the district was followed by a population transfer between the two nations, with Muslims leaving for Pakistan and Hindus and Sikhs arriving from there.
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The Gurdaspur district remained a key contentious issue for the non-Muslims. Their members of the Punjab legislature made representations to Mountbatten's chief of staff
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direct and indirect British control of large part of the region, but, as book after book has demonstrated, nothing in the complex tragedy of partition was inevitable."
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and 10% Sikh.) The Pathankot tehsil was predominantly Hindu while the other three tehsils were Muslim majority. In the event, only Shakargarh was awarded to Pakistan.
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To avoid disputes and delays, the division was done in secret. The final Awards were ready on 9 and 12 August, but not published until two days after the partition.
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lines and three high ways met to cross the barrage-cum-bridge towards Kasur and Lahore. Perhaps geographical and strategic considerations weighed with Radcliffe.
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The demarcation line was published on 17 August 1947, two days after the independence of Pakistan and India. Today, the Punjab part of the line is part of the
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to be little point anyway. Even worse, "the wife and two children of the Sikh judge in Lahore had been murdered by Muslims in Rawalpindi a few weeks earlier."
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Beaumont, was familiar with the administration and life in Punjab. Wanting to preserve the appearance of impartiality, Radcliffe also kept his distance from
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in Bengal had no official representation and were left totally without information to prepare for their situation until two days after the partition.
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1112:), a major city and port; advocates for Pakistan forcefully argued to the Bengal Boundary Commission that the only approach was through Chittagong.
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could see that any division of Punjab would leave the Sikhs divided between Pakistan and Hindustan. He espoused the doctrine of self-reliance,
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in the Reforms Office. They prepared a note called "Demarcation of Pakistan Areas", where they included the three western divisions of Punjab (
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The Transfer of Power, 1942-7: Constitutional Relations Between Britain and India: Volume X: The Mountbatten Viceroyalty-Formulation of a Plan
554:. Given the deadlock between the interests of the two sides and their rancorous relationship, the final decision was essentially Radcliffe's.
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The idea of partitioning the provinces of Bengal and Punjab had been present since the beginning of the 20th century. Bengal had in fact been
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created a nine-minute short film where he explored the plausible scenario of Radcliffe regretting the line he drew. The film was inspired by
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352:). However, they noted that this allocation would leave 2.2 million Sikhs in the Pakistan area and about 1.5 million in India. Excluding the
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allot the Muslim-majority district of Gurdaspur to India instead of Pakistan, thus giving India the only road access from Delhi to Kashmir.
4004:"An Analytical Study of the Punjab Boundary Line Issue during the Last Two Decades of the British Raj until the Declaration of 3 June 1947"
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797:), Zira, Firozpur (in Firozpur District), Nakodar and Jullandur (in Jullandur District) to India instead of Pakistan. On the other hand,
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The Secretary of State responded by directing Lord Wavell to send 'actual proposals for defining genuine Muslim areas'. The task fell on
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in the northeast (54.4% Muslim). After elaborate discussions, these two provinces ended up being partitioned between India and Pakistan.
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Muslims could have no objection to redrawing provincial boundaries. If they did, "they not understand the nature of their own demand".
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to-day celebrated Independence Day in the absence of any decision made by the Boundary Commission by saluting the Pakistan State Flag.
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1945:
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sub-division (with a Muslim majority) was separated from Sylhet and given to India, where it became a district in 1983. As of the
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Sher Muhammad Garewal, "Mountbatten and Kashmir Issue", Journal of Research Society of Pakistan, XXXIV (April 1997), pp.9–10
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on its east bank. The Shakargarh tehsil, the biggest in size, was awarded to Pakistan. (It was subsequently merged into the
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6492:
6195:
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3557:"How the British failed India and Pakistan: The history of two neighbors born at war — and the British strategy behind it"
2494:
Select Documents on Partition of Punjab - 1947: India and Pakistan: Punjab, Haryana and Himachal-India and Punjab-Pakistan
2172:
Select Documents on Partition of Punjab - 1947: India and Pakistan: Punjab, Haryana and Himachal-India and Punjab-Pakistan
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1985:
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527:
422:
306:
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2308:
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3170:
Tinker, Hugh (August 1977), "Pressure, Persuasion, Decision: Factors in the Partition of the Punjab, August 1947",
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in 1905, along with its adjoining regions. The resulting 'Eastern Bengal and Assam' province, with its capital at
6801:
5892:
5751:
5626:
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4587:
404:
192:
179:. Muslim-majority British provinces in the northwest were to become the foundation of Pakistan. The provinces of
105:
36:
1096:
On 15 August 1947, Chakma and other indigenous Buddhists celebrated independence day by hoisting Indian flag in
883:
Radcliffe explained that the reason for deviating from the notional award in the case of Gurdaspur was that the
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5924:
5595:
40:
2282:
6503:
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4199:
1583:
Self and Sovereignty: Individual and Community in South Asian Islam Since 1850, Ayesha Jalal, pages 433-434
538:
In order to determine exactly which territories to assign to each country, in June 1947, Britain appointed
322:
265:
Proposals for partitioning Punjab had been made starting in 1908. Its proponents included the Hindu leader
188:
161:
872:.) The three eastern tehsils were awarded to India. (Pathankot was eventually made a separate district in
191:
became entirely Pakistani territory. However, two provinces did not have an overwhelming Muslim majority—
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to help fearing that military conflict for Chittagong Hill Tracts might draw the British back to India.
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As per announcement of June 3 last Murshidabad has been placed in Eastern Pakistan Dominion. People of
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959:
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In addition to Gurdaspur's Muslim majority tehsils, Radcliffe also gave the Muslim majority tehsils of
747:
743:
739:
625:
258:, had a Hindu majority. However, this partition of Bengal was reversed in 1911 in an effort to mollify
243:
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1866:
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6416:
6123:
5726:
5141:
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4713:
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Heward, E. The Great and the Good: A Life of Lord Radcliffe. Chichester: Barry Rose Publishers, 1994.
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395:
128:
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heavily influenced by his lack of fitness for the Indian climate and his eagerness to depart India.
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5426:
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4938:
4637:
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4337:
4295:
1626:
War and Religion: An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict , Jeffrey M Shaw, Timothy J Demmy, page 375
1610:
invariably raised images of atrocities committed by Muslims on Sikhs and of the martyrdom of their
1273:
927:
594:
579:
547:
445:
329:
of Bengal and Punjab going to Pakistan with only minor adjustments, whereas Congress was expecting
223:
4068:
Borders and Conflict in South Asia: The Radcliffe Boundary Commission and the Partition of Punjab.
2309:"The Maharaja of Bikaner to Rear-Admiral Viscount Mountbatten of Burma: Telegram (10 August 1947)"
1977:
Borders and Conflicts in South Asia: The Radcliffe Boundary Commission and the Partition of Punjab
202:
The Punjab's population distribution was such that there was no line that could neatly divide the
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3801:"75 Years Post-Partition: Artist Pritika Chowdhry on her Partition Anti-Memorial Project | COSAS"
3513:"Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India"
1212:
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215:
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834:
35:
The Radcliffe Line was drawn between the dark green and dark brown portions of the provinces of
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362:
180:
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hundreds of thousands of refugees who were fleeing their homes in what would become Pakistan.
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1288:
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730:
590:
514:
310:
5855:
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2454:"The Truth of the Partition of the Punjab in August 1947: Statement by Christopher Beaumont"
297:
Districts of Punjab with Muslim (green) and non-Muslim (pink) majorities, as per 1941 census
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5919:
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1173:
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1524:
8:
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6324:
6278:
6228:
6108:
6033:
6013:
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5663:
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5236:
5231:
5126:
5106:
5031:
4828:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4773:
4612:
4074:
873:
539:
333:
of these provinces to remain in India. This essentially framed the problem of partition.
259:
219:
2811:
2751:
2490:"Memorandum Submitted to the Punjab Boundary Commission by the Indian National Congress"
6461:
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6329:
6304:
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3197:
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1841:
1247:
931:
861:
857:
767:
605:
478:
357:
113:
80:
1650:
Ethnic Group's of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia, James Minahan, page 292
946:
Assessments on the 'Controversial Award of Gurdaspur to India and the Kashmir Dispute'
6620:
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The two nations were born at war — which can be traced back to this British strategy.
3393:
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2283:"Colonial Hydraulic Infrastructure, Princely States, and the Partition of the Punjab"
2236:
2209:
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1981:
1975:
1829:
1817:
1769:
1743:
1731:
1718:
1679:
1653:
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912:
893:
853:
794:
706:
436:
390:
353:
278:
231:
196:
109:
2644:
Ilahi, Shereen (2003). "The Radcliffe Boundary Commission and the Fate of Kashmir".
1464:
1424:
805:, with non-Muslim population of 97% and 51% respectively, were awarded to Pakistan.
6718:
6600:
6580:
6511:
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6426:
6248:
6243:
6083:
6053:
6023:
6003:
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4673:
4597:
4572:
4542:
4305:
4245:
3766:
3755:"The ambivalence of borders: Map art through the lens of North-East Indian artists"
3179:
2653:
1251:
884:
865:
669:
531:
498:
302:
227:
4116:
4106:
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1144:(with a marginal Hindu majority of 51%) was given to East Pakistan in lieu of the
6630:
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6385:
6208:
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4768:
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3599:
3389:
3379:
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2923:
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1712:
1452:
1141:
950:
896:
in the eastern zone of Pakistan, which similarly had a marginal Muslim majority.
486:
482:
474:
270:
104:
was the boundary demarcated by the two boundary commissions for the provinces of
91:
2315:. Vol. XII. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. pp. 638, 645, 662
2313:
Constitutional Relations between Britain and India: The Transfer of Power 1942-7
6585:
6391:
6293:
6218:
6178:
6133:
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6008:
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5381:
5331:
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5266:
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5211:
4933:
4863:
4848:
4788:
4778:
4607:
4497:
4367:
4317:
4215:
4168:
4097:
3894:
Datta, V. N. (1998), "The Punjab Boundary Commission Award (12 August, 1947)",
3770:
3532:"How a border transformed a subcontinent: This line divided India and Pakistan"
2625:
2565:
2563:
2561:
1932:
1217:
1125:
966:
771:
609:
314:
282:
266:
148:
3983:
3626:
3555:
Ranjani Chakraborty, Danush Parvaneh, and Christina Thornell (22 March 2019).
6770:
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6288:
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6143:
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3242:. Calcutta: Central Publication Branch, Government of India. pp. 220–223
2665:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1198:
790:
318:
30:
2601:
2558:
254:, had a Muslim majority and the 'West Bengal' province, with its capital at
6648:
6625:
6354:
6339:
6223:
6213:
6203:
5977:
5741:
5721:
5706:
5529:
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5046:
5011:
5001:
4943:
4743:
4647:
4557:
4547:
4312:
4240:
4225:
3893:
3831:
Pakistan – The Garrison State: Origins, Evolution, Consequences (1947-2011)
3327:
1530:
1278:
1254:
have created drawings, prints and sculptures depicting the Radcliffe Line.
1224:
718:
598:
3384:(Reports). Vol. 4. Simla: Government of India Press. pp. 24–25.
143:
6704:
5791:
5136:
5016:
4708:
4487:
4235:
4146:
Chopra, R. M., "The Punjab And Bengal", Punjabee Bradree, Calcutta, 1999.
4126:
2719:
1714:
The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League and the Demand for Pakistan
1489:
The Shadow of the Great Game : The Untold Story of India's Partition
1283:
1268:
1228:
1101:
869:
779:
337:
274:
247:
3907:
3651:"Watch: This Bloody Line, Ram Madhvani's short film on India-Pak divide"
2256:
2240:
460:
325:. The viceroy informed the Secretary of State that Jinnah envisaged the
6369:
6309:
6093:
5936:
5386:
5161:
5111:
5026:
4678:
4562:
4397:
4120:
4110:
4054:
3466:
3193:
1109:
1105:
849:
751:
506:
63:
4061:
Routing borders between territories, discourses, and practices (p.128)
2813:
The Reminiscences of Sir Muhammad Zafrulla Khan by Columbia University
2753:
The Reminiscences of Sir Muhammad Zafrulla Khan by Columbia University
2657:
2340:. Vol. 2. Lahore: National Documentation Centre. pp. 202–210
2337:
The Partition of the Punjab, 1947: A Compilation of Official Documents
448:
drafted a scheme of a separate Sikh state if India was to be divided.
6732:
6359:
5944:
5366:
5261:
5221:
5196:
5131:
4793:
4783:
4683:
1293:
1169:
1097:
1090:
783:
542:
to chair two boundary commissions—one for Bengal and one for Punjab.
341:
5611:
4001:
3529:
3184:
2205:
Liberty or Death : India's Journey to Independence and Division
1847:
1835:
1823:
1749:
1737:
1659:
1542:
1518:
1470:
1458:
1430:
1124:
Another disputed decision made by Radcliffe was the division of the
906:
293:
6746:
5909:
5850:
The leaders of the Muslim League, 1940. Jinnah is seated at centre.
5681:
4728:
4372:
3958:
3827:
3233:"Census of India, 1931. Vol. V: Bengal and Sikkim. Part II: Tables"
2619:
2358:
2153:
2141:
2129:
2081:
2069:
2057:
2036:
2000:
1928:
1916:
1904:
1346:
1054:
1024:
714:
589:
The Bengal Boundary Commission consisted of justices C. C. Biswas,
562:
255:
169:
59:
2334:
Sadullah, Mian Muhammad (1983). "Arguments of the Bikaner State".
5686:
4888:
3631:
3516:
2583:"Gurdāspur District – Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 12, p. 395"
1039:
348:) in Pakistan, leaving two eastern divisions of Punjab in India (
207:
176:
175:
Pakistan was intended as a Muslim homeland, while India remained
3915:
3589:
3587:
1801:
Moore, Robin James. "Mountbatten, India, and the Commonwealth".
1678:(Third ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 216–217,
1442:
762:
There were disputes regarding the Radcliffe Line's award of the
574:
Each boundary commission consisted of five people – a chairman (
4412:
1157:
1129:
955:
802:
775:
710:
685:
558:
309:, the idea of Pakistan began to be contemplated seriously. Sir
203:
3978:
2951:
Shameful Flight: The Last Years of the British Empire in India
2631:
2607:
2569:
2027:, "Boundary Commission Format and Procedure section", para. 5.
1413:
1311:
3584:
2373:
1765:
Partition In Ireland India And Palestine: Theory And Practice
1395:
1161:
1009:
251:
211:
184:
56:
2548:
2546:
1946:"Minutes of the award meeting : Held on 16 August 1947"
1205:
1197:
As a part of a series on borders, the explanatory news site
3874:"Lord Mountbatten and the Punjab Boundary Commission Award"
3847:
2117:
2024:
911:
Pakistan maintains that the Radcliffe Award was altered by
2897:
Mehr Chand Mahajan, Looking Back: The Autobiography Bombay
1638:
The Sikhs of the Punjab, Volumes 2-3, J S Grewal, page 176
1089:
had a majority non-Muslim population of 97% (most of them
534:
prior to his replacement as Viceroy, in February 1947, by
3850:"The 1947 Partition: Drawing the Indo-Pakistani Boundary"
2543:
1176:, Karimganj district now has a Muslim majority of 52.3%.
848:
The Gurdaspur district was divided geographically by the
4053:, Vol. 58, No. 4 (Winter, 1985–1986), pp. 653–662.
2241:"The Punjab Boundary Commission Award (12 August, 1947)"
1646:
1644:
1557:
War and Religion: An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict
2869:
is an unjust, incomprehensible and even perverse award.
144:
Events leading up to the Radcliffe Boundary Commissions
2723:
Pakistan in the Twentieth Century: A Political History
2174:. New Delhi: National Book Shop. pp. xxvi–xxvii.
954:"The Different Aspects of Islamic Culture", a part of
3530:
Johnny Harris and Christina Thornell (26 June 2019).
3449:"Hindus & Muslims embrace each other as brothers"
1641:
1491:. New York: Caroll and Graf Publishers. p. 195.
1377:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 483.
152:
Map illustrating the overall framework of partition.
2841:
Pakistan Pangs of Birth, 15 August-30 September 1947
2690:
Pakistan Pangs of Birth, 15 August-30 September 1947
757:
3962:
The Proudest Day: India's Long Road to Independence
3945:
3543:
A brief history of how the region was split in two.
2369:
2367:
2290:
Journal of the Punjab University Historical Society
2105:
2093:
2012:
1374:
The Proudest Day: India's Long Road to Independence
1135:
604:The members of the Punjab Commission were justices
400:
Relevance to the topic of the article is not clear.
2412:
2374:Pervaiz I Cheema; Manuel Riemer (22 August 1990).
1803:Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics
1634:
1632:
340:, the Reforms Commissioner, and his colleague Sir
907:Pakistani view on the award of Gurdaspur to India
684:Radcliffe justified the casual division with the
6768:
4198:
3381:Census of India, 1941: Volume 4, Bengal (Tables)
2726:, Karachi: Oxford University Press, p. 62,
2364:
1931:, p. 418: "He wrote to then Prime Minister
1717:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 209–210,
1672:Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2012),
1586:
1531:Datta, The Punjab Boundary Commission Award 1998
770:. Disputes also evolved around the districts of
131:while the Bengal part of the line serves as the
6555:Now or Never; Are We to Live or Perish Forever?
2925:Partition and Anglo-Pakistan relations, 1947–51
1629:
3988:, London and New York: I. B. Taurus & Co,
3033:
2779:"Gurdaspur – the dist that almost went to Pak"
2746:
2744:
2742:
1671:
1342:
1340:
1338:
5627:
4184:
3305:. India: Uppal Publishing House. p. 64.
2954:, Oxford University Press, USA, p. 167,
1366:
1364:
1187:artistic depictions of the Partition of India
620:
569:
468:In March 1946, the British government sent a
4143:, 3rd ed. New York: Oxford University Press.
3728:"Omar Kholeif on curating for Abu Dhabi Art"
3576:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2884:, Pakistan Printing Press, 1982, p. 515
2458:The Rediscovery of India: A New Subcontinent
1864:
1592:
1192:
526:A crude border had already been drawn up by
4021:
3419:"Nawabs' Murshidabad House lies in tatters"
3027:
2739:
2552:
1980:. Manchester: Manchester university Press.
1555:Shaw, Jeffrey M.; Demy, Timothy J. (2017).
1401:
1335:
705:salient portion of the non-Muslim majority
637:
277:, and various Sikh leaders. After the 1940
237:
214:. Likewise, no line could appease both the
166:Presidencies and provinces of British India
5634:
5620:
4699:Hindustan Socialist Republican Association
4191:
4177:
3896:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
3147:The Great Divide: Britain, India, Pakistan
2882:Muhammad Zafarullah Khan, Tahdith-i-Ni'mat
2496:. Delhi: National Book Shop. p. 212.
2245:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
1969:
1967:
1370:
1361:
615:
29:
4022:Tan, Tai Yong; Kudaisya, Gyanesh (2000),
3183:
2406:
1848:Sialkoti, Punjab Boundary Line Issue 2014
1836:Sialkoti, Punjab Boundary Line Issue 2014
1824:Sialkoti, Punjab Boundary Line Issue 2014
1750:Sialkoti, Punjab Boundary Line Issue 2014
1738:Sialkoti, Punjab Boundary Line Issue 2014
1660:Sialkoti, Punjab Boundary Line Issue 2014
1593:Kudaisya, Gyanesh; Yong, Tan Tai (2004).
1543:Sialkoti, Punjab Boundary Line Issue 2014
1519:Sialkoti, Punjab Boundary Line Issue 2014
1471:Sialkoti, Punjab Boundary Line Issue 2014
1459:Sialkoti, Punjab Boundary Line Issue 2014
1431:Sialkoti, Punjab Boundary Line Issue 2014
1206:Artistic depictions of the Radcliffe Line
982:
679:
629:The Punjabi section of the Radcliffe Line
521:
444:affected if Pakistan was forced on them.
423:Learn how and when to remove this message
281:of the Muslim League demanding Pakistan,
4025:The Aftermath of Partition in South Asia
3965:, New York: W. W. Norton & Company,
3876:, in S. Settar; Indira B. Gupta (eds.),
3300:
3109:
2988:The Different Aspects of Islamic Culture
2806:
2804:
2620:Ahmed, Pakistan: The Garrison State 2013
2359:Read & Fisher, The Proudest Day 1998
2333:
2306:
2154:Read & Fisher, The Proudest Day 1998
2142:Read & Fisher, The Proudest Day 1998
2130:Read & Fisher, The Proudest Day 1998
2082:Read & Fisher, The Proudest Day 1998
2070:Read & Fisher, The Proudest Day 1998
2058:Read & Fisher, The Proudest Day 1998
2037:Read & Fisher, The Proudest Day 1998
2001:Read & Fisher, The Proudest Day 1998
1929:Read & Fisher, The Proudest Day 1998
1917:Read & Fisher, The Proudest Day 1998
1905:Read & Fisher, The Proudest Day 1998
1595:The Aftermath of Partition in South Asia
1554:
1347:Read & Fisher, The Proudest Day 1998
992:Religion in Chittagong Hill Tracts, 1931
838:
624:
459:
292:
147:
4011:Pakistan Journal of History and Culture
3878:Pangs of Partition: The parting of ways
2947:
2419:. Yale University Press. pp. 60–.
2380:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 27–.
1973:
1964:
1449:'rocked Indian politics for a decade'."
709:(consisting of the two Muslim-majority
485:Divisions with some districts from the
6769:
6520:Jinnah: India, Partition, Independence
4090:
4084:. Delhi: Vikas Publishing House, 1983.
4082:Mountbatten and the Partition of India
3482:"Sylhet (Assam) to join East Pakistan"
3352:
3334:from the original on 28 September 2007
3285:
3279:
3260:
3254:
3230:
3213:
3169:
3143:
3072:
3021:Author's Review, Eminent Churchillians
2968:from the original on 25 September 2014
2921:
2208:. London: Flamingo. pp. 328–330.
2201:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1768:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 123.
1761:
1482:
1358:Smitha, Independence section, para. 7.
5641:
5615:
4172:
4073:Collins, L., and Lapierre, D. (1975)
3959:Read, Anthony; Fisher, David (1998),
3677:"Zehra Jumabhoy on the art of Zarina"
3377:
2837:
2801:
2686:
2643:
2487:
2280:
2235:
2165:
1952:from the original on 22 November 2014
1710:
1443:Dhulipala, Creating a New Medina 2015
1371:Read, Anthony; Fisher, David (1998).
1164:joined Pakistan in accordance with a
828:
455:
6527:Notes on Afghanistan and Baluchistan
4121:Review "Dividing the Jewel" at JSTOR
4111:Review "Dividing the Jewel" at JSTOR
3834:, Oxford University Press Pakistan,
3752:
3492:from the original on 4 December 2013
3083:from the original on 22 January 2011
2451:
1445:, pp. 124, 134, 142–144, 149: "
1312:Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict (2003
813:
373:
195:in the northwest (55.7% Muslim) and
183:(91.8% Muslim before partition) and
4127:The US and Britain in Asia, to 1960
3429:from the original on 5 January 2017
3357:. India: D. K. Chakma. p. 42.
3325:
3150:, London: Hutchinson, p. 355,
3034:Andrew Roberts (16 December 2010).
3001:from the original on 11 August 2017
2632:Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict 2003
2608:Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict 2003
2570:Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict 2003
1853:
94:, who demarcated the boundary line.
13:
5863:
5854:
5845:
4042:
3657:from the original on 3 August 2017
3639:from the original on 30 July 2018.
3455:. Dhaka. 19 August 1947. p. 5
835:Gurdaspur district § Religion
782:in Bengal and the sub-division of
662:
16:Boundary of the Partition of India
14:
6813:
4157:Drawing the Indo-Pakistani border
4150:
4091:Mishra, Pankaj (13 August 2007).
3946:Mishra, Pankaj (13 August 2007).
3126:from the original on 21 July 2017
3054:from the original on 30 July 2018
2904:from the original on 30 July 2018
2858:from the original on 28 July 2017
2820:from the original on 30 July 2018
2789:from the original on 26 July 2017
2760:from the original on 30 July 2018
2589:from the original on 8 April 2008
2433:from the original on 30 July 2018
2394:from the original on 30 July 2018
2377:Pakistan's Defence Policy 1947–58
1877:from the original on 14 July 2012
1800:
1782:from the original on 30 July 2018
1692:from the original on 30 July 2018
1675:A Concise History of Modern India
1414:Ambedkar, Bhimrao Ramji (1941) ,
1119:
820:Firozpur district § Religion
758:Disputes along the Radcliffe Line
724:
582:and two members nominated by the
513:In April, the Governor of Punjab
5767:Muslim nationalism in South Asia
4393:Muslim nationalism in South Asia
4115:Moon, Blake, D., and Ashton, S.
3793:
3746:
3720:
3695:
3669:
3643:
3619:
3607:from the original on 1 July 2014
3548:
3523:
3510:
3504:
3486:Keesing's Record of World Events
3474:
3110:Anderson, Perry (19 July 2012),
2118:Chester, The 1947 Partition 2002
2025:Chester, The 1947 Partition 2002
1216:, written by British playwright
1136:Khulna and Murshidabad Districts
578:), two members nominated by the
378:
369:
301:After the breakdown of the 1945
6562:Causes of Indian Mutiny of 1857
4633:Provisional Government of India
4002:Sialkoti, Zulfiqar Ali (2014),
3848:Chester, Lucy (February 2002),
3821:
3441:
3411:
3371:
3346:
3319:
3294:
3224:
3207:
3163:
3137:
3103:
3094:
3066:
3012:
2979:
2941:
2915:
2888:
2874:
2831:
2771:
2713:
2680:
2637:
2575:
2517:
2481:
2460:. Orient Longman. p. 332.
2445:
2352:
2327:
2300:
2274:
2229:
2195:
2159:
2147:
2135:
2123:
2099:
2087:
2075:
2063:
2051:
2042:
2030:
2006:
1994:
1938:
1922:
1910:
1898:
1889:
1794:
1755:
1704:
1665:
1620:
1577:
1548:
1483:Sarila, Narendra Singh (2006).
1476:
1317:
1305:
6376:Mohammad Abdul Ghafoor Hazarvi
4080:Collins, L., and Lapierre, D.
3922:, Cambridge University Press,
3595:"Web Chat with Howard Brenton"
1436:
1407:
1352:
608:, Teja Singh, Din Mohamed and
441:opposed the partition of India
285:wrote a 400-page tract titled
1:
6487:Muhammad Ibrahim Mir Sialkoti
6381:Muhammad Karam Shah al-Azhari
4129:. MacroHistory website, 2001.
4059:Berg, E., and van Houtum, H.
3940:The Transfer of Power, 1942-7
3355:The Partition and the Chakmas
3288:The Partition and The Chakmas
3265:. Minerva Press. p. 49.
1485:"Wavell Plays the Great game"
1420:, Bombay: Thacker and company
1329:
464:Pre-partition Punjab province
346:Rawalpindi, Multan and Lahore
317:, then prime minister of the
138:
6534:Pakistan: A Personal History
6274:Iftikhar Hussain Khan Mamdot
6059:Baba-e-Urdu Maulvi Abdul Haq
5242:Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari
4518:Chauri Chaura incident, 1922
4200:Indian independence movement
3353:Chakma, Dipak Kumar (2013).
2928:, Vanguard, pp. 76–77,
2452:Khan, Ansar Hussain (1999).
1865:Frank Jacobs (3 July 2012).
1151:
862:Gurdaspur and Batala tehsils
323:Secretary of State for India
189:North-West Frontier Province
162:Indian Independence Act 1947
7:
5432:Virendranath Chattopadhyaya
4819:Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty
3880:, Manohar, pp. 13–39,
3753:Anzi, Achia (1 June 2021).
3488:. July 1947. p. 8722.
3330:. Calcutta Research group.
3303:Chakmas: An Embattled Tribe
2413:Owen Bennett Jones (2003).
1257:
825:should not go to Pakistan.
398:. The specific problem is:
10:
6818:
6472:Abdul Hamid Qadri Badayuni
6437:Amir Habibullah Khan Saadi
6320:Muhammad Abdul Qayyum Khan
6119:Nawab Mohammad Ismail Khan
6044:Nawab Waqar-ul-Mulk Kamboh
5167:Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi
4719:Indian Independence League
4436:Partition of Bengal (1947)
4431:Partition of Bengal (1905)
3916:Dhulipala, Venkat (2015),
3771:10.1007/s41020-021-00142-9
3703:"Zones of Dreams | Art UK"
3328:"Is there a "Neo-Racism"?"
3286:Chakma, Deepak K. (2013).
3240:Linguistic Survey of India
2416:Pakistan: Eye of the Storm
2307:Mansergh, Nicolas (1983).
1597:. Routledge. p. 100.
1231:'s poem on the Partition.
832:
817:
696:
621:Boundary-making procedures
570:Members of the commissions
6639:
6571:
6502:
6467:Amir Abdullah Khan Rokhri
6194:
6124:Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy
5962:
5875:
5843:
5727:Fourteen Points of Jinnah
5662:
5649:
5558:
5457:
5342:Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi
5142:Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi
4962:
4839:Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
4759:
4714:Indian Home Rule movement
4656:
4553:Fourteen Points of Jinnah
4493:Jallianwala Bagh massacre
4421:
4358:
4206:
3805:southernasia.uchicago.edu
3261:Khisha, Mukur K. (1998).
2948:Wolpert, Stanley (2009),
2922:Sohail, Massarat (1991),
2720:Ziring, Lawrence (1997),
2525:"Narowal – Punjab Portal"
2120:, "Methodology", para. 1.
1559:. ABC-CLIO. p. 371.
1210:One notable depiction is
1193:Legacy and historiography
1179:
1076:
1068:
1063:
1053:
1048:
1038:
1033:
1023:
1018:
1008:
996:
991:
977:
808:
156:newspaper, 4th June 1947.
86:
74:
69:
52:
47:
28:
23:
6548:Pakistan: A Hard Country
6541:The Myth of Independence
6154:Muhammad Zafarullah Khan
6149:Mohammad Amir Ahmed Khan
5868:State emblem of Pakistan
5827:Constitution of Pakistan
5677:Indian Rebellion of 1857
5581:Indian annexation of Goa
5427:Vinayak Damodar Savarkar
4939:Vinayak Damodar Savarkar
4704:Indian National Congress
4503:Non-cooperation movement
4109:, 22 March-30 May 1947.
3759:Jindal Global Law Review
3301:Talukdar, S. P. (1994).
3172:Journal of Asian Studies
3040:. Orion. pp. 128–.
2281:Altaf, Muhammad (2021).
2202:French, Patrick (1998).
2106:Mishra, Exit Wounds 2007
2094:Mishra, Exit Wounds 2007
2013:Mishra, Exit Wounds 2007
1871:Opinionator: Borderlines
1299:
1274:Indo-Bangladesh enclaves
928:Muhammad Zafarullah Khan
638:Political representation
580:Indian National Congress
548:Indian National Congress
238:Prior ideas of partition
6777:Bangladesh–India border
6457:Abdul Sattar Khan Niazi
6365:Ishtiaq Hussain Qureshi
6234:Muhammad Shafi Deobandi
6164:Ra'ana Liaquat Ali Khan
6099:Raja Ghazanfar Ali Khan
5777:Indian Independence Act
5752:Round Table Conferences
5656:timeline: 1947–present)
5586:Indian Independence Act
5172:Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan
5147:Jatindra Mohan Sengupta
5117:Dukkipati Nageswara Rao
4854:Kandukuri Veeresalingam
4834:Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai
4669:All-India Muslim League
4623:Royal Air Force strikes
4588:Round table conferences
4578:Chittagong armoury raid
4468:Hindu–German Conspiracy
4451:Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy
4221:Porto Grande de Bengala
3828:Ahmed, Ishtiaq (2013),
3214:Robert, Andrew (1994),
3073:Robert, Andrew (1994),
2553:Tan & Kudaisya 2000
1711:Jalal, Ayesha (1994) ,
1402:Tan & Kudaisya 2000
752:Kargil conflict of 1999
616:Problems in the process
595:Abu Saleh Mohamed Akram
536:Lord Louis Mountbatten.
168:into two new sovereign
133:Bangladesh–India border
6802:Eponymous border lines
6477:Sardar Aurang Zeb Khan
6412:Muhammad Ismail Zabeeh
6345:Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum
6335:Sheikh Sir Abdul Qadir
6074:Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman
5920:Philosophical Congress
5869:
5860:
5851:
5372:Syama Prasad Mukherjee
5277:Purushottam Das Tandon
4643:Praja Mandala movement
4457:The Indian Sociologist
4141:A New History of India
3231:Porter, A. E. (1933).
3144:Hodson, H. V. (1969),
3116:London Review of Books
2488:Singh, Kirpal (2005).
2166:Singh, Kirpal (2006).
1974:Chester, Lucy (2009).
1873:. The New York Times.
1812:Bengal and the Punjab.
1762:Fraser, T. G. (1984).
1087:Chittagong Hill Tracts
983:Chittagong Hill Tracts
856:on its west bank, and
845:
799:Chittagong Hill Tracts
764:Chittagong Hill Tracts
680:Haste and indifference
653:Chittagong Hill Tracts
630:
522:Process and key people
465:
298:
172:: India and Pakistan.
157:
6787:India–Pakistan border
6388:(Pir of Manki Sharif)
6350:Jalaludin Abdur Rahim
6315:Chaudhry Ghulam Abbas
6310:Hakeem Mohammad Saeed
6299:Abu Bakr Ahmad Haleem
6269:Shahnawaz Khan Mamdot
6029:Sadeq Mohammad Khan V
5867:
5858:
5849:
5797:Objectives Resolution
5737:Now or Never pamphlet
5596:Political integration
5337:Shyamji Krishna Varma
5122:Gopal Krishna Gokhale
5067:Bhupendra Kumar Datta
4899:Rettamalai Srinivasan
4859:Mahadev Govind Ranade
4664:All India Kisan Sabha
4628:Coup d'état of Yanaon
4528:Qissa Khwani massacre
4513:Coolie-Begar movement
4328:Second Anglo-Sikh War
3919:Creating a New Medina
3872:Datta, V. N. (2002),
3453:Amrita Bazaar Patrika
3378:Dutch, R. A. (1942).
3217:Eminent Churchillians
3076:Eminent Chruchillians
3037:Eminent Churchillians
2994:, 2016, p. 355,
2900:, 1963, p. 113,
2838:Zaidi, Z. H. (2001),
2816:, 2004, p. 158,
2756:, 2004, p. 155,
2687:Zaidi, Z. H. (2001),
1289:Sykes-Picot Agreement
1264:India–Pakistan border
842:
731:Punjab Boundary Force
628:
463:
296:
287:Thoughts on Pakistan.
160:On 18 July 1947, the
151:
129:India–Pakistan border
6407:Lady Abdullah Haroon
6174:Shabbir Ahmad Usmani
6129:Jogendra Nath Mandal
6079:Choudhary Rahmat Ali
5422:Veeran Sundaralingam
5377:Tara Rani Srivastava
5312:Sahajanand Saraswati
5202:Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi
5087:Chandra Shekhar Azad
4992:Alluri Sitarama Raju
4949:Vitthal Ramji Shinde
4904:Sahajanand Saraswati
4824:Gopal Ganesh Agarkar
4724:Indian National Army
4568:Dharasana Satyagraha
4473:Champaran Satyagraha
4323:First Anglo-Sikh War
4162:28 June 2011 at the
4139:Wolpert, S. (1989).
4070:Manchester UP, 2009.
2693:, pp. 378–379,
1867:"Peacocks at Sunset"
1447:Thoughts on Pakistan
1417:Thoughts on Pakistan
1146:Murshidabad district
405:improve this section
394:to meet Knowledge's
246:by the then viceroy
116:. It is named after
6452:Fatima Sughra Begum
6325:Sardar Ibrahim Khan
6279:Sikandar Hayat Khan
6229:Adamjee Haji Dawood
6109:Ghulam Bhik Nairang
6034:Mian Muhammad Shafi
6014:Muhammad Ali Jinnah
5999:Maulana Shaukat Ali
5994:Mohammad Ali Jauhar
5915:Renaissance Society
5905:Student Federations
5702:Partition of Bengal
5652:History of Pakistan
5407:V. K. Krishna Menon
5352:Subhas Chandra Bose
5237:Muhammad Ali Jinnah
5232:Mohammad Ali Jauhar
5127:Govind Ballabh Pant
5107:Dayananda Saraswati
5032:Bal Gangadhar Tilak
4829:Gopal Hari Deshmukh
4809:Dhondo Keshav Karve
4804:Dayananda Saraswati
4799:Bal Gangadhar Tilak
4774:A. Vaidyanatha Iyer
4287:Anglo-Maratha Wars
4075:Freedom at Midnight
3985:Kashmir in Conflict
3980:Schofield, Victoria
3603:. 14 January 2014.
2266:– via JSTOR.
1850:, pp. 108–109.
921:Deputy Commissioner
670:Viceroy Mountbatten
540:Sir Cyril Radcliffe
350:Jullundur and Delhi
260:Bengali nationalism
6797:Partition of India
6782:Geography of India
6462:Viqar-un-Nisa Noon
6422:Naseer Ahmad Malhi
6402:Jahanara Shahnawaz
6330:Fida Mohammad Khan
6305:Ghulam Rasool Mehr
6284:Shaukat Hayat Khan
6264:Mian Iftikharuddin
6239:Zafar Ahmad Usmani
6139:Khawaja Nazimuddin
5985:(Nawab Salimullah)
5870:
5861:
5852:
5807:Pakistani monarchy
5782:Partition of India
5672:East India Company
5591:Partition of India
5437:Yashwantrao Holkar
5402:V. O. Chidamabaram
5357:Subramania Bharati
5287:Rahul Sankrityayan
5272:Pritilata Waddedar
5182:Shri Krishna Singh
5082:C. Rajagopalachari
5072:Bidhan Chandra Roy
5057:Bhavabhushan Mitra
5042:Begum Hazrat Mahal
4997:Annapurna Maharana
4869:Muthulakshmi Reddy
4814:G. Subramania Iyer
4508:Christmas Day Plot
4383:Indian nationalism
4333:Sannyasi rebellion
4231:East India Company
3936:Mansergh, Nicholas
3854:American Diplomacy
3627:"This Bloody Line"
3423:The Times of India
3326:Balibar, Etienne.
2785:. 15 August 2015.
2361:, pp. 487–488
2237:Datta, Vishwa Nath
1919:, pp. 482–483
1404:, p. 162–163.
1248:Reena Saini Kallat
1174:2001 Indian census
932:Mehr Chand Mahajan
846:
829:Gurdaspur District
768:Gurdaspur district
631:
606:Mehr Chand Mahajan
466:
456:Final negotiations
446:Giani Kartar Singh
299:
269:, Congress leader
158:
114:Partition of India
81:Partition of India
6792:Pakistan Movement
6764:
6763:
6756:
6742:
6728:
6714:
6700:
6686:
6672:
6658:
6621:Deena Public Hall
6591:Pakistan Monument
6447:Sharif al Mujahid
6397:Hafeez Jalandhari
6169:Ashraf Ali Thanwi
6159:Qazi Mohammad Isa
6104:Jafar Khan Jamali
6069:Abdur Rab Nishtar
6064:Abdul Qayyum Khan
6039:Mian Abdul Rashid
5983:Khwaja Salimullah
5762:Direct Action Day
5757:Lahore Resolution
5747:Two nation theory
5732:Allahabad Address
5712:Khilafat Movement
5682:Deobandi Movement
5643:Pakistan Movement
5609:
5608:
5576:Republic of India
5412:Vallabhbhai Patel
5397:Ubaidullah Sindhi
5297:Ram Prasad Bismil
5192:M. Bhaktavatsalam
5152:Jatindra Nath Das
5077:Bipin Chandra Pal
5012:Babu Kunwar Singh
4982:Achyut Patwardhan
4739:Khudai Khidmatgar
4583:Gandhi–Irwin Pact
4523:Kakori conspiracy
4483:Rowlatt Committee
4446:Direct Action Day
4408:Swadeshi movement
4388:Khilafat Movement
4378:Hindu nationalism
4338:Rebellion of 1857
4261:Anglo-Mysore Wars
4251:Battle of Plassey
4066:Chester, Lucy P.
4035:978-1-134-44048-1
3929:978-1-107-05212-3
3887:978-81-7304-306-2
3841:978-0-19-906636-0
3653:. 18 March 2017.
3635:. 18 March 2017.
3390:saoa.crl.28215987
3263:All That Glisters
3047:978-0-297-86527-8
2783:The Tribune India
2733:978-0-19-577816-8
2658:10.1080/714002326
2634:, pp. 33–34.
2531:on 1 October 2011
2426:978-0-300-10147-8
2387:978-1-349-20942-2
1838:, pp. 97–98.
1826:, pp. 98–99.
1775:978-1-349-17610-6
1752:, pp. 95–96.
1740:, pp. 94–95.
1724:978-0-521-45850-4
1685:978-1-139-53705-6
1662:, pp. 87–89.
1604:978-1-134-44048-1
1223:Indian filmmaker
1081:
1080:
901:Jammu and Kashmir
894:Dinajpur district
854:Shakargarh tehsil
814:Firozpur District
795:Amritsar District
707:Firozpur district
550:and two from the
437:Master Tara Singh
433:
432:
425:
396:quality standards
387:This section may
363:Dinajpur district
279:Lahore resolution
232:Vallabhbhai Patel
98:
97:
6809:
6750:
6736:
6722:
6708:
6694:
6680:
6666:
6652:
6616:National Library
6601:Ziarat Residency
6581:Minar-e-Pakistan
6513:Idea of Pakistan
6442:Habib Rahimtoola
6427:Ahmed Saeed Nagi
6249:Malik Barkat Ali
6244:Ahmed Ali Lahori
6084:A. K. Fazlul Huq
6054:Bahadur Yar Jung
6024:Liaquat Ali Khan
6004:Hakim Ajmal Khan
5859:Flag of Pakistan
5837:Protestant Islam
5832:British heritage
5822:National symbols
5817:Kashmir conflict
5717:Shuddhi movement
5692:Aligarh Movement
5687:Barelvi Movement
5636:
5629:
5622:
5613:
5612:
5601:Simla Conference
5392:Tiruppur Kumaran
5362:Subramaniya Siva
5317:Sangolli Rayanna
5307:Rash Behari Bose
5247:Nagnath Naikwadi
5157:Jawaharlal Nehru
5102:Dadabhai Naoroji
5097:Chittaranjan Das
4987:A. K. Fazlul Huq
4909:Savitribai Phule
4734:Khaksar movement
4689:Berlin Committee
4674:Anushilan Samiti
4638:Independence Day
4598:Aundh Experiment
4573:Vedaranyam March
4478:Kheda Satyagraha
4463:Singapore Mutiny
4246:Portuguese India
4193:
4186:
4179:
4170:
4169:
4102:
4038:
4018:
4008:
3998:
3975:
3955:
3932:
3910:
3890:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3856:, archived from
3844:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3811:
3797:
3791:
3790:
3750:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3739:
3724:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3713:
3699:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3683:. September 2019
3681:www.artforum.com
3673:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3647:
3641:
3640:
3623:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3612:
3591:
3582:
3581:
3575:
3567:
3552:
3546:
3545:
3540:
3538:
3527:
3521:
3520:
3515:. Archived from
3508:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3497:
3478:
3472:
3471:
3462:
3460:
3445:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3415:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3404:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3364:978-935-104-9272
3350:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3323:
3317:
3316:
3312:978-818-556-5507
3298:
3292:
3291:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3237:
3228:
3222:
3221:
3211:
3205:
3204:
3187:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3112:"Why Partition?"
3107:
3101:
3098:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3031:
3025:
3024:
3016:
3010:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3000:
2993:
2983:
2977:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2945:
2939:
2938:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2865:
2863:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2808:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2775:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2748:
2737:
2736:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2641:
2635:
2629:
2623:
2617:
2611:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2579:
2573:
2567:
2556:
2550:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2527:. Archived from
2521:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2371:
2362:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2287:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2265:
2263:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2163:
2157:
2151:
2145:
2139:
2133:
2127:
2121:
2115:
2109:
2103:
2097:
2091:
2085:
2079:
2073:
2067:
2061:
2055:
2049:
2046:
2040:
2034:
2028:
2022:
2016:
2010:
2004:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1971:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1942:
1936:
1926:
1920:
1914:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1862:
1851:
1845:
1839:
1833:
1827:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1759:
1753:
1747:
1741:
1735:
1729:
1727:
1708:
1702:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1669:
1663:
1657:
1651:
1648:
1639:
1636:
1627:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1590:
1584:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1552:
1546:
1540:
1534:
1528:
1522:
1521:, p. 85–86.
1516:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1480:
1474:
1473:, p. 84–85.
1468:
1462:
1456:
1450:
1440:
1434:
1433:, p. 73–76.
1428:
1422:
1421:
1411:
1405:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1368:
1359:
1356:
1350:
1344:
1324:
1321:
1315:
1309:
1252:Pritika Chowdhry
1213:Drawing the Line
989:
988:
866:Narowal district
532:Viceroy of India
499:Lord Mountbatten
491:except Gurdaspur
435:The Sikh leader
428:
421:
417:
414:
408:
382:
381:
374:
303:Simla Conference
273:, industrialist
228:Jawaharlal Nehru
33:
21:
20:
6817:
6816:
6812:
6811:
6810:
6808:
6807:
6806:
6767:
6766:
6765:
6760:
6650:Youm-e-Pakistan
6635:
6631:Jinnah Terminal
6567:
6498:
6482:Abdullah Ropari
6386:Amin ul-Hasanat
6209:Abdullah Haroon
6190:
6089:Jamaat Ali Shah
5973:Syed Ahmad Khan
5958:
5871:
5862:
5853:
5841:
5772:Cabinet Mission
5658:
5645:
5640:
5610:
5605:
5566:Cabinet Mission
5554:
5458:British leaders
5453:
5442:Yogendra Shukla
5347:Siraj ud-Daulah
5302:Rani Lakshmibai
5292:Rajendra Prasad
5282:R. Venkataraman
5227:Mithuben Petit
5207:Mahadaji Shinde
5187:Lala Lajpat Rai
5022:Bahadur Shah II
5007:Ashfaqulla Khan
4977:Accamma Cherian
4972:Abul Kalam Azad
4964:
4958:
4929:Syed Ahmad Khan
4919:Sister Nivedita
4884:Pandita Ramabai
4879:Niralamba Swami
4844:J. B. Kripalani
4769:Ashfaqulla Khan
4761:
4755:
4694:Ghadar Movement
4652:
4533:Flag Satyagraha
4441:Revolutionaries
4423:
4417:
4360:
4354:
4256:Battle of Buxar
4202:
4197:
4164:Wayback Machine
4153:
4132:Tunzelmann, A.
4051:Pacific Affairs
4045:
4043:Further reading
4036:
4006:
3996:
3973:
3930:
3888:
3863:
3861:
3860:on 28 June 2011
3842:
3824:
3819:
3809:
3807:
3799:
3798:
3794:
3751:
3747:
3737:
3735:
3726:
3725:
3721:
3711:
3709:
3701:
3700:
3696:
3686:
3684:
3675:
3674:
3670:
3660:
3658:
3649:
3648:
3644:
3625:
3624:
3620:
3610:
3608:
3600:TheGuardian.com
3593:
3592:
3585:
3569:
3568:
3553:
3549:
3536:
3534:
3528:
3524:
3519:on 14 May 2007.
3509:
3505:
3495:
3493:
3480:
3479:
3475:
3458:
3456:
3447:
3446:
3442:
3432:
3430:
3417:
3416:
3412:
3402:
3400:
3376:
3372:
3365:
3351:
3347:
3337:
3335:
3324:
3320:
3313:
3299:
3295:
3284:
3280:
3273:
3259:
3255:
3245:
3243:
3235:
3229:
3225:
3212:
3208:
3185:10.2307/2054436
3168:
3164:
3158:
3142:
3138:
3129:
3127:
3108:
3104:
3099:
3095:
3086:
3084:
3071:
3067:
3057:
3055:
3048:
3032:
3028:
3018:
3017:
3013:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2980:
2971:
2969:
2962:
2946:
2942:
2936:
2920:
2916:
2907:
2905:
2894:
2893:
2889:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2861:
2859:
2852:
2844:, p. 380,
2836:
2832:
2823:
2821:
2810:
2809:
2802:
2792:
2790:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2763:
2761:
2750:
2749:
2740:
2734:
2718:
2714:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2685:
2681:
2642:
2638:
2630:
2626:
2618:
2614:
2606:
2602:
2592:
2590:
2581:
2580:
2576:
2568:
2559:
2551:
2544:
2534:
2532:
2523:
2522:
2518:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2486:
2482:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2450:
2446:
2436:
2434:
2427:
2411:
2407:
2397:
2395:
2388:
2372:
2365:
2357:
2353:
2343:
2341:
2332:
2328:
2318:
2316:
2305:
2301:
2285:
2279:
2275:
2261:
2259:
2234:
2230:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2200:
2196:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2164:
2160:
2152:
2148:
2140:
2136:
2128:
2124:
2116:
2112:
2104:
2100:
2092:
2088:
2080:
2076:
2068:
2064:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2035:
2031:
2023:
2019:
2011:
2007:
1999:
1995:
1988:
1972:
1965:
1955:
1953:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1927:
1923:
1915:
1911:
1903:
1899:
1894:
1890:
1880:
1878:
1863:
1854:
1846:
1842:
1834:
1830:
1822:
1818:
1799:
1795:
1785:
1783:
1776:
1760:
1756:
1748:
1744:
1736:
1732:
1725:
1709:
1705:
1695:
1693:
1686:
1670:
1666:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1642:
1637:
1630:
1625:
1621:
1605:
1591:
1587:
1582:
1578:
1567:
1553:
1549:
1541:
1537:
1529:
1525:
1517:
1513:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1481:
1477:
1469:
1465:
1457:
1453:
1441:
1437:
1429:
1425:
1412:
1408:
1400:
1396:
1385:
1369:
1362:
1357:
1353:
1345:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1318:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1260:
1234:Visual artists
1208:
1195:
1182:
1168:. However, the
1154:
1142:Khulna District
1138:
1122:
1083:
1082:
1074:
1061:
1046:
1031:
1016:
985:
980:
951:Stanley Wolpert
948:
909:
837:
831:
822:
816:
811:
760:
727:
699:
682:
665:
663:Local knowledge
640:
623:
618:
572:
524:
497:In March 1947,
487:Multan Division
470:Cabinet Mission
458:
429:
418:
412:
409:
402:
383:
379:
372:
271:Lala Lajpat Rai
240:
146:
141:
118:Cyril Radcliffe
92:Cyril Radcliffe
79:
48:Characteristics
43:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6815:
6805:
6804:
6799:
6794:
6789:
6784:
6779:
6762:
6761:
6759:
6758:
6748:Youm-e-Viladat
6744:
6730:
6716:
6702:
6688:
6674:
6660:
6645:
6643:
6637:
6636:
6634:
6633:
6628:
6623:
6618:
6613:
6608:
6603:
6598:
6593:
6588:
6586:Bab-e-Pakistan
6583:
6577:
6575:
6569:
6568:
6566:
6565:
6558:
6551:
6544:
6537:
6530:
6523:
6516:
6508:
6506:
6500:
6499:
6497:
6496:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6392:Syed Wajid Ali
6389:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6367:
6362:
6357:
6352:
6347:
6342:
6337:
6332:
6327:
6322:
6317:
6312:
6307:
6301:
6296:
6294:Ziauddin Ahmad
6291:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6219:Mahmoud Haroon
6216:
6211:
6206:
6200:
6198:
6192:
6191:
6189:
6188:
6181:
6179:Zafar Ali Khan
6176:
6171:
6166:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6136:
6134:K. H. Khurshid
6131:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6049:Mohsin-ul-Mulk
6046:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6009:Muhammad Iqbal
6006:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5989:Syed Ameer Ali
5986:
5980:
5975:
5968:
5966:
5960:
5959:
5957:
5956:
5949:
5942:
5934:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5896:
5895:
5890:
5879:
5877:
5873:
5872:
5844:
5842:
5840:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5787:Radcliffe Line
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5668:
5666:
5660:
5659:
5650:
5647:
5646:
5639:
5638:
5631:
5624:
5616:
5607:
5606:
5604:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5562:
5560:
5556:
5555:
5553:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5461:
5459:
5455:
5454:
5452:
5451:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5382:Tarak Nath Das
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5332:Shuja-ud-Daula
5329:
5324:
5322:Sarojini Naidu
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5267:Prafulla Chaki
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5212:Mahatma Gandhi
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4968:
4966:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4934:Vakkom Moulavi
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4864:Mahatma Gandhi
4861:
4856:
4851:
4849:Jyotirao Phule
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4789:B. R. Ambedkar
4786:
4781:
4779:Ayya Vaikundar
4776:
4771:
4765:
4763:
4757:
4756:
4754:
4753:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4660:
4658:
4654:
4653:
4651:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4608:Cripps Mission
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4498:Noakhali riots
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4427:
4425:
4419:
4418:
4416:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4364:
4362:
4361:and ideologies
4356:
4355:
4353:
4352:
4345:
4343:Radcliffe Line
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4318:Vellore Mutiny
4315:
4310:
4309:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4285:
4284:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4212:
4210:
4204:
4203:
4196:
4195:
4188:
4181:
4173:
4167:
4166:
4152:
4151:External links
4149:
4148:
4147:
4144:
4137:
4130:
4123:
4113:
4103:
4098:The New Yorker
4088:
4085:
4078:
4071:
4064:
4057:
4044:
4041:
4040:
4039:
4034:
4019:
3999:
3995:978-1860648984
3994:
3976:
3971:
3956:
3952:The New Yorker
3943:
3942:. (12 volumes)
3933:
3928:
3913:
3912:
3911:
3886:
3869:
3845:
3840:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3817:
3792:
3765:(1): 117–137.
3745:
3734:. 31 July 2017
3719:
3694:
3668:
3642:
3618:
3583:
3547:
3522:
3503:
3473:
3440:
3410:
3370:
3363:
3345:
3318:
3311:
3293:
3290:. p. 239.
3278:
3272:978-1861060525
3271:
3253:
3223:
3206:
3162:
3156:
3136:
3102:
3093:
3065:
3046:
3026:
3011:
2978:
2960:
2940:
2934:
2914:
2887:
2873:
2850:
2830:
2800:
2770:
2738:
2732:
2712:
2699:
2679:
2636:
2624:
2612:
2600:
2574:
2557:
2542:
2516:
2502:
2480:
2466:
2444:
2425:
2405:
2386:
2363:
2351:
2326:
2299:
2273:
2228:
2214:
2194:
2180:
2168:"Introduction"
2158:
2146:
2144:, p. .494
2134:
2122:
2110:
2098:
2086:
2074:
2062:
2050:
2041:
2039:, 483, para. 1
2029:
2017:
2005:
1993:
1986:
1963:
1937:
1933:Clement Attlee
1921:
1909:
1897:
1888:
1852:
1840:
1828:
1816:
1793:
1774:
1754:
1742:
1730:
1723:
1703:
1684:
1664:
1652:
1640:
1628:
1619:
1603:
1585:
1576:
1565:
1547:
1535:
1533:, p. 858.
1523:
1511:
1497:
1475:
1463:
1451:
1435:
1423:
1406:
1394:
1383:
1360:
1351:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1325:
1316:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1259:
1256:
1218:Howard Brenton
1207:
1204:
1194:
1191:
1181:
1178:
1153:
1150:
1137:
1134:
1126:Malda district
1121:
1120:Malda District
1118:
1079:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1006:
1005:
1002:
1000:
998:
994:
993:
987:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
967:Perry Anderson
960:Andrew Roberts
947:
944:
908:
905:
830:
827:
815:
812:
810:
807:
759:
756:
726:
725:Implementation
723:
698:
695:
681:
678:
664:
661:
639:
636:
622:
619:
617:
614:
610:Muhammad Munir
591:B. K. Mukherji
571:
568:
523:
520:
457:
454:
431:
430:
386:
384:
377:
371:
368:
327:full provinces
315:K. M. Panikkar
283:B. R. Ambedkar
267:Bhai Parmanand
239:
236:
145:
142:
140:
137:
102:Radcliffe Line
96:
95:
88:
84:
83:
78:17 August 1947
76:
72:
71:
67:
66:
54:
50:
49:
45:
44:
34:
26:
25:
24:Radcliffe Line
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6814:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6790:
6788:
6785:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6774:
6772:
6757:
6754:
6749:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6735:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6721:
6720:Youm-e-Tasees
6717:
6715:
6712:
6707:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6693:
6689:
6687:
6684:
6679:
6678:Youm-e-Takbir
6675:
6673:
6670:
6665:
6664:Youm-e-Dastur
6661:
6659:
6656:
6651:
6647:
6646:
6644:
6642:
6638:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6611:Wazir Mansion
6609:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6596:Mazar-e-Quaid
6594:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6578:
6576:
6574:
6570:
6564:
6563:
6559:
6557:
6556:
6552:
6550:
6549:
6545:
6543:
6542:
6538:
6536:
6535:
6531:
6529:
6528:
6524:
6522:
6521:
6517:
6515:
6514:
6510:
6509:
6507:
6505:
6501:
6495:
6494:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6432:Niaz Ali Khan
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6289:Muhammad Asad
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6259:Yusuf Khattak
6257:
6255:
6254:Aslam Khattak
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6201:
6199:
6197:
6193:
6187:
6186:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6144:Mahmud Husain
6142:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6114:Hasrat Mohani
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6019:Fatima Jinnah
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5970:
5969:
5967:
5965:
5961:
5955:
5954:
5950:
5948:
5947:
5943:
5941:
5940:
5935:
5933:
5932:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5894:
5893:Bengal Branch
5891:
5889:
5888:Punjab Branch
5886:
5885:
5884:
5883:Muslim League
5881:
5880:
5878:
5876:Organisations
5874:
5866:
5857:
5848:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5697:Urdu movement
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5669:
5667:
5665:
5661:
5657:
5653:
5648:
5644:
5637:
5632:
5630:
5625:
5623:
5618:
5617:
5614:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5563:
5561:
5557:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5462:
5460:
5456:
5450:
5449:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5327:Satyapal Dang
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5252:Nana Fadnavis
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5217:Mangal Pandey
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5177:Khudiram Bose
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5092:Chetram Jatav
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5062:Bhikaiji Cama
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5052:Bharathidasan
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5037:Basawon Singh
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4969:
4967:
4961:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4924:Sri Aurobindo
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4894:Ram Mohan Roy
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4874:Narayana Guru
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4766:
4764:
4758:
4752:
4751:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4661:
4659:
4657:Organisations
4655:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4618:Bombay Mutiny
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4603:Indian Legion
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4543:1928 Protests
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4488:Rowlatt Bills
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4458:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4428:
4426:
4420:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4365:
4363:
4357:
4351:
4350:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4288:
4286:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4263:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4213:
4211:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4194:
4189:
4187:
4182:
4180:
4175:
4174:
4171:
4165:
4161:
4158:
4155:
4154:
4145:
4142:
4138:
4136:. Henry Holt.
4135:
4134:Indian Summer
4131:
4128:
4124:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4099:
4094:
4093:"Exit Wounds"
4089:
4086:
4083:
4079:
4076:
4072:
4069:
4065:
4062:
4058:
4056:
4052:
4047:
4046:
4037:
4031:
4028:, Routledge,
4027:
4026:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4005:
4000:
3997:
3991:
3987:
3986:
3981:
3977:
3974:
3972:9780393045949
3968:
3964:
3963:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3948:"Exit Wounds"
3944:
3941:
3937:
3934:
3931:
3925:
3921:
3920:
3914:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3892:
3891:
3889:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3870:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3846:
3843:
3837:
3833:
3832:
3826:
3825:
3806:
3802:
3796:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3749:
3733:
3729:
3723:
3708:
3704:
3698:
3682:
3678:
3672:
3656:
3652:
3646:
3638:
3634:
3633:
3628:
3622:
3606:
3602:
3601:
3596:
3590:
3588:
3579:
3573:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3551:
3544:
3533:
3526:
3518:
3514:
3507:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3477:
3470:
3468:
3454:
3450:
3444:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3414:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3382:
3374:
3366:
3360:
3356:
3349:
3333:
3329:
3322:
3314:
3308:
3304:
3297:
3289:
3282:
3274:
3268:
3264:
3257:
3241:
3234:
3227:
3220:, p. 105
3219:
3218:
3210:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3166:
3159:
3157:9780090971503
3153:
3149:
3148:
3140:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3106:
3097:
3082:
3078:
3077:
3069:
3053:
3049:
3043:
3039:
3038:
3030:
3023:
3022:
3015:
2997:
2990:
2989:
2982:
2967:
2963:
2961:9780195393941
2957:
2953:
2952:
2944:
2937:
2935:9789694020570
2931:
2927:
2926:
2918:
2903:
2899:
2898:
2891:
2883:
2877:
2870:
2857:
2853:
2851:9789698156091
2847:
2843:
2842:
2834:
2819:
2815:
2814:
2807:
2805:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2774:
2759:
2755:
2754:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2735:
2729:
2725:
2724:
2716:
2702:
2700:9789698156091
2696:
2692:
2691:
2683:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2652:(1): 77–102.
2651:
2647:
2640:
2633:
2628:
2621:
2616:
2610:, p. 38.
2609:
2604:
2588:
2584:
2578:
2572:, p. 35.
2571:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2555:, p. 91.
2554:
2549:
2547:
2530:
2526:
2520:
2505:
2503:9788171164455
2499:
2495:
2491:
2484:
2469:
2467:9788125015956
2463:
2459:
2455:
2448:
2432:
2428:
2422:
2418:
2417:
2409:
2393:
2389:
2383:
2379:
2378:
2370:
2368:
2360:
2355:
2339:
2338:
2330:
2314:
2310:
2303:
2296:(2): 128–131.
2295:
2291:
2284:
2277:
2270:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2232:
2217:
2215:9780006550457
2211:
2207:
2206:
2198:
2183:
2181:9788171164455
2177:
2173:
2169:
2162:
2156:, p. 490
2155:
2150:
2143:
2138:
2131:
2126:
2119:
2114:
2107:
2102:
2095:
2090:
2084:, p. 481
2083:
2078:
2071:
2066:
2060:, p. 485
2059:
2054:
2045:
2038:
2033:
2026:
2021:
2014:
2009:
2002:
1997:
1989:
1987:9780719078996
1983:
1979:
1978:
1970:
1968:
1951:
1947:
1941:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1918:
1913:
1907:, p. 483
1906:
1901:
1892:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1849:
1844:
1837:
1832:
1825:
1820:
1813:
1808:
1804:
1797:
1781:
1777:
1771:
1767:
1766:
1758:
1751:
1746:
1739:
1734:
1726:
1720:
1716:
1715:
1707:
1691:
1687:
1681:
1677:
1676:
1668:
1661:
1656:
1647:
1645:
1635:
1633:
1623:
1616:
1613:
1606:
1600:
1596:
1589:
1580:
1573:
1568:
1566:9781610695176
1562:
1558:
1551:
1545:, p. 86.
1544:
1539:
1532:
1527:
1520:
1515:
1500:
1498:9780786719129
1494:
1490:
1486:
1479:
1472:
1467:
1461:, p. 82.
1460:
1455:
1448:
1444:
1439:
1432:
1427:
1419:
1418:
1410:
1403:
1398:
1391:
1386:
1384:9780393045949
1380:
1376:
1375:
1367:
1365:
1355:
1349:, p. 482
1348:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1334:
1320:
1313:
1308:
1304:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1244:Nalini Malini
1241:
1240:Salima Hashmi
1237:
1236:Zarina Hashmi
1232:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1214:
1203:
1200:
1190:
1188:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1117:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1071:
1067:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1003:
1001:
999:
995:
990:
975:
971:
968:
964:
961:
957:
952:
943:
939:
935:
933:
929:
925:
922:
916:
914:
904:
902:
897:
895:
890:
886:
881:
877:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
841:
836:
826:
821:
806:
804:
800:
796:
792:
787:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
755:
753:
749:
745:
741:
735:
732:
722:
720:
716:
712:
708:
702:
694:
690:
687:
677:
673:
671:
660:
656:
654:
648:
644:
635:
627:
613:
611:
607:
602:
600:
596:
592:
587:
585:
584:Muslim League
581:
577:
567:
564:
560:
555:
553:
552:Muslim League
549:
543:
541:
537:
533:
529:
519:
516:
511:
508:
503:
500:
495:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
471:
462:
453:
449:
447:
442:
438:
427:
424:
416:
406:
401:
397:
393:
392:
385:
376:
375:
370:Sikh concerns
367:
364:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
334:
332:
328:
324:
320:
319:Bikaner State
316:
312:
308:
304:
295:
291:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
263:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
235:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
216:Muslim League
213:
209:
205:
200:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
173:
171:
167:
163:
155:
150:
136:
134:
130:
125:
121:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
93:
89:
85:
82:
77:
73:
68:
65:
61:
58:
55:
51:
46:
42:
38:
32:
27:
22:
19:
6752:
6747:
6738:
6734:Youm-e-Iqbal
6733:
6724:
6719:
6710:
6706:Youm-e-Difah
6705:
6696:
6692:Youm-e-Azadi
6691:
6682:
6677:
6668:
6663:
6654:
6649:
6626:Bab-e-Khyber
6606:Iqbal's Tom'
6573:Architecture
6561:
6554:
6547:
6540:
6533:
6526:
6519:
6512:
6491:
6417:Fatima Begum
6355:Z. A. Suleri
6340:M. M. Sharif
6224:Altaf Husain
6214:Yusuf Haroon
6204:Hamid Nizami
6183:
5978:Aga Khan III
5952:
5945:
5938:
5930:
5812:Republic Day
5802:Independence
5786:
5742:World War II
5722:Nehru Report
5707:Lucknow Pact
5571:Constitution
5559:Independence
5446:
5417:Vanchinathan
5047:Bhagat Singh
5002:Annie Besant
4963:Independence
4944:Vinoba Bhave
4748:
4744:Swaraj Party
4648:Lucknow Pact
4558:Purna Swaraj
4548:Nehru Report
4455:
4359:Philosophies
4347:
4342:
4313:Polygar Wars
4241:French India
4226:Dutch Bengal
4216:Colonisation
4140:
4133:
4096:
4050:
4024:
4014:
4010:
3984:
3961:
3951:
3939:
3918:
3899:
3895:
3877:
3862:, retrieved
3858:the original
3853:
3830:
3822:Bibliography
3808:. Retrieved
3804:
3795:
3762:
3758:
3748:
3736:. Retrieved
3732:The National
3731:
3722:
3710:. Retrieved
3706:
3697:
3685:. Retrieved
3680:
3671:
3659:. Retrieved
3645:
3630:
3621:
3609:. Retrieved
3598:
3564:
3560:
3550:
3542:
3535:. Retrieved
3525:
3517:the original
3506:
3494:. Retrieved
3485:
3476:
3464:
3457:. Retrieved
3452:
3443:
3431:. Retrieved
3422:
3413:
3401:. Retrieved
3380:
3373:
3354:
3348:
3336:. Retrieved
3321:
3302:
3296:
3287:
3281:
3262:
3256:
3244:. Retrieved
3239:
3226:
3216:
3209:
3175:
3171:
3165:
3146:
3139:
3128:, retrieved
3119:
3115:
3105:
3096:
3085:, retrieved
3075:
3068:
3058:18 September
3056:. Retrieved
3036:
3029:
3020:
3014:
3003:, retrieved
2987:
2981:
2972:18 September
2970:, retrieved
2950:
2943:
2924:
2917:
2906:, retrieved
2896:
2890:
2881:
2876:
2867:
2860:, retrieved
2840:
2833:
2822:, retrieved
2812:
2791:. Retrieved
2782:
2773:
2762:, retrieved
2752:
2722:
2715:
2704:, retrieved
2689:
2682:
2649:
2646:India Review
2645:
2639:
2627:
2615:
2603:
2591:. Retrieved
2577:
2533:. Retrieved
2529:the original
2519:
2507:. Retrieved
2493:
2483:
2471:. Retrieved
2457:
2447:
2435:. Retrieved
2415:
2408:
2396:. Retrieved
2376:
2354:
2342:. Retrieved
2336:
2329:
2317:. Retrieved
2312:
2302:
2293:
2289:
2276:
2267:
2260:. Retrieved
2248:
2244:
2231:
2219:. Retrieved
2204:
2197:
2185:. Retrieved
2171:
2161:
2149:
2137:
2125:
2113:
2101:
2089:
2077:
2065:
2053:
2044:
2032:
2020:
2008:
1996:
1976:
1954:. Retrieved
1940:
1924:
1912:
1900:
1891:
1879:. Retrieved
1870:
1843:
1831:
1819:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1796:
1784:. Retrieved
1764:
1757:
1745:
1733:
1713:
1706:
1694:, retrieved
1674:
1667:
1655:
1622:
1611:
1608:
1594:
1588:
1579:
1570:
1556:
1550:
1538:
1526:
1514:
1502:. Retrieved
1488:
1478:
1466:
1454:
1446:
1438:
1426:
1416:
1409:
1397:
1390:impropriety.
1388:
1373:
1354:
1319:
1307:
1279:McMahon Line
1233:
1225:Ram Madhvani
1222:
1211:
1209:
1196:
1183:
1160:district of
1155:
1139:
1123:
1114:
1095:
1084:
972:
965:
949:
940:
936:
926:
917:
910:
898:
882:
878:
847:
823:
788:
761:
736:
728:
703:
700:
691:
683:
674:
666:
657:
649:
645:
641:
632:
603:
588:
573:
556:
544:
525:
515:Evan Jenkins
512:
504:
496:
490:
467:
450:
434:
419:
410:
403:Please help
399:
388:
335:
330:
326:
311:Evan Jenkins
300:
286:
264:
241:
218:, headed by
201:
187:(72.7%) and
174:
159:
154:Daily Herald
126:
122:
101:
99:
90:Named after
18:
6753:25 December
6711:6 September
5946:Nawa-i-Waqt
5925:Print media
5792:Durand Line
5515:Mountbatten
5137:Hemu Kalani
5017:Bagha Jatin
4954:Vivekananda
4709:India House
4593:Act of 1935
4368:Ambedkarism
4236:British Raj
4125:Smitha, F.
3902:: 850–862,
3338:5 September
2048:population?
1956:11 December
1809:(1): 4–53.
1284:Durand Line
1269:Curzon line
1229:W. H. Auden
1104:to support
913:Mountbatten
874:East Punjab
870:West Punjab
852:, with the
780:Murshidabad
528:Lord Wavell
407:if you can.
338:V. P. Menon
331:almost half
307:Lord Wavell
305:of viceroy
275:G. D. Birla
248:Lord Curzon
244:partitioned
181:Baluchistan
112:during the
75:Established
6771:Categories
6739:9 November
6725:24 October
6504:Literature
6370:Jalal Baba
6094:G. M. Syed
5953:Contractor
5545:Linlithgow
5485:Chelmsford
5475:Cornwallis
5387:Tatya Tope
5257:Nana Saheb
5162:K. Kamaraj
5112:Dhan Singh
5027:Bakht Khan
4679:Arya Samaj
4613:Quit India
4563:Salt March
4422:Events and
4398:Satyagraha
3864:22 January
3467:Berhampore
3459:15 January
3178:(4): 701,
1330:References
1166:referendum
1110:Bangladesh
1106:Chittagong
885:headwaters
850:Ravi River
833:See also:
818:See also:
786:of Assam.
750:, and the
599:S.A.Rahman
507:Lord Ismay
222:, and the
139:Background
64:Bangladesh
6697:14 August
6641:In Memory
6360:G. Allana
6196:Activists
5520:Wellesley
5505:Dalhousie
5367:Surya Sen
5262:P. Kakkan
5222:Mir Qasim
5197:M. N. Roy
5132:Har Dayal
4965:activists
4794:Baba Amte
4784:Ayyankali
4762:reformers
4684:Azad Hind
4424:movements
4403:Socialism
4105:Moon, P.
3982:(2003) ,
3787:237916446
3779:2364-4869
3707:artuk.org
3661:16 August
3398:316711026
3202:162322698
2674:153890196
2666:1473-6489
2108:, para. 5
2096:, para. 4
1294:Rajkahini
1170:Karimganj
1152:Karimganj
1098:Rangamati
1091:Buddhists
858:Pathankot
784:Karimganj
576:Radcliffe
479:Jalandher
413:July 2018
358:Gurdaspur
342:B. N. Rau
170:dominions
6669:10 April
6655:23 March
6303:Maulana
5910:Khaksars
5900:Unionist
5550:Hastings
5510:Bentinck
4729:Jugantar
4373:Gandhism
4160:Archived
3908:44147058
3655:Archived
3637:Archived
3605:Archived
3572:cite web
3490:Archived
3427:Archived
3332:Archived
3246:19 March
3124:archived
3081:archived
3052:Archived
2996:archived
2966:archived
2902:archived
2856:archived
2818:archived
2787:Archived
2758:archived
2706:17 March
2593:25 April
2587:Archived
2509:17 March
2431:Archived
2392:Archived
2257:44147058
2239:(1998).
1950:Archived
1895:Mansergy
1875:Archived
1780:Archived
1690:archived
1504:17 March
1258:See also
1108:(now in
1055:Buddhism
1025:Hinduism
997:Religion
766:and the
715:Firozpur
563:Calcutta
389:require
354:Amritsar
256:Calcutta
224:Congress
60:Pakistan
53:Entities
6372:of NWFP
5964:Leaders
5664:History
5470:Canning
4889:Periyar
4538:Bardoli
4306:Gwalior
4208:History
3810:15 June
3738:15 June
3712:15 June
3687:15 June
3632:YouTube
3611:14 July
3537:26 July
3403:7 April
3194:2054436
3130:20 July
2908:21 July
2862:20 July
2824:20 July
2793:21 July
2764:20 July
2535:28 June
2473:8 April
2437:29 June
2398:29 June
2344:4 April
2319:4 April
2262:4 April
2251:: 860.
2221:4 April
2187:4 April
1881:15 July
1696:29 July
1073:
1060:
1045:
1040:Animism
1030:
1015:
887:of the
711:tehsils
697:Secrecy
391:cleanup
226:led by
208:Muslims
177:secular
70:History
6683:28 May
5937:Daily
5540:Cripps
5535:Outram
5525:Lytton
5490:Curzon
5465:Wavell
4760:Social
4413:Swaraj
4296:Second
4281:Fourth
4271:Second
4032:
3992:
3969:
3938:, ed.
3926:
3906:
3884:
3838:
3785:
3777:
3511:ORGI.
3496:2 June
3396:
3388:
3361:
3309:
3269:
3200:
3192:
3154:
3122:(14),
3087:16 May
3044:
2958:
2932:
2848:
2730:
2697:
2672:
2664:
2500:
2464:
2423:
2384:
2255:
2212:
2178:
1984:
1772:
1721:
1682:
1601:
1563:
1495:
1381:
1180:Legacy
1158:Sylhet
1130:Bengal
1102:buffer
1064:72.98%
1034:17.27%
978:Bengal
956:UNESCO
889:canals
844:1930s.
809:Punjab
803:Khulna
791:Ajnala
778:, and
776:Khulna
746:, and
686:truism
559:Lahore
530:, the
483:Lahore
475:Ambala
220:Jinnah
210:, and
204:Hindus
197:Bengal
193:Punjab
110:Bengal
106:Punjab
41:Bengal
37:Punjab
5530:Clive
5500:Minto
5495:Ripon
5480:Irwin
4914:Shahu
4301:Third
4291:First
4276:Third
4266:First
4055:JSTOR
4007:(PDF)
3904:JSTOR
3783:S2CID
3433:2 May
3386:JSTOR
3236:(PDF)
3198:S2CID
3190:JSTOR
3176:XXXVI
3005:9 May
2999:(PDF)
2992:(PDF)
2670:S2CID
2286:(PDF)
2253:JSTOR
1786:7 May
1612:gurus
1300:Notes
1162:Assam
1077:0.38%
1069:Other
1049:5.52%
1019:3.85%
1010:Islam
772:Malda
252:Dhaka
212:Sikhs
185:Sindh
87:Notes
57:India
6493:more
6185:more
5971:Sir
5939:Jang
5931:Dawn
5448:more
4750:more
4349:more
4030:ISBN
4015:XXXV
3990:ISBN
3967:ISBN
3924:ISBN
3882:ISBN
3866:2007
3836:ISBN
3812:2022
3775:ISSN
3740:2022
3714:2022
3689:2022
3663:2017
3613:2014
3578:link
3539:2019
3498:2014
3461:2023
3435:2016
3405:2022
3394:OCLC
3359:ISBN
3340:2007
3307:ISBN
3267:ISBN
3248:2022
3152:ISBN
3132:2017
3089:2007
3060:2017
3042:ISBN
3007:2017
2974:2017
2956:ISBN
2930:ISBN
2910:2017
2864:2017
2846:ISBN
2826:2017
2795:2017
2766:2017
2728:ISBN
2708:2022
2695:ISBN
2662:ISSN
2595:2008
2537:2011
2511:2022
2498:ISBN
2475:2022
2462:ISBN
2439:2017
2421:ISBN
2400:2017
2382:ISBN
2346:2022
2321:2022
2264:2022
2223:2022
2210:ISBN
2189:2022
2176:ISBN
1982:ISBN
1958:2013
1883:2012
1788:2018
1770:ISBN
1719:ISBN
1698:2018
1680:ISBN
1599:ISBN
1561:ISBN
1506:2022
1493:ISBN
1379:ISBN
1250:and
1156:The
1140:The
1085:The
1004:pcs.
801:and
748:1971
744:1965
740:1947
719:Zira
717:and
597:and
561:and
356:and
230:and
108:and
100:The
62:and
39:and
4119:.
4017:(2)
3767:doi
3561:Vox
3180:doi
2654:doi
1199:Vox
1128:of
868:of
713:of
6773::
4095:.
4013:,
4009:,
3950:.
3900:59
3898:,
3852:,
3803:.
3781:.
3773:.
3763:12
3761:.
3757:.
3730:.
3705:.
3679:.
3629:.
3597:.
3586:^
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3570:{{
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