1323:
2487:
1835:
2463:
1780:
1890:
1592:
1491:
1174:
2185:
1243:
2062:
2541:
1725:
1287:
2242:
1298:
1254:
940:
929:
918:
2717:
1670:
1454:
1378:
1265:
2656:
2599:
1276:
2475:
1945:
3115:
537:; one such operation, Prospero, sent messages to Czechoslovakia. From October 1951 to November 1956, the skies of Central Europe were filled with more than 350,000 balloons carrying over 300 million leaflets, posters, books, and other printed matter. The nature of the leaflets varied, and according to Arch Puddington included messages of support and encouragement "to citizens suffering under communist oppression", "satirical criticisms of communist regimes and leaders", information about dissident movements and human rights campaigns, and messages expressing the solidarity of the American people with the residents of Eastern European nations. Puddington stated that "the project served as a publicity tool to solidify RFE's reputation as an unbiased broadcaster".
2384:
2374:
4178:, which in turn reported to the Central Committee. Jamming was an expensive and arduous procedure, and its efficacy is still debated. In 1958, the Central Committee mentioned that the sum spent on jamming was greater than the sum spent on domestic and international broadcasting combined. The Central Committee has admitted that circumventing jamming was both possible and practised in the Soviet Union. Due to limited resources, authorities prioritized jamming based on the location, language, time, and theme of Western transmissions. Highly political programs in Russian, broadcast at prime time to urban centers, were perceived as the most dangerous. Seen as less politically threatening, Western music such as
1139:
1086:
2913:
2883:
2806:
2776:
815:
2925:
2900:
2818:
2793:
875:
1035:
4482:
864:
3462:
3450:
4102:, the people of the Soviet Union "became frustrated with inconsistent and contradictory reports", and 36% of them turned to Western radio to provide accurate and pertinent information. Listenership at RFE/RL "shot up dramatically" as a "great many hours" of broadcast time were devoted to the dissemination of life-saving news and information following the disaster. Broadcast topics included "precautions for exposure to radioactive fallout" and reporting on the plight of the Estonians who were tasked with providing the clean-up operations in Ukraine.
3808:
1582:
1440:
3287:
2072:
1630:
1544:
1534:
3184:
3124:
1216:
3173:
2083:
3888:
3725:
3900:
3713:
3939:
3363:
3032:
749:
495:
804:
790:
726:
712:
1429:
1997:
413:
3677:
3218:
47:
2335:
1420:
3820:
1466:
3912:
2990:
2938:
2831:
4795:
1335:
270:
737:
3638:
3194:
1957:
1902:
1847:
1792:
1737:
4527:
3876:
2553:
4692:, as fact-checking sites. On July 19, 2018, RFE/RL announced it will be returning its news services to Bulgaria and Romania by the end of 2018 amid growing concern about a reversal in democratic gains and attacks on the rule of law and the judiciary in the two countries. The Romanian news service re-launched on January 14, 2019, and the Bulgarian service re-launched on January 21, 2019. On 8 September 2020 the Hungarian service was also relaunched.
2142:
2131:
2422:
1098:
3864:
3069:
2297:
2008:
827:
546:
3405:
3230:
3104:
2254:
2197:
1682:
994:
981:
951:
2729:
1390:
888:
3852:
3592:
3161:
2668:
2611:
2409:
2395:
4078:, who recruited Tumanov in the early 1960s and was his Moscow curator. Nechiporenko has never denied his involvement. In an interview with Radio Liberty in 2003, he justified the bombing on the grounds that RFE/RL was an American propaganda tool against the Soviet Union. Tumanov was exfiltrated back to the USSR in 1986. Nechiporenko contacts with Carlos in the 1970s were confirmed by Nechiporenko himself in an article published by
3975:
3517:
3206:
4127:"Czechowicz is perhaps the most well known communist-era Polish spy who was still an active agent while working at RFE in the late 1960s. Technically, he was not a journalist. As a historian by training, he worked in the RFE's media analysis service in Munich. After more than five years, Czechowicz returned to Poland in 1971 and participated in programs aimed at embarrassing Radio Free Europe and the United States government."
1230:
3769:
3554:
3474:
3323:
1048:
1186:
4035:'s policy, which had determined that the United States would not provide military support for the Revolution. According to Arch Puddington, a former bureau manager for RFL/RL, a number of changes were implemented at RFE in the wake of this scandal, including the establishment of the Broadcast Analysis Division to ensure that broadcasts were accurate and professional while maintaining the journalists' autonomy.
4337:, RFE/RL benefited significantly from the Soviet Union's new openness. Gorbachev stopped the practice of jamming the broadcasts. In addition, dissident politicians and officials could be freely interviewed by RFE/RL for the first time without fearing persecution or imprisonment. By 1990, Radio Liberty had become the most listened-to Western radio station broadcasting to the Soviet Union.
4047:. From the mid-1970s to his overthrow and execution in December 1989, Ceaușescu waged a vengeful war against the RFE/RL under the program "Ether". Ether operations included physical attacks on Romanian journalists working for RFE/RL, including the controversial circumstances surrounding the deaths of three directors of RFE/RL's Romanian Service.
4226:
and fervent anti-communist, was one of RFE's sharpest critics throughout the 1950s. His critical broadcasts inspired other journalists to investigate the inner workings of the organization, including its connection to the CIA. When its CIA ties were exposed in the 1960s, direct funding responsibility
4505:
RFE/RL Chief
Jeffrey Gedmin said in 2008 that the agency's mission is to serve as a surrogate free press in countries where such press is banned by the government or not fully established. It maintains 20 local bureaus. Governments that are subjected to critical reporting often attempt to obstruct
4110:
Communist governments also sent agents to infiltrate RFE's headquarters. Although some remained on staff for extended periods of time, government authorities discouraged their agents from interfering with broadcast activity, fearing that this could arouse suspicions and detract from their original
462:
The United States funded a long list of projects to counter the "Communist appeal" among intellectuals in Europe and the developing world. RFE was developed out of a belief that the Cold War would eventually be fought by political rather than military means. American policymakers such as
4395:(VOA) reported the story, RFE/RL decided to run it too. However, the report later turned out to be false. The story is credited by many sources with inspiring Czechoslovak citizens to join the subsequent (larger) demonstrations which eventually brought down the communist government.
166:
Programs are also available in
Albanian, Armenian, Azerbaijani, Bashkir, Bosnian, Belarusian, Bulgarian, Chechen, Crimean Tatar, Dari, Georgian, Hungarian, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Macedonian, Montenegrin, Pashto, Persian, Romanian, Russian, Serbian, Tajik, Tatar, Turkmen, Ukrainian,
4509:
RFE/RL says that its journalists and freelancers often risk their lives to broadcast information, and their safety has always been a major issue. Reporters have frequently been threatened and persecuted. RFE/RL also faces a number of central security concerns, including
3995:, RFE played a significant role in the collapse of communism and the development of democracy in Eastern Europe. Unlike government-censored programs, RFE publicized anti-Soviet protests and nationalist movements. Its audience increased substantially following the failed
615:
Radio
Liberty expanded its audience by broadcasting programs in languages other than Russian. By March 1954, Radio Liberty was broadcasting six to seven hours daily in eleven languages. By December 1954, Radio Liberty was broadcasting in 17 languages including
4518:, American and Czech authorities agreed to move RFE/RL's Prague headquarters away from the city center in order to make it less vulnerable to terrorist attack. On February 19, 2009, RFE/RL began broadcasting from its new headquarters east of the city center.
565:(Amcomlib) in 1951. Originally named Radio Liberation from Bolshevism, the station was renamed in 1956 to Radio Liberation in 1956, and received its present name, Radio Liberty after a policy statement emphasizing "liberalization" rather than "liberation".
5857:
4326:, a fervent anticommunist, urged the stations to be more critical of the communist regimes. This presented a challenge to RFE/RL's broadcast strategy, which had been very cautious since the controversy over its alleged role in the Hungarian Revolution.
4167:-made radio receivers. However, consumers easily learned that the necessary spare parts were available on the black market, and electronics engineers opposing the idea would gladly convert radios back to being able to receive short-wave transmissions.
4189:
in late 1962, jamming was intensified. The Cuban
Missile Crisis, however, was followed by a five-year period when the jamming of most foreign broadcasters ceased, only to intensify again with the Prague Spring in 1968. It ceased again in 1973, when
4131:
According to
Richard Cummings, former Security Chief of Radio Free Europe, other espionage incidents included a failed attempt by a Czechoslovak Intelligence Service (StB) agent in 1959 to poison the salt shakers in the organization's cafeteria.
490:
of Berlin. According to Arch
Puddington, a former bureau manager for RFE/RL, it was also widely listened to by East Germans. Staffed almost entirely by Germans with minimal U.S. supervision, the station provided free media to German listeners.
340:
since 1995 and has 21 local bureaus with over 500 core staff and 1,300 stringers and freelancers in countries throughout their broadcast region. Additionally, there are 680 employees at the organization's headquarters and corporate office in
4738:, the Russian mass media regulator, had initiated 520 cases against the broadcaster, with total fines for the RL's refusal to mark its content with the "foreign agent" label estimated at $ 2.4m. On May 19, 2021, RL filed a legal case at the
450:
Writer Sig
Mickelson said that the NCFE's mission was to support refugees and provide them with a useful outlet for their opinions and creativity while increasing exposure to the modern world. The NCFE divided its program into three parts:
4774:
service, Radio
Azadliq, was revealed to have a leadership with links to Azerbaijan’s ruling authorities, which censored content critical of the Azerbaijani government and instead published content that promoted the government's agendas.
4162:
The Soviet government turned its efforts towards blocking reception of
Western programs. To limit access to foreign broadcasts, the Central Committee decreed that factories should remove all components allowing short-wave reception from
4727:, Radio Liberty and independent media resources experienced significant pressure from the government and law enforcement. Journalists’ accreditations were cancelled by the authorities on October 2, 2020. On July 16, 2021, the office in
4245:
magazine published an exposé claiming that the CIA was channeling funds to civilian organizations. Further investigation into the CIA's funding activities revealed its connection to both RFE and RL, sparking significant media outrage.
321:, an independent government agency overseeing all international broadcasting services that receive American government support. Nicola Careem is the organization's editor-in-chief. It was established during the early
4286:
According to Arch
Puddington, a former bureau manager for RFL/RL, though both radio stations initially received most of their funding from the CIA, RFE maintained a strong sense of autonomy; Puddington says that under
510:. In late 1950, RFE began to assemble a full-fledged foreign broadcast staff, becoming more than a "mouthpiece for exiles". Teams of journalists were hired for each language service, and an elaborate system of
4604:, RFE/RL's Afghan service. According to REF/RL in 2009, Radio Azadi was the most popular radio station in Afghanistan, and Afghan listeners mailed hundreds of hand-written letters to the station each month.
7561:
4074:, the bombing operation was planned over two years by Department K, with the active involvement of a KGB mole inside the radio station, Oleg Tumanov. This revelation directly implicates KGB colonel
4302:
from Congress, give them to radio managements, and oversee the appropriation of funds. In 1976, the two radio stations merged to form Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) and added the three
4135:
In late 1960, an upheaval in the Czechoslovak service led to a number of dramatic changes in the organization's structure. RFE's New York headquarters could no longer effectively manage their
7381:
7055:
7807:
447:" campaign. In 1950, over 16 million Americans signed Eisenhower's "Freedom Scrolls" on a publicity trip to more than 20 U.S. cities and contributed $ 1,317,000 to the expansion of RFE.
9520:
7586:
Cummings, Richard (2008). "The Ether War: Hostile Intelligence Activities Directed Against Radio Free Europe, Radio Liberty, and the Émigré Community in Munich during the Cold War".
7477:
4506:
the station's activities through a range of tactics, including extensive jamming, shutting down local re-broadcasting affiliates, or finding legal excuses to close down offices.
4645:("Torch"), was created in an attempt to counter the growing number of local Islamic extremist radio stations broadcasting in the border region between Pakistan and Afghanistan.
4055:
On February 21, 1981, RFE/RL's headquarters in Munich was struck by a massive bomb, causing $ 2 million in damage. Several employees were injured, but there were no fatalities.
4198:. The end to jamming came abruptly on 21 November 1988 when Soviet and Eastern European jamming of virtually all foreign broadcasts, including RFE/RL services, ceased at 21:00
5933:
tr. "Andrey Soldatov - Spies are walking around Chechnya glumly... World intelligence centers are studying Russia through North Caucasian binoculars. Today, February 24, 2000"
4550:
suspended broadcasts of Radio Azattyk, RFE/RL's Kyrgyz language service, because it had asked that the government be able to pre-approve its programming. Other states such as
562:
10855:
4291:, the CIA officer in charge of overseeing broadcast services from 1954 to 1971, the CIA took a position of minimal government interference in radio affairs and programming.
4745:
In March 2023, criminal case was opened against Moscow resident Yury Kokhovets, a participant in the RFE/RL's street poll. He faced up to 10 years in prison under Russia's
4210:
During the Cold War, RFE was often criticized in the United States as not being sufficiently anti-communist. Although its non-governmental status spared it from full scale
4365:
11090:
7359:
6025:
5902:
11015:
1585:
6757:
4897:
The RFE broadcast's ('notorious', according to Rawnley) role in the crisis was established by a United Nations Committee looking into the crisis in 1957 already.
110:
11060:
8043:
7873:
7851:
5585:
4098:
on April 26, 1986, the official Eastern Bloc media did not report any news about the disaster, nor any full account for another four months. According to the
9706:
7499:
9137:
6482:
2075:
1547:
7200:
1633:
1537:
7081:
4649:
says that it broadcasts local and international news with in-depth reports on terrorism, politics, women's issues, and health care (with an emphasis on
9185:
7401:
7332:
4501:
in 2001 in the US, the building was protected by security concrete barriers. These reduced the capacity of the most frequented roads in Prague center.
11080:
11055:
4653:). The station broadcasts roundtable discussions and interviews with tribal leaders and local policymakers, in addition to regular call-in programs.
1432:
4542:
RFE/RL says that it continues to struggle with authoritarian regimes for permission to broadcast freely within their countries. On January 1, 2009,
11005:
10840:
10367:
9117:
8016:
7968:
4279:
to deliberate RFE/RL's future. The commission proposed that funding come directly from the United States Congress and that a new organization, the
7288:
8684:
7222:
5614:
5466:
2338:
356:
10926:
8435:
8244:
5931:Андрей Солдатов – По Чечне шпионы ходят хмуро... Мировые разведцентры изучают Россию через северокавказский бинокль. Сегодня, 24 февраля 2000 (
4674:
4119:, Communist Poland's security service) successfully infiltrated the station with an operative, Captain Andrzej Czechowicz. According to former
11000:
5252:
2000:
600:
during World War II. In 1955, Radio Liberty began broadcasting programs to Russia's eastern provinces from shortwave transmitters located on
6858:
867:
10916:
7244:
7005:
2387:
1591:
1490:
1178:
1173:
440:
issued broad policy directives, and a system evolved where broadcast policy was determined through negotiation between them and RFE staff.
7467:
11070:
10890:
9777:
4926:
4734:
In Russia, the government designated radio's website as a "foreign agent" on May 14, 2021. RL's bank accounts were frozen. By that time,
1423:
526:
publications and radio services, creating a body of information that would later serve as a resource for organizations across the world.
11085:
10880:
8036:
7266:
4435:
2134:
7562:"Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Has Lost Its Uniqueness Warns Former Director of Radio Liberty's Russian Service | Free Media Online"
10969:
5835:
2917:
2810:
1143:
1138:
7108:
4918:
4681:– led by RFE/RL in cooperation with VOA – expanded to become a 24/7 digital and TV stream for Russian-speaking audiences worldwide.
11075:
10995:
10921:
8954:
6669:
6927:
6735:
6579:
10357:
9001:
7032:
6004:
4276:
294:
6359:
4139:
subsidiary. As a result major management responsibilities were transferred to Munich, making RFE a European-based organization.
325:, with the goal of providing reliable and independent news to audiences living under authoritarian regimes, particularly in the
10850:
9122:
6530:
2189:
2184:
2061:
1247:
1242:
11010:
10845:
8780:
8467:
8445:
8029:
7964:
7920:
7885:
7863:
7819:
7689:
6181:
4779:
4724:
4618:
The following month RFE/RL introduced a daily, one-hour Russian-language broadcast, broadcasting to the breakaway regions of
4348:
to stay in touch with the Russian people during this turbulent period. Boris Yeltsin later expressed his gratitude through a
9868:
7955:
6814:
367:
as an anti-communist propaganda source in 1949, while RL was founded two years later. They received funds covertly from the
11065:
9687:
9612:
9272:
8872:
8147:
6954:
6836:
5117:
4670:
4295:
4280:
4031:, RFE broadcasts encouraged rebels to fight and suggested that Western support was imminent. These RFE broadcasts violated
3118:
2540:
1729:
1724:
1291:
1286:
421:
364:
7130:
6695:
5401:
4634:), focused on local and international news and current affairs, organized in coordination with RFE/RL's Georgian Service.
11045:
11040:
10885:
9292:
8425:
7785:
7310:
6029:
5910:
4696:
2246:
2241:
1596:
1302:
1297:
1258:
1253:
944:
939:
928:
917:
8534:
8462:
6800:
4283:(BIB) would simultaneously link the stations and the federal government, and serve as an editorial buffer between them.
11030:
10974:
10327:
9422:
8400:
8285:
8239:
8234:
8180:
7526:
5967:
5239:
3114:
2892:
2887:
2785:
2780:
2716:
1674:
1669:
1453:
1382:
1377:
1269:
1264:
436:
in 1949. RFE/RL received funds covertly from the CIA until 1972. During RFE's earliest years of existence, the CIA and
4806:
2383:
2373:
10059:
9622:
8892:
8833:
8076:
7841:
7712:
7635:
6457:
6400:
6173:
6136:
5166:
4931:
4585:, to "violently disrupt the Iraqi broadcasting of Radio Free Europe". IIS planned to attack the headquarters with an
4486:
4404:
4265:
2660:
2655:
2603:
2598:
2491:
2486:
1839:
1834:
1327:
1322:
1280:
1275:
437:
8630:
7662:(Trans. by Maya Latynski. Cold War International History Project Series) (Stanford University Press, 2015). 456 pp.
5944:Евгений Крутиков – Шпиономания. В Тель-Авиве предостерегают Россию от пакистанской разведки. Известия, 9 июля 2001 (
9762:
9757:
9252:
9215:
8944:
8390:
5593:
4746:
4416:
4195:
3141:
2467:
2462:
1784:
1779:
1458:
1090:
1085:
9440:
9302:
8986:
11025:
9863:
9792:
9692:
9570:
9342:
9332:
8919:
8306:
7901:
6714:
4704:
4612:
4344:
enriched sparse domestic coverage of the event and drew in a wide audience. The broadcasts allowed Gorbachev and
4143:
3466:
3251:
2930:
2823:
2479:
2474:
1949:
1944:
1894:
1889:
807:
729:
396:
9257:
9144:
9132:
4260:
18, which would have removed funding for RFE and RL from the CIA's budget, appropriated $ 30 million to pay for
11020:
9913:
9682:
9262:
9164:
8897:
8341:
8336:
7152:
6195:
5946:
tr. "Evgeny Krutikov - Spy mania. Tel Aviv warns Russia against Pakistani intelligence. Izvestia, July 9, 2001"
4739:
4361:
2316:
covered by the Slovak Desk of the Czechoslovak Service (1950–1954, 1955–1993) and by Slovak Service (1993–2004)
986:
84:
9582:
9312:
8823:
8595:
11095:
11050:
10860:
9875:
9828:
9592:
9515:
9247:
8142:
4873:
4408:
2400:
880:
529:
In addition to its regular broadcasts, RFE spread broadcasts through a series of operations that distributed
9307:
9016:
8939:
8610:
4446:
proceeded for three more years under the agreement with Czech Radio. In 2004 RFE/RL stopped broadcasting to
4112:
11035:
9893:
9853:
9823:
9772:
9632:
9550:
9546:
9417:
9347:
9112:
8929:
8695:
8590:
8522:
8052:
7772:
7382:"Russian police upgrade charges against Moscow resident in 'fake news' case over comment for Radio Liberty"
6928:"'We got our f**** a***s beat, Yankees made their point': Russian mercenaries in Syria lament U.S. strikes"
6517:
4708:
4590:
4028:
4016:
2905:
2798:
589:
483:
318:
180:
6772:
4570:
prohibit re-broadcasting to local stations, making programming difficult for average listeners to access.
4370:
10865:
10337:
10332:
10049:
9727:
9455:
9200:
9159:
9103:
9006:
8887:
8845:
8750:
8275:
8229:
7829:
4236:
2414:
1040:
793:
715:
530:
479:. The implementation of surrogate radio stations was a key part of the greater psychological war effort.
368:
7915:
6992:
6979:
5060:
297:-funded international media organization that broadcasts and reports news, information, and analyses to
10702:
9923:
9908:
9898:
9752:
9352:
8840:
8643:
8410:
4582:
4111:
purpose of gathering information on the radio station's activities. From 1965 to 1971, an agent of the
169:
In the past also Polish, Czech, Slovak, Lithuanian, Latvian, Estonian and various other languages; see
379:
regularly jammed the organization's radio signals. Between 1949 and 1995, RFE/RL was headquartered at
10931:
10807:
10752:
10572:
9560:
9267:
8828:
8440:
8357:
6449:
6416:
4767:, has accepted a request from the Culture Ministry to ban the operations of RFE/RL's Kyrgyz Service.
4059:
files opened after 1989 indicated that the bombing was carried out by a group under the direction of
819:
814:
514:
provided up-to-date broadcast material. Most of this material came from a network of well-connected
10557:
10124:
9387:
9277:
9031:
8575:
7444:
3917:
3263:
1575:
1495:
741:
736:
20:
10297:
7756:
Cold War Radio: The Russian Broadcasts of the Voice of America and Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
9787:
9732:
9717:
9657:
9465:
9445:
9205:
8882:
8487:
7419:
6786:
4753:
8690:
4742:, accusing the Russian government of violating freedom of expression and freedom of the media.
4012:
10577:
10081:
9475:
9149:
8625:
8385:
8380:
8173:
6553:
6392:
4412:
4387:
believed this account and passed it along to major news organizations, who broadcast it. After
3292:
2969:
2862:
2367:
585:
534:
511:
10787:
592:
on the outskirts of Munich, employing several former Nazi agents who had been involved in the
549:
Antennas of RFE's/RL's transmission facilities on the beach of Pals (Catalonia, Spain) in 2005
486:(RIAS) a U.S. government-sponsored radio service initially intended for Germans living in the
336:
Presented in 27 languages to 23 countries, RFE/RL has been headquartered in the Czech city of
10812:
10096:
10091:
9858:
9747:
9702:
9662:
9597:
9541:
9460:
9242:
9056:
8934:
8852:
8760:
8725:
8635:
8580:
8477:
8318:
4859:
4319:
4239:
until 1972. The CIA's relationship with the radio stations began to break down in 1967, when
4199:
3303:
2523:
2519:
314:
7174:
6654:
5884:
4600:
urged his government to provide assistance to a rape victim after listening to her story on
4434:
in Bosnian, Croatian, and Serbian languages. In the late 1990s RFE/RL launched broadcast to
4000:
581:
388:
10352:
10119:
9974:
9928:
9843:
9838:
9637:
9536:
9485:
9480:
9372:
9327:
9282:
9220:
9051:
9026:
8976:
8904:
8818:
8668:
8270:
8249:
8135:
4878:
4854:
4515:
4250:
4186:
3996:
3630:
1717:
657:
76:
6787:"FLASHBACK (Sep. 18, 2009) Holbrooke at RFE Event: 'Deal with Taliban Propaganda Head-On'"
5843:
4637:
On January 15, 2010, RFE/RL began broadcasting to the Pashtun tribal areas of Pakistan in
4064:
4044:
576:
four days later. In order to better serve a greater geographic area, RFE supplemented its
506:, West Germany, and on July 4 of the same year RFE completed its first broadcast aimed at
8:
10797:
10712:
10707:
10607:
10470:
10267:
10151:
10066:
9954:
9807:
9802:
9782:
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9672:
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9412:
9407:
9397:
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8969:
8755:
8745:
8472:
8395:
8365:
8349:
4935:
4669:, "to provide audiences in countries bordering Russia with a balanced alternative to the
4650:
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4349:
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2699:
2533:
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2177:
1219:
621:
444:
392:
9652:
9565:
8021:
7445:"Bishkek Court Approves Ministry Request To Shut Down RFE/RL's Operations In Kyrgyzstan"
5014:
4986:
10951:
10747:
10732:
10657:
10637:
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10212:
9964:
9848:
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8924:
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8539:
8430:
8420:
8003:
7989:
7959:
7743:
7624:
7603:
5679:
5671:
5202:
5137:
4840:. The program was cancelled on April 10, 2004 due to "the change of Liberty's format".
4715:
to register as foreign agents under the law ФЗ N 121-ФЗ / 20.07.2012 in December 2017.
4215:
4095:
4070:
But, according to the former head of the KGB Counterintelligence Department K, general
4004:
3944:
3905:
3718:
3705:
3618:
3387:
activated as part of Czechoslovak Service (1950–1992) and as Czech Service (1993–1995)
2648:
2234:
1078:
973:
617:
468:
425:
10647:
10476:
7975:
6001:
4214:
investigations, several RFE journalists, including the director of the Czech service,
863:
10964:
10817:
10762:
10737:
10692:
10622:
10597:
10562:
10552:
10521:
10408:
10292:
10262:
9999:
9989:
9903:
9797:
9642:
9357:
9154:
9011:
8964:
8862:
8813:
8787:
8765:
8605:
8585:
8529:
8517:
8331:
8166:
7881:
7859:
7837:
7815:
7759:
7747:
7724:"Stealing the Monopoly of Knowledge?: Soviet Reactions to U.S. Cold War Broadcasting"
7708:
7701:
7685:
7631:
7607:
6604:
6522:
6463:
6453:
6396:
6177:
6169:
6132:
5963:
5735:"Policy Review of Voice for Free Hungary Programming, October 23 – November 23, 1956"
5683:
5663:
5235:
5194:
5162:
4403:
In 1995, RFE/RL moved its headquarters from Munich to Prague, to the building of the
4330:
4223:
4151:
4075:
4060:
4032:
3509:
3454:
3397:
3096:
2709:
1662:
1623:
1395:
1370:
1131:
922:
857:
661:
653:
597:
522:
and based its bureaus in regions popular with exiles. RFE also extensively monitored
420:
Radio Free Europe was created and grew in its early years through the efforts of the
380:
10941:
10612:
7663:
7201:"Belarus authorities block access to more independent media added to extremist list"
6629:
6511:
5810:
3187:
3127:
1581:
518:
and interviews with travelers and defectors. RFE did not use paid agents inside the
10727:
10652:
10582:
10567:
10547:
10494:
10277:
10272:
10252:
10202:
10192:
10019:
9984:
9969:
9918:
9647:
9587:
9427:
9086:
9066:
8775:
8717:
8711:
8678:
8658:
8648:
8497:
8298:
8290:
8064:
8010:
7996:
7982:
7735:
7677:
7669:
7595:
7082:"Amidst Political Turmoil in Belarus, a Revival of Trust in Independent Journalism"
6445:
War of the black heavens : the battles of Western broadcasting in the Cold War
6384:
5659:
5655:
5129:
4863:
4712:
4662:
4494:
4392:
4376:
4154:
would later recall secretly listening to the broadcasts despite the heavy jamming.
4147:
4120:
4099:
3800:
3761:
3654:
3584:
3546:
3279:
3267:
3178:
3153:
2982:
2591:
2545:
2051:
2039:
1652:
covered by Russian Service (1970s–2009) and by Ekho Kavkaza Service (2009–present)
1615:
covered by Russian Service (1970s–2009) and by Ekho Kavkaza Service (2009–present)
1567:
covered by Russian Service (1970s–2009) and by Ekho Kavkaza Service (2009–present)
1515:
covered by Russian Service (1970s–2009) and by Ekho Kavkaza Service (2009–present)
1315:
1166:
649:
637:
554:
464:
342:
7223:"Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Belarus, Russia: Official pressure rising against RFE/RL"
5619:
2302:
2071:
1629:
1543:
1533:
10946:
10802:
10792:
10777:
10757:
10742:
10717:
10662:
10427:
10395:
10287:
10247:
10009:
10004:
9944:
9885:
9617:
9495:
9322:
9287:
9195:
9190:
8914:
8808:
8482:
8415:
8405:
8370:
8326:
8313:
8265:
8125:
8113:
8093:
7769:
Broadcasting Freedom: The Cold War Triumph of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty
7530:
6163:
6008:
4868:
4833:
4700:
4638:
4608:
4439:
4191:
3682:
3437:
3315:
3223:
3183:
3123:
3061:
2514:
2455:
1827:
1772:
1523:
1483:
1027:
779:
629:
625:
609:
8909:
5644:"Radio Free Europe and the Catholic Church in Poland During the 1950s and 1960s"
375:
frequently sent agents to infiltrate RFE's headquarters, and the Soviet Union's
19:"Radio Free Europe" and "Radio Liberty" redirect here. For the R.E.M. song, see
10772:
10697:
10687:
10682:
10542:
10282:
10071:
9994:
9722:
9627:
9377:
9317:
8949:
8867:
8770:
8730:
8700:
8600:
8555:
7138:
6360:"1989: the Velvet Revolution in context (or how 'November' began in 'January')"
4685:
4578:
4511:
4490:
4443:
3749:
covered by Russian Service (1953–2002) and Ekho Kavkaza Service (2016–present)
3368:
3355:
3037:
3024:
2721:
2377:
2289:
2124:
2065:
2037:
covered by Russian Service (1970s–2002) and Ekho Kavkaza Service (2016–present)
1937:
1882:
754:
701:
645:
641:
633:
593:
507:
494:
298:
7681:
7599:
7056:"Russia designates Radio Free Europe and Voice of America as 'foreign agents'"
6871:
5872:
Spymaster. My Thirty-two Years in Intelligence and Espionage Against the West.
5734:
847:
the Slovak desk split from Czechoslovak Service as Slovak Service (1993–2004)
572:
on March 1, 1953, gaining a substantial audience when it covered the death of
10989:
10936:
10782:
10677:
10642:
10627:
10587:
10129:
9959:
9697:
9607:
9470:
9450:
9337:
9098:
9076:
9041:
8620:
8615:
8570:
8492:
8452:
8201:
8118:
7472:
7386:
7360:"Radio Free Europe sues Russia at European court over 'foreign agent' action"
7033:"RT's editor-in-chief on election meddling, being labeled Russian propaganda"
6526:
5667:
5198:
4837:
4646:
4642:
4619:
4345:
4323:
4303:
4272:
4253:
4171:
3925:
3825:
2995:
1990:
1471:
1215:
933:
803:
789:
725:
711:
573:
433:
412:
352:
125:
112:
31:
24:
7723:
7538:
6467:
5760:
5581:
4960:
3992:
3088:
activated as Slovak Desk of the Czechoslovak Service, between 1950 and 1993
1996:
10722:
10672:
10602:
10592:
10446:
10434:
10421:
10227:
10054:
9555:
8803:
8653:
8512:
8507:
8502:
8208:
7468:"Former Radio Free Europe staff demand probe over 'pro-Azerbaijan content'"
7109:"RFE/RL office raided, journalists detained as Belarus crackdown continues"
6485:[Dead Šmíd from Národní třída. A major event that did not happen].
6363:
6168:, Martin J. Manning, Herbert Romerstein. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004.
5887:[Radio Liberty: Programs: History and Modernity: Time Difference].
4735:
4597:
4559:
4498:
4219:
4164:
4071:
3259:
1340:
1223:
769:
the Czech desk split from Czechoslovak Service as Czech Service (1993–1995)
558:
519:
476:
429:
372:
360:
330:
326:
302:
269:
7794:
Radio Free Europe and the pursuit of democracy: My War Within the Cold War
7739:
7500:"Radio Free Europe named 'undesirable organisation' by Russian government"
7402:"'I stand by my opinion': Russian on trial for critical Ukraine interview"
5098:
5063:. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. www.rferl.org. Retrieved 1 August 2024.
3051:
activated as Czech Desk of the Czechoslovak Service, between 1950 and 1993
2447:
covered by Russian Service (1953–1954) and Ukrainian Service (1954–1960s)
2334:
1419:
46:
10767:
10372:
10342:
10197:
10187:
10086:
9949:
9742:
9231:
9061:
9046:
8857:
8705:
8673:
8560:
8375:
8280:
8219:
8108:
8103:
6902:
6443:
4601:
4535:
4341:
4261:
4257:
4211:
3755:
3616:
covered by Russian Service (1953–1975) and by Latvian Service (1975–2001)
3574:
3006:
2942:
2937:
2912:
2882:
2835:
2830:
2805:
2775:
569:
523:
515:
503:
487:
310:
223:
192:
6801:"RFE/RL Launching Russian-Language Show to South Ossetia & Abkhazia"
5675:
5643:
5253:"U.S. Repeals Propaganda Ban, Spreads Government-Made News to Americans"
5206:
5182:
4794:
1428:
443:
Radio Free Europe received widespread public support from Eisenhower's "
10526:
10237:
10207:
10161:
10076:
10044:
10036:
9979:
9667:
9382:
9071:
8959:
8565:
8086:
7703:
America's Other Voice: the Story of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty
6487:
5885:"Радио Свобода: Программы: История и современность: Разница во времени"
5141:
5073:
5042:
4771:
4764:
4567:
4563:
4547:
4543:
4526:
4467:
4431:
4430:
in 1997. On January 31, 1994, RFE/RL launched broadcasts to the former
4380:
4288:
4249:
In 1971, the radio stations came under public spotlight once more when
3881:
3643:
3497:
3199:
2425:
1962:
1907:
1852:
1797:
1742:
9180:
7940:
7245:"Belarus expands opposition crackdown with raids on independent media"
6885:"Настоящее Время – новости и репортажи из России, Украины, стран Азии"
6872:
Current Time Network Launches Real News, For Real People, In Real Time
5563:
4661:
On October 14, 2014, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) and the
10822:
10667:
10516:
10489:
10302:
10257:
10166:
10134:
10114:
10106:
9435:
9225:
7971:
and made publicly available through the Wilson Center Digital Archive
7653:
Cold War Broadcasting: Impact on the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe.
5470:
4546:
imposed a ban on all foreign media in the country, including RFE/RL.
4455:
2558:
2421:
2147:
2130:
577:
545:
7796:. Yale University Press. Urban was the director of RFE in the 1980s.
7006:"RFE/RL Relaunches Operations In Hungary Amid Drop In Media Freedom"
5133:
3659:
covered by the Serbian Desk of Balkan Service between 1994 and 2000
3538:
covered by the Serbian Desk of Balkan Service between 1994 and 1999
3421:
909:
10401:
10242:
10139:
10014:
9833:
9737:
8877:
8735:
8189:
4836:
from 1989 to 2004. The theme song of the program was "So Tired" by
4623:
4471:
4459:
4384:
4334:
4294:
In 1974, they came under the control of an organization called the
3974:
3869:
3813:
3074:
2511:
covered by Kazakh, Kyrgyz and Uzbek Services (1953–1966, 1979–1998)
2088:
2056:
2013:
1445:
1407:
1103:
832:
472:
387:. Another broadcast site was operated at the Portuguese village of
348:
322:
306:
9521:
Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union
3246:
10347:
10232:
10222:
10171:
9712:
8457:
8081:
6554:"RFE/RL's Vidishiqi Recalls 25 Years, One Mission In The Balkans"
4849:
4760:
4551:
4531:
4475:
4463:
4447:
4423:
4388:
3693:
3410:
3235:
3109:
2734:
2259:
2202:
1687:
1528:
1119:
999:
956:
893:
798:
784:
7333:"Kremlin bears down on Moscow bureau of US-funded radio station"
7289:"Belarus conducts new raids on journalists and rights activists"
6483:"Mrtvý Šmíd z Národní třídy. Stěžejní událost, která se nestala"
5860:[Oleg Tumanov, "KGB AGENT CONFESSIONS", PART III - end].
3955:
2271:
498:
Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Building in Prague-Hagibor, 2008
10415:
10217:
10156:
9091:
8130:
6837:"RFE/RL Launches Radio Station in Pakistan's Pashtun Heartland"
6815:"RFE/RL Launches Radio Station in Pakistan's Pashtun Heartland"
6131:. Budapest: Central European University Press. pp. 51–64.
5903:"The Russian Teddy Bear was a KGB Mole: The Oleg Tumanov Story"
4961:"RFE/RL – Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty – Source description"
4530:
A reporter for RFE/RL's Afghan Service interviews a citizen in
4451:
4427:
4415:
reduced funding significantly and placed the service under the
4136:
4008:
3979:
3931:
3857:
3836:
3597:
3533:
3522:
3442:
3426:
covered by the Romanian Service between 1950–1953 and 1990–1998
3328:
3211:
3166:
2875:
2673:
2616:
2318:
2104:
1191:
1053:
1015:
720:
706:
601:
384:
337:
267:
rferlo2zxgv23tct66v45s5mecftol5vod3hf4rqbipfp46fqu2q56ad.onion
148:
7648:(Woodrow Wilson Center Press, Stanford University Press, 2010)
7646:
Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty: The CIA Years and Beyond.
6884:
6659:, interview with RFE/RL President Thomas Dine, January 9, 2002
4375:, a porter at a dormitory in Prague, reported that a student,
4309:
3785:
563:
American Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia
10900:
10856:
American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation
10362:
10145:
8224:
5858:"Олег Туманов, "ПРИЗНАНИЯ АГЕНТА КГБ", ЧАСТЬ III – окончание"
5586:"RFE demolished the information wall of the communist regime"
5467:"Soviet Cold War Operations against RFE/RL Ukrainian Service"
5443:
5282:
4728:
4586:
4352:
allowing Radio Liberty to open a permanent bureau in Moscow.
4056:
2958:
2851:
1352:
604:. In 1959, Radio Liberty commenced broadcasts from a base at
456:
452:
68:
1949 (Radio Free Europe), 1953 (Radio Liberty), 1976 (merger)
7834:
A Szabad Európa Rádió a forradalom napjaiban – Autobiography
4607:
In September 2009, RFE/RL announced that it would begin new
3491:
1699:
580:
from Lampertheim with broadcasts from a transmitter base at
399:, the organization's European operations have been reduced.
10440:
10322:
8214:
8158:
8069:
7878:
Antologia Radio Europa Liberă – 101 contribuții (1956-1990)
7131:"Journalism in Belarus: 'Like walking through a minefield'"
6026:"Cummings, Richard, "The Best Spy Stories of the Cold War""
4782:' by Russia, effectively making it illegal in the country.
4574:
4555:
4179:
3774:
3559:
3479:
3461:
3449:
2768:
2214:
2159:
1974:
1864:
1809:
1754:
1235:
1203:
605:
7527:"Дмитрий Савицкий: "Я был антисоветчиком с младых ногтей""
4364:
in 1989 and brutal crackdown by Czechoslovak riot police,
2437:
10895:
10875:
10870:
8051:
7932:
6859:
New TV Show Brings 'Facts, not Lies', to Russian Speakers
5648:
Canadian Slavonic Papers / Revue Canadienne des Slavistes
5118:"The voices of America in international radio propaganda"
4175:
1919:
502:
In January 1950, the NCFE obtained a transmitter base at
416:
Radio Free Europe/ Radio Liberty Newsroom in Munich, 1994
376:
6736:"Czech Intelligence Reveals Iraqi Plot To Attack RFE/RL"
6218:
6216:
5234:
Weiner, Tim: "Legacy of Ashes", p. 36. Doubleday, 2007.
4731:
and homes of the journalists were raided by the police.
664:, and other languages of the Caucasus and Central Asia.
7782:
Sparks of Liberty: An Insider's Memoir of Radio Liberty
7728:
Kritika: Explorations in Russian & Eurasian History
7311:"Russia freezes bank accounts of US broadcaster RFE/RL"
7128:
5836:""Voices of Hope" Hoover Institution exhibit on RFE/RL"
5761:"The 1956 Hungarian Revolution: A History in Documents"
4665:(VOA) launched a new Russian-language TV news program,
4043:
RFE was seen as a serious threat by Romanian president
5988:
Sparks of Liberty: An Insiders Memoir of Radio Liberty
5448:
5446:
5289:
5287:
5285:
260:
7856:
Ne-au ținut în viață – Radio Europa Liberă, 1970-1990
7267:"Belarus Jails Students and Raids Media in Crackdown"
6955:"RFE/RL To Launch News Services In Romania, Bulgaria"
6269:
6267:
6213:
5218:
5216:
4355:
4170:
The most extensive form of reception obstruction was
2357:
covered by Uzbek Service (1953–1960s, 1970s–present)
6670:"Radio Free Europe opens new headquarters in Prague"
5714:
5615:"Sixty years of RFE: 'Best propaganda is the truth'"
5404:, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (August 22, 2016).
3428:
covered by the Russian Service between 1953 and 1990
253:
7655:(Budapest: Central European University Press, 2010)
5877:
5431:
8009:is available for free viewing and download at the
7995:is available for free viewing and download at the
7981:is available for free viewing and download at the
7941:"Farda English - Life Inside Iran - Iran protests"
7700:
7623:
7466:Adilgizi, Lamiya; Rowley, Tom (8 September 2023).
6510:
6264:
6228:
6187:
5962:. Hoover Institute Press Publication. p. 57.
5213:
4684:Around 2017, Voice of America and RFE/RL launched
3991:According to certain European politicians such as
3978:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty transmitter site,
371:until 1972. The two organizations merged in 1976.
11091:United States government propaganda organizations
7175:"Belarus: Freedom on the Net 2022 Country Report"
4514:attacks and general terrorist threats. After the
3846:covered by Georgian Service between 1953 and 2009
3790:covered by Persian Service between 1998 and 2002
2758:covered by Russian Service between 1953 and 1975
2640:covered by Russian Service between 1953 and 1975
2583:covered by Russian Service between 1953 and 1975
2281:covered by Russian Service between 1953 and 1954
2224:covered by Russian Service between 1953 and 1954
10987:
10841:List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States
7969:Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars
7533:: "I was an anti-Soviet from a young age"].
6002:Old spy scandals still haunting US broadcasters?
4671:disinformation produced by Russian media outlets
4063:(known as "Carlos the Jackal"), and paid for by
2697:covered by Russian Service between 1953 and 1975
11016:Central Intelligence Agency front organizations
9278:North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972
8685:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences
6580:"An Interview with RFE/RL Chief Jeffrey Gedmin"
6193:
4919:"Inspection of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty"
7806:
7465:
7153:"Belarus: Crackdown on Independent Journalism"
7073:
6696:"First Broadcast From New RFE/RL Headquarters"
6389:Revolution 1989: The Fall Of The Soviet Empire
5159:Safe for Democracy: The Secret Wars of the CIA
4965:European Country of Origin Information Network
3016:covered by Russian Service (1953–early 1990s)
11061:Organizations listed in Russia as undesirable
8174:
8037:
7651:Johnson, A. Ross and R. Eugene Parta (eds.),
6715:"Azerbaijan Bans RFE/RL, VOA, BBC Broadcasts"
5811:"Special Feature: The 1981 Bombing of RFE/RL"
4756:for the coverage of Russia's War on Ukraine.
4050:
351:, RFE was primarily aimed at broadcasting to
10917:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War
8468:Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council
7660:Poland's War on Radio Free Europe, 1950–1989
7225:. US Agency for Global Media. 9 October 2020
7129:Bogdana Alexandrowskaja (26 November 2020).
7100:
6165:Historical dictionary of American propaganda
6126:
4105:
9778:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
7965:RFE/RL collection of declassified documents
7198:
6756:Kathleen Parker "Mightier than the Sword".
6577:
6127:Johnson, A. Ross; Parta, R. Eugene (2010).
5981:
5979:
5187:Georgetown Journal of International Affairs
4927:Office of Inspector General (United States)
4268:to temporarily oversee the radio stations.
4218:, were accused of being soft on Communism.
10881:United States involvement in regime change
8436:1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine
8181:
8167:
8044:
8030:
7766:
7145:
7122:
6309:
6297:
6273:
6258:
6246:
6222:
6151:
6078:
6054:
5874:Basic Books, Philadelphia, 2009 pp. 224–25
5784:
5708:
5413:
5389:
5377:
5365:
5341:
5329:
5317:
5276:
5222:
4752:In 2022, Radio Free Europe was awarded an
4379:, had been killed during the clashes. The
557:countries, Radio Liberty broadcast to the
7698:
7357:
6578:Geran Pilon, Juliana (12 December 2008).
6383:
6285:
6234:
6042:
5696:
5550:
5538:
5526:
5490:
5465:Cummings, Richard H. (14 December 2021).
5402:Using Balloons to Breach The Iron Curtain
5353:
5305:
4725:Belarusian presidential elections of 2020
4703:to register as a foreign agent under the
4015:in 1956 served as an inspiration for the
2918:Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan
2811:Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan
11056:Media listed in Russia as foreign agents
7721:
7668:
7585:
7524:
7192:
7167:
6712:
6114:
6102:
6090:
6066:
5976:
5796:
5732:
5720:
5641:
5464:
5452:
5293:
4778:In February 2024, RFE was listed as an '
4525:
4480:
4318:Funding for RFE/RL increased during the
3973:
3347:activated as Polish Service (1950–1994)
2114:covered by Russian Service (1970s–2002)
544:
493:
411:
11006:American propaganda during the Cold War
9007:Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)
7621:
7420:"2022 Online Journalism Awards Winners"
7079:
6730:
6728:
6509:Ash, Timothy Garton (5 November 2009).
5514:
5502:
5437:
5425:
5037:
5035:
4589:from a window across the street. Czech
4306:language services to their repertoire.
4298:(BIB). The BIB was designed to receive
3999:and the highly publicized defection of
3951:
3832:
3781:
3689:
3650:
3529:
3432:Romanian Service split from it in 2019
3430:Romanian Service merged into it in 2008
3417:
3299:
3242:
3002:
2952:
2845:
2433:
2267:
2210:
2155:
2098:
1970:
1915:
1860:
1805:
1750:
1695:
1403:
1348:
1199:
1113:
1009:
903:
553:Whereas Radio Free Europe broadcast to
10988:
10851:Russian espionage in the United States
9123:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
7956:RFE/RL Broadcast and Corporate Records
7828:
7106:
7053:
6952:
6441:
6357:
5250:
5115:
5009:
5007:
4573:In 1998, RFE/RL began broadcasting to
3986:
568:Radio Liberty began broadcasting from
170:
10846:Soviet espionage in the United States
9002:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966
8781:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution
8446:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight
8162:
8025:
7872:
7850:
7779:
7758:(University of Nebraska Press, 2022)
7480:from the original on 8 September 2023
6551:
6480:
6345:
6333:
6321:
6196:"Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty"
5985:
5957:
5733:Griffith, William (4 November 2002).
5580:
5180:
5176:
5174:
5153:
5151:
4825:
4485:In 1994–2008, RFE/RL used the former
4123:Polish service director Ted Lipien:
4094:For the first two days following the
4089:
963:split from Moldavian service in 2019
961:merged into Moldavian Service in 2008
23:. For the UCKG UK radio station, see
11081:Soviet Union–United States relations
11001:1949 establishments in New York City
10922:Soviet Union–United States relations
9273:1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China
8148:Worldnet Television and Film Service
7707:. New York, NY: Praeger Publishers.
6725:
6713:Sindelar, Daisy (30 December 2008).
6533:from the original on 15 January 2016
6481:Šiška, Miroslav (18 November 2018).
6194:A. Ross Johnson (7 September 2021).
5032:
4832:The program was a musical review by
4789:
4407:. It had been vacant since the 1992
4296:Board for International Broadcasting
4281:Board for International Broadcasting
3119:Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
2023:
667:
422:National Committee for a Free Europe
407:
365:National Committee for a Free Europe
16:US-funded international media outlet
10886:Soviet involvement in regime change
7812:Directorul postului nostru de radio
7786:Pennsylvania State University Press
7155:. Human Rights Watch. 29 March 2021
7080:Phillip, Annie (23 November 2020).
6552:Shute, Claudia (12 February 2019).
6508:
5004:
4697:United States Department of Justice
1597:Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Oblast
13:
11071:Radio stations established in 1949
10927:Soviet Union–United States summits
8401:1947 Polish parliamentary election
8286:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states
7447:. Radio Free Europe. 29 April 2023
7054:Osborn, Andrew (4 December 2017).
6721:. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty.
6358:Kenety, Brian (16 November 2019).
5809:Cummings, Richard (9 April 2008).
5171:
5148:
4426:in 1993 and stopped broadcasts to
4356:Czechoslovakia's Velvet Revolution
4264:1972 activities, and required the
4003:. Arch Puddington argues that its
2888:Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
2781:Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
14:
11107:
11086:Ukrainian-language radio stations
9688:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
9623:United States invasion of Grenada
8893:Guinea-Bissau War of Independence
8834:Expulsion of Soviets from Albania
8077:Middle East Broadcasting Networks
7895:
7676:. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK.
7525:Yakovlev, Denis (22 April 2006).
7030:
6702:(Press release). 4 February 2009.
6417:"Unraveling the Šmid death story"
5758:
4932:United States Department of State
3969:
3053:operated as RSE Inc. (1995–2002)
1068:operated as RWE Inc. (1995–1997)
771:operated as RSE Inc. (1995–2002)
9763:United States invasion of Panama
9613:1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War
9253:1971 Turkish military memorandum
9216:Communist insurgency in Thailand
9186:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
9118:Communist insurgency in Malaysia
8945:Assassination of John F. Kennedy
8873:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation
8391:Restatement of Policy on Germany
7588:Journal of Transatlantic Studies
7559:
7553:
7518:
7492:
7459:
7437:
7412:
7394:
7374:
7351:
7325:
7303:
7281:
7269:. The Moscow Times. 16 July 2021
7259:
7237:
7215:
7047:
7024:
6998:
6985:
6972:
6946:
6920:
6895:
6877:
6864:
6851:
6829:
6807:
6793:
6779:
6448:(1st ed.). Syracuse, N.Y.:
5990:. Penn State Press. p. 195.
5960:Discoverying the Hidden Listener
5594:Government of the Czech Republic
5059:Staff Writer. (1 August 2024).
4793:
4521:
4442:in Macedonian. Broadcast to the
4417:United States Information Agency
4205:
4182:was often transmitted unjammed.
4142:According to Puddington, Polish
3937:
3910:
3898:
3886:
3874:
3862:
3850:
3818:
3806:
3767:
3723:
3711:
3675:
3636:
3590:
3552:
3515:
3472:
3460:
3448:
3403:
3384:Radio Svobodna Europa (RSE Inc.)
3361:
3321:
3285:
3228:
3216:
3204:
3192:
3182:
3171:
3159:
3142:Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina
3122:
3113:
3102:
3067:
3030:
2988:
2936:
2923:
2911:
2898:
2881:
2829:
2816:
2804:
2791:
2774:
2727:
2715:
2666:
2654:
2609:
2597:
2551:
2539:
2485:
2473:
2461:
2420:
2407:
2393:
2382:
2372:
2333:
2295:
2252:
2240:
2195:
2183:
2140:
2129:
2081:
2070:
2060:
2006:
1995:
1955:
1943:
1900:
1888:
1845:
1833:
1790:
1778:
1735:
1723:
1680:
1668:
1628:
1590:
1580:
1542:
1532:
1489:
1464:
1459:South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast
1452:
1438:
1427:
1418:
1388:
1376:
1333:
1321:
1296:
1285:
1274:
1263:
1252:
1241:
1228:
1214:
1184:
1172:
1137:
1096:
1084:
1046:
1033:
992:
979:
949:
938:
927:
916:
886:
873:
862:
825:
813:
802:
788:
747:
735:
724:
710:
540:
402:
268:
45:
11076:Russian-language radio stations
10996:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
10483:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
9864:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
9793:Fall of the inner German border
9693:1988 Black Sea bumping incident
9343:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
9333:Spanish transition to democracy
9293:1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency
8920:Communist insurgency in Sarawak
8426:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948
8307:Occupation of the Baltic states
8099:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
7907:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
7579:
7199:Tanya Lokot (5 November 2021).
7010:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
6959:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
6765:
6750:
6706:
6688:
6676:. Associated Press. 12 May 2009
6662:
6648:
6622:
6597:
6571:
6545:
6502:
6474:
6435:
6409:
6377:
6351:
6339:
6327:
6315:
6303:
6291:
6279:
6252:
6240:
6157:
6145:
6120:
6108:
6096:
6084:
6072:
6060:
6048:
6036:
6018:
5994:
5951:
5938:
5925:
5895:
5864:
5850:
5828:
5815:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
5802:
5790:
5778:
5752:
5726:
5702:
5690:
5635:
5607:
5574:
5556:
5544:
5532:
5520:
5508:
5496:
5484:
5458:
5419:
5407:
5395:
5383:
5371:
5359:
5347:
5335:
5323:
5311:
5299:
5270:
5244:
5228:
5183:"The CIA and Radio Free Europe"
5103:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
5078:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
4891:
4705:Foreign Agents Registration Act
4235:RFE/RL received funds from the
3252:Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina
2931:Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
2824:Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
1433:Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia
808:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
730:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
588:in 1951. It also had a base at
397:dissolution of the Soviet Union
363:itself. RFE was founded by the
283:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
200:Vice President and Head of News
40:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
9263:Four Power Agreement on Berlin
8898:Mozambican War of Independence
8337:Indonesian National Revolution
7943:. RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty
7674:Radio Diplomacy and Propaganda
7358:Balmforth, Tom (19 May 2021).
6953:Tomiuc, Eugen (19 July 2018).
6773:"Poetry from Paktia to Prague"
5660:10.1080/00085006.2004.11092362
5109:
5091:
5066:
5053:
4979:
4953:
4911:
4740:European Court of Human Rights
4333:era in the Soviet Union under
2943:Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan
2836:Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan
561:. Radio Liberty was formed by
424:(NCFE), an anti-communist CIA
1:
10861:CIA and the Cultural Cold War
9876:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
9829:Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident
9551:1984 Summer Olympics boycotts
9516:Seven Days to the River Rhine
9248:Corrective Revolution (Egypt)
8535:March 1949 Syrian coup d'état
8463:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état
7630:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
7313:. Deutsche Welle. 14 May 2021
7107:Crouch, Erik (16 July 2021).
6000:Lipien, Ted (23 June 2007), "
5251:Hudson, John (14 July 2013).
5122:Law and Contemporary Problems
4904:
4409:dissolution of Czechoslovakia
4405:Czechoslovak Federal Assembly
4398:
4174:. This was controlled by the
4082:in 2000 and by an article in
3344:Radio Wolna Europa (RWE Inc.)
2513:covered by Uyghur Service of
2401:Autonomous Republic of Crimea
881:Socialist Republic of Romania
391:from 1951 to 1996. Since the
11011:Anti-communist organizations
9854:Fall of communism in Albania
9824:Mongolian Revolution of 1990
9773:Polish Round Table Agreement
9113:1968 Polish political crisis
8930:Eritrean War of Independence
8696:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
8591:East German uprising of 1953
8523:Chinese Communist Revolution
8188:
8053:U.S. Agency for Global Media
7921:Resources in other libraries
7773:University Press of Kentucky
7760:online scholarly book review
7722:Mikkonen, Simo (Fall 2010).
7618:(U of Minnesota Press, 1958)
7088:. Nieman Reports Winter 2021
6789:. RFE/RL. 18 September 2009.
6719:Radiofreeeurope/Radioliberty
6518:The New York Review of Books
5907:coldwarradios.blogspot.co.uk
4770:In September 2023, RFE/RL's
4677:". Over the next two years,
4591:Security Information Service
4029:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
3467:Iraqi Republic (provisional)
2906:Islamic State of Afghanistan
2799:Islamic State of Afghanistan
484:Radio in the American Sector
319:U.S. Agency for Global Media
181:U.S. Agency for Global Media
7:
11066:Propaganda radio broadcasts
9728:Korean Air Lines Flight 007
9456:Korean Air Lines Flight 902
9201:Corrective Movement (Syria)
9165:New People's Army rebellion
9160:Sino-Soviet border conflict
8888:Angolan War of Independence
8751:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis
8631:1954 Guatemalan coup d'état
8276:Jamaican political conflict
6584:www.worldpoliticsreview.com
5015:"Management And Governance"
4843:
4785:
4688:, and the Russian-language
4613:Afghanistan–Pakistan border
4497:. For many years after the
4422:RFE/RL ended broadcasts to
4314:and the Iron Curtain's fall
1091:Bulgarian People's Republic
987:Hungarian People's Republic
947:(1950–1953, 1990–1991) and
10:
11112:
11046:Kazakh-language mass media
11041:International broadcasters
9924:Sino-Indian border dispute
9753:First Nagorno-Karabakh War
9683:1987–1989 JVP insurrection
9441:1976 Argentine coup d'état
9353:Turkish invasion of Cyprus
9303:1973 Uruguayan coup d'état
8987:1964 Brazilian coup d'état
8955:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964
8644:First Taiwan Strait Crisis
8411:Asian Relations Conference
7792:Urban, George R. (1997).
6995:". 21 January 2019, RFE/RL
6993:RFE/RL Returns To Bulgaria
6982:". 14 January 2019, RFE/RL
6980:Romania Wakes Up To RFE/RL
6874:", 7 February 2017, RFE/RL
6861:". 14 October 2014, RFE/RL
6738:. RFE/RL. 30 November 2009
5099:"RFE/RL Language Services"
4987:"RFE/RL Senior Management"
4711:also requested RFE/RL and
4596:In 2008, Afghan president
4583:Iraqi Intelligence Service
4489:building of the abolished
4362:November 17 demonstrations
4230:
4157:
4051:1981 RFE/RL Munich bombing
4038:
4022:
1144:Albanian People's Republic
868:Romanian People's Republic
29:
18:
11031:Companies based in Munich
10960:
10909:
10831:
10808:William Appleman Williams
10753:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.
10535:
10507:
10456:
10388:
10381:
10315:
10180:
10105:
10035:
10028:
9937:
9884:
9816:
9529:
9268:Bangladesh Liberation War
9258:1971 Sudanese coup d'état
9173:
9145:1969 Sudanese coup d'état
9133:1968 Peruvian coup d'état
8796:
8571:Arab Cold War (1952–1979)
8548:
8258:
8196:
8060:
7916:Resources in your library
7767:Puddington, Arch (2003).
7682:10.1007/978-1-349-24499-7
7600:10.1080/14794010802184374
6839:. RFE/RL. 15 January 2010
6817:. RFE/RL. 14 January 2010
6803:. RFE/RL. 7 October 2009.
6775:. RFE/RL. 31 August 2009.
6450:Syracuse University Press
5958:Parta, R. Eugene (2007).
5765:National Security Archive
5739:National Security Archive
5642:Kasprzak, Michal (2004).
5116:Uttaro, Ralph A. (1982).
4675:instability in the region
4340:Its coverage of the 1991
4106:Poland and Czechoslovakia
4067:, president of Romania.
1106:(1989–2004, 2019–present)
1002:(1989–1993, 2020–present)
896:(1989–2008, 2019–present)
459:, and American contacts.
317:and is supervised by the
245:
235:
218:
210:General Counsel/Secretary
208:
198:
186:
176:
158:
141:
102:
94:
82:
72:
64:
56:
44:
9583:1980 Turkish coup d'état
9418:Cambodian–Vietnamese War
9388:1978 Somali coup attempt
9348:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War
9313:1973 Chilean coup d'état
9138:Revolutionary Government
9032:South African Border War
8824:1960 Turkish coup d'état
8741:Iraqi 14 July Revolution
8596:1953 Iranian coup d'état
8576:1952 Egyptian revolution
8143:Radio y Televisión Martí
7977:1956 Crusade for Freedom
7424:Online Journalism Awards
7247:. Euronews. 16 July 2021
6605:"Journalists in trouble"
6442:Nelson, Michael (1997).
5061:"How To Bypass Blocking"
4884:
4874:Radio y Televisión Martí
4780:undesirable organization
4747:2022 war censorship laws
4718:
4656:
4641:. The service, known as
3264:Serbs in North Macedonia
2417:(2014–present, disputed)
1586:Kabardino-Balkarian ASSR
1496:Adyghe Autonomous Oblast
1041:Polish People's Republic
438:U.S. Department of State
30:Not to be confused with
21:Radio Free Europe (song)
9788:Fall of the Berlin Wall
9733:People Power Revolution
9718:Central American crisis
9658:1986 Black Sea incident
9308:1973 Afghan coup d'état
9206:Western Sahara conflict
9017:1966 Syrian coup d'état
8940:1963 Syrian coup d'état
8883:Portuguese Colonial War
8846:First Iraqi–Kurdish War
8611:1954 Syrian coup d'état
8488:Annexation of Hyderabad
8431:1947–1949 Palestine war
7699:Mickelson, Sig (1983).
7291:. Reuters. 16 July 2021
6674:San Diego Union Tribune
4754:Online Journalism Award
4593:(BIS) foiled the plot.
4271:In May 1972, President
4196:U.S. Secretary of State
3796:Georgian (Ekho Kavkaza)
2893:Republic of Afghanistan
2786:Republic of Afghanistan
2059:inhabited lands of the
1531:inhabited lands of the
1426:between 1953 and 1991,
578:shortwave transmissions
535:meteorological balloons
353:Soviet satellite states
106:Prague Broadcast Center
11026:Cold War organizations
10082:Neoclassical economics
9593:Gulf of Sidra incident
9150:1969 Libyan revolution
8841:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
8626:1954 Geneva Conference
8386:Turkish straits crisis
8381:Corfu Channel incident
7203:. Advox. Global Voices
6903:"About Polygraph.info"
6393:Orion Publishing Group
4934:. 2017. Archived from
4626:. The program, called
4539:
4502:
4413:Clinton Administration
4129:
4007:service's coverage of
3983:
3293:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2972:between 1985 and 1993
2970:Radio Free Afghanistan
2865:between 1985 and 1993
2863:Radio Free Afghanistan
1700:Ազատություն ռադիոկայան
590:Oberwiesenfeld Airport
550:
512:intelligence gathering
499:
482:RFE was modeled after
471:acknowledged that the
417:
383:in the German city of
359:, and RL targeted the
313:. RFE/RL is a private
11021:CIA-funded propaganda
10932:Russia–NATO relations
10813:Jonathan Reed Winkler
10097:Democratic capitalism
10092:Supply-side economics
10060:American conservatism
9859:Breakup of Yugoslavia
9748:Bougainville conflict
9663:South Yemen civil war
9598:Martial law in Poland
9461:Nicaraguan Revolution
9436:Dirty War (Argentina)
9243:1971 JVP insurrection
9057:Years of Lead (Italy)
8935:North Yemen civil war
8853:Berlin Crisis of 1961
8829:Albanian–Soviet split
8761:1959 Tibetan uprising
8726:Syrian Crisis of 1957
8581:Iraqi Intifada (1952)
8441:1948 Arab–Israeli War
7808:Măgură Bernard, Ioana
7740:10.1353/kri.2010.0012
7622:Johnson, Ian (2010).
6129:Cold War Broadcasting
5840:hoorferl.stanford.edu
5161:(Ivan R. Dee, 2012).
4860:Operation Mockingbird
4695:In a response to the
4529:
4484:
4320:Reagan administration
4227:shifted to Congress.
4185:During and after the
4150:and Russian reformer
4125:
4117:Służba Bezpieczeństwa
4061:Ilich Ramírez Sánchez
3977:
3694:Радио Слободна Европа
3655:Radio Slobodna Evropa
3304:Radio Slobodna Evropa
3247:Radio Slobodna Evropa
2524:Uyghurs in Kyrgyzstan
2520:Uyghurs in Kazakhstan
1474:(1991–2009, disputed)
1448:(1992–2009, disputed)
794:Czechoslovak Republic
716:Czechoslovak Republic
548:
497:
415:
373:Communist governments
315:501(c)(3) corporation
126:50.07889°N 14.47861°E
11096:Women, Life, Freedom
11051:Mass media in Prague
10353:Non-Aligned Movement
9975:Peaceful coexistence
9929:North Borneo dispute
9844:German reunification
9839:Min Ping Yu No. 5202
9537:Salvadoran Civil War
9486:Grand Mosque seizure
9481:Yemenite War of 1979
9373:Mozambican Civil War
9328:Carnation Revolution
9283:Yemenite War of 1972
9221:1970 Polish protests
9052:1967 Hong Kong riots
9027:Argentine Revolution
8977:Guatemalan Civil War
8905:Cuban Missile Crisis
8819:Bay of Pigs Invasion
8691:1956 Poznań protests
8669:Geneva Summit (1955)
8271:Hukbalahap Rebellion
8250:Non-Aligned Movement
8136:Open Technology Fund
7780:Sosin, Gene (1999).
7504:Novaya Gazeta Europe
6452:. pp. 184–186.
6395:. pp. 370–371.
5986:Sosin, Gene (2010).
5181:Meyer, Cord (2000).
4879:Women, Life, Freedom
4855:Constantine Kromiadi
4759:In 2023, a court in
4723:In the aftermath of
4632:Echo of the Caucasus
4611:broadcasting to the
4516:September 11 attacks
4187:Cuban Missile Crisis
4017:Hungarian revolution
3997:Berlin riots of 1953
3918:North Ossetia–Alania
3843:Echo of the Caucasus
2753:until 1984, then as
2692:until 1984, then as
2635:until 1984, then as
2577:until 1984, then as
2076:Checheno-Ingush ASSR
1548:Checheno-Ingush ASSR
77:501(c)3 organization
51:RFE/RL official logo
11036:Democracy promotion
10798:Alex von Tunzelmann
10788:Vladimir Tismăneanu
10713:Thomas J. McCormick
10708:Jack F. Matlock Jr.
10608:Robert Hugh Ferrell
10471:Crusade for Freedom
10268:Illiberal democracy
10152:Ho Chi Minh Thought
9955:Eisenhower Doctrine
9808:Peaceful Revolution
9803:Romanian Revolution
9783:Revolutions of 1989
9768:1988 Polish strikes
9678:Operation INFEKTION
9673:1987 Lieyu massacre
9578:Eritrean Civil Wars
9561:Peruvian Revolution
9511:1979 Herat uprising
9501:Sino-Vietnamese War
9466:Uganda–Tanzania War
9446:Egyptian–Libyan War
9413:Third Indochina War
9408:Sino-Albanian split
9398:Ethiopian Civil War
9298:Eritrean Civil Wars
9238:Ping-pong diplomacy
9211:Cambodian Civil War
9037:Korean DMZ Conflict
9022:Cultural Revolution
8992:Dominican Civil War
8970:Tlatelolco massacre
8756:1959 Mosul uprising
8746:1958 Lebanon crisis
8473:Al-Wathbah uprising
8396:First Indochina War
8366:Iran crisis of 1946
7784:. University Park:
7658:Machcewicz, Paweł.
6762:, November 21, 2008
6759:The Washington Post
6634:Wall Street Journal
5889:archive.svoboda.org
5846:on 18 October 2013.
4651:preventive medicine
4438:in Albanian and to
4350:presidential decree
3894:Karachay-Cherkessia
3731:Karachay-Cherkessia
3534:Radio Evropa e Lirë
3422:Radio Europa Liberă
3411:Republic of Moldova
3256:Serbs of Montenegro
1634:North Ossetian ASSR
1538:North Ossetian ASSR
1220:Soviet Armed Forces
957:Republic of Moldova
910:Radio Europa Liberă
801:inhabited lands of
787:inhabited lands of
723:inhabited lands of
709:inhabited lands of
445:Crusade for Freedom
428:that was formed by
393:Revolutions of 1989
295:American government
122: /
41:
10952:Russian Revolution
10748:Mary Elise Sarotte
10733:William B. Pickett
10658:Patrick J. Hearden
10638:Gabriel Gorodetsky
10633:Timothy Garton Ash
10618:Anneli Ute Gabanyi
10213:Ethnic nationalism
9965:Hallstein Doctrine
9849:Yemeni unification
9638:1985 Geneva Summit
9603:Casamance conflict
9506:New Jewel Movement
9491:Iranian Revolution
9476:Chadian–Libyan War
9423:Cambodian conflict
9403:Lebanese Civil War
9393:Western Sahara War
9368:June 1976 protests
9363:Cambodian genocide
9128:17 July Revolution
9082:Nigerian Civil War
8997:Rhodesian Bush War
8982:Colombian conflict
8925:Ramadan Revolution
8664:Bandung Conference
8540:Operation Valuable
8421:Partition of India
7960:Hoover Institution
7880:. Editura Omnium.
7858:. Editura Omnium.
7801:In other languages
7644:Johnson, A. Ross,
7626:A Mosque in Munich
7506:. 20 February 2024
7012:. 8 September 2020
6934:. 23 February 2018
6423:. 16 November 2009
6007:2011-06-10 at the
4827:49 Minutes of Jazz
4805:. You can help by
4577:. Iraqi president
4540:
4503:
4487:Federal Parliament
4277:special commission
4216:Ferdinand Peroutka
4096:Chernobyl disaster
4090:Chernobyl disaster
3984:
3945:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
3906:Kabardino-Balkaria
3719:Kabardino-Balkaria
3619:Russians in Latvia
2415:Republic of Crimea
551:
500:
475:was essentially a
469:John Foster Dulles
426:front organization
418:
389:Glória do Ribatejo
160:Official language
131:50.07889; 14.47861
39:
10983:
10982:
10970:List of conflicts
10818:Rudolph Winnacker
10763:Giles Scott-Smith
10738:Ronald E. Powaski
10693:Melvyn P. Leffler
10623:John Lewis Gaddis
10598:Robert D. English
10563:Warren H. Carroll
10553:Michael Beschloss
10522:Nuclear arms race
10503:
10502:
10409:Neues Deutschland
10311:
10310:
10293:White nationalism
10263:Liberal democracy
10000:Ulbricht Doctrine
9990:Brezhnev Doctrine
9798:Velvet Revolution
9542:Soviet–Afghan War
9358:Angolan Civil War
9155:Goulash Communism
9012:ASEAN Declaration
8965:Mexican Dirty War
8863:Annexation of Goa
8814:1960 U-2 incident
8788:Sino-Soviet split
8766:Laotian Civil War
8606:Bricker Amendment
8586:Mau Mau rebellion
8530:Malayan Emergency
8518:Chinese Civil War
8478:Tito–Stalin split
8332:Division of Korea
8156:
8155:
7991:Radio Free Europe
7902:Library resources
7887:978-606-95197-1-4
7865:978-606-95197-5-2
7821:978-973-669-442-4
7691:978-1-349-24501-7
7670:Rawnsley, Gary D.
7616:Radio Free Europe
7408:. 30 August 2023.
7086:Nieman Foundation
6385:Sebestyen, Victor
6182:978-0-313-29605-5
6032:on 13 March 2009.
5913:on 17 August 2016
5440:, pp. 37, 43
4823:
4822:
4366:Drahomíra Dražská
4331:Mikhail Gorbachev
4224:radio commentator
4152:Grigory Yavlinsky
4076:Oleg Nechiporenko
4065:Nicolae Ceaușescu
4045:Nicolae Ceaușescu
3987:Radio Free Europe
3967:
3966:
3492:إذاعة العراق الحر
3376:30 September 2002
2755:Radio Free Europe
2694:Radio Free Europe
2637:Radio Free Europe
2579:Radio Free Europe
1408:რადიო თავისუფლება
923:Chernivtsi Oblast
668:List of languages
598:Gerhard von Mende
408:Radio Free Europe
381:Englischer Garten
280:
279:
11103:
10728:David S. Painter
10653:John Earl Haynes
10583:Nicholas J. Cull
10568:Adrian Cioroianu
10548:Thomas A. Bailey
10495:Voice of America
10386:
10385:
10298:White separatism
10278:Social democracy
10273:Guided democracy
10253:Authoritarianism
10203:Ultranationalism
10193:Anti-imperialism
10120:Marxism–Leninism
10033:
10032:
10020:Kinmen Agreement
9985:Johnson Doctrine
9970:Kennedy Doctrine
9886:Frozen conflicts
9869:1991 August Coup
9758:Afghan Civil War
9653:Reykjavík Summit
9648:Somali Rebellion
9588:Ugandan Bush War
9566:Gdańsk Agreement
9087:Protests of 1968
9067:War of Attrition
8776:Cuban Revolution
8712:We will bury you
8679:Cyprus Emergency
8659:Kashmir Princess
8649:Jebel Akhdar War
8498:Western betrayal
8183:
8176:
8169:
8160:
8159:
8065:Voice of America
8046:
8039:
8032:
8023:
8022:
8011:Internet Archive
7997:Internet Archive
7983:Internet Archive
7967:compiled by the
7958:compiled by the
7952:
7950:
7948:
7936:
7935:
7933:Official website
7891:
7869:
7847:
7825:
7814:. Curtea Veche.
7789:
7776:
7751:
7718:
7706:
7695:
7641:
7629:
7614:Holt, Robert T.
7611:
7573:
7572:
7570:
7568:
7557:
7551:
7550:
7548:
7546:
7541:on 22 April 2006
7537:. Archived from
7522:
7516:
7515:
7513:
7511:
7496:
7490:
7489:
7487:
7485:
7463:
7457:
7456:
7454:
7452:
7441:
7435:
7434:
7432:
7430:
7416:
7410:
7409:
7398:
7392:
7391:
7390:. 30 April 2023.
7378:
7372:
7371:
7369:
7367:
7355:
7349:
7348:
7346:
7344:
7329:
7323:
7322:
7320:
7318:
7307:
7301:
7300:
7298:
7296:
7285:
7279:
7278:
7276:
7274:
7263:
7257:
7256:
7254:
7252:
7241:
7235:
7234:
7232:
7230:
7219:
7213:
7212:
7210:
7208:
7196:
7190:
7189:
7187:
7185:
7171:
7165:
7164:
7162:
7160:
7149:
7143:
7142:
7126:
7120:
7119:
7117:
7115:
7104:
7098:
7097:
7095:
7093:
7077:
7071:
7070:
7068:
7066:
7051:
7045:
7044:
7042:
7040:
7028:
7022:
7021:
7019:
7017:
7002:
6996:
6989:
6983:
6976:
6970:
6969:
6967:
6965:
6950:
6944:
6943:
6941:
6939:
6924:
6918:
6917:
6915:
6913:
6899:
6893:
6892:
6881:
6875:
6868:
6862:
6855:
6849:
6848:
6846:
6844:
6833:
6827:
6826:
6824:
6822:
6811:
6805:
6804:
6797:
6791:
6790:
6783:
6777:
6776:
6769:
6763:
6754:
6748:
6747:
6745:
6743:
6732:
6723:
6722:
6710:
6704:
6703:
6692:
6686:
6685:
6683:
6681:
6666:
6660:
6652:
6646:
6645:
6643:
6641:
6626:
6620:
6619:
6617:
6615:
6601:
6595:
6594:
6592:
6590:
6575:
6569:
6568:
6566:
6564:
6549:
6543:
6542:
6540:
6538:
6514:
6506:
6500:
6499:
6497:
6495:
6478:
6472:
6471:
6439:
6433:
6432:
6430:
6428:
6413:
6407:
6406:
6381:
6375:
6374:
6372:
6370:
6355:
6349:
6343:
6337:
6331:
6325:
6319:
6313:
6307:
6301:
6295:
6289:
6283:
6277:
6271:
6262:
6256:
6250:
6244:
6238:
6232:
6226:
6220:
6211:
6210:
6208:
6206:
6191:
6185:
6161:
6155:
6149:
6143:
6142:
6124:
6118:
6112:
6106:
6100:
6094:
6088:
6082:
6076:
6070:
6064:
6058:
6052:
6046:
6040:
6034:
6033:
6028:. Archived from
6022:
6016:
5998:
5992:
5991:
5983:
5974:
5973:
5955:
5949:
5942:
5936:
5929:
5923:
5922:
5920:
5918:
5909:. Archived from
5899:
5893:
5892:
5881:
5875:
5868:
5862:
5861:
5854:
5848:
5847:
5842:. Archived from
5832:
5826:
5825:
5823:
5821:
5806:
5800:
5794:
5788:
5782:
5776:
5775:
5773:
5771:
5759:Byrne, Malcolm.
5756:
5750:
5749:
5747:
5745:
5730:
5724:
5718:
5712:
5706:
5700:
5694:
5688:
5687:
5654:(3/4): 315–341.
5639:
5633:
5632:
5630:
5628:
5611:
5605:
5604:
5602:
5600:
5578:
5572:
5571:
5560:
5554:
5548:
5542:
5536:
5530:
5524:
5518:
5517:, pp. 49–64
5512:
5506:
5500:
5494:
5488:
5482:
5481:
5479:
5477:
5462:
5456:
5450:
5441:
5435:
5429:
5423:
5417:
5411:
5405:
5399:
5393:
5387:
5381:
5375:
5369:
5363:
5357:
5351:
5345:
5339:
5333:
5327:
5321:
5315:
5309:
5303:
5297:
5291:
5280:
5274:
5268:
5267:
5265:
5263:
5248:
5242:
5232:
5226:
5220:
5211:
5210:
5178:
5169:
5155:
5146:
5145:
5113:
5107:
5106:
5095:
5089:
5088:
5086:
5084:
5070:
5064:
5057:
5051:
5050:
5039:
5030:
5029:
5027:
5025:
5011:
5002:
5001:
4999:
4997:
4983:
4977:
4976:
4974:
4972:
4957:
4951:
4950:
4948:
4946:
4940:
4923:
4915:
4898:
4895:
4864:white propaganda
4818:
4815:
4797:
4790:
4713:Voice of America
4709:Justice Ministry
4673:that is driving
4663:Voice of America
4393:Voice of America
4374:
4266:State Department
4121:Voice of America
4100:Hoover Institute
3943:
3941:
3940:
3916:
3914:
3913:
3904:
3902:
3901:
3892:
3890:
3889:
3880:
3878:
3877:
3868:
3866:
3865:
3856:
3854:
3853:
3824:
3822:
3821:
3812:
3810:
3809:
3779:19 December 2002
3773:
3771:
3770:
3729:
3727:
3726:
3717:
3715:
3714:
3687:1 September 2001
3681:
3679:
3678:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3596:
3594:
3593:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3521:
3519:
3518:
3480:Republic of Iraq
3478:
3476:
3475:
3465:
3464:
3453:
3452:
3409:
3407:
3406:
3367:
3365:
3364:
3327:
3325:
3324:
3291:
3289:
3288:
3268:Serbs of Croatia
3234:
3232:
3231:
3222:
3220:
3219:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3198:
3196:
3195:
3186:
3179:Republika Srpska
3177:
3175:
3174:
3165:
3163:
3162:
3126:
3117:
3108:
3106:
3105:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3036:
3034:
3033:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2941:
2940:
2929:
2927:
2926:
2916:
2915:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2886:
2885:
2834:
2833:
2822:
2820:
2819:
2809:
2808:
2797:
2795:
2794:
2779:
2778:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2720:
2719:
2672:
2670:
2669:
2659:
2658:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2602:
2601:
2564:16 February 1975
2557:
2555:
2554:
2546:Soviet Lithuania
2544:
2543:
2500:15 February 1979
2490:
2489:
2478:
2477:
2466:
2465:
2424:
2413:
2411:
2410:
2399:
2397:
2396:
2386:
2376:
2337:
2301:
2299:
2298:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2245:
2244:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2190:Byelorussian SSR
2188:
2187:
2153:11 December 1953
2146:
2144:
2143:
2133:
2087:
2085:
2084:
2074:
2064:
2012:
2010:
2009:
1999:
1961:
1959:
1958:
1948:
1947:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1893:
1892:
1865:Азаттык үналгысы
1851:
1849:
1848:
1838:
1837:
1796:
1794:
1793:
1783:
1782:
1741:
1739:
1738:
1728:
1727:
1686:
1684:
1683:
1673:
1672:
1632:
1595:
1594:
1584:
1546:
1536:
1494:
1493:
1470:
1468:
1467:
1461:(1953–1991) and
1457:
1456:
1444:
1442:
1441:
1431:
1422:
1394:
1392:
1391:
1381:
1380:
1339:
1337:
1336:
1326:
1325:
1301:
1300:
1294:(1953–1975) and
1290:
1289:
1279:
1278:
1268:
1267:
1257:
1256:
1248:Byelorussian SSR
1246:
1245:
1234:
1232:
1231:
1218:
1190:
1188:
1187:
1177:
1176:
1142:
1141:
1102:
1100:
1099:
1089:
1088:
1062:31 December 1994
1052:
1050:
1049:
1039:
1037:
1036:
1007:8 September 2020
998:
996:
995:
985:
983:
982:
955:
953:
952:
943:
942:
932:
931:
921:
920:
892:
890:
889:
879:
877:
876:
866:
831:
829:
828:
818:
817:
806:
792:
753:
751:
750:
740:
739:
728:
714:
672:
671:
555:Soviet satellite
355:, including the
343:Washington, D.C.
273:
272:
263:
256:
227:
151:, Czech Republic
137:
136:
134:
133:
132:
127:
123:
120:
119:
118:
115:
49:
42:
38:
11111:
11110:
11106:
11105:
11104:
11102:
11101:
11100:
10986:
10985:
10984:
10979:
10956:
10947:Second Cold War
10905:
10833:
10827:
10803:Odd Arne Westad
10793:Patrick Vaughan
10778:Athan Theoharis
10758:Ellen Schrecker
10743:Yakov M. Rabkin
10718:Timothy Naftali
10663:Tvrtko Jakovina
10648:Jussi Hanhimäki
10531:
10509:
10499:
10477:Paix et Liberté
10452:
10396:Active measures
10377:
10307:
10288:White supremacy
10248:Totalitarianism
10176:
10101:
10024:
10010:Reagan Doctrine
10005:Carter Doctrine
9945:Truman Doctrine
9933:
9880:
9812:
9707:Soviet reaction
9618:Ndogboyosoi War
9525:
9496:Saur Revolution
9323:1973 oil crisis
9288:Munich massacre
9196:Alcora Exercise
9191:Black September
9169:
8915:Sino-Indian War
8809:Simba rebellion
8792:
8636:Capture of the
8544:
8483:Berlin Blockade
8416:May 1947 crises
8406:Truman Doctrine
8371:Greek Civil War
8360:Blacklist Forty
8327:Gouzenko Affair
8314:Cursed soldiers
8266:Morgenthau Plan
8254:
8192:
8187:
8157:
8152:
8126:Radio Free Asia
8114:Radio Free Iraq
8094:Current Time TV
8056:
8050:
8002:The short film
7988:The short film
7974:The short film
7946:
7944:
7939:
7931:
7930:
7927:
7926:
7925:
7910:
7909:
7905:
7898:
7888:
7866:
7844:
7822:
7754:Pomar, Mark G.
7715:
7692:
7638:
7582:
7577:
7576:
7566:
7564:
7558:
7554:
7544:
7542:
7531:Dmitri Savitski
7523:
7519:
7509:
7507:
7498:
7497:
7493:
7483:
7481:
7464:
7460:
7450:
7448:
7443:
7442:
7438:
7428:
7426:
7418:
7417:
7413:
7400:
7399:
7395:
7380:
7379:
7375:
7365:
7363:
7356:
7352:
7342:
7340:
7331:
7330:
7326:
7316:
7314:
7309:
7308:
7304:
7294:
7292:
7287:
7286:
7282:
7272:
7270:
7265:
7264:
7260:
7250:
7248:
7243:
7242:
7238:
7228:
7226:
7221:
7220:
7216:
7206:
7204:
7197:
7193:
7183:
7181:
7173:
7172:
7168:
7158:
7156:
7151:
7150:
7146:
7127:
7123:
7113:
7111:
7105:
7101:
7091:
7089:
7078:
7074:
7064:
7062:
7052:
7048:
7038:
7036:
7031:Stahl, Lesley.
7029:
7025:
7015:
7013:
7004:
7003:
6999:
6990:
6986:
6977:
6973:
6963:
6961:
6951:
6947:
6937:
6935:
6926:
6925:
6921:
6911:
6909:
6901:
6900:
6896:
6889:Настоящее Время
6883:
6882:
6878:
6869:
6865:
6856:
6852:
6842:
6840:
6835:
6834:
6830:
6820:
6818:
6813:
6812:
6808:
6799:
6798:
6794:
6785:
6784:
6780:
6771:
6770:
6766:
6755:
6751:
6741:
6739:
6734:
6733:
6726:
6711:
6707:
6694:
6693:
6689:
6679:
6677:
6668:
6667:
6663:
6656:The Prague Post
6653:
6649:
6639:
6637:
6636:. 29 April 2008
6628:
6627:
6623:
6613:
6611:
6603:
6602:
6598:
6588:
6586:
6576:
6572:
6562:
6560:
6550:
6546:
6536:
6534:
6507:
6503:
6493:
6491:
6479:
6475:
6460:
6440:
6436:
6426:
6424:
6415:
6414:
6410:
6403:
6382:
6378:
6368:
6366:
6356:
6352:
6344:
6340:
6332:
6328:
6320:
6316:
6310:Puddington 2003
6308:
6304:
6298:Puddington 2003
6296:
6292:
6284:
6280:
6274:Puddington 2003
6272:
6265:
6259:Puddington 2003
6257:
6253:
6247:Puddington 2003
6245:
6241:
6233:
6229:
6223:Puddington 2003
6221:
6214:
6204:
6202:
6192:
6188:
6162:
6158:
6152:Puddington 2003
6150:
6146:
6139:
6125:
6121:
6113:
6109:
6101:
6097:
6089:
6085:
6079:Puddington 2003
6077:
6073:
6065:
6061:
6055:Puddington 2003
6053:
6049:
6041:
6037:
6024:
6023:
6019:
6009:Wayback Machine
5999:
5995:
5984:
5977:
5970:
5956:
5952:
5943:
5939:
5930:
5926:
5916:
5914:
5901:
5900:
5896:
5883:
5882:
5878:
5870:Oleg Kalugin –
5869:
5865:
5856:
5855:
5851:
5834:
5833:
5829:
5819:
5817:
5808:
5807:
5803:
5795:
5791:
5785:Puddington 2003
5783:
5779:
5769:
5767:
5757:
5753:
5743:
5741:
5731:
5727:
5719:
5715:
5709:Puddington 2003
5707:
5703:
5695:
5691:
5640:
5636:
5626:
5624:
5613:
5612:
5608:
5598:
5596:
5579:
5575:
5562:
5561:
5557:
5549:
5545:
5537:
5533:
5525:
5521:
5513:
5509:
5501:
5497:
5489:
5485:
5475:
5473:
5463:
5459:
5451:
5444:
5436:
5432:
5424:
5420:
5414:Puddington 2003
5412:
5408:
5400:
5396:
5390:Puddington 2003
5388:
5384:
5378:Puddington 2003
5376:
5372:
5366:Puddington 2003
5364:
5360:
5352:
5348:
5342:Puddington 2003
5340:
5336:
5330:Puddington 2003
5328:
5324:
5318:Puddington 2003
5316:
5312:
5304:
5300:
5292:
5283:
5277:Puddington 2003
5275:
5271:
5261:
5259:
5249:
5245:
5233:
5229:
5223:Puddington 2003
5221:
5214:
5179:
5172:
5156:
5149:
5134:10.2307/1191297
5114:
5110:
5097:
5096:
5092:
5082:
5080:
5072:
5071:
5067:
5058:
5054:
5041:
5040:
5033:
5023:
5021:
5013:
5012:
5005:
4995:
4993:
4985:
4984:
4980:
4970:
4968:
4959:
4958:
4954:
4944:
4942:
4941:on 14 June 2021
4938:
4921:
4917:
4916:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4901:
4896:
4892:
4887:
4869:Radio Free Asia
4846:
4834:Dmitri Savitski
4830:
4819:
4813:
4810:
4803:needs expansion
4788:
4721:
4690:factograph.info
4659:
4609:Pashto-language
4524:
4495:Prague New Town
4440:North Macedonia
4401:
4368:
4358:
4316:
4233:
4208:
4192:Henry Kissinger
4160:
4108:
4092:
4053:
4041:
4025:
3989:
3982:, Germany, 2007
3972:
3949:15 January 2010
3938:
3936:
3911:
3909:
3899:
3897:
3887:
3885:
3875:
3873:
3863:
3861:
3851:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3830:2 November 2009
3819:
3817:
3816:
3807:
3805:
3768:
3766:
3748:
3724:
3722:
3721:
3712:
3710:
3683:North Macedonia
3676:
3674:
3637:
3635:
3617:
3615:
3605:31 January 2004
3591:
3589:
3567:1 December 2002
3564:30 October 1998
3553:
3551:
3516:
3514:
3485:30 October 1998
3473:
3471:
3470:
3459:
3458:
3447:
3438:Radio Free Iraq
3431:
3429:
3427:
3404:
3402:
3386:
3362:
3360:
3346:
3322:
3320:
3297:31 January 1994
3286:
3284:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3240:31 January 1994
3229:
3227:
3226:
3224:North Macedonia
3217:
3215:
3214:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3181:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3160:
3158:
3132:31 January 1994
3121:
3112:
3103:
3101:
3082:31 January 2004
3068:
3066:
3052:
3045:31 January 2004
3031:
3029:
3015:
2989:
2987:
2967:
2954:
2953:19 October 1993
2950:30 January 2002
2949:
2935:
2934:
2924:
2922:
2921:
2910:
2909:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2891:
2880:
2860:
2847:
2846:19 October 1993
2843:30 January 2002
2842:
2828:
2827:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2803:
2802:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2784:
2773:
2757:
2743:31 January 2004
2728:
2726:
2725:
2714:
2698:
2696:
2682:31 January 2004
2667:
2665:
2664:
2653:
2639:
2625:31 January 2004
2610:
2608:
2607:
2596:
2582:
2567:31 January 2004
2552:
2550:
2549:
2538:
2522:
2518:
2515:Radio Free Asia
2512:
2510:
2484:
2483:
2472:
2471:
2460:
2446:
2428:(1960s–present)
2419:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2381:
2356:
2339:Karakalpak ASSR
2317:
2296:
2294:
2280:
2253:
2251:
2250:
2239:
2223:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2182:
2160:Azatlıq Radiosı
2141:
2139:
2138:
2113:
2100:
2095:
2082:
2080:
2079:
2069:
2040:Caucasian Avars
2038:
2036:
2025:
2020:
2007:
2005:
2004:
1975:Ozodlik Radiosi
1956:
1954:
1953:
1942:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1887:
1846:
1844:
1843:
1832:
1810:Azattyq Radiosy
1791:
1789:
1788:
1777:
1755:Azadlıq Radiosu
1736:
1734:
1733:
1722:
1681:
1679:
1678:
1667:
1651:
1614:
1589:
1588:
1576:Karachay-Balkar
1566:
1541:
1514:
1488:
1465:
1463:
1451:
1439:
1437:
1416:
1389:
1387:
1386:
1375:
1353:Azatlyk Radiosy
1334:
1332:
1331:
1320:
1295:
1284:
1273:
1262:
1251:
1240:
1238:
1229:
1227:
1212:
1185:
1183:
1182:
1171:
1136:
1120:Свободна Европа
1115:
1114:31 January 2004
1111:21 January 2019
1110:
1097:
1095:
1094:
1083:
1047:
1045:
1044:
1034:
1032:
1011:
1010:31 October 1993
1006:
993:
991:
990:
980:
978:
962:
960:
950:
948:
937:
926:
915:
905:
901:14 January 2019
900:
887:
885:
884:
874:
872:
871:
826:
824:
823:
812:
811:
797:
770:
748:
746:
745:
734:
733:
719:
681:Target audience
670:
543:
488:American sector
410:
405:
276:
266:
259:
252:
238:
228:
221:
214:Benjamin Herman
211:
201:
189:
168:
165:
161:
154:
130:
128:
124:
121:
116:
113:
111:
109:
108:
107:
98:Broadcast Media
87:
52:
35:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
11109:
11099:
11098:
11093:
11088:
11083:
11078:
11073:
11068:
11063:
11058:
11053:
11048:
11043:
11038:
11033:
11028:
11023:
11018:
11013:
11008:
11003:
10998:
10981:
10980:
10978:
10977:
10972:
10967:
10961:
10958:
10957:
10955:
10954:
10949:
10944:
10939:
10934:
10929:
10924:
10919:
10913:
10911:
10907:
10906:
10904:
10903:
10898:
10893:
10888:
10883:
10878:
10873:
10868:
10863:
10858:
10853:
10848:
10843:
10837:
10835:
10829:
10828:
10826:
10825:
10820:
10815:
10810:
10805:
10800:
10795:
10790:
10785:
10780:
10775:
10773:Timothy Snyder
10770:
10765:
10760:
10755:
10750:
10745:
10740:
10735:
10730:
10725:
10720:
10715:
10710:
10705:
10703:Vojtech Mastny
10700:
10698:Geir Lundestad
10695:
10690:
10688:Walter Laqueur
10685:
10683:Walter LaFeber
10680:
10675:
10670:
10665:
10660:
10655:
10650:
10645:
10640:
10635:
10630:
10625:
10620:
10615:
10613:André Fontaine
10610:
10605:
10600:
10595:
10590:
10585:
10580:
10575:
10570:
10565:
10560:
10555:
10550:
10545:
10543:Gar Alperovitz
10539:
10537:
10533:
10532:
10530:
10529:
10524:
10519:
10513:
10511:
10505:
10504:
10501:
10500:
10498:
10497:
10492:
10486:
10485:
10480:
10473:
10468:
10460:
10458:
10454:
10453:
10451:
10450:
10443:
10438:
10431:
10424:
10419:
10412:
10405:
10398:
10392:
10390:
10383:
10379:
10378:
10376:
10375:
10370:
10365:
10360:
10355:
10350:
10345:
10340:
10335:
10330:
10325:
10319:
10317:
10313:
10312:
10309:
10308:
10306:
10305:
10300:
10295:
10290:
10285:
10283:Third-Worldism
10280:
10275:
10270:
10265:
10260:
10255:
10250:
10245:
10240:
10235:
10230:
10225:
10220:
10215:
10210:
10205:
10200:
10195:
10190:
10184:
10182:
10178:
10177:
10175:
10174:
10169:
10164:
10159:
10154:
10149:
10142:
10137:
10132:
10127:
10122:
10117:
10111:
10109:
10103:
10102:
10100:
10099:
10094:
10089:
10084:
10079:
10074:
10072:Libertarianism
10069:
10064:
10063:
10062:
10052:
10050:Chicago school
10047:
10041:
10039:
10030:
10026:
10025:
10023:
10022:
10017:
10012:
10007:
10002:
9997:
9995:Nixon Doctrine
9992:
9987:
9982:
9977:
9972:
9967:
9962:
9957:
9952:
9947:
9941:
9939:
9938:Foreign policy
9935:
9934:
9932:
9931:
9926:
9921:
9916:
9911:
9906:
9901:
9896:
9890:
9888:
9882:
9881:
9879:
9878:
9873:
9872:
9871:
9861:
9856:
9851:
9846:
9841:
9836:
9831:
9826:
9820:
9818:
9814:
9813:
9811:
9810:
9805:
9800:
9795:
9790:
9785:
9780:
9775:
9770:
9765:
9760:
9755:
9750:
9745:
9740:
9735:
9730:
9725:
9723:Operation RYAN
9720:
9715:
9710:
9700:
9695:
9690:
9685:
9680:
9675:
9670:
9665:
9660:
9655:
9650:
9645:
9640:
9635:
9630:
9628:Able Archer 83
9625:
9620:
9615:
9610:
9605:
9600:
9595:
9590:
9585:
9580:
9575:
9574:
9573:
9563:
9558:
9553:
9544:
9539:
9533:
9531:
9527:
9526:
9524:
9523:
9518:
9513:
9508:
9503:
9498:
9493:
9488:
9483:
9478:
9473:
9468:
9463:
9458:
9453:
9448:
9443:
9438:
9433:
9425:
9420:
9415:
9410:
9405:
9400:
9395:
9390:
9385:
9380:
9378:Oromo conflict
9375:
9370:
9365:
9360:
9355:
9350:
9345:
9340:
9335:
9330:
9325:
9320:
9318:Yom Kippur War
9315:
9310:
9305:
9300:
9295:
9290:
9285:
9280:
9275:
9270:
9265:
9260:
9255:
9250:
9245:
9240:
9235:
9228:
9223:
9218:
9213:
9208:
9203:
9198:
9193:
9188:
9183:
9177:
9175:
9171:
9170:
9168:
9167:
9162:
9157:
9152:
9147:
9142:
9141:
9140:
9130:
9125:
9120:
9115:
9110:
9101:
9096:
9095:
9094:
9084:
9079:
9074:
9069:
9064:
9059:
9054:
9049:
9044:
9039:
9034:
9029:
9024:
9019:
9014:
9009:
9004:
8999:
8994:
8989:
8984:
8979:
8974:
8973:
8972:
8962:
8957:
8952:
8950:Aden Emergency
8947:
8942:
8937:
8932:
8927:
8922:
8917:
8912:
8907:
8902:
8901:
8900:
8895:
8890:
8880:
8875:
8870:
8868:Papua conflict
8865:
8860:
8855:
8850:
8849:
8848:
8838:
8837:
8836:
8826:
8821:
8816:
8811:
8806:
8800:
8798:
8794:
8793:
8791:
8790:
8785:
8784:
8783:
8773:
8771:Kitchen Debate
8768:
8763:
8758:
8753:
8748:
8743:
8738:
8733:
8731:Sputnik crisis
8728:
8723:
8715:
8708:
8703:
8701:Polish October
8698:
8693:
8688:
8681:
8676:
8671:
8666:
8661:
8656:
8651:
8646:
8641:
8633:
8628:
8623:
8618:
8613:
8608:
8603:
8601:Pact of Madrid
8598:
8593:
8588:
8583:
8578:
8573:
8568:
8563:
8558:
8556:Bamboo Curtain
8552:
8550:
8546:
8545:
8543:
8542:
8537:
8532:
8527:
8526:
8525:
8515:
8510:
8505:
8500:
8495:
8490:
8485:
8480:
8475:
8470:
8465:
8460:
8455:
8450:
8449:
8448:
8443:
8438:
8428:
8423:
8418:
8413:
8408:
8403:
8398:
8393:
8388:
8383:
8378:
8373:
8368:
8363:
8355:
8347:
8339:
8334:
8329:
8324:
8316:
8311:
8310:
8309:
8304:
8296:
8283:
8278:
8273:
8268:
8262:
8260:
8256:
8255:
8253:
8252:
8247:
8242:
8237:
8232:
8227:
8222:
8217:
8212:
8205:
8197:
8194:
8193:
8186:
8185:
8178:
8171:
8163:
8154:
8153:
8151:
8150:
8145:
8140:
8139:
8138:
8133:
8123:
8122:
8121:
8116:
8111:
8106:
8096:
8091:
8090:
8089:
8084:
8074:
8073:
8072:
8061:
8058:
8057:
8049:
8048:
8041:
8034:
8026:
8020:
8019:
8014:
8000:
7986:
7972:
7962:
7953:
7937:
7924:
7923:
7918:
7912:
7911:
7900:
7899:
7897:
7896:External links
7894:
7893:
7892:
7886:
7870:
7864:
7848:
7842:
7830:Molnár, József
7826:
7820:
7798:
7797:
7790:
7777:
7763:
7762:
7752:
7734:(4): 771–805.
7719:
7713:
7696:
7690:
7666:
7656:
7649:
7642:
7636:
7619:
7612:
7594:(2): 168–182.
7581:
7578:
7575:
7574:
7552:
7517:
7491:
7458:
7436:
7411:
7393:
7373:
7350:
7324:
7302:
7280:
7258:
7236:
7214:
7191:
7166:
7144:
7139:Deutsche Welle
7121:
7099:
7072:
7046:
7023:
6997:
6984:
6971:
6945:
6919:
6907:Polygraph.info
6894:
6876:
6863:
6850:
6828:
6806:
6792:
6778:
6764:
6749:
6724:
6705:
6687:
6661:
6647:
6630:"Cyberjamming"
6621:
6596:
6570:
6544:
6501:
6473:
6458:
6434:
6408:
6401:
6376:
6350:
6338:
6326:
6314:
6302:
6290:
6286:Mickelson 1983
6278:
6263:
6251:
6239:
6237:, p. 126.
6235:Mickelson 1983
6227:
6212:
6186:
6156:
6144:
6137:
6119:
6107:
6095:
6083:
6071:
6059:
6047:
6043:Mickelson 1983
6035:
6017:
5993:
5975:
5969:978-0817947323
5968:
5950:
5937:
5924:
5894:
5876:
5863:
5849:
5827:
5801:
5789:
5777:
5751:
5725:
5713:
5701:
5697:Mickelson 1983
5689:
5634:
5606:
5584:(5 May 2011).
5573:
5555:
5551:Mickelson 1983
5543:
5539:Mickelson 1983
5531:
5527:Mickelson 1983
5519:
5507:
5495:
5491:Mickelson 1983
5483:
5457:
5442:
5430:
5418:
5406:
5394:
5382:
5370:
5358:
5354:Mickelson 1983
5346:
5334:
5322:
5310:
5306:Mickelson 1983
5298:
5281:
5269:
5257:Foreign Policy
5243:
5240:978-0307389008
5227:
5212:
5193:(1): 127–130.
5170:
5157:Prados, John:
5147:
5128:(4): 103–122.
5108:
5090:
5065:
5052:
5031:
5003:
4978:
4967:. 26 June 2020
4952:
4909:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4900:
4899:
4889:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4882:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4857:
4852:
4845:
4842:
4829:
4824:
4821:
4820:
4814:September 2020
4800:
4798:
4787:
4784:
4720:
4717:
4686:Polygraph.info
4658:
4655:
4579:Saddam Hussein
4523:
4520:
4512:cyberterrorist
4491:Czechoslovakia
4444:Czech Republic
4419:'s oversight.
4400:
4397:
4360:Following the
4357:
4354:
4315:
4308:
4300:appropriations
4232:
4229:
4207:
4204:
4159:
4156:
4107:
4104:
4091:
4088:
4052:
4049:
4040:
4037:
4024:
4021:
3988:
3985:
3971:
3970:Cold War years
3968:
3965:
3964:
3958:
3953:
3950:
3947:
3934:
3929:
3921:
3920:
3839:
3834:
3831:
3828:
3803:
3798:
3792:
3791:
3788:
3783:
3780:
3777:
3764:
3759:
3751:
3750:
3742:
3739:
3736:
3733:
3708:
3703:
3702:North Caucasus
3699:
3698:
3696:
3691:
3688:
3685:
3672:
3667:
3661:
3660:
3657:
3652:
3649:
3646:
3633:
3628:
3622:
3621:
3609:
3606:
3603:
3600:
3587:
3582:
3578:
3577:
3571:
3568:
3565:
3562:
3549:
3544:
3540:
3539:
3536:
3531:
3528:
3525:
3512:
3507:
3501:
3500:
3494:
3489:
3486:
3483:
3455:Iraqi Republic
3445:
3440:
3434:
3433:
3424:
3419:
3416:
3413:
3400:
3395:
3389:
3388:
3380:
3377:
3374:
3373:1 January 1995
3371:
3369:Czech Republic
3358:
3353:
3349:
3348:
3340:
3337:
3334:
3333:1 January 1995
3331:
3318:
3313:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3301:
3298:
3295:
3282:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3249:
3244:
3241:
3238:
3188:Brčko District
3156:
3151:
3145:
3144:
3139:
3136:
3135:September 2018
3133:
3130:
3128:Brčko District
3099:
3094:
3090:
3089:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3079:4 January 1993
3077:
3064:
3059:
3055:
3054:
3049:
3046:
3043:
3042:1 January 1993
3040:
3038:Czech Republic
3027:
3022:
3018:
3017:
3009:
3004:
3001:
2998:
2985:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2948:September 1987
2946:
2945:(2021–present)
2878:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2841:1 October 1985
2839:
2838:(2021–present)
2771:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2747:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2722:Soviet Estonia
2712:
2707:
2703:
2702:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2651:
2646:
2642:
2641:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2594:
2589:
2585:
2584:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2536:
2531:
2527:
2526:
2517:(1998–present)
2504:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2458:
2453:
2449:
2448:
2440:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2403:(1992–present)
2378:Crimean Oblast
2370:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2331:
2326:
2322:
2321:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2292:
2287:
2283:
2282:
2274:
2269:
2266:
2265:16 August 1954
2263:
2262:(1991–present)
2237:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2217:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2205:(1991–present)
2180:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2162:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2150:(1991–present)
2127:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2091:(2002–present)
2066:Stavropol Krai
2054:
2049:
2047:North Caucasus
2043:
2042:
2030:
2027:
2022:
2017:
1993:
1988:
1987:North Caucasus
1984:
1983:
1977:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1965:(1991–present)
1940:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1922:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1910:(1991–present)
1885:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1867:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1855:(1991–present)
1830:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1812:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1800:(1991–present)
1775:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1757:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1745:(1991–present)
1730:Azerbaijan SSR
1720:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1702:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1690:(1991–present)
1665:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1626:
1621:
1620:North Caucasus
1617:
1616:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1578:
1573:
1572:North Caucasus
1569:
1568:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1526:
1521:
1520:North Caucasus
1517:
1516:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1486:
1481:
1480:North Caucasus
1477:
1476:
1410:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1398:(1991–present)
1373:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1355:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1343:(1991–present)
1318:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1292:Lithuanian SSR
1224:Eastern Europe
1206:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1169:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1109:11 August 1950
1107:
1081:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1030:
1025:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
976:
971:
965:
964:
912:
907:
902:
897:
860:
855:
849:
848:
845:
842:
841:4 January 1993
839:
836:
782:
777:
773:
772:
767:
764:
763:1 January 1993
761:
758:
755:Czech Republic
704:
699:
695:
694:
691:
688:
685:
682:
679:
676:
669:
666:
606:Platja de Pals
594:Ostministerium
542:
539:
524:Communist bloc
508:Czechoslovakia
409:
406:
404:
401:
299:Eastern Europe
278:
277:
275:
274:
264:
257:
249:
247:
243:
242:
239:
236:
233:
232:
229:
219:
216:
215:
212:
209:
206:
205:
202:
199:
196:
195:
190:
187:
184:
183:
178:
174:
173:
162:
159:
156:
155:
153:
152:
145:
143:
139:
138:
104:
100:
99:
96:
92:
91:
88:
83:
80:
79:
74:
70:
69:
66:
62:
61:
58:
54:
53:
50:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11108:
11097:
11094:
11092:
11089:
11087:
11084:
11082:
11079:
11077:
11074:
11072:
11069:
11067:
11064:
11062:
11059:
11057:
11054:
11052:
11049:
11047:
11044:
11042:
11039:
11037:
11034:
11032:
11029:
11027:
11024:
11022:
11019:
11017:
11014:
11012:
11009:
11007:
11004:
11002:
10999:
10997:
10994:
10993:
10991:
10976:
10973:
10971:
10968:
10966:
10963:
10962:
10959:
10953:
10950:
10948:
10945:
10943:
10940:
10938:
10937:War on terror
10935:
10933:
10930:
10928:
10925:
10923:
10920:
10918:
10915:
10914:
10912:
10908:
10902:
10899:
10897:
10894:
10892:
10889:
10887:
10884:
10882:
10879:
10877:
10874:
10872:
10869:
10867:
10864:
10862:
10859:
10857:
10854:
10852:
10849:
10847:
10844:
10842:
10839:
10838:
10836:
10832:Espionage and
10830:
10824:
10821:
10819:
10816:
10814:
10811:
10809:
10806:
10804:
10801:
10799:
10796:
10794:
10791:
10789:
10786:
10784:
10783:Andrew Thorpe
10781:
10779:
10776:
10774:
10771:
10769:
10766:
10764:
10761:
10759:
10756:
10754:
10751:
10749:
10746:
10744:
10741:
10739:
10736:
10734:
10731:
10729:
10726:
10724:
10721:
10719:
10716:
10714:
10711:
10709:
10706:
10704:
10701:
10699:
10696:
10694:
10691:
10689:
10686:
10684:
10681:
10679:
10678:Gabriel Kolko
10676:
10674:
10671:
10669:
10666:
10664:
10661:
10659:
10656:
10654:
10651:
10649:
10646:
10644:
10643:Fred Halliday
10641:
10639:
10636:
10634:
10631:
10629:
10628:Lloyd Gardner
10626:
10624:
10621:
10619:
10616:
10614:
10611:
10609:
10606:
10604:
10601:
10599:
10596:
10594:
10591:
10589:
10588:Norman Davies
10586:
10584:
10581:
10579:
10576:
10574:
10573:John Costello
10571:
10569:
10566:
10564:
10561:
10559:
10556:
10554:
10551:
10549:
10546:
10544:
10541:
10540:
10538:
10534:
10528:
10525:
10523:
10520:
10518:
10515:
10514:
10512:
10508:Technological
10506:
10496:
10493:
10491:
10488:
10487:
10484:
10481:
10479:
10478:
10474:
10472:
10469:
10467:
10466:
10462:
10461:
10459:
10455:
10449:
10448:
10444:
10442:
10439:
10437:
10436:
10432:
10430:
10429:
10425:
10423:
10420:
10418:
10417:
10413:
10411:
10410:
10406:
10404:
10403:
10399:
10397:
10394:
10393:
10391:
10389:Pro-communist
10387:
10384:
10380:
10374:
10371:
10369:
10366:
10364:
10361:
10359:
10356:
10354:
10351:
10349:
10346:
10344:
10341:
10339:
10336:
10334:
10331:
10329:
10326:
10324:
10321:
10320:
10318:
10316:Organizations
10314:
10304:
10301:
10299:
10296:
10294:
10291:
10289:
10286:
10284:
10281:
10279:
10276:
10274:
10271:
10269:
10266:
10264:
10261:
10259:
10256:
10254:
10251:
10249:
10246:
10244:
10241:
10239:
10236:
10234:
10231:
10229:
10226:
10224:
10221:
10219:
10216:
10214:
10211:
10209:
10206:
10204:
10201:
10199:
10196:
10194:
10191:
10189:
10186:
10185:
10183:
10179:
10173:
10170:
10168:
10165:
10163:
10160:
10158:
10155:
10153:
10150:
10148:
10147:
10143:
10141:
10138:
10136:
10133:
10131:
10130:Eurocommunism
10128:
10126:
10123:
10121:
10118:
10116:
10113:
10112:
10110:
10108:
10104:
10098:
10095:
10093:
10090:
10088:
10085:
10083:
10080:
10078:
10075:
10073:
10070:
10068:
10065:
10061:
10058:
10057:
10056:
10053:
10051:
10048:
10046:
10043:
10042:
10040:
10038:
10034:
10031:
10027:
10021:
10018:
10016:
10013:
10011:
10008:
10006:
10003:
10001:
9998:
9996:
9993:
9991:
9988:
9986:
9983:
9981:
9978:
9976:
9973:
9971:
9968:
9966:
9963:
9961:
9960:Domino theory
9958:
9956:
9953:
9951:
9948:
9946:
9943:
9942:
9940:
9936:
9930:
9927:
9925:
9922:
9920:
9917:
9915:
9914:South Ossetia
9912:
9910:
9907:
9905:
9902:
9900:
9897:
9895:
9892:
9891:
9889:
9887:
9883:
9877:
9874:
9870:
9867:
9866:
9865:
9862:
9860:
9857:
9855:
9852:
9850:
9847:
9845:
9842:
9840:
9837:
9835:
9832:
9830:
9827:
9825:
9822:
9821:
9819:
9815:
9809:
9806:
9804:
9801:
9799:
9796:
9794:
9791:
9789:
9786:
9784:
9781:
9779:
9776:
9774:
9771:
9769:
9766:
9764:
9761:
9759:
9756:
9754:
9751:
9749:
9746:
9744:
9741:
9739:
9736:
9734:
9731:
9729:
9726:
9724:
9721:
9719:
9716:
9714:
9711:
9708:
9704:
9701:
9699:
9698:8888 Uprising
9696:
9694:
9691:
9689:
9686:
9684:
9681:
9679:
9676:
9674:
9671:
9669:
9666:
9664:
9661:
9659:
9656:
9654:
9651:
9649:
9646:
9644:
9643:Iran–Iraq War
9641:
9639:
9636:
9634:
9631:
9629:
9626:
9624:
9621:
9619:
9616:
9614:
9611:
9609:
9608:Falklands War
9606:
9604:
9601:
9599:
9596:
9594:
9591:
9589:
9586:
9584:
9581:
9579:
9576:
9572:
9569:
9568:
9567:
9564:
9562:
9559:
9557:
9554:
9552:
9548:
9545:
9543:
9540:
9538:
9535:
9534:
9532:
9528:
9522:
9519:
9517:
9514:
9512:
9509:
9507:
9504:
9502:
9499:
9497:
9494:
9492:
9489:
9487:
9484:
9482:
9479:
9477:
9474:
9472:
9471:NDF Rebellion
9469:
9467:
9464:
9462:
9459:
9457:
9454:
9452:
9451:German Autumn
9449:
9447:
9444:
9442:
9439:
9437:
9434:
9432:
9431:
9426:
9424:
9421:
9419:
9416:
9414:
9411:
9409:
9406:
9404:
9401:
9399:
9396:
9394:
9391:
9389:
9386:
9384:
9381:
9379:
9376:
9374:
9371:
9369:
9366:
9364:
9361:
9359:
9356:
9354:
9351:
9349:
9346:
9344:
9341:
9339:
9338:Metapolitefsi
9336:
9334:
9331:
9329:
9326:
9324:
9321:
9319:
9316:
9314:
9311:
9309:
9306:
9304:
9301:
9299:
9296:
9294:
9291:
9289:
9286:
9284:
9281:
9279:
9276:
9274:
9271:
9269:
9266:
9264:
9261:
9259:
9256:
9254:
9251:
9249:
9246:
9244:
9241:
9239:
9236:
9234:
9233:
9229:
9227:
9224:
9222:
9219:
9217:
9214:
9212:
9209:
9207:
9204:
9202:
9199:
9197:
9194:
9192:
9189:
9187:
9184:
9182:
9179:
9178:
9176:
9172:
9166:
9163:
9161:
9158:
9156:
9153:
9151:
9148:
9146:
9143:
9139:
9136:
9135:
9134:
9131:
9129:
9126:
9124:
9121:
9119:
9116:
9114:
9111:
9109:
9107:
9102:
9100:
9099:Prague Spring
9097:
9093:
9090:
9089:
9088:
9085:
9083:
9080:
9078:
9077:Al-Wadiah War
9075:
9073:
9070:
9068:
9065:
9063:
9060:
9058:
9055:
9053:
9050:
9048:
9045:
9043:
9042:12-3 incident
9040:
9038:
9035:
9033:
9030:
9028:
9025:
9023:
9020:
9018:
9015:
9013:
9010:
9008:
9005:
9003:
9000:
8998:
8995:
8993:
8990:
8988:
8985:
8983:
8980:
8978:
8975:
8971:
8968:
8967:
8966:
8963:
8961:
8958:
8956:
8953:
8951:
8948:
8946:
8943:
8941:
8938:
8936:
8933:
8931:
8928:
8926:
8923:
8921:
8918:
8916:
8913:
8911:
8908:
8906:
8903:
8899:
8896:
8894:
8891:
8889:
8886:
8885:
8884:
8881:
8879:
8876:
8874:
8871:
8869:
8866:
8864:
8861:
8859:
8856:
8854:
8851:
8847:
8844:
8843:
8842:
8839:
8835:
8832:
8831:
8830:
8827:
8825:
8822:
8820:
8817:
8815:
8812:
8810:
8807:
8805:
8802:
8801:
8799:
8795:
8789:
8786:
8782:
8779:
8778:
8777:
8774:
8772:
8769:
8767:
8764:
8762:
8759:
8757:
8754:
8752:
8749:
8747:
8744:
8742:
8739:
8737:
8734:
8732:
8729:
8727:
8724:
8722:
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8716:
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8709:
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8647:
8645:
8642:
8640:
8639:
8634:
8632:
8629:
8627:
8624:
8622:
8621:Domino theory
8619:
8617:
8616:Petrov Affair
8614:
8612:
8609:
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8493:Madiun Affair
8491:
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8481:
8479:
8476:
8474:
8471:
8469:
8466:
8464:
8461:
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8453:Marshall Plan
8451:
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8202:United States
8199:
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8119:Radio Mashaal
8117:
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7843:963-9592-10-2
7839:
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7813:
7809:
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7804:
7803:
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7774:
7771:. Lexington:
7770:
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7710:
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7679:
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7671:
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7665:
7664:online review
7661:
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7647:
7643:
7639:
7637:9780151014187
7633:
7628:
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7620:
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7609:
7605:
7601:
7597:
7593:
7589:
7584:
7583:
7563:
7560:says, Piotr.
7556:
7540:
7536:
7532:
7528:
7521:
7505:
7501:
7495:
7479:
7475:
7474:
7473:openDemocracy
7469:
7462:
7446:
7440:
7425:
7421:
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7389:
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7387:Novaya Gazeta
7383:
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7312:
7306:
7290:
7284:
7268:
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7180:
7179:Freedom House
7176:
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6505:
6490:
6489:
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6469:
6465:
6461:
6459:0-585-29377-5
6455:
6451:
6447:
6446:
6438:
6422:
6418:
6412:
6404:
6402:9780297857884
6398:
6394:
6390:
6386:
6380:
6365:
6361:
6354:
6348:, p. 219
6347:
6342:
6336:, p. 216
6335:
6330:
6324:, p. 209
6323:
6318:
6312:, p. 287
6311:
6306:
6300:, p. 254
6299:
6294:
6288:, p. 153
6287:
6282:
6275:
6270:
6268:
6261:, p. 210
6260:
6255:
6249:, p. 209
6248:
6243:
6236:
6231:
6225:, p. 196
6224:
6219:
6217:
6201:
6200:Wilson Center
6197:
6190:
6183:
6179:
6175:
6174:0-313-29605-7
6171:
6167:
6166:
6160:
6153:
6148:
6140:
6138:9789639776807
6134:
6130:
6123:
6117:, p. 784
6116:
6115:Mikkonen 2010
6111:
6105:, p. 783
6104:
6103:Mikkonen 2010
6099:
6093:, p. 786
6092:
6091:Mikkonen 2010
6087:
6081:, p. 214
6080:
6075:
6069:, p. 781
6068:
6067:Mikkonen 2010
6063:
6057:, p. 310
6056:
6051:
6045:, p. 115
6044:
6039:
6031:
6027:
6021:
6014:
6010:
6006:
6003:
5997:
5989:
5982:
5980:
5971:
5965:
5961:
5954:
5947:
5941:
5934:
5928:
5912:
5908:
5904:
5898:
5890:
5886:
5880:
5873:
5867:
5859:
5853:
5845:
5841:
5837:
5831:
5816:
5812:
5805:
5799:, p. 173
5798:
5797:Cummings 2008
5793:
5787:, p. 117
5786:
5781:
5766:
5762:
5755:
5740:
5736:
5729:
5722:
5721:Rawnsley 1996
5717:
5710:
5705:
5698:
5693:
5685:
5681:
5677:
5673:
5669:
5665:
5661:
5657:
5653:
5649:
5645:
5638:
5623:. 16 May 2011
5622:
5621:
5620:Lidové noviny
5616:
5610:
5595:
5591:
5587:
5583:
5577:
5569:
5565:
5559:
5553:, p. 241
5552:
5547:
5540:
5535:
5529:, p. 110
5528:
5523:
5516:
5511:
5504:
5499:
5492:
5487:
5472:
5468:
5461:
5455:, p. 170
5454:
5453:Cummings 2008
5449:
5447:
5439:
5434:
5427:
5422:
5415:
5410:
5403:
5398:
5391:
5386:
5379:
5374:
5367:
5362:
5355:
5350:
5343:
5338:
5331:
5326:
5319:
5314:
5307:
5302:
5296:, p. 169
5295:
5294:Cummings 2008
5290:
5288:
5286:
5278:
5273:
5258:
5254:
5247:
5241:
5237:
5231:
5224:
5219:
5217:
5208:
5204:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5188:
5184:
5177:
5175:
5168:
5167:9781566635745
5164:
5160:
5154:
5152:
5143:
5139:
5135:
5131:
5127:
5123:
5119:
5112:
5104:
5100:
5094:
5079:
5075:
5074:"Our History"
5069:
5062:
5056:
5048:
5044:
5038:
5036:
5020:
5016:
5010:
5008:
4992:
4988:
4982:
4966:
4962:
4956:
4937:
4933:
4929:
4928:
4920:
4914:
4910:
4894:
4890:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4847:
4841:
4839:
4838:Bobby Timmons
4835:
4828:
4817:
4808:
4804:
4801:This section
4799:
4796:
4792:
4791:
4783:
4781:
4776:
4773:
4768:
4766:
4763:, capital of
4762:
4757:
4755:
4750:
4748:
4743:
4741:
4737:
4732:
4730:
4726:
4716:
4714:
4710:
4706:
4702:
4698:
4693:
4691:
4687:
4682:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4654:
4652:
4648:
4647:Radio Mashaal
4644:
4643:Radio Mashaal
4640:
4635:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4620:South Ossetia
4616:
4614:
4610:
4605:
4603:
4599:
4594:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4571:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4537:
4533:
4528:
4522:Beyond Europe
4519:
4517:
4513:
4507:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4483:
4479:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4420:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4396:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4372:
4367:
4363:
4353:
4351:
4347:
4346:Boris Yeltsin
4343:
4338:
4336:
4332:
4327:
4325:
4324:Ronald Reagan
4321:
4313:
4307:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4292:
4290:
4284:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4273:Richard Nixon
4269:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4254:Clifford Case
4252:
4247:
4244:
4243:
4238:
4228:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4206:United States
4203:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4172:radio jamming
4168:
4166:
4155:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4140:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4124:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4103:
4101:
4097:
4087:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4068:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4048:
4046:
4036:
4034:
4030:
4020:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
4001:Józef Światło
3998:
3994:
3981:
3976:
3963:
3962:Radio Liberty
3959:
3957:
3954:
3948:
3946:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3927:
3926:Radio Mashaal
3923:
3922:
3919:
3907:
3895:
3883:
3871:
3859:
3844:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3829:
3827:
3826:South Ossetia
3815:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3778:
3776:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3757:
3753:
3752:
3747:
3746:Radio Liberty
3743:
3740:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3720:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3701:
3700:
3697:
3695:
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3656:
3653:
3647:
3645:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3620:
3614:
3613:Radio Liberty
3610:
3607:
3604:
3602:February 2001
3601:
3599:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3580:
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3319:
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3314:
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3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3296:
3294:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3250:
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3239:
3237:
3225:
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3189:
3185:
3180:
3168:
3157:
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3152:
3150:
3147:
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3140:
3137:
3134:
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3120:
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3111:
3100:
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3056:
3050:
3047:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3014:
3013:Radio Liberty
3010:
3008:
3005:
2999:
2997:
2996:Bashkortostan
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2978:Tatar-Bashkir
2976:
2975:
2971:
2966:
2965:Radio Liberty
2962:
2960:
2957:
2947:
2944:
2939:
2932:
2919:
2914:
2907:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2859:
2858:Radio Liberty
2855:
2853:
2850:
2840:
2837:
2832:
2825:
2812:
2807:
2800:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2752:
2751:Radio Liberty
2748:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2736:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2701:
2695:
2691:
2690:Radio Liberty
2687:
2684:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2662:
2661:Soviet Latvia
2657:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2638:
2634:
2633:Radio Liberty
2630:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2605:
2604:Soviet Latvia
2600:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2580:
2576:
2575:Radio Liberty
2572:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2525:
2521:
2516:
2509:
2508:Radio Liberty
2505:
2502:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2488:
2481:
2476:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2445:
2444:Radio Liberty
2441:
2439:
2436:
2430:
2427:
2423:
2418:
2416:
2402:
2389:
2385:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2369:
2368:Crimean Tatar
2366:
2364:
2363:Tatar-Bashkir
2361:
2360:
2355:
2354:Radio Liberty
2351:
2348:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2320:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2303:Prešov Region
2293:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2279:
2278:Radio Liberty
2275:
2273:
2272:Радіо Свобода
2270:
2264:
2261:
2248:
2247:Ukrainian SSR
2243:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2222:
2221:Radio Liberty
2218:
2216:
2215:Радыё Свабода
2213:
2207:
2204:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2167:
2166:Radio Liberty
2163:
2161:
2158:
2152:
2149:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2120:Tatar-Bashkir
2118:
2117:
2112:
2111:Radio Liberty
2108:
2106:
2103:
2094:18 March 1953
2093:
2090:
2077:
2073:
2067:
2063:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2041:
2035:
2034:Radio Liberty
2031:
2028:
2019:18 March 1953
2018:
2015:
2002:
2001:Dagestan ASSR
1998:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1981:Radio Liberty
1978:
1976:
1973:
1968:18 March 1953
1967:
1964:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1927:
1926:Radio Liberty
1923:
1921:
1918:
1913:18 March 1953
1912:
1909:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1872:
1871:Radio Liberty
1868:
1866:
1863:
1858:18 March 1953
1857:
1854:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1817:
1816:Radio Liberty
1813:
1811:
1808:
1803:18 March 1953
1802:
1799:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1762:
1761:Radio Liberty
1758:
1756:
1753:
1748:18 March 1953
1747:
1744:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1707:
1706:Radio Liberty
1703:
1701:
1698:
1693:18 March 1953
1692:
1689:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1650:
1649:Radio Liberty
1646:
1643:
1640:
1638:18 March 1953
1637:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1612:Radio Liberty
1609:
1606:
1603:
1601:18 March 1953
1600:
1598:
1593:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1565:
1564:Radio Liberty
1561:
1558:
1555:
1553:18 March 1953
1552:
1549:
1545:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1512:Radio Liberty
1509:
1506:
1503:
1501:18 March 1953
1500:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1472:South Ossetia
1460:
1455:
1449:
1447:
1435:(1991–2009),
1434:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1417:also covered
1415:
1414:Radio Liberty
1411:
1409:
1406:
1400:
1397:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1359:Radio Liberty
1356:
1354:
1351:
1345:
1342:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1303:Moldavian SSR
1299:
1293:
1288:
1283:(1953–1975),
1282:
1277:
1272:(1953–1975),
1271:
1266:
1261:(1953–1954),
1260:
1259:Ukrainian SSR
1255:
1250:(1953–1954),
1249:
1244:
1239:also covered
1237:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:also covered
1211:
1210:Radio Liberty
1207:
1205:
1204:Радио Свобода
1202:
1196:
1193:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1108:
1105:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1059:4 August 1950
1058:
1055:
1042:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1016:Szabad Európa
1014:
1005:4 August 1950
1004:
1001:
988:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
966:
958:
946:
945:Moldavian SSR
941:
936:(1950–1953),
935:
934:Izmail Oblast
930:
925:(1950–1953),
924:
919:
914:also covered
913:
911:
908:
904:1 August 2008
898:
895:
882:
869:
865:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
850:
846:
843:
840:
837:
834:
821:
816:
809:
805:
800:
795:
791:
786:
783:
781:
778:
775:
774:
768:
765:
762:
759:
756:
743:
738:
731:
727:
722:
717:
713:
708:
705:
703:
700:
697:
696:
692:
689:
686:
683:
680:
677:
674:
673:
665:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
613:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
574:Joseph Stalin
571:
566:
564:
560:
556:
547:
541:Radio Liberty
538:
536:
532:
527:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
496:
492:
489:
485:
480:
478:
474:
470:
466:
465:George Kennan
460:
458:
454:
448:
446:
441:
439:
435:
434:New York City
431:
427:
423:
414:
403:Early history
400:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
357:Baltic states
354:
350:
345:
344:
339:
334:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
271:
265:
262:
258:
255:
251:
250:
248:
244:
240:
234:
231:$ 124,300,000
230:
225:
217:
213:
207:
204:Nicola Careem
203:
197:
194:
193:Stephen Capus
191:
185:
182:
179:
175:
172:
163:
157:
150:
147:
146:
144:
140:
135:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
86:
81:
78:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
48:
43:
37:
33:
32:Radio Freedom
26:
25:Liberty Radio
22:
10942:Brinkmanship
10834:intelligence
10723:Marius Oprea
10673:Harvey Klehr
10603:Herbert Feis
10593:Willem Drees
10558:Archie Brown
10482:
10475:
10463:
10445:
10435:Trybuna Ludu
10433:
10426:
10422:Radio Moscow
10414:
10407:
10400:
10228:Anti-Zionism
10144:
10067:Keynesianism
10055:Conservatism
9919:Transnistria
9899:China-Taiwan
9556:Gera Demands
9429:
9230:
9105:
8910:El Porteñazo
8804:Congo Crisis
8719:
8654:Algerian War
8637:
8513:Western Bloc
8508:Eastern Bloc
8503:Iron Curtain
8359:
8351:
8343:
8320:
8300:
8292:
8209:Soviet Union
8207:
8200:
8098:
8017:CIA archives
8004:
7990:
7976:
7945:. Retrieved
7906:
7877:
7874:Tofan, Liviu
7855:
7852:Tofan, Liviu
7833:
7811:
7800:
7799:
7793:
7781:
7768:
7755:
7731:
7727:
7702:
7673:
7659:
7652:
7645:
7625:
7615:
7591:
7587:
7580:Bibliography
7567:23 September
7565:. Retrieved
7555:
7545:23 September
7543:. Retrieved
7539:the original
7534:
7520:
7508:. Retrieved
7503:
7494:
7482:. Retrieved
7471:
7461:
7449:. Retrieved
7439:
7427:. Retrieved
7423:
7414:
7405:
7396:
7385:
7376:
7364:. Retrieved
7353:
7341:. Retrieved
7339:. 5 May 2021
7337:The Guardian
7336:
7327:
7315:. Retrieved
7305:
7293:. Retrieved
7283:
7271:. Retrieved
7261:
7249:. Retrieved
7239:
7227:. Retrieved
7217:
7205:. Retrieved
7194:
7182:. Retrieved
7178:
7169:
7157:. Retrieved
7147:
7134:
7124:
7112:. Retrieved
7102:
7090:. Retrieved
7085:
7075:
7063:. Retrieved
7059:
7049:
7037:. Retrieved
7026:
7016:13 September
7014:. Retrieved
7009:
7000:
6987:
6974:
6962:. Retrieved
6958:
6948:
6936:. Retrieved
6931:
6922:
6910:. Retrieved
6906:
6897:
6888:
6879:
6866:
6853:
6841:. Retrieved
6831:
6819:. Retrieved
6809:
6795:
6781:
6767:
6758:
6752:
6740:. Retrieved
6718:
6708:
6699:
6690:
6678:. Retrieved
6673:
6664:
6655:
6650:
6638:. Retrieved
6633:
6624:
6612:. Retrieved
6608:
6599:
6589:15 September
6587:. Retrieved
6583:
6573:
6561:. Retrieved
6557:
6547:
6535:. Retrieved
6516:
6504:
6492:. Retrieved
6486:
6476:
6444:
6437:
6425:. Retrieved
6420:
6411:
6388:
6379:
6367:. Retrieved
6364:Radio Prague
6353:
6341:
6329:
6317:
6305:
6293:
6281:
6276:, p. 30
6254:
6242:
6230:
6203:. Retrieved
6199:
6189:
6164:
6159:
6154:, p. 83
6147:
6128:
6122:
6110:
6098:
6086:
6074:
6062:
6050:
6038:
6030:the original
6020:
6012:
5996:
5987:
5959:
5953:
5945:
5940:
5932:
5927:
5915:. Retrieved
5911:the original
5906:
5897:
5888:
5879:
5871:
5866:
5852:
5844:the original
5839:
5830:
5818:. Retrieved
5814:
5804:
5792:
5780:
5768:. Retrieved
5764:
5754:
5742:. Retrieved
5738:
5728:
5716:
5711:, p. 94
5704:
5699:, p. 87
5692:
5651:
5647:
5637:
5625:. Retrieved
5618:
5609:
5597:. Retrieved
5589:
5576:
5567:
5558:
5546:
5541:, p. 80
5534:
5522:
5515:Johnson 2010
5510:
5505:, p. 37
5503:Johnson 2010
5498:
5493:, p. 48
5486:
5474:. Retrieved
5460:
5438:Johnson 2010
5433:
5428:, p. 43
5426:Johnson 2010
5421:
5416:, p. 62
5409:
5397:
5392:, p. 40
5385:
5380:, p. 39
5373:
5368:, p. 37
5361:
5356:, p. 30
5349:
5344:, p. 14
5337:
5325:
5320:, p. 10
5313:
5308:, p. 18
5301:
5279:, p. 24
5272:
5260:. Retrieved
5256:
5246:
5230:
5225:, p. 12
5190:
5186:
5158:
5125:
5121:
5111:
5102:
5093:
5083:24 September
5081:. Retrieved
5077:
5068:
5055:
5046:
5022:. Retrieved
5018:
4994:. Retrieved
4990:
4981:
4969:. Retrieved
4964:
4955:
4943:. Retrieved
4936:the original
4925:
4913:
4893:
4831:
4826:
4811:
4807:adding to it
4802:
4777:
4769:
4758:
4751:
4744:
4736:Roskomnadzor
4733:
4722:
4694:
4689:
4683:
4679:Current Time
4678:
4667:Current Time
4666:
4660:
4636:
4631:
4628:Ekho Kavkaza
4627:
4617:
4606:
4598:Hamid Karzai
4595:
4572:
4560:Turkmenistan
4541:
4508:
4504:
4499:9/11 attacks
4421:
4402:
4359:
4339:
4328:
4322:. President
4317:
4311:
4293:
4285:
4275:appointed a
4270:
4251:U.S. Senator
4248:
4240:
4234:
4220:Fulton Lewis
4209:
4184:
4169:
4161:
4141:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4116:
4109:
4093:
4083:
4079:
4072:Oleg Kalugin
4069:
4054:
4042:
4026:
4013:Poznań riots
3990:
3961:
3924:
3848:also covers
3842:
3795:
3754:
3745:
3735:3 April 2002
3664:
3625:
3612:
3573:merged into
3527:8 March 1999
3504:
3496:merged into
3488:31 July 2015
3392:
3383:
3343:
3274:
3260:Kosovo Serbs
3148:
3012:
2977:
2964:
2870:
2857:
2763:
2754:
2750:
2693:
2689:
2636:
2632:
2578:
2574:
2507:
2497:October 1966
2443:
2438:Qırım Aqiqat
2405:
2388:Crimean ASSR
2380:(1960s–1991)
2362:
2353:
2325:Central Asia
2286:Czechoslovak
2277:
2229:
2220:
2172:
2165:
2119:
2110:
2096:3 April 2002
2078:(1957–1970s)
2046:
2033:
2021:3 April 2002
2003:(1953–1970s)
1980:
1932:
1925:
1920:Радиои Озодӣ
1877:
1870:
1822:
1815:
1767:
1760:
1712:
1705:
1675:Armenian SSR
1657:
1648:
1611:
1563:
1550:(1957–1970s)
1511:
1498:(1953–1970s)
1462:
1436:
1413:
1401:3 March 1953
1383:Georgian SSR
1365:
1358:
1346:2 March 1953
1341:Turkmenistan
1310:
1305:(1953–1990)
1270:Estonian SSR
1222:deployed in
1209:
1197:1 March 1953
1179:Russian SFSR
1161:
1073:
968:
899:14 July 1950
852:
776:Czechoslovak
698:Czechoslovak
614:
567:
559:Soviet Union
552:
528:
520:Iron Curtain
501:
481:
477:war of ideas
461:
449:
442:
430:Allen Dulles
419:
361:Soviet Union
346:
335:
331:Eastern Bloc
327:Soviet Union
303:Central Asia
290:
286:
282:
281:
103:Headquarters
57:Abbreviation
36:
10768:Shen Zhihua
10578:Michael Cox
10510:competition
10457:Pro-Western
10447:Soviet Life
10373:Safari Club
10343:Warsaw Pact
10198:Nationalism
10188:Imperialism
10087:Reaganomics
9950:Containment
9743:Perestroika
9232:Realpolitik
9062:Six-Day War
9047:Greek junta
8858:Berlin Wall
8706:Suez Crisis
8674:Vietnam War
8561:McCarthyism
8376:Baruch Plan
8321:Unthinkable
8281:Dekemvriana
8220:Warsaw Pact
8109:Radio Farda
8104:Radio Azadi
8007: (1960)
7993: (1960)
7979: (1956)
7535:knigoboz.ru
7510:20 February
7484:8 September
6742:24 November
5582:Nečas, Petr
5332:, p. 7
4772:Azerbaijani
4707:, Russia's
4699:requesting
4602:Radio Azadi
4536:Afghanistan
4377:Martin Šmíd
4369: [
4342:August coup
4329:During the
4262:fiscal year
4258:Senate Bill
4256:introduced
4212:McCarthyist
4194:became the
4148:Lech Wałęsa
4027:During the
4019:that year.
3837:Эхо Кавказа
3756:Radio Farda
3738:31 May 2016
3648:1 June 2000
3631:Montenegrin
3575:Radio Farda
3482:(2004–2015)
3469:(2003–2004)
3457:(1998–2003)
3007:Idel.Реалии
3000:early 1990s
2968:covered by
2959:راډیو ازادي
2933:(2004–2021)
2920:(2002–2004)
2908:(1992–1993)
2895:(1987–1992)
2890:(1985–1987)
2852:رادیو آزادی
2826:(2004–2021)
2813:(2002–2004)
2801:(1992–1993)
2788:(1987–1992)
2783:(1985–1987)
2737:(1990–2004)
2724:(1975–1990)
2679:5 July 1975
2676:(1990–2004)
2663:(1975–1990)
2622:5 July 1975
2619:(1990–2004)
2606:(1975–1990)
2561:(1990–2004)
2548:(1975–1990)
2494:(1966–1979)
2492:Kirghiz SSR
2482:(1966–1979)
2470:(1966–1979)
2390:(1991–1992)
2249:(1954–1991)
2208:20 May 1954
2192:(1954–1991)
2137:(1953–1991)
2105:Маршо Радио
2068:(1953–1957)
2026:31 May 2016
2016:(2002–2016)
1952:(1953–1991)
1897:(1953–1991)
1842:(1953–1991)
1840:Kirghiz SSR
1787:(1953–1991)
1732:(1953–1991)
1718:Azerbaijani
1713:Azerbaijani
1677:(1953–1991)
1540:(1953–1957)
1424:Abkhaz ASSR
1385:(1953–1991)
1330:(1953–1991)
1328:Turkmen SSR
1281:Latvian SSR
1194:(1991–2022)
1181:(1953–1991)
1148:1 June 1951
1093:(1950–1989)
1056:(1990–1994)
1043:(1950–1989)
989:(1950–1989)
959:(1991–1998)
883:(1965–1989)
870:(1950–1965)
838:4 July 1950
835:(1990–1993)
822:(1969–1990)
810:(1960–1969)
796:(1950–1960)
760:4 July 1950
757:(1990–1993)
744:(1969–1990)
732:(1960–1969)
718:(1950–1960)
658:Azerbaijani
570:Lampertheim
504:Lampertheim
455:relations,
347:During the
311:Middle East
261:svoboda.org
224:Fiscal year
129: /
10990:Categories
10536:Historians
10527:Space Race
10428:Rudé právo
10382:Propaganda
10238:Neo-Nazism
10208:Chauvinism
10162:Trotskyism
10077:Monetarism
10045:Liberalism
10037:Capitalism
10029:Ideologies
9980:Ostpolitik
9703:Solidarity
9668:Toyota War
9571:Solidarity
9428:Operation
9383:Ogaden War
9072:Dhofar War
8960:Shifta War
8718:Operation
8566:Korean War
8358:Operation
8350:Operation
8342:Operation
8319:Operation
8299:Operation
8291:Operation
8087:Radio Sawa
8005:Eagle Cage
7947:9 November
7065:14 January
7039:14 January
7035:. CBS News
6843:15 January
6821:7 December
6563:7 December
6537:7 December
6494:7 December
6488:Novinky.cz
6427:7 December
6369:7 December
6346:Sosin 1999
6334:Sosin 1999
6322:Sosin 1999
6205:15 October
6013:Spero News
5627:7 December
5599:7 December
5043:"About Us"
4971:7 December
4945:7 December
4905:References
4765:Kyrgyzstan
4568:Uzbekistan
4564:Tajikistan
4548:Kyrgyzstan
4544:Azerbaijan
4468:Montenegro
4432:Yugoslavia
4399:After 1991
4381:Charter 77
4289:Cord Meyer
4144:Solidarity
4033:Eisenhower
3993:Petr Nečas
3956:مشال راډیو
3882:Ingushetia
3786:فردا رادیو
3670:Macedonian
3644:Montenegro
3498:Radio Sawa
3200:Montenegro
2700:Latgalians
2534:Lithuanian
2530:Lithuanian
2468:Kazakh SSR
2426:Sevastopol
2329:Karakalpak
2178:Belarusian
2173:Belarusian
2135:Tatar ASSR
1963:Uzbekistan
1908:Tajikistan
1853:Kyrgyzstan
1798:Kazakhstan
1785:Kazakh SSR
1743:Azerbaijan
622:Belarusian
309:, and the
117:14°28′43″E
90:52-1068522
85:Tax ID no.
10823:Ken Young
10668:Tony Judt
10517:Arms race
10490:Red Scare
10358:NN States
10303:Apartheid
10258:Autocracy
10167:Stalinism
10135:Guevarism
10125:Castroism
10115:Communism
10107:Socialism
9633:Star Wars
9226:Koza riot
8352:Beleaguer
8344:Masterdom
7748:159839411
7608:143544822
7406:France 24
7366:25 August
7362:. Reuters
7343:25 August
7317:25 August
7295:24 August
7273:24 August
7251:24 August
7229:24 August
6680:1 October
6640:1 October
6614:1 October
6527:0028-7504
5917:6 October
5684:192186418
5668:0008-5006
5564:"History"
5471:Kyiv Post
5199:1526-0054
4456:Lithuania
4383:activist
4222:, a U.S.
4086:in 2001.
4005:Hungarian
3706:Kabardian
3393:Moldavian
2649:Latgalian
2559:Lithuania
2480:Uzbek SSR
2235:Ukrainian
2230:Ukrainian
2148:Tatarstan
1950:Uzbek SSR
1895:Tajik SSR
1079:Bulgarian
1074:Bulgarian
974:Hungarian
969:Hungarian
820:Slovak SR
618:Ukrainian
254:RFERL.org
188:President
171:this list
114:50°4′44″N
65:Formation
10975:Timeline
10965:Category
10910:See also
10402:Izvestia
10243:Islamism
10140:Hoxhaism
10015:Rollback
9894:Abkhazia
9834:Gulf War
9738:Glasnost
9108:incident
8878:Sand War
8736:Ifni War
8245:Rio Pact
8190:Cold War
8055:networks
7876:(2021).
7854:(2021).
7832:(2006).
7810:(2007).
7672:(1996).
7478:Archived
7451:27 April
7429:10 March
6938:27 March
6932:Newsweek
6912:27 March
6531:Archived
6468:45731476
6387:(2009).
6005:Archived
5820:17 April
5770:20 April
5744:20 April
5676:40860045
5590:vlada.cz
5207:43134017
4844:See also
4786:Programs
4624:Abkhazia
4615:region.
4581:ordered
4472:Bulgaria
4460:Slovakia
4391:and the
4385:Petr Uhl
4335:Glasnost
4312:Glasnost
4242:Ramparts
4084:Izvestia
4080:Segodnya
3870:Dagestan
3814:Abkhazia
3510:Albanian
3398:Romanian
3352:RSE Inc.
3312:RWE Inc.
3097:Croatian
3075:Slovakia
2710:Estonian
2706:Estonian
2089:Chechnya
2014:Dagestan
1663:Armenian
1658:Armenian
1624:Ossetian
1446:Abkhazia
1371:Georgian
1366:Georgian
1132:Albanian
1128:Albanian
1104:Bulgaria
858:Romanian
853:Romanian
833:Slovakia
742:Czech SR
693:Remarks
678:Language
662:Georgian
654:Armenian
586:Portugal
531:leaflets
473:Cold War
395:and the
349:Cold War
329:and the
323:Cold War
307:Caucasus
293:) is an
241:>1700
142:Location
10465:Amerika
10348:Comecon
10233:Fascism
10223:Zionism
10172:Titoism
9713:Contras
9181:Détente
8458:Comecon
8082:Alhurra
7060:Reuters
6964:20 July
6512:"1989!"
6184:. p. 51
5476:30 July
5142:1191297
5024:3 March
4850:Alhurra
4761:Bishkek
4552:Belarus
4532:Helmand
4476:Romania
4464:Croatia
4448:Estonia
4424:Hungary
4389:Reuters
4310:1980s:
4231:Funding
4158:Jamming
4146:leader
4039:Romania
4023:Hungary
3952:present
3833:present
3801:Russian
3782:present
3762:Persian
3690:present
3651:present
3585:Russian
3581:Latvian
3547:Persian
3543:Persian
3530:present
3418:present
3300:present
3280:Bosnian
3243:present
3236:Croatia
3154:Serbian
3110:Croatia
3003:present
2983:Bashkir
2955:present
2848:present
2735:Estonia
2645:Latvian
2592:Latvian
2588:Latvian
2434:present
2268:present
2260:Ukraine
2211:present
2203:Belarus
2156:present
2101:present
2057:Chechen
2052:Chechen
1971:present
1916:present
1861:present
1806:present
1751:present
1696:present
1688:Armenia
1404:present
1396:Georgia
1349:present
1316:Turkmen
1311:Turkmen
1226:and in
1200:present
1167:Russian
1162:Russian
1116:present
1012:present
1000:Hungary
906:present
894:Romania
690:Website
675:Service
650:Bashkir
638:Turkmen
516:émigrés
246:Website
237:Staff
220:Budget
164:English
95:Purpose
10416:Pravda
10218:Racism
10157:Maoism
9909:Kosovo
9430:Condor
9106:Pueblo
9092:May 68
8720:Gladio
8638:Tuapse
8301:Jungle
8293:Priboi
8131:WHYNOT
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7207:27 May
7184:27 May
7159:27 May
7135:dw.com
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7092:27 May
6700:RFE/RL
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5019:RFE/RL
4996:4 July
4991:RFE/RL
4639:Pashto
4566:, and
4474:, and
4452:Latvia
4436:Kosovo
4428:Poland
4411:. The
4304:Baltic
4137:Munich
4009:Poland
3980:Biblis
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3641:
3626:Balkan
3598:Latvia
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3523:Kosovo
3520:
3505:Balkan
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3443:Arabic
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3329:Poland
3326:
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3290:
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3233:
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3212:Kosovo
3209:
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3167:Serbia
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1823:Kyrgyz
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596:under
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60:RFE/RL
10901:Stasi
10368:SAARC
10363:ASEAN
10328:SEATO
10181:Other
10146:Juche
9904:Korea
9817:1990s
9530:1980s
9174:1970s
8797:1960s
8549:1950s
8259:1940s
8240:NEATO
8235:SEATO
8225:ANZUS
7744:S2CID
7604:S2CID
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5680:S2CID
5672:JSTOR
5203:JSTOR
5138:JSTOR
4939:(PDF)
4922:(PDF)
4885:Notes
4729:Minsk
4719:2020s
4657:2010s
4587:RPG-7
4373:]
4057:Stasi
3356:Czech
3025:Czech
3021:Czech
2431:1960s
2346:1970s
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2125:Tatar
2099:1970s
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1933:Uzbek
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1878:Tajik
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721:Czech
707:Czech
702:Czech
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610:Spain
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7161:2023
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7094:2023
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7018:2020
6966:2018
6940:2018
6914:2018
6845:2010
6823:2020
6744:2015
6682:2023
6642:2023
6616:2023
6591:2020
6565:2020
6539:2020
6523:ISSN
6496:2020
6464:OCLC
6454:ISBN
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6397:ISBN
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6178:ISBN
6170:ISBN
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5822:2015
5772:2015
5746:2015
5664:ISSN
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5601:2020
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5264:2021
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4556:Iran
4180:jazz
4165:USSR
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2769:Dari
2740:1975
2310:1955
2307:1954
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533:via
467:and
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