3397:
collective ownership of farmland'. The village community remained the owner, controlling the terms on which land was contracted out and operated by peasant households. It endeavoured to ensure that farm households had equal access to farmland, while the village government obtained part of the
Ricardian rents from the land to use for community purposes. The Chinese government, through the communist party remained substantially in control of the de-collectivisation of farmland. Farmland was not distributed via a free market auction, which would have helped to produce a locally unequal outcome. Rather the massively dominant form was distribution of land contracts on a locally equal per capita basis
3220:: "The 1970s in Italy were characterized by the persistence and prolongation of political and social unrest that many Western countries experienced during the late 1960s. The decade saw the multiplication of far-left extra-parliamentary organizations, the presence of a militant far right movement, and an upsurge in the use of politically motivated violence and state repressive measures. The increasing militarization and the use of political violence, from sabotage and damage to property, to kidnappings and targeted assassinations, were justified by left-wing groups both as necessary means to achieve a revolutionary project and as defences against the threat of a neo-fascist coup."
738:
1773:. Two clear distinctions emerge: first, "education tends to statistically significantly lower chances of voting for radical right but increases the chance of voting radical left"; and second, radical-left voters tend not to share the social nationalism of the radical-right, instead having a socio-tropic, or other-regarding, bias based on the ideological concern for economic egalitarianism. Other characteristics may include
2356:
5004:
1387:. These anarchists endorsed many utopian ideas, but they emphasized the importance of revolution against and complete abolition of the state for a utopian society to exist. Bakunin argued that peasants rather than the working class should lead a socialist revolution, and he popularized calls to violence among the anarchist movement. Anarchist ideology spread to the Americas shortly after its development.
1013:, though it is occasionally considered far-left. Democratic socialism is sometimes used interchangeably with social democracy in political rhetoric, but is often used to describe political movements to the left of or following radical social-democracy. Communists may also identify as democratic socialists to contrast themselves with
1315:. Modern far-left politics can be traced to Europe and North America in the late 18th century, when industrialization and political upheaval caused discontent among the working class. Socialists were those who objected to the changing social and economic structures associated with industrialization, in that they promoted
1555:
caused many of the traditional sectors associated with communism to dissipate. Following Stalin's death, the workers of several
Eastern European countries staged revolutions against communist rule, which were suppressed by the Soviet military. Many of these countries were led by Stalinist rulers, who
1732:
While left-wing populist parties were in power in the 2010s, they were often forced to put aside their strong anti-neoliberalism and accept neoliberal policies, either proposed by their larger allies or imposed due to the international context. In Europe, the support for populist left politics comes
1606:
in 1949. As with the Soviet Union, the newly formed People's
Republic of China carried out purges of political enemies, killing millions of land owners. The peasants were not targeted, however, instead using them as a base of political support. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, China under the rule
1433:
Communism in early 20th century Europe often gained power in countries with significant polarization between segments of the population on an ethnic, religious, or economic basis, and in countries that were destabilized by war. It was less prominent in industrialized nations, where social democracy
1450:
from 1918 to 1921, setting the preservation of
Bolshevik power as the highest priority to assure the building of socialism as well as seeking to spread communist revolution to other nations. Some additional communist governments formed in Europe, but they lasted only months. Though the Bolsheviks
1409:
were increasingly recognized by national governments, socialist movements were divided on the role of the state. Some objected to the increase in the state's involvement, while others believed that the state was a stronger alternative to protect worker's rights than labor movements. Many of the
3396:
Farmland was 'de-collectivised' in the early 1980s. This was not followed by the establishment of private property rights in land. Because the CCP wished to prevent the emergence of a landlord class, it did not permit the purchase and sale of farmland. Still in 1994, the Party 'adhered to the
1486:
in the late 1930s, an interpretation of Lenin's revolutionary violence that saw hundreds of thousands of Stalin's opponents killed, often to be replaced by ambitious loyalists. By this time, MarxismâLeninism was seen as the definitive implementation of communism by most communists globally,
1654:
Communism was rapidly replaced between 1979 and 1992, in which eleven of the world's sixteen communist states were disestablished. By the 1980s, the Soviet Union moved away from ideas of international communism as such efforts came to be seen as too inconvenient. By 1988, Soviet leader
1346:, these writers objected to the existence of significant wealth, and Babeuf advocated a dictatorship on behalf of the people that would destroy those who caused inequality. Socialism was recognized as a coherent philosophy in the 1830s with the publications of British reformer
1650:
becoming the ruler of Cuba in 1959. Though he was not a communist, he aligned the nation with the communist movement to seek Soviet support. Many other nations adopted socialism distinct from
MarxismâLeninism during the Cold War, particularly in Africa and Latin America.
1494:
in the late 1930s, anarcho-syndicalists seized control of multiple regions in Spain, but this ended when the nationalist faction won the war. This, along with the rise of communism, ended the relevance of anarchism among the far-left globally after 1940. As
1671:
Of the five communist states that survived into the 21st century, three of them â China, Vietnam, and Laos â had restored private ownership and reintegrated with global capitalist markets although state and public control continued as well. For instance,
1680:
was established in 2004 as a pan-European political party for the far-left. The far-left parties during this time were rarely new creations, instead descending from earlier far-left parties of the 20th century. In 2012, the autonomous region
3544:
The radicalisms of both left and right share concerns about the
European Union, but they yield diametrically opposed attitudes about immigrationâwhere the radical left shows marked signs of cosmopolitanism and the radical right clear
2170:
880:
The definition of the far-left varies in the literature and there is not a general agreement on what it entails or consensus on the core characteristics that constitute the far left, other than being to the left of mainstream
1663:, and it remained relatively subdued during the 1990s. In many Eastern European countries, communist parties were banned by the new governments. In others such as Moldova, they saw continued electoral success.
4798:
el-Ojeili, Chamsy; Taylor, Dylan (September 2018). Cheng, Enfu; Schweickart, David; Andreani, Tony (eds.). "The
Revaluation of All Values: Extremism, The Ultra-Left, and Revolutionary Anthropology".
1178:, propose that socio-economic rights are at the far left's core. Moreover, March and Mudde argue that the far left is to the left of the political left with regard to how parties or groups describe
1189:, opposing existing political and economic structures. Both anarchist and statist far-left ideologies may support disestablishment of traditional sociopolitical structures. They are opposed to
1482:
ended with Stalin taking power by 1928. Stalin implemented his ideology of
MarxismâLeninism, which reorganized society and created a cult of personality in his favor. This also entailed the
1248:. These ideas as a singular movement became less prominent in far-left politics as they were subsumed by green politics, but they are still disparately supported by many in the far-left.
1490:
Anarcho-syndicalism was developed as a form of anarchism in the late 19th century, and it grew popular around 1900. It remained relevant in far-left politics through 1940. During the
1275:
Societies resembling communist society have been postulated throughout human history, and many have been proposed as the earliest socialist or communist ideas. The ideas of
1228:
Communism has historically emphasized economics and class over social issues. In the 1970s and 1980s, far-left movements in
Western Europe were increasingly defined by the
3637:: "German detectives yesterday confirmed as authentic a declaration by the Red Army Faction (RAF) terrorist group that its struggle to overthrow the German state is over."
1556:
were forced out and replaced by the subsequent Soviet government. Yugoslavia distanced itself as a neutral communist nation, aligned with neither the East nor the West.
1499:
became more common, the traditional style of labor that anarcho-syndicalists objected to ceased to exist, preventing any significant resurgence in the movement.
1362:, developed the utopian socialist movement, and these utopian socialists established several communes to implement their ideology. Cabet responded to More's
5219:
1685:
in northwestern Syria established self-governance based on an anarchist direct democracy at the local level and a one-party state at the regional level.
3982:
3438:
4615:
999:
society in which every individual has access to basic necessities and in which prosperity and knowledge are shared. It is derived from ideas of
4171:
1733:
from three overlapping groups: far-left subcultures, disaffected social democrats, and protest votersâthose who are opposed to their country's
1104:
Anarchism seeks to create an alternate form of society that excludes the state entirely. Anarchism incorporates elements of both socialism and
5036:
1291:, who attempted to create a social structure that resembled a communist society. Early examples of communist societies in fiction include
713:
1571:
by the end of the 20th century and became a centre-left movement. The association of
MarxismâLeninism with the Soviet Union also caused
1676:
argues that land in China was decollectivized but not privatized, with control of land remaining in the hands of the community. The
1575:
to be developed as a democratic communist movement in Western Europe, but it only briefly saw electoral success in the 1970s. In the
1520:
1487:
justifying the Great Purge as an effort to eradicate fascist infiltrators, with state censorship obscuring the Great Purge's extent.
1544:
766:
4488:"The failed amnesty of the 'years of lead' in Italy: Continuity and transformations between (de)politicization and punitiveness"
889:
versus far-left politics are not clearly defined and can vary depending on context. Far-left ideologies often include types of
4967:
4770:
4667:
4581:
4562:
4440:
4415:
4383:
4310:
4285:
4257:
4137:
4093:
4057:
4021:
3948:
3916:
3859:
3819:
3783:
3747:
3720:
3682:
1559:
The New Left developed in Western Europe as an alternative to communism in the 1950s, taking positions on social issues and
4848:
1334:
first came into use in the early 19th century to describe the egalitarian ideas of redistribution promoted by writers like
1155:
718:
5454:
4333:"Problems and Perspectives of Contemporary European Radical Left Parties: Chasing a Lost World or Still a World to Win?"
5364:
5008:
3996:
2324:
Millard, Gregory; et al. (2021). "1.3.1 Relating Ideologies: The Left-Right Spectrum". In Vézina, Valérie (ed.).
1009:
is generally considered to be a reformist left-wing or radical-left ideology, and it has historically been considered
5349:
3891:
3389:
2659:
2382:
2339:
1446:
seized power, under the rule of Vladimir Lenin and his ideology of Leninism. The state ideology developed during the
1206:
791:
3649:: "The PL sought to overthrow the capitalist state in Italy and replace it with a dictatorship of the proletariat."
5029:
3665:"Section III: Terrorism in the Twentieth Century â Militant Organizations in Western Europe in the 1970s and 1980s"
1524:
1434:
maintained electoral success over communist parties. The first communist revolution took place in Russia, when the
723:
369:
4513:
4492:
2331:
1660:
1528:
17:
5519:
3739:
1536:
943:
social-democracy and revolutionary action, instead seeking to enact change from within government, prioritize
1864:
1540:
1108:, and it was a prominent ideology among the far-left globally from 1900 to 1940. Anarchist movements include
374:
1883:
759:
157:
1807:
organizations were formed by members of existing political parties in the 1960s and 1970s, among them the
5514:
5374:
5022:
3908:
1903:
1470:, which restored market enterprise for smaller industries. After Lenin's death, a power struggle between
952:
4591:
2698:
FilipoviÄ, Miroslava; ÄoriÄ, Marija (2010). "The Left or the Right: Old Paradigms and New Governments".
1410:
former moved to anarchism, while many of the latter responded with the development of social democracy.
5509:
4651:
1677:
1615:
then grew in popularity as an alternative to Soviet-style communism. At the same time, North Korea and
705:
4114:
Katsourides, Yiannos (2020). "Radical Left". In Featherstone, Kevin; Sotiropolous, Dimitri A. (eds.).
2729:. The Challenge of the Extreme Right in Europe: Past, Present, Future. Birkbeck, University of London.
4183:
2411:
2079:
1335:
1279:
have been described as an early type of socialism. In medieval Europe, some philosophers argued that
686:
1551:
brought an end to communism's political influence in most of Western Europe, and the development of
798:. The term does not have a single, coherent definition; some scholars consider it to be the left of
5489:
423:
354:
4009:
Origin, Ideology and Transformation of Political Parties: East-Central and Western Europe Compared
2684:
4554:
4159:
4121:
3988:
2651:
1713:, radical-left (between the far-left and social-democracy) or far-left. At the same time, in the
1599:
1552:
1402:
1121:
1055:
985:
831:
752:
378:
5319:
1893:
1888:
1380:
614:
4949:
3664:
2580:"Support for radical left ideologies in Europe: Support for radical left ideologies in Europe"
2579:
951:. Post-Soviet radical left-wing movements in Europe and the United States are associated with
5394:
5389:
5076:
4193:"What's Left of the Radical Left? The European Radical Left After 1989: Decline and Mutation"
3805:
2230:
1576:
656:
595:
550:
513:
364:
349:
310:
133:
113:
4129:
3938:
2676:
1701:, populist left-wing parties and politicians emerged in the late 2000s and early 2010s as a
923:
and the inclusion of marginalized communities, while per March "the extreme left" denounces
5066:
3625:
3496:
Rooduijn, Matthijs; Burgoon, Brian; van Elsas, Erika J; van de Werfhorst, Herman G (2017).
1816:
1786:
1762:
1738:
1632:
1592:
1368:
1351:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1229:
1075:
1010:
1006:
886:
835:
651:
443:
250:
103:
83:
3447:, "Filling the vacuum? The trajectory of the contemporary radical left in Western Europe".
8:
5274:
5184:
5113:
5081:
4807:
4599:
2677:
2374:
1854:
1798:
1602:
had been active since 1921, but it did not seize power in China until its victory in the
1588:
1467:
1324:
1303:
1179:
1113:
1109:
1087:
981:
944:
691:
681:
676:
661:
641:
498:
320:
305:
175:
123:
5449:
5329:
5314:
5086:
5061:
5045:
4924:
4889:
4876:
4835:
4819:
4754:
4728:
4673:
4535:
4405:
4375:
4356:
4275:
4224:
4204:
3984:
The Rise and Fall of the Neoliberal Order: America and the World in the Free Market Era
3530:
3497:
2439:
2371:
Money, Enterprise and Income Distribution: Towards a Macroeconomic Theory of Capitalism
2258:
2107:
2060:
2011:
1835:. These groups generally aimed to overthrow capitalism and the wealthy ruling classes.
1778:
1754:
1710:
1584:
1435:
1423:
1419:
1376:, though his usage was unrelated to the ideologies that were later known as communism.
1308:
1293:
1210:
1186:
1143:
978:
956:
882:
875:
863:
847:
843:
646:
605:
540:
458:
270:
138:
68:
59:
2355:
5464:
5419:
5254:
5103:
4973:
4963:
4959:
4929:
4911:
4880:
4868:
4839:
4827:
4766:
4732:
4704:
4677:
4663:
4577:
4558:
4539:
4527:
4509:
4436:
4411:
4379:
4360:
4332:
4306:
4281:
4253:
4216:
4192:
4133:
4089:
4053:
4017:
3992:
3944:
3912:
3887:
3881:
3855:
3825:
3815:
3779:
3743:
3732:
3716:
3688:
3678:
3535:
3517:
3385:
2655:
2443:
2431:
2378:
2335:
2262:
2250:
2111:
2099:
2064:
2052:
2015:
2003:
1656:
1603:
1560:
1491:
1447:
1343:
1237:
1194:
1167:
1051:
948:
931:
political forces" and defines capitalism more strictly. Far-left politics is seen as
924:
463:
438:
43:
4228:
2727:
Politics, economics, and the far right in Europe: a social psychological perspective
5484:
5459:
5429:
5344:
5174:
5133:
5123:
4919:
4901:
4860:
4811:
4758:
4720:
4655:
4517:
4474:
4348:
4244:
4208:
4125:
3760:
3525:
3509:
3498:"Radical distinction: Support for radical left and radical right parties in Europe"
2707:
2599:
2591:
2423:
2325:
2242:
2091:
2042:
1993:
1922:
1898:
1859:
1824:
1774:
1758:
1643:
1568:
1516:
1471:
1394:
1202:
1198:
1171:
1170:
and advocate their dissolution. Some far-left groups also support the abolition of
1125:
1117:
1063:
1026:
989:
932:
920:
905:
815:
803:
600:
545:
527:
508:
493:
260:
190:
108:
4815:
4724:
2427:
2095:
2047:
2030:
1998:
1981:
1359:
5434:
5369:
5304:
5239:
4953:
4748:
4645:
4620:
4548:
4426:
4369:
4352:
4212:
4115:
4079:
4043:
4007:
3902:
3845:
3809:
3769:
3668:
1742:
1706:
1496:
1427:
1384:
1355:
1284:
1201:, supporting a total reformation of society and its functions. Proponents of the
1137:
1133:
1129:
996:
839:
799:
742:
671:
666:
586:
560:
555:
535:
473:
433:
428:
50:
4461:
Raufer, Xavier (OctoberâDecember 1993). "The Red Brigades: A Farewell to Arms".
4296:
1659:
had effectively abandoned communism. In Europe, the far-left declined after the
5414:
5399:
5359:
5309:
5224:
2643:
2246:
1927:
1766:
1750:
1734:
1726:
1714:
1702:
1564:
1512:
1241:
1000:
795:
468:
418:
359:
225:
205:
4864:
4762:
4522:
4487:
4478:
5503:
5469:
5439:
5409:
5284:
5108:
4915:
4906:
4872:
4831:
4823:
4705:"Podemos: The Ambiguous Promises of Left-wing Populism in Contemporary Spain"
4659:
4531:
4220:
3521:
3513:
2435:
2254:
2103:
2056:
2007:
1722:
1718:
1694:
1636:
1628:
1616:
1572:
1479:
1339:
1316:
1233:
1083:
1022:
940:
339:
255:
245:
31:
3883:
What's Left of the Left: Democrats and Social Democrats in Challenging Times
3814:(E-book ed.). Arlington, Virginia: Center for Security Policy Studies.
2595:
5189:
4988:
4933:
4783:
4688:
4453:
4396:
4323:
4150:
4106:
4070:
4034:
3978:
3929:
3872:
3796:
3703:
3539:
2711:
1937:
1828:
1808:
1709:. These parties and movements are qualified by various observers as either
1647:
1580:
1532:
1508:
1475:
1463:
1459:
1406:
1320:
939:
socio-economic structure of society. Radical-left politics, rejecting both
574:
453:
413:
408:
344:
325:
185:
5444:
5424:
5404:
5354:
5299:
5234:
5229:
5194:
4501:
1820:
1673:
1624:
1483:
1439:
1347:
1312:
1298:
1245:
1163:
448:
398:
334:
330:
300:
235:
165:
4849:"Similarities and Differences Between Left-Wing and Right-Wing Radicals"
4246:
Contemporary Far Left Parties in Europe: From Marxism to the Mainstream?
3495:
2578:
Visser, Mark; Lubbers, Marcel; Kraaykamp, Gerbert; Jaspers, Eva (2014).
1737:
membership. European populist left politics share many of the values of
908:. Per Richard Dunphy, "the radical left" desires fundamental changes in
737:
5289:
5179:
4616:"Red Brigades announce end of their struggle to overthrow German state"
3937:
Freeden, Michael; Sargent, Lyman Tower; Stears, Marc (15 August 2013).
2604:
1932:
1917:
1869:
1812:
1620:
1608:
1443:
1283:
believed in shared ownership of property and that the hierarchy of the
1214:
1190:
1159:
1105:
936:
912:
909:
807:
295:
230:
220:
4950:"Part II: The Terrorists â Terror from Below: Terrorism by Dissidents"
3562:
1405:. As the state bureaucracy was developed in the late 19th century and
1058:
based on support for the communist society described the theories of
977:
are considered far-left. Socialism has historically been divided into
5324:
5279:
5169:
5164:
5154:
5138:
5128:
5014:
4716:
4470:
4432:
4344:
4302:
4085:
4049:
4013:
3775:
3674:
1832:
1698:
1390:
1288:
1218:
1175:
1099:
1059:
1047:
1038:
1018:
1014:
974:
968:
928:
916:
898:
894:
890:
859:
851:
823:
819:
632:
503:
275:
265:
180:
170:
1350:, who self-identified as socialist. Owen, as well as others such as
5479:
5474:
5249:
5244:
5118:
5071:
2175:
1804:
1770:
1746:
1631:, respectively. By the late 1970s, Maoism in China was replaced by
1548:
1430:. This movement saw its greatest prominence in the 1920s in China.
1323:
and that they created wealth for some but not for others, creating
1222:
1071:
855:
315:
240:
215:
210:
200:
93:
4977:
3829:
3692:
2925:
2923:
1225:. This theory has received criticism, however, by many academics.
5294:
5199:
5159:
3854:] (in French) (paperback ed.). Paris, France: Larousse.
3591:
3589:
1688:
1398:
1067:
1042:
827:
195:
4750:
Radical Left Parties in Government: The Cases of SYRIZA and AKEL
3103:
992:
is generally considered to be a centre-left socialist ideology.
5269:
5204:
5003:
4505:
3115:
2947:
2920:
2668:
2542:
2540:
2515:
2513:
2231:"Radicalism or Reformism? Socialist Parties before World War I"
1682:
1612:
1079:
403:
4810:
on behalf of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences: 410â425.
3811:
Terror Vanquished: The Italian Approach to Defeating Terrorism
3586:
2935:
2269:
3904:
Contesting Capitalism?: Left Parties and European Integration
2833:
2821:
2809:
2577:
2281:
1280:
1276:
3613:
3550:
3426:
3247:
3223:
3127:
3091:
2612:
2537:
2510:
2498:
1232:, which gave prominence to issues such as environmentalism,
1078:(which was distinct from both of its eponymous ideologies),
885:. As with all political alignments, the exact boundaries of
27:
Political alignment on the extreme end of left-wing politics
3880:
Cronin, James E.; Shoch, James; Ross, George, eds. (2011).
2845:
2293:
1782:
1182:
on the base of existing social and political arrangements.
4614:
3771:
The Radical Left Party Family in Western Europe, 1989â2015
3631:
3079:
3067:
3055:
3043:
3007:
2995:
2229:
Marks, Gary; Mbaye, Heather A. D.; Kim, Hyung Min (2009).
1619:
were established as communist governments, triggering the
1511:
spread communism, directly and indirectly, to the rest of
1301:, which proposed a society without personal property, and
4425:
Pedahzur, Ami; Perliger, Arie; Weinberg, Leonard (2009).
3327:
3325:
1466:, it responded to widespread hunger and poverty with the
4424:
3568:
3298:
3271:
3235:
3175:
3163:
3151:
2750:
2135:
2133:
1639:, which restored the private sector and market pricing.
1379:
Early anarchists emerged in the 19th century, including
3673:. Routledge Histories (1st ed.). London, England:
3574:
3474:
3462:
3288:
3286:
3031:
2886:
2884:
2799:
2797:
2767:
2765:
2486:
1418:
East Asian anarchism developed in the 1900s during the
4078:
Katsambekis, Giorgos; Kioupkiolis, Alexandros (2019).
4077:
3322:
3187:
2971:
2857:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2200:
2198:
2080:"Towards a Measurement of Extreme Left-Wing Attitudes"
904:
The radical-left is situated between the far-left and
3310:
2679:
Right-Wing Populism in America: Too Close for Comfort
2552:
2525:
2130:
1958:
1567:
developed as an offshoot of the New Left, but it was
1438:
emerged in 1917 amid political instability caused by
1050:
is an ideological group that seeks the creation of a
1025:, and they reject communism for its association with
4696:
4550:
European Socialism: A Concise History with Documents
4269:– via Library of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung.
3968:
3959:
3936:
3734:
The History of Terrorism: From Antiquity to Al Qaeda
3402:
3337:
3283:
3019:
2908:
2896:
2881:
2794:
2762:
2327:
Political Ideologies and Worldviews: An Introduction
2210:
862:
groups that attempt to realize their ideals through
4888:Kopyciok, Svenja; Silver, Hilary (6 October 2021).
4486:Rossi, Federica (April 2021). Treiber, Kyle (ed.).
3640:
3601:
3414:
3361:
3349:
3259:
3199:
3139:
2983:
2959:
2869:
2777:
2733:
2474:
2462:
2450:
2391:
2305:
2195:
2183:
830:, or are characterized as groups that advocate for
3731:
2624:
4791:
3450:
3211:
2145:
2118:
2031:"The ideological morphology of leftâcentreâright"
1982:"The ideological morphology of leftâcentreâright"
1287:was contrary to his teachings. This included the
802:, while others broaden it to include the left of
5501:
4045:Challenges to Democracies in East Central Europe
1146:is generally regarded as a right-wing ideology.
4797:
4157:
3879:
2275:
935:because it calls for fundamental change to the
4887:
4847:Chong, Dennis; McClosky, Herbert (July 1985).
4571:
4005:
3556:
3432:
3121:
3109:
3097:
2953:
2941:
2929:
2851:
2839:
2827:
2815:
2697:
2618:
2546:
2519:
2504:
2299:
2287:
2168:
1689:Emergence and positioning of the populist left
1507:The Soviet Union's influence during and after
5030:
4846:
4252:. Berlin, Germany: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung.
3806:"Post-War Italian Politics: Stasis and Chaos"
2228:
1587:as a revolutionary means and defense against
760:
4947:
4117:The Oxford Handbook of Modern Greek Politics
1697:turn of European social-democracy under the
1455:was often used interchangeably at the time.
1213:as having more in common with each other as
4746:
4702:
4576:. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press.
4371:SYRIZA: The Failure of the Populist Promise
4113:
4041:
3940:The Oxford Handbook of Political Ideologies
3907:(paperback ed.). Manchester, England:
3767:
3468:
3444:
2724:
2674:
1519:. New communist governments were formed in
1372:. He is credited with first using the term
5037:
5023:
4948:Martin, Augustus; Prager, Fynnwin (2019).
4650:(paperback ed.). Cambridge, England:
4431:(hardback 2nd ed.). London, England:
4190:
4048:(1st hardback ed.). London, England:
4012:(1st hardback ed.). London, England:
2139:
1911:
1579:in Italy, far-left militants, such as the
1021:social democracy for its association with
790:, are politics further to the left on the
767:
753:
4923:
4905:
4521:
4158:Liebman, Marcel; Miliband, Ralph (1985).
3710:
3529:
3331:
3277:
3253:
3241:
3229:
3181:
3169:
3157:
3133:
3085:
3073:
3061:
3049:
3037:
3013:
3001:
2977:
2603:
2492:
2046:
2028:
1997:
1979:
806:. In certain instancesâespecially in the
4546:
4191:March, Luke; Mudde, Cas (1 April 2005).
3843:
3729:
3619:
3480:
2675:Berlet, Chip; Lyons, Matthew N. (2000).
2409:
2077:
1964:
1611:distanced itself from the Soviet Union.
1462:became one of the founding countries of
1422:, based on the ideas of Japanese writer
1032:
866:rather than using democratic processes.
4955:Terrorism: An International Perspective
4643:
4120:(hardcover ed.). Oxford, England:
4006:HlouĆĄek, VĂt; KopeÄek, LubomĂr (2010).
3977:
2725:Pavlopoulos, Vassilis (20 March 2014).
2368:
2323:
2029:Ostrowski, Marius S. (2 January 2023).
1980:Ostrowski, Marius S. (2 January 2023).
1311:, which proposed a society without the
814:has been associated with some forms of
14:
5502:
5044:
4753:(hadrback ed.). London, England:
4703:Kioupkiolis, Alexandros (March 2016).
4647:Antisemitism and the American Far Left
4590:
4460:
4428:Political Parties and Terrorist Groups
4403:
4330:
4294:
3966:
3900:
3738:(1st ed.). Berkeley, California:
3713:The Rise and Demise of World Communism
3646:
3607:
3569:Pedahzur, Perliger & Weinberg 2009
3316:
2914:
2902:
2875:
2863:
2788:
2642:
2584:European Journal of Political Research
2558:
2531:
2311:
2151:
2124:
2078:Jungkunz, Sebastian (2 January 2019).
5018:
4485:
4367:
4273:
4242:
4130:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198825104.013.19
4042:Holzer, Jan; MareĆĄ, Miroslav (2016).
3957:
3803:
3595:
3491:
3489:
3456:
3420:
3408:
3379:
3367:
3355:
3343:
3304:
3292:
3265:
3217:
3205:
3193:
3145:
3025:
2989:
2965:
2890:
2803:
2771:
2756:
2744:
2630:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2480:
2468:
2456:
2410:McIntyre, Richard (2 November 2022).
2397:
2216:
2204:
2189:
1975:
1973:
1792:
1413:
1244:, and promoting the interests of the
4853:British Journal of Political Science
4407:Socialism: A Very Short Introduction
4374:(E-book ed.). London, England:
4301:(E-book ed.). London, England:
4084:(E-book ed.). London, England:
3969:Freeden, Sargent & Stears (2013)
3960:Freeden, Sargent & Stears (2013)
3774:(E-book ed.). London, England:
3662:
3580:
3384:. MACMILLAN PRESS LTD. p. 191.
2683:. New York: Guilford Press. p.
2164:
2162:
2160:
1848:
1843:
4547:Smaldone, William (8 August 2013).
4081:The Populist Radical Left in Europe
1785:, and in some cases a rejection of
1721:, populist movements formed around
1174:. Scholars, such as Luke March and
1156:redistribution of income and wealth
24:
4637:
4574:The Cambridge History of Socialism
3967:Franks, Benjamin. "Anarchism". In
3670:The Routledge History of Terrorism
3486:
2564:
2403:
1970:
1753:. They overlap in some areas with
1451:identified as communist, the term
973:Various courants and movements of
25:
5531:
4996:
4697:Radical left parties case studies
4463:Studies in Conflict and Terrorism
2157:
1705:, anti-globalist response to the
5002:
4890:"Left-Wing Xenophobia in Europe"
3847:Dictionnaire de l'extrĂȘme gauche
3380:Nolan, Peter (9 December 1995).
2354:
1270:
1054:. Modern communism is a form of
736:
4709:Journal of Political Ideologies
4572:van der Linden, Marcel (2022).
4514:European Society of Criminology
4493:European Journal of Criminology
4331:March, Luke (September 2012b).
3958:Brown, Archie. "Communism". In
3656:
3373:
2718:
2691:
2636:
2362:
2332:Kwantlen Polytechnic University
2317:
2222:
2169:Cervera-Marzal, Manuel (2019).
2035:Journal of Political Ideologies
1986:Journal of Political Ideologies
1666:
1661:dissolution of the Soviet Union
1070:. Offshoots of Marxism include
1017:. Democratic socialists reject
5365:Openâclosed political spectrum
4800:International Critical Thought
4792:Radical left and radical right
4337:International Critical Thought
4298:Radical Left Parties in Europe
4277:Radical Left Parties in Europe
3740:University of California Press
2071:
2022:
1877:
1426:, who was in turn inspired by
1401:in the 1840s, which advocated
1209:identify the far left and the
13:
1:
5350:Leftâright political spectrum
4958:. Thousand Oaks, California:
4816:10.1080/21598282.2018.1506262
4725:10.1080/13569317.2016.1150136
4197:Comparative European Politics
3711:Breslauer, George W. (2021).
2648:Safire's Political Dictionary
2428:10.1080/08935696.2022.2127726
2276:Cronin, Shoch & Ross 2011
2096:10.1080/09644008.2018.1484906
2048:10.1080/13569317.2022.2163770
1999:10.1080/13569317.2022.2163770
1951:
1207:leftâright political spectrum
869:
792:leftâright political spectrum
4941:
4747:Katsourides, Yannos (2016).
4644:Norwood, Stephen H. (2013).
4353:10.1080/21598282.2012.706777
4213:10.1057/palgrave.cep.6110052
3667:. In Law, Randall D. (ed.).
2235:American Sociological Review
2171:"Ălections europĂ©ennes 2019"
1884:Anarchism without adjectives
1197:. They may be classified as
1149:
1093:
995:Socialism seeks to create a
962:
7:
5375:Right-wing authoritarianism
3909:Manchester University Press
3768:Chiocchetti, Paolo (2016).
3715:. Oxford University Press.
1838:
1502:
1217:than each of them has with
719:Political parties by region
509:Party convention/conference
10:
5536:
4652:Cambridge University Press
3852:Dictionary of the far left
3557:HlouĆĄek & KopeÄek 2010
3382:China's Rise Russia's fall
2247:10.1177/000312240907400406
1796:
1678:Party of the European Left
1255:
1251:
1097:
1036:
966:
915:and progressive reform of
873:
706:Lists of political parties
29:
5382:
5337:
5262:
5212:
5147:
5095:
5052:
4865:10.1017/S0007123400004221
4763:10.1057/978-1-137-58841-8
4742:– via ResearchGate.
4523:10.1177/14773708211008441
4479:10.1080/10576109308435937
4238:– via ResearchGate.
4184:Marxists Internet Archive
4160:"Beyond Social Democracy"
3886:. Duke University Press.
3839:– via Google Books.
3730:Chaliand, GĂ©rard (2010).
2700:Serbian Political Thought
1583:, justified the usage of
714:Ruling parties by country
687:National unity government
4907:10.3389/fsoc.2021.666717
4660:10.1017/CBO9781139565806
4555:Rowman & Littlefield
4404:Newman, Michael (2005).
3901:Dunphy, Richard (2004).
3844:Cosseron, Serge (2007).
3598:, pp. 30â42, 48â59.
3514:10.1177/1465116517718091
1719:United States of America
1627:against South Korea and
1154:Far-left groups support
724:Banned political parties
424:Leader of the Opposition
392:Leaders and organization
355:Parliamentary opposition
30:Not to be confused with
4122:Oxford University Press
3989:Oxford University Press
3502:European Union Politics
2652:Oxford University Press
2650:. Oxford, England, UK:
2596:10.1111/1475-6765.12048
1600:Chinese Communist Party
1553:post-industrial society
1403:revolutionary socialism
1122:individualist anarchism
1056:revolutionary socialism
986:revolutionary socialism
832:revolutionary socialism
5320:Social justice warrior
4894:Frontiers in Sociology
4715:(2). London, England:
4469:(4). London, England:
4343:(3). London, England:
4203:(1). London, England:
4164:The Socialist Register
2712:10.22182/spt.2122011.8
2412:"Democratic Socialism"
2369:Smithin, John (2008).
2140:March & Mudde 2005
1894:Contemporary anarchism
1889:Collectivist anarchism
1381:Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
1205:interpretation of the
927:as a "compromise with
5520:Political terminology
5395:Democratic transition
5390:Anti-authoritarianism
5265:Political pejoratives
4295:March, Luke (2012a).
3804:Clark, Simon (2018).
1912:Communism and Marxism
1797:Further information:
1033:Communism and Marxism
874:Further information:
784:extreme left politics
657:Confidence and supply
514:Leadership convention
365:Official party status
321:Entrepreneurial party
5150:Political ideologies
5011:at Wikimedia Commons
4962:. pp. 189â193.
4808:Taylor & Francis
4274:March, Luke (2011).
4243:March, Luke (2008).
4124:. pp. 299â315.
3677:. pp. 297â314.
3663:Balz, Hanno (2015).
2375:Taylor & Francis
1787:European integration
1763:economic nationalism
1739:centre-left politics
1593:neo-fascism in Italy
1369:The Voyage to Icaria
1366:with his own novel,
1352:Henri de Saint-Simon
1336:François-Noël Babeuf
1266:History of anarchism
1262:History of communism
1258:History of socialism
1230:new social movements
1185:Far-left groups are
1007:Democratic socialism
836:communist ideologies
662:Consensus government
652:Coalition government
444:Parliamentary leader
251:Classical radicalism
5275:Champagne socialist
5185:Christian Democracy
5114:Anti-Stalinist left
5098:Political positions
4600:Stanford University
4368:Mudde, Cas (2016).
4170:. London, England:
3622:, pp. 227â257.
3583:, pp. 297â314.
3433:van der Linden 2022
3307:, pp. 379â380.
3256:, pp. 164â166.
3232:, pp. 117â118.
3136:, pp. 95, 104.
3122:van der Linden 2022
3110:van der Linden 2022
3098:van der Linden 2022
2954:van der Linden 2022
2942:van der Linden 2022
2930:van der Linden 2022
2852:van der Linden 2022
2840:van der Linden 2022
2828:van der Linden 2022
2816:van der Linden 2022
2759:, pp. 172â173.
2619:van der Linden 2022
2547:van der Linden 2022
2520:van der Linden 2022
2505:van der Linden 2022
2300:van der Linden 2022
2288:van der Linden 2022
1855:Anti-Stalinist left
1799:Left-wing terrorism
1693:In reaction to the
1589:far-right terrorism
1547:. The onset of the
1468:New Economic Policy
1325:economic inequality
1304:The City of the Sun
1180:economic inequality
1114:anarcho-syndicalism
1110:classical anarchism
1088:anarchist communism
982:reformist socialism
945:equality of outcome
788:left-wing extremism
743:Politics portal
692:Rotation government
682:Minority government
677:Majority government
642:Parliamentary group
499:Leadership election
176:Christian democracy
5515:Political spectrum
5450:Anti-establishment
5315:Social imperialism
5220:Buddhist Socialism
5215:Religious politics
5046:Political spectrum
4755:Palgrave Macmillan
4376:Palgrave Macmillan
4205:Palgrave Macmillan
3112:, pp. 20, 23.
2416:Rethinking Marxism
2377:. pp. 29â30.
1793:Far-left terrorism
1779:anti-globalization
1755:far-right politics
1585:political violence
1436:Russian Revolution
1420:Russo-Japanese War
1414:Early 20th century
1342:. Inspired by the
1309:Tommaso Campanella
1187:anti-establishment
1158:. They argue that
1144:Anarcho-capitalism
957:anti-neoliberalism
883:left-wing politics
876:Types of socialism
864:political violence
848:Far-left terrorism
844:anti-globalization
794:than the standard
647:Divided government
541:Crossing the floor
487:Internal elections
459:Party spokesperson
370:Single-issue party
60:Political Spectrum
5510:Far-left politics
5497:
5496:
5465:The Establishment
5420:Identity politics
5255:Religious Zionism
5009:Far-left politics
5007:Media related to
4969:978-1-526-45995-4
4960:SAGE Publications
4772:978-1-137-58840-1
4669:978-1-107-65700-7
4583:978-1-108-48134-2
4564:978-1-4422-0909-1
4512:on behalf of the
4510:SAGE Publications
4442:978-0-415-77536-6
4417:978-0-19-157789-5
4385:978-3-319-47479-3
4312:978-1-136-57897-7
4287:978-0-203-15487-8
4259:978-3-868-72000-6
4139:978-0-198-82510-4
4095:978-1-351-72048-9
4059:978-1-138-65596-6
4023:978-0-754-67840-3
3950:978-0-19-166371-0
3918:978-0-719-06804-1
3861:978-2-035-82620-6
3821:978-1-732-94780-1
3785:978-1-317-22186-9
3749:978-0-520-24709-3
3722:978-0-19-757969-5
3684:978-0-367-86705-8
3196:, pp. 37â38.
3124:, pp. 23â24.
3088:, pp. 91â92.
3076:, pp. 71â72.
3064:, pp. 63â67.
3052:, pp. 59â61.
3016:, pp. 51â53.
2956:, pp. 14â17.
2932:, pp. 19â20.
1948:
1947:
1849:Far-left politics
1817:New People's Army
1657:Mikhail Gorbachev
1604:Chinese Civil War
1561:identity politics
1492:Spanish Civil War
1448:Russian Civil War
1344:French Revolution
1195:liberal democracy
1168:social inequality
1052:communist society
949:equal opportunity
925:liberal democracy
800:communist parties
780:Far-left politics
777:
776:
623:
622:
439:Political faction
147:
146:
16:(Redirected from
5527:
5485:Radical politics
5460:Communitarianism
5430:Authoritarianism
5345:Horseshoe theory
5175:Social Democracy
5134:Radical centrism
5124:Centrist Marxism
5039:
5032:
5025:
5016:
5015:
5006:
4992:
4986:
4984:
4937:
4927:
4909:
4884:
4843:
4787:
4781:
4779:
4743:
4741:
4739:
4692:
4686:
4684:
4633:
4631:
4629:
4611:
4609:
4607:
4587:
4568:
4543:
4525:
4482:
4457:
4451:
4449:
4421:
4400:
4394:
4392:
4364:
4327:
4321:
4319:
4291:
4270:
4268:
4266:
4251:
4239:
4237:
4235:
4187:
4181:
4179:
4154:
4148:
4146:
4110:
4104:
4102:
4074:
4068:
4066:
4038:
4032:
4030:
4002:
3972:
3963:
3954:
3933:
3927:
3925:
3897:
3876:
3870:
3868:
3840:
3838:
3836:
3800:
3794:
3792:
3764:
3761:Internet Archive
3758:
3756:
3737:
3726:
3707:
3701:
3699:
3650:
3644:
3638:
3629:
3623:
3617:
3611:
3605:
3599:
3593:
3584:
3578:
3572:
3566:
3560:
3554:
3548:
3547:
3533:
3493:
3484:
3478:
3472:
3469:Katsourides 2020
3466:
3460:
3454:
3448:
3445:Chiocchetti 2016
3442:
3436:
3430:
3424:
3418:
3412:
3406:
3400:
3399:
3377:
3371:
3365:
3359:
3353:
3347:
3341:
3335:
3329:
3320:
3314:
3308:
3302:
3296:
3290:
3281:
3275:
3269:
3263:
3257:
3251:
3245:
3239:
3233:
3227:
3221:
3215:
3209:
3203:
3197:
3191:
3185:
3179:
3173:
3167:
3161:
3155:
3149:
3143:
3137:
3131:
3125:
3119:
3113:
3107:
3101:
3095:
3089:
3083:
3077:
3071:
3065:
3059:
3053:
3047:
3041:
3035:
3029:
3023:
3017:
3011:
3005:
3004:, p. 46â48.
2999:
2993:
2987:
2981:
2975:
2969:
2963:
2957:
2951:
2945:
2944:, pp. 9â10.
2939:
2933:
2927:
2918:
2912:
2906:
2900:
2894:
2888:
2879:
2873:
2867:
2866:, pp. 7â11.
2861:
2855:
2849:
2843:
2837:
2831:
2825:
2819:
2813:
2807:
2801:
2792:
2786:
2775:
2769:
2760:
2754:
2748:
2742:
2731:
2730:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2706:(1â2): 121â144.
2695:
2689:
2688:
2682:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2640:
2634:
2628:
2622:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2575:
2562:
2556:
2550:
2544:
2535:
2529:
2523:
2517:
2508:
2502:
2496:
2490:
2484:
2478:
2472:
2466:
2460:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2407:
2401:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2321:
2315:
2309:
2303:
2297:
2291:
2285:
2279:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2226:
2220:
2214:
2208:
2202:
2193:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2166:
2155:
2149:
2143:
2137:
2128:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2050:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2001:
1977:
1968:
1962:
1923:Centrist Marxism
1899:Egoist anarchism
1860:Communitarianism
1844:
1825:Red Army Faction
1781:, opposition to
1775:anti-Americanism
1644:Cuban Revolution
1517:Southeast Europe
1472:Nikolai Bukharin
1395:Friedrich Engels
1203:horseshoe theory
1172:private property
1126:anarcha-feminism
1118:social anarchism
1076:MarxismâLeninism
1064:Friedrich Engels
1027:authoritarianism
990:social democracy
933:radical politics
921:direct democracy
906:social democracy
816:authoritarianism
804:social democracy
782:, also known as
769:
762:
755:
741:
740:
580:
579:
546:Party discipline
528:Party discipline
494:Primary election
350:Opposition party
261:Social democracy
191:Environmentalism
65:
64:
39:
38:
21:
5535:
5534:
5530:
5529:
5528:
5526:
5525:
5524:
5500:
5499:
5498:
5493:
5435:Totalitarianism
5387:
5378:
5370:Pournelle chart
5342:
5333:
5305:Regressive left
5267:
5258:
5240:Christian Right
5217:
5208:
5152:
5143:
5100:
5091:
5048:
5043:
4999:
4982:
4980:
4970:
4944:
4794:
4777:
4775:
4773:
4737:
4735:
4699:
4682:
4680:
4670:
4640:
4638:Further reading
4627:
4625:
4624:. 22 April 1998
4621:The Irish Times
4605:
4603:
4584:
4565:
4447:
4445:
4443:
4418:
4390:
4388:
4386:
4317:
4315:
4313:
4288:
4264:
4262:
4260:
4249:
4233:
4231:
4177:
4175:
4144:
4142:
4140:
4100:
4098:
4096:
4064:
4062:
4060:
4028:
4026:
4024:
3999:
3951:
3923:
3921:
3919:
3894:
3866:
3864:
3862:
3834:
3832:
3822:
3790:
3788:
3786:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3723:
3697:
3695:
3685:
3659:
3654:
3653:
3645:
3641:
3635:, 22 April 1998
3633:The Irish Times
3630:
3626:
3618:
3614:
3606:
3602:
3594:
3587:
3579:
3575:
3567:
3563:
3555:
3551:
3494:
3487:
3479:
3475:
3467:
3463:
3455:
3451:
3443:
3439:
3431:
3427:
3419:
3415:
3407:
3403:
3392:
3378:
3374:
3366:
3362:
3354:
3350:
3342:
3338:
3330:
3323:
3319:, pp. 4â5.
3315:
3311:
3303:
3299:
3291:
3284:
3276:
3272:
3264:
3260:
3252:
3248:
3240:
3236:
3228:
3224:
3216:
3212:
3204:
3200:
3192:
3188:
3180:
3176:
3168:
3164:
3156:
3152:
3144:
3140:
3132:
3128:
3120:
3116:
3108:
3104:
3096:
3092:
3084:
3080:
3072:
3068:
3060:
3056:
3048:
3044:
3036:
3032:
3024:
3020:
3012:
3008:
3000:
2996:
2988:
2984:
2976:
2972:
2964:
2960:
2952:
2948:
2940:
2936:
2928:
2921:
2913:
2909:
2901:
2897:
2889:
2882:
2874:
2870:
2862:
2858:
2850:
2846:
2842:, pp. 5â6.
2838:
2834:
2830:, pp. 4â5.
2826:
2822:
2818:, pp. 7â8.
2814:
2810:
2802:
2795:
2787:
2778:
2770:
2763:
2755:
2751:
2743:
2734:
2723:
2719:
2696:
2692:
2673:
2669:
2662:
2654:. p. 385.
2644:Safire, William
2641:
2637:
2629:
2625:
2617:
2613:
2576:
2565:
2557:
2553:
2545:
2538:
2530:
2526:
2518:
2511:
2503:
2499:
2491:
2487:
2479:
2475:
2467:
2463:
2455:
2451:
2408:
2404:
2396:
2392:
2385:
2367:
2363:
2353:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2322:
2318:
2310:
2306:
2298:
2294:
2290:, pp. 1â2.
2286:
2282:
2278:, pp. 1â3.
2274:
2270:
2227:
2223:
2215:
2211:
2203:
2196:
2188:
2184:
2167:
2158:
2150:
2146:
2138:
2131:
2123:
2119:
2084:German Politics
2076:
2072:
2027:
2023:
1978:
1971:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1914:
1880:
1851:
1841:
1801:
1795:
1743:cosmopolitanism
1707:Great Recession
1691:
1669:
1505:
1497:mass production
1428:Peter Kropotkin
1416:
1385:Mikhail Bakunin
1356:Charles Fourier
1285:Catholic Church
1273:
1268:
1254:
1152:
1138:green anarchism
1134:queer anarchism
1130:black anarchism
1102:
1096:
1045:
1037:Main articles:
1035:
971:
965:
878:
872:
840:anti-capitalism
773:
735:
730:
729:
728:
708:
698:
697:
696:
672:Hung parliament
667:Grand coalition
636:
635:between parties
625:
624:
619:
610:
591:
577:
567:
566:
565:
561:Party switching
556:Party-line vote
536:Conscience vote
530:
520:
519:
518:
488:
480:
479:
478:
434:Minority leader
429:Majority leader
393:
385:
384:
383:
316:Catch-all party
290:
282:
281:
280:
160:
149:
148:
143:
118:
88:
62:
44:Politics series
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Radical leftism
15:
12:
11:
5:
5533:
5523:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5495:
5494:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5415:Green politics
5412:
5407:
5402:
5400:Libertarianism
5397:
5392:
5383:
5380:
5379:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5360:Overton window
5357:
5352:
5347:
5338:
5335:
5334:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5310:Social fascism
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5263:
5260:
5259:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5225:Christian Left
5222:
5213:
5210:
5209:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5148:
5145:
5144:
5142:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5096:
5093:
5092:
5090:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5053:
5050:
5049:
5042:
5041:
5034:
5027:
5019:
5013:
5012:
4998:
4997:External links
4995:
4994:
4993:
4968:
4943:
4940:
4939:
4938:
4885:
4859:(3): 329â363.
4844:
4793:
4790:
4789:
4788:
4771:
4744:
4698:
4695:
4694:
4693:
4668:
4639:
4636:
4635:
4634:
4612:
4592:"Red Brigades"
4588:
4582:
4569:
4563:
4544:
4483:
4458:
4441:
4422:
4416:
4410:. OUP Oxford.
4401:
4384:
4365:
4328:
4311:
4292:
4286:
4271:
4258:
4240:
4188:
4155:
4138:
4111:
4094:
4075:
4058:
4039:
4022:
4003:
3998:978-0197519646
3997:
3975:
3974:
3973:
3964:
3949:
3943:. OUP Oxford.
3934:
3917:
3898:
3892:
3877:
3860:
3841:
3820:
3801:
3784:
3765:
3748:
3727:
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3655:
3652:
3651:
3639:
3624:
3612:
3600:
3585:
3573:
3561:
3549:
3508:(4): 536â559.
3485:
3483:, p. 304.
3473:
3461:
3449:
3437:
3425:
3413:
3411:, p. 162.
3401:
3390:
3372:
3360:
3348:
3346:, p. 149.
3336:
3332:Breslauer 2021
3321:
3309:
3297:
3295:, p. 381.
3282:
3280:, p. 135.
3278:Breslauer 2021
3270:
3258:
3254:Breslauer 2021
3246:
3244:, p. 126.
3242:Breslauer 2021
3234:
3230:Breslauer 2021
3222:
3210:
3198:
3186:
3184:, p. 154.
3182:Breslauer 2021
3174:
3172:, p. 153.
3170:Breslauer 2021
3162:
3160:, p. 151.
3158:Breslauer 2021
3150:
3138:
3134:Breslauer 2021
3126:
3114:
3102:
3090:
3086:Breslauer 2021
3078:
3074:Breslauer 2021
3066:
3062:Breslauer 2021
3054:
3050:Breslauer 2021
3042:
3038:Breslauer 2021
3030:
3028:, p. 372.
3018:
3014:Breslauer 2021
3006:
3002:Breslauer 2021
2994:
2982:
2978:Breslauer 2021
2970:
2958:
2946:
2934:
2919:
2907:
2895:
2893:, p. 366.
2880:
2868:
2856:
2844:
2832:
2820:
2808:
2806:, p. 365.
2793:
2776:
2774:, p. 364.
2761:
2749:
2732:
2717:
2690:
2667:
2660:
2635:
2623:
2611:
2590:(3): 541â558.
2563:
2561:, p. 389.
2551:
2536:
2534:, p. 388.
2524:
2509:
2497:
2493:Breslauer 2021
2485:
2473:
2461:
2449:
2402:
2390:
2383:
2361:
2340:
2316:
2304:
2292:
2280:
2268:
2241:(4): 615â635.
2221:
2219:, p. 172.
2209:
2194:
2192:, p. 202.
2182:
2156:
2144:
2129:
2117:
2090:(1): 101â122.
2070:
2021:
1969:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1928:Left communism
1925:
1920:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1850:
1847:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1803:Many far-left
1794:
1791:
1767:Euroscepticism
1751:egalitarianism
1735:European Union
1727:Bernie Sanders
1715:United Kingdom
1690:
1687:
1668:
1665:
1565:Green politics
1529:Czechoslovakia
1513:Eastern Europe
1504:
1501:
1415:
1412:
1272:
1269:
1253:
1250:
1242:peace movement
1238:women's rights
1151:
1148:
1098:Main article:
1095:
1092:
1090:, and others.
1034:
1031:
1001:egalitarianism
997:socially equal
967:Main article:
964:
961:
953:anti-globalism
871:
868:
796:political left
775:
774:
772:
771:
764:
757:
749:
746:
745:
732:
731:
727:
726:
721:
716:
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637:
631:
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621:
620:
618:
617:
611:
609:
608:
603:
598:
596:Dominant-party
592:
590:
589:
583:
578:
573:
572:
569:
568:
564:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
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531:
526:
525:
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521:
517:
516:
511:
506:
501:
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490:
489:
486:
485:
482:
481:
477:
476:
471:
469:Shadow cabinet
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
419:Lead candidate
416:
411:
406:
401:
395:
394:
391:
390:
387:
386:
382:
381:
372:
367:
362:
360:Party of power
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
292:
291:
288:
287:
284:
283:
279:
278:
273:
268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
233:
228:
226:Libertarianism
223:
218:
213:
208:
206:Green politics
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
162:
161:
155:
154:
151:
150:
145:
144:
142:
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136:
130:
127:
126:
120:
119:
117:
116:
111:
109:Radical Centre
106:
100:
97:
96:
90:
89:
87:
86:
81:
75:
72:
71:
63:
58:
57:
54:
53:
51:Party politics
47:
46:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5532:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5507:
5505:
5491:
5490:Triangulation
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5470:Individualism
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5440:Revolutionary
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5410:Progressivism
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5373:
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5336:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5285:Liberal elite
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
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5211:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
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5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5146:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5109:Ultra-leftism
5107:
5105:
5102:
5101:
5099:
5094:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
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4409:
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4398:
4387:
4381:
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4373:
4372:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4329:
4325:
4314:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4299:
4293:
4289:
4283:
4280:. Routledge.
4279:
4278:
4272:
4261:
4255:
4248:
4247:
4241:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4206:
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4198:
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4173:
4169:
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4161:
4156:
4152:
4141:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4118:
4112:
4108:
4097:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4082:
4076:
4072:
4061:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4046:
4040:
4036:
4025:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4010:
4004:
4000:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3985:
3980:
3979:Gerstle, Gary
3976:
3970:
3965:
3961:
3956:
3955:
3952:
3946:
3942:
3941:
3935:
3931:
3920:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3905:
3899:
3895:
3893:9780822350798
3889:
3885:
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3714:
3709:
3705:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3660:
3648:
3643:
3636:
3634:
3628:
3621:
3620:Chaliand 2010
3616:
3609:
3604:
3597:
3592:
3590:
3582:
3577:
3571:, p. 53.
3570:
3565:
3559:, p. 46.
3558:
3553:
3546:
3541:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3492:
3490:
3482:
3481:Smaldone 2013
3477:
3470:
3465:
3458:
3453:
3446:
3441:
3435:, p. 25.
3434:
3429:
3423:, p. 24.
3422:
3417:
3410:
3405:
3398:
3393:
3391:0-333-62265-0
3387:
3383:
3376:
3370:, p. 72.
3369:
3364:
3358:, p. 45.
3357:
3352:
3345:
3340:
3333:
3328:
3326:
3318:
3313:
3306:
3301:
3294:
3289:
3287:
3279:
3274:
3268:, p. 36.
3267:
3262:
3255:
3250:
3243:
3238:
3231:
3226:
3219:
3214:
3208:, p. 42.
3207:
3202:
3195:
3190:
3183:
3178:
3171:
3166:
3159:
3154:
3148:, p. 41.
3147:
3142:
3135:
3130:
3123:
3118:
3111:
3106:
3100:, p. 23.
3099:
3094:
3087:
3082:
3075:
3070:
3063:
3058:
3051:
3046:
3040:, p. 56.
3039:
3034:
3027:
3022:
3015:
3010:
3003:
2998:
2992:, p. 33.
2991:
2986:
2979:
2974:
2968:, p. 28.
2967:
2962:
2955:
2950:
2943:
2938:
2931:
2926:
2924:
2917:, p. 17.
2916:
2911:
2905:, p. 15.
2904:
2899:
2892:
2887:
2885:
2877:
2872:
2865:
2860:
2853:
2848:
2841:
2836:
2829:
2824:
2817:
2812:
2805:
2800:
2798:
2790:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2773:
2768:
2766:
2758:
2753:
2747:, p. 35.
2746:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2728:
2721:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2694:
2686:
2681:
2680:
2671:
2663:
2661:9780199711116
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2639:
2632:
2627:
2621:, p. 24.
2620:
2615:
2606:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2560:
2555:
2549:, p. 20.
2548:
2543:
2541:
2533:
2528:
2522:, p. 18.
2521:
2516:
2514:
2507:, p. 10.
2506:
2501:
2495:, p. 11.
2494:
2489:
2483:, p. 18.
2482:
2477:
2471:, p. 19.
2470:
2465:
2459:, p. 94.
2458:
2453:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2406:
2400:, p. 16.
2399:
2394:
2386:
2384:9781134641871
2380:
2376:
2372:
2365:
2357:
2343:
2341:9781989864241
2337:
2333:
2329:
2328:
2320:
2313:
2308:
2301:
2296:
2289:
2284:
2277:
2272:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2225:
2218:
2213:
2207:, p. 10.
2206:
2201:
2199:
2191:
2186:
2178:
2177:
2172:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2153:
2148:
2141:
2136:
2134:
2126:
2121:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2074:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2025:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1976:
1974:
1967:, p. 20.
1966:
1965:Cosseron 2007
1961:
1957:
1944:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1875:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1800:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1723:Jeremy Corbyn
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1686:
1684:
1679:
1675:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1652:
1649:
1645:
1640:
1638:
1637:Deng Xiaoping
1634:
1630:
1629:South Vietnam
1626:
1622:
1618:
1617:North Vietnam
1614:
1610:
1605:
1601:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1577:Years of Lead
1574:
1573:Eurocommunism
1570:
1569:deradicalized
1566:
1562:
1557:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1500:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1485:
1481:
1480:Joseph Stalin
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1424:KĆtoku ShĆ«sui
1421:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1370:
1365:
1361:
1360:Ătienne Cabet
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1340:John Thelwall
1337:
1333:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1317:individualism
1314:
1310:
1306:
1305:
1300:
1296:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1271:Early history
1267:
1263:
1259:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1234:animal rights
1231:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1101:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1084:Eurocommunism
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1023:neoliberalism
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1002:
998:
993:
991:
987:
984:and far-left
983:
980:
976:
970:
960:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
911:
907:
902:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
877:
867:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
770:
765:
763:
758:
756:
751:
750:
748:
747:
744:
739:
734:
733:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
711:
707:
702:
701:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
639:
634:
629:
628:
616:
613:
612:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
593:
588:
585:
584:
582:
581:
576:
575:Party systems
571:
570:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
533:
529:
524:
523:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
491:
484:
483:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
396:
389:
388:
380:
379:International
376:
375:Transnational
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
293:
286:
285:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
256:Republicanism
254:
252:
249:
247:
246:Progressivism
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
163:
159:
153:
152:
140:
137:
135:
132:
131:
129:
128:
125:
122:
121:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
101:
99:
98:
95:
92:
91:
85:
82:
80:
77:
76:
74:
73:
70:
67:
66:
61:
56:
55:
52:
49:
48:
45:
41:
40:
37:
33:
32:ultra-leftism
19:
5455:Collectivism
5384:
5339:
5264:
5214:
5190:Conservatism
5149:
5104:Post-leftism
5097:
5077:Centre-Right
5056:
4989:Google Books
4987:– via
4981:. Retrieved
4954:
4897:
4893:
4856:
4852:
4803:
4799:
4784:Google Books
4782:– via
4776:. Retrieved
4749:
4736:. Retrieved
4712:
4708:
4689:Google Books
4687:– via
4681:. Retrieved
4646:
4626:. Retrieved
4619:
4604:. Retrieved
4595:
4573:
4557:Publishers.
4549:
4497:
4491:
4466:
4462:
4454:Google Books
4452:– via
4446:. Retrieved
4427:
4406:
4397:Google Books
4395:– via
4389:. Retrieved
4370:
4340:
4336:
4324:Google Books
4322:– via
4316:. Retrieved
4297:
4276:
4263:. Retrieved
4245:
4232:. Retrieved
4200:
4196:
4182:– via
4176:. Retrieved
4172:Merlin Press
4167:
4163:
4151:Google Books
4149:– via
4143:. Retrieved
4116:
4107:Google Books
4105:– via
4099:. Retrieved
4080:
4071:Google Books
4069:– via
4063:. Retrieved
4044:
4035:Google Books
4033:– via
4027:. Retrieved
4008:
3983:
3939:
3930:Google Books
3928:– via
3922:. Retrieved
3903:
3882:
3873:Google Books
3871:– via
3865:. Retrieved
3851:
3846:
3833:. Retrieved
3810:
3797:Google Books
3795:– via
3789:. Retrieved
3770:
3759:– via
3753:. Retrieved
3733:
3712:
3704:Google Books
3702:– via
3696:. Retrieved
3669:
3657:Bibliography
3642:
3632:
3627:
3615:
3603:
3576:
3564:
3552:
3543:
3505:
3501:
3476:
3464:
3452:
3440:
3428:
3416:
3404:
3395:
3381:
3375:
3363:
3351:
3339:
3334:, p. 1.
3312:
3300:
3273:
3261:
3249:
3237:
3225:
3213:
3201:
3189:
3177:
3165:
3153:
3141:
3129:
3117:
3105:
3093:
3081:
3069:
3057:
3045:
3033:
3021:
3009:
2997:
2985:
2980:, p. 3.
2973:
2961:
2949:
2937:
2910:
2898:
2878:, p. 8.
2871:
2859:
2854:, p. 8.
2847:
2835:
2823:
2811:
2791:, p. 6.
2752:
2726:
2720:
2703:
2699:
2693:
2678:
2670:
2647:
2638:
2633:, p. 8.
2626:
2614:
2587:
2583:
2554:
2527:
2500:
2488:
2476:
2464:
2452:
2419:
2415:
2405:
2393:
2370:
2364:
2347:24 September
2345:. Retrieved
2326:
2319:
2314:, p. 2.
2307:
2302:, p. 3.
2295:
2283:
2271:
2238:
2234:
2224:
2212:
2185:
2174:
2147:
2120:
2087:
2083:
2073:
2038:
2034:
2024:
1989:
1985:
1960:
1942:
1938:Post-Marxism
1865:Radical left
1829:Red Brigades
1809:CPI (Maoist)
1802:
1741:, including
1731:
1692:
1670:
1667:21st century
1653:
1648:Fidel Castro
1641:
1633:the ideology
1597:
1581:Red Brigades
1558:
1533:East Germany
1509:World War II
1506:
1489:
1476:Leon Trotsky
1464:Soviet Union
1460:Russian SFSR
1458:By 1922, as
1457:
1452:
1432:
1417:
1407:labor rights
1389:
1378:
1373:
1367:
1363:
1331:
1329:
1321:collectivism
1302:
1292:
1274:
1227:
1184:
1153:
1142:
1103:
1046:
1005:
994:
972:
903:
879:
850:consists of
834:and related
811:
787:
783:
779:
778:
615:Non-partisan
454:Party leader
414:Frontbencher
409:Caucus chair
345:Ruling party
326:Ethnic party
306:Cartel party
186:Conservatism
134:Centre-Right
114:Centre-Right
78:
42:Part of the
36:
5445:Reactionary
5425:Corporatism
5405:Syndicalism
5355:Nolan Chart
5300:Red fascist
5235:Muslim Left
5230:Jewish Left
5195:Nationalism
5067:Centre-Left
4983:27 December
4900:: 666â717.
4778:21 November
4738:21 November
4683:19 November
4516:: 381â400.
4502:Los Angeles
4473:: 315â325.
4448:27 December
4391:21 November
4347:: 314â339.
4318:19 November
4234:21 November
4178:19 November
4145:21 November
4101:19 November
4065:19 November
4029:19 November
3924:19 November
3867:19 November
3835:28 November
3791:19 November
3755:19 November
3608:Raufer 1993
3317:Newman 2005
2915:Newman 2005
2903:Newman 2005
2876:Newman 2005
2864:Newman 2005
2789:Newman 2005
2605:2066/129529
2559:Franks 2013
2532:Franks 2013
2312:Newman 2005
2152:March 2012b
2125:Dunphy 2004
2041:(1): 1â15.
1992:(1): 1â15.
1821:Prima Linea
1757:concerning
1703:Eurosceptic
1695:neo-liberal
1674:Peter Nolan
1625:Vietnam War
1484:Great Purge
1440:World War I
1397:introduced
1348:Robert Owen
1313:family unit
1299:Thomas More
1246:Third World
1164:consumerism
1066:, known as
1011:centre-left
941:neo-liberal
887:centre-left
606:Multi-party
449:Party chair
399:Backbencher
335:Minor party
331:Major party
311:Competitive
301:Elite party
236:Nationalism
166:Agrarianism
104:Centre-Left
84:Centre-Left
5504:Categories
5290:Loony left
5180:Liberalism
4978:2018948259
4719:: 99â120.
4602:. May 2008
3830:2018955266
3698:3 December
3693:2014039877
3647:CISAC 2008
3596:Clark 2018
3457:Mudde 2016
3421:March 2011
3409:March 2011
3368:March 2011
3356:March 2011
3344:March 2011
3305:Brown 2013
3293:Brown 2013
3266:March 2011
3218:Rossi 2021
3206:March 2011
3194:March 2011
3146:March 2011
3026:Brown 2013
2990:March 2011
2966:March 2011
2891:Brown 2013
2804:Brown 2013
2772:Brown 2013
2757:March 2011
2745:March 2011
2631:March 2011
2481:March 2011
2469:March 2011
2457:March 2011
2398:March 2011
2217:March 2011
2205:March 2011
2190:March 2011
1952:References
1933:Trotskyism
1918:Autonomism
1870:Third camp
1813:Montoneros
1759:radicalism
1621:Korean War
1609:Mao Zedong
1545:Yugoslavia
1444:Bolsheviks
1256:See also:
1215:extremists
1191:liberalism
1160:capitalism
1106:liberalism
1015:Stalinists
937:capitalist
913:capitalism
910:neoliberal
870:Ideologies
808:news media
633:Coalitions
551:Party line
340:Mass party
296:Bloc party
271:Syncretism
231:Monarchism
221:Liberalism
158:Ideologies
124:Right-Wing
5325:Soft left
5280:Hard left
5170:Socialism
5165:Communism
5155:Anarchism
5139:New Right
5129:Third Way
5087:Far-Right
4942:Terrorism
4916:2297-7775
4881:154330828
4873:0007-1234
4840:158719628
4832:2159-8282
4824:2159-8312
4733:147247286
4717:Routledge
4678:153120694
4540:234835036
4532:1741-2609
4471:Routledge
4433:Routledge
4361:154948426
4345:Routledge
4303:Routledge
4221:1740-388X
4207:: 23â49.
4174:: 476â489
4086:Routledge
4050:Routledge
4014:Routledge
3776:Routledge
3675:Routledge
3581:Balz 2015
3545:nativism.
3522:1465-1165
2444:253291157
2436:0893-5696
2422:: 24â35.
2263:144904504
2255:0003-1224
2112:158624439
2104:0964-4008
2065:256033370
2057:1356-9317
2016:256033370
2008:1356-9317
1904:Mutualism
1878:Anarchism
1833:Tupamaros
1711:left-wing
1699:Third Way
1515:and into
1453:socialist
1391:Karl Marx
1374:communism
1332:socialism
1330:The term
1289:Taborites
1223:moderates
1219:centrists
1211:far right
1176:Cas Mudde
1150:Positions
1100:Anarchism
1094:Anarchism
1060:Karl Marx
1048:Communism
1039:Communism
1019:Third Way
988:. Modern
979:left-wing
975:socialism
969:Socialism
963:Socialism
929:bourgeois
917:democracy
899:anarchism
895:communism
891:socialism
860:insurgent
852:extremist
824:communism
820:anarchism
601:Two-party
587:One-party
504:Open list
464:Secretary
276:Third Way
266:Socialism
181:Communism
171:Anarchism
139:Far-Right
69:Left-Wing
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