61:
95:
1919:
1486:
1909:
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78:
20:
262:
under the tread, the crown angle, stretched down to about 36 degrees. In the sidewall region the angle was 45 degrees, and in the bead it remained at 60 degrees. The low crown angle gave rigidity to support the tread and the high sidewall angle gave comfort. To increase strength, the manufacturer would increase the number of plies, and the
201:, Titan, and Specialty Tires of America remain independent among US tire manufacturers, and the radial has practically replaced all other construction methods for automobile tires on the market. Sam Gibara, who headed Goodyear from 1996 to 2003, has noted that without the action of Pilliod, Goodyear "wouldn't be around today."
277:
With only radial cords, a radial tire would not be sufficiently rigid at the contact with the ground. To add further stiffness, the entire tire is surrounded by additional belts oriented closer to the direction of travel, but usually at some "spiral" angle. These belts can be made of steel (hence the
135:
designed, developed, patented, and commercialized the radial tire. The first
Michelin X radial tire for cars was developed in 1946 by Michelin researcher Marius Mignol. There is no evidence that the former accountant turned researcher Mignol had knowledge of Hamilton or Savage's earlier work when he
269:
By comparison, radial tires lay all of the cord plies at 90 degrees to the direction of travel (that is, across the tire from lip to lip). This design avoids having the plies rub against each other as the tire flexes, reducing the tire's rolling friction. This allows vehicles with radial tires to
261:
or bias ply tires. The plies were turned up around the steel wire beads and the combined tread/sidewall applied. The green (uncured) tire was loaded over a curing bladder and shaped into the mold. This shaping process caused the cords in the tire to assume an S-shape from bead to bead. The angle
253:
reinforces a tire. Without this, a tire would be flexible and weak. The network of cords that gives the tire strength and shape is called the carcass. Since the 1960s, all common tires have a carcass of cords of polyester, steel, or other textile materials, inlaid with several layers of rubber.
335:
to the suspension, the latter being to absorb the thump of riding over asphalt expansion joints in a concrete roadway. Radial tires have occasionally found application on bicycles, used on the 1980s Miyata touring bicycle; models 1000 and 610, and more recently in 2009 on the
358:
A softer ride because of the layout of the tire's plies and because of the flex of the sidewalls. This assumes equivalent profiles between the two tires (also, as stated above, at lower speeds radial-ply tires will react more harshly to ridges in the road such as expansion
159:, an influential American magazine, acknowledged the superiority of the radial tire design, documenting its longer tread life, better steering characteristics, and less rolling resistance, which improves
257:
In the past, the fabric was built up on a flat steel drum, with the cords at angles of about +60 and ā60 degrees from the direction of travel, so they criss-crossed over each other. They were called
241:. A radial has less material in the sidewall, so it weighs less, runs cooler and lasts longer. For smaller planes, bias tires afford more stability at higher speeds and have stronger sidewalls.
693:
320:, and a different degree of slip while steering. A benefit was that cars could now be made lighter because they would not have to make up for the deficiencies of bias-ply tires.
43:
are arranged at 90 degrees to the direction of travel, or radially (from the center of the tire). Radial tire construction climbed to 100% market share in North
America following
886:
572:
274:
than with bias-ply tires. It also accounts for the slightly "low on air" (bulging) look that radial tire sidewalls have, especially when compared to bias-ply tires.
672:"Charles Pilliod Kept Goodyear Out of Rivals' Hands: 1918-2016 World War II bomber pilot led tire maker when it was besieged by Japanese and European competitors"
637:
433:
390:
735:
792:
150:
Because of its significant advantages in durability and fuel economy, this technology spread quickly in Europe and Asia in the 1950s and 1960s.
220:
and in the succeeding year, Pirelli introduced a wide tire with a reduced sidewall height like a slick, but with a radial construction for the
197:. Despite heavy criticism at the time, Pilliod invested heavily in new factories and tooling to build the radial tire. Today, only Goodyear,
1418:
171:
190:
834:
671:
605:
860:
778:
551:
529:
1522:
455:
112:
1638:
559:
881:
1648:
1317:
913:
198:
760:
1595:
739:
612:
501:
800:
1673:
1307:
1176:
323:
However, motorists were not accustomed to the feel, hence the suspension systems of cars had to be modified.
179:
107:
The first radial tire designs were patented in 1914 by G. H. Hamilton and T. Sloper -patent ā 467 filed in
84:
1953:
1748:
1428:
948:
328:
271:
160:
1585:
1884:
1773:
1713:
1678:
655:
415:
1206:
301:
The radial cords in the sidewall allow it to act like a spring, giving flexibility and ride comfort.
60:
1663:
1515:
1438:
587:
1633:
1605:
1410:
1269:
1226:
1156:
186:
23:
A cross-section of a tire. Number 12 indicates the radial ply. Numbers 14 and 16 are bias plies.
1623:
1613:
1365:
1284:
1236:
1231:
641:
487:
458:. Pneurama is the international edition of the Italian tyre magazine published by Edit Prom Srl
1352:
1138:
1083:
340:
Radiale. Panaracer radial tires were also standard on the Jamis Gentry model bicycle in 1985.
1251:
1216:
838:
237:
For aircraft, the transition is happening more slowly, as tires are certified along with the
717:
1718:
1653:
1196:
193:, faced a major investment decision regarding retooling for the radial tire, following the
861:"Radial or bias, the right choice / Properly use your tires - Michelin Agricultural Tires"
8:
1743:
1723:
1508:
1322:
958:
930:
906:
656:
Conceptcarz.com 1969 Lincoln
Continental news, pictures, specifications, and information
1889:
1794:
1360:
1191:
332:
324:
167:
304:
The rigid steel belts reinforce the tread region, giving high mileage and performance.
1948:
1908:
1683:
1618:
1570:
1552:
1475:
1186:
1063:
998:
608:
606:
Denial: Why
Business Leaders Fail to Look Facts in the Face---and What to Do About It
555:
331:, by giving it less tight steering, and adding both isolators to the drive shaft and
231:
221:
1758:
1565:
1479:
1292:
1241:
1151:
1073:
1053:
1013:
1003:
983:
297:
In this way, low radial tires separate the tire carcass into two separate systems:
227:
Radial technology is now the standard design for essentially all automotive tires.
155:
44:
1778:
1708:
1221:
1181:
1171:
1166:
1106:
1048:
194:
47:
finding the superiority of the radial design in 1968, and were standard by 1976.
821:
143:, so it was quickly able to introduce its new design, including on the new 1948
1943:
1879:
1693:
1688:
1579:
1575:
1489:
1400:
1390:
1380:
1126:
1018:
899:
217:
317:
144:
121:
67:
1937:
1922:
1861:
1846:
1826:
1753:
1590:
1560:
1297:
1264:
1161:
1146:
993:
953:
938:
263:
116:
1831:
1768:
1738:
1733:
1423:
1337:
1332:
1302:
1211:
1121:
1116:
1058:
1038:
1033:
963:
234:
due to their weight carrying ability and resistance to swaying when towed.
478:
U.S. Patent 1203910, May 21, 1915, Vehicle Tire, Inventor Arthur W. Savage
94:
1912:
1809:
1804:
1668:
1658:
1451:
1375:
1327:
1312:
1259:
1028:
1008:
316:
Radial tires have different characteristics of springiness from those of
1894:
1856:
1698:
1531:
1456:
1274:
1201:
1111:
1101:
1068:
761:"Dunlop Aircraft Tyres - Manufacturer and Retreader of Aircraft Tires"
140:
1851:
1841:
1763:
1728:
1446:
1395:
1385:
1342:
1091:
1043:
978:
973:
779:
Autouniversum.wordpress.com
Michelin and the birth of the radial tire
377:
Reduction in tire replacement due to less heat generated by the tire.
308:
Each system can then be individually optimized for best performance.
279:
258:
1023:
887:
ClassicCar.com: Usage of Radial and Bias-ply Tires on Older
Vehicles
627:
Consumer
Reports, "Tires," Consumer Reports, (August 1968): 404-409.
115:, a tire manufacturer (1915ā1919), firearm designer and inventor in
77:
1643:
1096:
988:
238:
175:
128:
1370:
205:
66:
First car designed with radial tires standard from launch: 1948
1814:
1628:
337:
291:
287:
283:
213:
132:
108:
40:
1799:
1703:
1500:
968:
19:
216:
rally racing team for a tire to handle the power of the new
1821:
1461:
922:
250:
83:
First
American car fitted with radial tires standard: 1970
36:
1542:
468:
891:
147:
model. In 1952, Michelin developed a radial truck tire.
820:
Sheldon Brown: Japanese cycles in the
American market:
355:
Reduced fuel consumption due to less rolling resistance
365:
Steel belted ā Results in tougher overall construction
552:
327:engineer Jack Bajer experimented in the 1960s on a
426:
174:vehicle with radial tires as standard equipment,
1935:
573:"Big Lorry Blog Archives - Truckanddriver.co.uk"
799:. American Heritage Publishing. Archived from
348:The advantages of radial tires over bias ply:
1516:
907:
822:http://www.sheldonbrown.com/japan.html#miyata
674:. Wall Street Journal. 1 May 2016. p. A6
453:
1419:European Tyre and Rim Technical Organisation
666:
664:
499:
391:Firestone 500 Radial tread separation/recall
530:"Michelin and the birth of the radial tire"
527:
1523:
1509:
914:
900:
882:Michelin AG - Comparison of Bias vs Radial
449:
447:
410:
408:
406:
362:More stable contact with the road surface.
661:
18:
736:"Aviation Today :: Aircraft Tires"
623:
621:
523:
521:
519:
444:
403:
1936:
658:September 2008 Retrieved July 26, 2015
645:. May 4, 2006. Retrieved July 26, 2015
562:April 16, 2012 Retrieved July 26, 2015
35:) is a particular design of vehicular
1504:
895:
790:
781:March 7, 2011 Retrieved July 26, 2015
615:March 4, 2010 Retrieved July 26, 2015
488:Forgottenweapons.com Arthur W. Savage
139:Michelin owned the leading automaker
858:
618:
585:
516:
1462:Uniform Tire Quality Grading (UTQG)
797:Invention & Technology Magazine
718:"Trailer Tire Basics - West Marine"
125:. No actual products were created.
16:Particular design of vehicular tire
13:
1639:Continuously variable transmission
380:Reduced machine maintenance costs.
14:
1965:
875:
493:
374:Less ground compaction and damage
1918:
1917:
1907:
1485:
1484:
1474:
502:"Development of Pneumatic Tires"
191:Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company
136:began his experiments in 1941.
93:
76:
59:
1318:Tire-pressure monitoring system
852:
826:
814:
784:
771:
753:
728:
710:
686:
648:
630:
598:
579:
244:
1530:
565:
544:
481:
472:
456:"RADIALS: A 70-YEAR-OLD STORY"
311:
1:
1674:Automated manual transmission
1308:Central Tire Inflation System
588:"Michelin Agricultural Tires"
500:K. Ganapathy (14 June 2017).
396:
230:Bias tires are still used on
865:agricultural.michelinman.com
528:James Kraus (7 March 2011).
454:Paolo Ferrini (4 May 2016).
39:. In this design, the cord
7:
1749:Semi-automatic transmission
1429:Tire Science and Technology
949:Low rolling resistance tire
765:www.dunlopaircrafttyres.com
384:
343:
278:term steel-belted radial),
10:
1970:
1586:Internal combustion engine
50:
1903:
1885:Hybrid vehicle drivetrain
1872:
1787:
1774:Transmission control unit
1714:Limited-slip differential
1679:Electrorheological clutch
1604:
1551:
1538:
1470:
1437:
1409:
1351:
1283:
1250:
1137:
1082:
929:
921:
791:Moran, Tim (2001-04-28).
1664:Dual-clutch transmission
264:heat buildup in the tire
1634:Constant-velocity joint
1270:Slip (vehicle dynamics)
1227:Lateral Force Variation
1177:Pacejka's Magic Formula
1157:Cold inflation pressure
793:"The Radial Revolution"
490:Retrieved July 26, 2015
224:winning works Stratos.
187:Charles J. Pilliod, Jr.
1614:Automatic transmission
1366:List of tire companies
1237:Traction (engineering)
1232:Radial Force Variation
698:racingspot.pirelli.com
694:"A Stratospheric Show"
642:Bloomberg Businessweek
24:
1217:Tire load sensitivity
434:"A Tale of Two Tires"
249:A series of plies of
122:U.S. patent 1,203,910
100:Radial Tire Structure
22:
1719:Locking differential
1654:Direct-shift gearbox
1197:Self aligning torque
212:on a request of the
180:Continental Mark III
178:tires fitted to the
85:Continental Mark III
1744:Preselector gearbox
1724:Manual transmission
1323:Tire-pressure gauge
959:Michelin PAX System
638:A Tale of Two Tires
604:Tedlow, Richard S.
170:produced the first
1954:Vehicle technology
1890:Electric generator
1795:Wheel hub assembly
1361:Tire manufacturing
1192:Rolling resistance
722:www.westmarine.com
592:www.michelinag.com
504:. Talking Business
352:Flexible sidewalls
325:Ford Motor Company
168:Ford Motor Company
31:(more properly, a
25:
1931:
1930:
1684:Epicyclic gearing
1553:Automotive engine
1498:
1497:
1187:Relaxation length
1064:Formula One tyres
368:Longer tread life
222:Monte Carlo Rally
189:, the new CEO of
111:, and in 1916 by
1961:
1921:
1920:
1911:
1788:Wheels and tires
1759:Torque converter
1525:
1518:
1511:
1502:
1501:
1488:
1487:
1480:Outline of tires
1478:
1293:Tire maintenance
1242:Treadwear rating
1152:Circle of forces
1074:Continental tire
1014:Orange oil tires
1004:Mud-terrain tire
984:All-terrain tire
916:
909:
902:
893:
892:
869:
868:
856:
850:
849:
847:
846:
837:. Archived from
832:Maxxis Radiale:
830:
824:
818:
812:
811:
809:
808:
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775:
769:
768:
757:
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750:
748:
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738:. Archived from
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654:Vaughan, Daniel
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210:wide radial tire
156:Consumer Reports
124:
113:Arthur W. Savage
97:
80:
63:
45:Consumer Reports
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1968:
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1962:
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1927:
1899:
1868:
1783:
1779:Universal joint
1709:Hotchkiss drive
1600:
1547:
1534:
1529:
1499:
1494:
1466:
1433:
1405:
1347:
1279:
1246:
1222:Tire uniformity
1182:Pneumatic trail
1172:Ground pressure
1167:Cornering force
1133:
1107:Siping (rubber)
1078:
1049:Motorcycle tyre
925:
920:
878:
873:
872:
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853:
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550:Chapman, Giles
549:
545:
535:
533:
532:. Autouniversum
526:
517:
507:
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477:
473:
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445:
432:
431:
427:
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387:
371:Wider footprint
346:
314:
286:fibers such as
270:achieve better
247:
195:1973 oil crisis
120:
105:
104:
103:
102:
101:
98:
89:
88:
87:
81:
72:
71:
70:
64:
53:
33:radial-ply tire
17:
12:
11:
5:
1967:
1957:
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1946:
1929:
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1926:
1925:
1915:
1904:
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1880:Electric motor
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1716:
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1696:
1694:Friction drive
1691:
1689:Fluid coupling
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1580:Plug-in hybrid
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1439:Identification
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1426:
1421:
1415:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1404:
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1401:Ozone cracking
1398:
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1381:Tire recycling
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1234:
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1207:Steering ratio
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1127:Schrader valve
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1021:
1019:Whitewall tire
1016:
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876:External links
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636:Welch, David.
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318:bias-ply tires
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218:Lancia Stratos
208:developed the
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1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1591:Petrol engine
1589:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1561:Diesel engine
1559:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1544:
1537:
1533:
1526:
1521:
1519:
1514:
1512:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1491:
1483:
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1477:
1473:
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1469:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
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1444:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1411:Organizations
1408:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
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1379:
1377:
1374:
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1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1298:Tire rotation
1296:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1265:Groove wander
1263:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
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1215:
1213:
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1190:
1188:
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1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1162:Contact patch
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1147:Camber thrust
1145:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1024:Aircraft tire
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
954:Run-flat tire
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
939:Tubeless tire
937:
936:
934:
932:
928:
924:
917:
912:
910:
905:
903:
898:
897:
894:
888:
885:
883:
880:
879:
866:
862:
855:
841:on 2009-12-19
840:
836:
835:"Radiale-22c"
829:
823:
817:
803:on 2007-12-26
802:
798:
794:
787:
780:
777:Kraus, James
774:
766:
762:
756:
742:on 2016-08-17
741:
737:
731:
723:
719:
713:
699:
695:
689:
673:
667:
665:
657:
651:
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633:
624:
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614:
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601:
593:
589:
582:
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568:
561:
557:
553:
547:
531:
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522:
520:
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496:
489:
484:
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469:
457:
450:
448:
439:
435:
429:
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417:
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409:
407:
402:
392:
389:
388:
379:
376:
373:
370:
367:
364:
361:
357:
354:
351:
350:
349:
341:
339:
334:
330:
326:
321:
319:
309:
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275:
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225:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
202:
200:
196:
192:
188:
183:
181:
177:
173:
172:American-made
169:
164:
162:
158:
157:
151:
148:
146:
142:
137:
134:
130:
126:
123:
118:
117:San Diego, CA
114:
110:
96:
86:
79:
69:
62:
48:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
21:
1836:
1832:Racing slick
1769:Transfer box
1739:Park-by-wire
1734:Parking pawl
1649:Differential
1624:Direct-drive
1606:Transmission
1596:Steam engine
1541:Part of the
1540:
1424:Tire Society
1338:Tire changer
1333:Bead breaker
1303:Bicycle pump
1212:Tire balance
1122:Presta valve
1117:Dunlop valve
1059:Racing slick
1054:Tractor tire
1039:Tubular tire
1034:Bicycle tire
964:Airless tire
943:
864:
854:
843:. Retrieved
839:the original
828:
816:
805:. Retrieved
801:the original
796:
786:
773:
764:
755:
744:. Retrieved
740:the original
730:
721:
712:
701:. Retrieved
697:
688:
676:. Retrieved
650:
640:
632:
600:
591:
581:
567:
546:
534:. Retrieved
506:. Retrieved
495:
483:
474:
460:. Retrieved
437:
428:
420:www.jags.org
419:
347:
322:
315:
307:
296:
276:
272:fuel economy
268:
256:
248:
245:Construction
236:
229:
226:
209:
203:
184:
165:
161:fuel economy
154:
152:
149:
138:
127:
106:
32:
28:
26:
1810:Alloy wheel
1669:Drive wheel
1659:Drive shaft
1619:Chain drive
1452:Plus sizing
1376:Waste tires
1328:Direct TPMS
1313:Tire mousse
1285:Maintenance
1260:Aquaplaning
1029:Tundra tire
1009:Paddle tire
994:Knobby tire
944:Radial tire
329:Ford Falcon
312:Application
145:Citroƫn 2CV
68:Citroƫn 2CV
29:radial tire
1938:Categories
1895:Alternator
1543:Automobile
1532:Powertrain
1457:Tire label
1353:Life cycle
1275:Tramlining
1202:Slip angle
1139:Attributes
1112:Valve stem
1084:Components
1069:Spare tire
999:Large tire
859:Michelin.
845:2009-12-04
807:2008-08-07
746:2017-06-24
703:2019-10-19
613:1591843138
586:Michelin.
397:References
1764:Transaxle
1729:Manumatic
1699:Gearshift
1571:Fuel cell
1447:Tire code
1396:Flat tire
1386:Tire fire
1343:Tire iron
1252:Behaviors
1044:Lego tire
979:Snow tire
974:Rain tyre
554:page 104
508:23 August
462:23 August
438:Bloomberg
416:"History"
280:polyester
259:cross ply
204:In 1974,
185:In 1974,
166:In 1970,
153:In 1968,
1949:Friction
1923:Category
1862:Tubeless
1847:Run-flat
1827:Off-road
1644:Coupling
1566:Electric
1490:Category
1097:Beadlock
989:Bar grip
385:See also
359:joints).
344:Features
333:bushings
239:airframe
232:trailers
176:Michelin
129:Michelin
1391:Blowout
1371:Retread
678:27 June
536:26 July
206:Pirelli
141:Citroƫn
51:History
1913:Portal
1873:Hybrid
1837:Radial
1815:Hubcap
1629:Clutch
1576:Hybrid
1545:series
611:
558:
338:Maxxis
292:Kevlar
288:Twaron
284:Aramid
214:Lancia
199:Cooper
133:France
109:London
1944:Tires
1857:Spare
1800:Wheel
1704:Giubo
1102:Tread
969:Tweel
931:Types
923:Tires
282:, or
41:plies
1852:Snow
1842:Rain
1822:Tire
1092:Bead
680:2016
609:ISBN
556:ISBN
538:2015
510:2020
464:2020
251:cord
37:tire
1805:Rim
290:or
131:in
1940::
863:.
795:.
763:.
720:.
696:.
663:^
620:^
590:.
518:^
446:^
436:.
418:.
405:^
294:.
266:.
182:.
163:.
119:-
27:A
1582:)
1578:(
1524:e
1517:t
1510:v
915:e
908:t
901:v
867:.
848:.
810:.
767:.
749:.
724:.
706:.
682:.
594:.
575:.
540:.
512:.
466:.
440:.
422:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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