438:(RR). In some cases, parts of the radio spectrum are sold or licensed to operators of private radio transmission services (for example, cellular telephone operators or broadcast television stations). Ranges of allocated frequencies are often referred to by their provisioned use (for example, cellular spectrum or television spectrum). Because it is a fixed resource which is in demand by an increasing number of users, the radio spectrum has become increasingly congested in recent decades, and the need to utilize it more effectively is driving modern telecommunications innovations such as
5091:
2357:
5101:
5080:
5111:
3050:
The greatest incentive for development of radio was the need to communicate with ships out of visual range of shore. From the very early days of radio, large oceangoing vessels carried powerful long-wave and medium-wave transmitters. High-frequency allocations are still designated for ships, although
549:
band), atmospheric gases absorb increasing amounts of power, so the power in a beam of radio waves decreases exponentially with distance from the transmitting antenna. At 30 GHz, useful communication is limited to about 1 km, but as frequency increases the range at which the waves can be
761:(HF) designates the wavelength range from 100 to 10 metres, corresponding to a frequency range of 3 to 30 MHz. This is just a symbol and is not related to allocation; the ITU further divides each band into subbands allocated to different services. Above 300 GHz, the absorption of
3372:
ITU Radio
Regulations – Article 1, Definitions of Radio Services, Article 1.2 Administration: Any governmental department or service responsible for discharging the obligations undertaken in the Constitution of the International Telecommunication Union, in the Convention of the International
798:
meeting, held in
Bucharest in 1937, and was approved by the International Radio Conference held at Atlantic City, NJ in 1947. The idea to give each band a number, in which the number is the logarithm of the approximate geometric mean of the upper and lower band limits in Hz, originated with
609:
are usually used or set aside for the same purpose. To prevent interference and allow for efficient use of the radio spectrum, similar services are allocated in bands. For example, broadcasting, mobile radio, or navigation devices, will be allocated in non-overlapping ranges of frequencies.
1418:, which was the first application of microwaves. There are several incompatible naming systems for microwave bands, and even within a given system the exact frequency range designated by a letter may vary somewhat between different application areas. One widely used standard is the
478:, there is no lower limit to the frequency of radio waves. Radio waves are defined by the ITU as: "electromagnetic waves of frequencies arbitrarily lower than 3000 GHz, propagated in space without artificial guide". At the high frequency end the radio spectrum is bounded by the
3100:
is allocated in many countries, using channelized radios in the upper HF part of the spectrum (around 27 MHz). It is used for personal, small business and hobby purposes. Other frequency allocations are used for similar services in different jurisdictions, for example
3109:
exist around the world, usually emphasizing short-range communication between individuals or for small businesses, simplified license requirements or in some countries covered by a class license, and usually FM transceivers using around 1 watt or less.
4010:
AFR 55-44/AR 105-86/OPNAVINST 3430.9A/MCO 3430.1, 27 October 1964 superseded by AFR 55-44/AR 105-86/OPNAVINST 3430.1A/MCO 3430.1A, 6 December 1978: Performing
Electronic Countermeasures in the United States and Canada, Attachment 1,ECM Frequency
3065:
is used in coastal waters and relatively short-range communication between vessels and to shore stations. Radios are channelized, with different channels used for different purposes; marine
Channel 16 is used for calling and emergencies.
517:
or inversely with frequency. Below about 10 kHz (a wavelength of 30 km), elevated wire antennas kilometers in diameter are required, so very few radio systems use frequencies below this. A second limit is the decreasing
526:
that can be transmitted. Below about 30 kHz, audio modulation is impractical and only slow baud rate data communication is used. The lowest frequencies that have been used for radio communication are around 80 Hz, in
3126:, radio-frequency heating, and similar purposes. However, in recent years the largest use of these bands has been by short-range low-power communications systems, since users do not have to hold a radio operator's license.
791:. Article 2, provision No. 2.1 states that "the radio spectrum shall be subdivided into nine frequency bands, which shall be designated by progressive whole numbers in accordance with the following table".
1582:
505:, are determined by technological limitations which are impossible to overcome. So although the radio spectrum is becoming increasingly congested, there is no possible way to add additional frequency
3409:
545:
The highest frequencies useful for radio communication are limited by the absorption of microwave energy by the atmosphere. As frequency increases above 30 GHz (the beginning of the
806:
The band name "tremendously low frequency" (TLF) has been used for frequencies from 1–3 Hz (wavelengths from 300,000–100,000 km), but the term has not been defined by the ITU.
2364:
The band name "tremendously low frequency" (TLF) has been used for frequencies from 1–3 Hz (wavelengths of 300,000–100,000 km), but the term has not been defined by the ITU.
3929:
NATO Allied Radio
Frequency Agency (ARFA) HANDBOOK – VOLUME I; PART IV – APPENDICES, ... G-2, ... NOMENCLATURE OF THE FREQUENCY AND WAVELENGTH BANDS USED IN RADIOCOMMUNCATION.
3012:. Since VHF and UHF frequencies are desirable for many uses in urban areas, in North America some parts of the former television broadcasting band have been reassigned to
3229:
applications use relatively high power pulse transmitters and sensitive receivers, so radar is operated on bands not used for other purposes. Most radar bands are in the
3719:
Duncan, Christopher; Gkountouna, Olga; Mahabir, Ron (2021). Arabnia, Hamid R.; Deligiannidis, Leonidas; Shouno, Hayaru; Tinetti, Fernando G.; Tran, Quoc-Nam (eds.).
3432:
Radio waves are defined by the ITU as: "electromagnetic waves of frequencies arbitrarily lower than 3000 GHz, propagated in space without artificial guide",
3207:
frequencies near 72 MHz to avoid interference by unlicensed uses. The 21st century has seen a move to 2.4 GHz spread spectrum RC control systems.
486:, from 300 gigahertz to 3 terahertz, can be considered either as microwaves or infrared. It is the highest band categorized as radio waves by the
4355:
474:
boundaries of the radio spectrum are a matter of convention in physics and are somewhat arbitrary. Since radio waves are the lowest frequency category of
3606:
3582:
3393:
1423:
3697:
1258:
538:
antennas 20–60 km long excited by megawatts of transmitter power, and transmit data at an extremely slow rate of about 1 bit per minute (17
3027:
band in the United States was a pre-WWII allocation for VHF audio broadcasting; it was made obsolete after the introduction of FM broadcasting.
3939:
3673:
3467:
3440:
3302:
3081:
part of the spectrum. Other bands are national or regional allocations only due to differing allocations for other services, especially in the
370:
3038:
refers to VHF frequencies 108 to 137 MHz, used for navigation and voice communication with aircraft. Trans-oceanic aircraft also carry
5063:
5035:
5030:
4055:
509:
outside of that currently in use. The lowest frequencies used for radio communication are limited by the increasing size of transmitting
3843:
3552:
3514:
3176:
and other public safety services such as fire departments and ambulances are generally found in the VHF and UHF parts of the spectrum.
534:
systems built by a few nations' navies to communicate with their submerged submarines hundreds of meters underwater. These employ huge
430:
Different parts of the radio spectrum are allocated by the ITU for different radio transmission technologies and applications; some 40
3721:"Theoretical Applications of Magnetic Fields at Tremendously Low Frequency in Remote Sensing and Electronic Activity Classification"
482:
band. The boundary between radio waves and infrared waves is defined at different frequencies in different scientific fields. The
5057:
555:
1414:
range are designated by letters. This convention began around World War II with military designations for frequencies used in
5052:
5042:
5022:
4824:
4001:
3914:
3837:
3740:
3403:
890:
487:
424:
1303:
755:, and each covering a decade of frequency or wavelength. Each of these bands has a traditional name. For example, the term
4189:
5114:
5047:
4893:
3252:
3218:
in North
America. Industrial remote control of cranes or railway locomotives use assigned frequencies that vary by area.
3150:
Bands of frequencies, especially in the VHF and UHF parts of the spectrum, are allocated for communication between fixed
3074:
3142:
all use the ISM bands. ISM devices do not have regulatory protection against interference from other users of the band.
4819:
2140:
1393:
653:
are to be defined, and what will be carried on those channels. Typical definitions set forth in a frequency plan are:
4913:
3546:
3508:
3272:
1081:
741:
363:
4698:
4246:
4048:
4027:
4809:
1077:
4804:
3964:
3756:
3005:
3604:
3203:
in the 27 MHz or 49 MHz bands, but more costly aircraft, boat, or land vehicle models use dedicated
4829:
3292:
845:
673:
531:
519:
506:
3574:
5104:
4865:
4762:
4305:
4100:
4072:
1169:
1093:
1073:
1013:
416:
356:
3621:
3016:
and various land mobile communications systems. Even within the allocation still dedicated to television,
5094:
4601:
4041:
2935:
2930:
1372:
455:
1314:, amateur radio, satellite broadcasting, communication satellites, weather satellites, satellite radio,
4953:
4875:
4814:
4521:
1311:
1165:
1089:
1009:
431:
17:
1343:
Radio astronomy, satellite broadcasting, communication satellites, weather satellites, high-frequency
4725:
4686:
4531:
4431:
4360:
4293:
4120:
3167:
902:
762:
513:
required. The size of antenna required to radiate radio power efficiently increases in proportion to
501:
limits and basic physical considerations of the radio spectrum, the frequencies which are useful for
3943:
3658:
3461:
3434:
5084:
4326:
4261:
4214:
4174:
3180:
systems are often used to make most efficient use of the limited number of frequencies available.
2840:
2835:
1389:
1327:
1307:
1238:
1145:
803:
in 1942. For example, the approximate geometric mean of band 7 is 10 MHz, or 10 Hz.
388:
300:
123:
5135:
4923:
4908:
4752:
4703:
4626:
4526:
4204:
4090:
4085:
3097:
2426:
2421:
1356:
829:
769:
is so great that the atmosphere is effectively opaque, until it becomes transparent again in the
747:
As a matter of convention, the ITU divides the radio spectrum into 12 bands, each beginning at a
631:
627:
528:
423:
of radio waves is strictly regulated by national laws, coordinated by an international body, the
69:
3865:
4845:
4631:
4446:
4391:
4386:
4199:
4164:
3183:
The demand for mobile telephone service has led to large blocks of radio spectrum allocated to
3106:
1141:
1069:
795:
650:
4747:
4551:
4516:
4436:
4416:
4338:
4226:
4147:
3904:
3827:
3536:
3498:
1344:
1005:
766:
606:
435:
4080:
4661:
4621:
4591:
4348:
4283:
4105:
3287:
3267:
3184:
3086:
3004:
Designations for television and FM radio broadcast frequencies vary between countries, see
2693:
2688:
2617:
2612:
2607:
1479:
1352:
1286:
1242:
1185:
1017:
475:
439:
244:
118:
113:
3866:"Effect of atmospheric absorption on millimetre wave frequencies for 5G cellular networks"
554:
above 300 GHz, the radio waves are attenuated to zero within a few meters due to the
8:
4671:
4611:
4370:
4332:
4130:
4115:
3720:
3200:
3082:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2468:
2463:
2447:
2442:
1540:
1466:
1368:
1137:
1109:
1057:
1021:
873:
852:
677:
239:
128:
106:
79:
74:
4898:
4855:
4786:
4656:
4586:
4561:
4496:
4343:
4064:
3322:
3139:
3127:
3077:
vary around the world. Several bands are common for amateurs worldwide, usually in the
3051:
satellite systems have taken over some of the safety applications previously served by
2976:
2489:
2484:
2330:
2320:
2300:
1173:
1097:
937:
909:
663:
420:
84:
3645:
635:
4938:
4860:
4774:
4757:
4720:
4566:
4396:
4365:
4231:
4125:
3910:
3902:
3885:
3833:
3736:
3542:
3504:
3399:
3282:
3024:
3009:
788:
725:
412:
4606:
751:
which is a power of ten (10) metres, with corresponding frequency of 3×10
4943:
4903:
4883:
4850:
4779:
4737:
4651:
4506:
4491:
4466:
4441:
4401:
4251:
4110:
4095:
3877:
3728:
3062:
2531:
2526:
1270:
1061:
1029:
985:
925:
657:
643:
139:
96:
4571:
4426:
4194:
4169:
4157:
3732:
3656:
ITU Radio
Regulations, Volume 1, Article 2; Edition of 2020. Available online at
3610:
3332:
3327:
3317:
3247:
2997:
2912:
1647:
1586:
1315:
1274:
1262:
1250:
1210:
1177:
1125:
1101:
1001:
571:
546:
510:
459:
451:
443:
58:
35:
4769:
4641:
4616:
4576:
4546:
4421:
4256:
4209:
4184:
4142:
3965:"Nomenclature of the frequency and wavelength bands used in telecommunications"
3757:"Nomenclature of the frequency and wavelength bands used in telecommunications"
3633:
3347:
3312:
3199:
uses bands dedicated to the purpose. Radio-controlled toys may use portions of
3123:
3078:
3039:
3017:
3013:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2402:
1453:
1397:
1348:
1202:
1037:
774:
757:
602:
579:
567:
551:
483:
447:
234:
101:
39:
4007:
IEEE Standard 521-2002: Standard Letter
Designations for Radar-Frequency Bands
3881:
1673:
The designation mm is also used to refer to the range from 30 to 300 GHz.
1388:
Experimental medical imaging to replace X-rays, ultrafast molecular dynamics,
5129:
4918:
4691:
4681:
4596:
4486:
4481:
4471:
4456:
4278:
4137:
3998:
Nomenclature of the frequency and wavelength bands used in telecommunications
3889:
3337:
3307:
3211:
3204:
3196:
3163:
3159:
2873:
2859:
2804:
2790:
2759:
2745:
2726:
2712:
2707:
2683:
2669:
2650:
2631:
2510:
2505:
2246:
2065:
2029:
2005:
1977:
1963:
1937:
1911:
1897:
1883:
1857:
1821:
1795:
1742:
1651:
1573:
1518:
1360:
1254:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1025:
977:
948:
712:
683:
575:
535:
277:
259:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
149:
91:
539:
4796:
4636:
4581:
4511:
4476:
4411:
4310:
4300:
4152:
3940:"www.microwaves101.com "Waveguide frequency bands and interior dimensions""
3793:
3382:
3262:
3215:
3173:
3151:
1222:
1218:
799:
B. C. Fleming-Williams, who suggested it in a letter to the editor of
716:
667:
491:
3864:
Banday, Yusra; Mohammad Rather, Ghulam; Begh, Gh. Rasool (February 2019).
3538:
Principles of
Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy: An Introductory Textbook
3162:
transceivers. In the United States these services are informally known as
3122:
were initially reserved for non-communications uses of RF energy, such as
3059:
is a medium-wave frequency still used for marine emergency communication.
2965:
4996:
4646:
4556:
4541:
4501:
4461:
4320:
3257:
3234:
3155:
2991:
965:
929:
639:
563:
3997:
1273:, satellite broadcasting, communication satellites, weather satellites,
5001:
4708:
4406:
4315:
4271:
4241:
4219:
3373:
Telecommunication Union and in the Administrative Regulations (CS 1002)
3352:
1129:
941:
748:
697:
514:
408:
31:
2356:
490:. but spectroscopic scientists consider these frequencies part of the
4986:
4451:
4266:
4033:
3297:
3230:
3135:
1544:
1411:
1226:
1206:
1053:
721:
691:
471:
392:
3725:
Transactions on Computational Science and Computational Intelligence
649:
Each frequency plan defines the frequency range to be included, how
4981:
4971:
4888:
4713:
4536:
4021:
3974:. Geneva, Switzerland: International Telecommunications Union. 2015
3766:. Geneva, Switzerland: International Telecommunications Union. 2015
3177:
3119:
3056:
2985:
1640:
1319:
1266:
969:
933:
894:
770:
605:(a contiguous section of the range of the radio spectrum) in which
523:
479:
328:
3903:
Leonid A. Belov; Sergey M. Smolskiy; Victor N. Kochemasov (2012).
3233:
part of the spectrum, although certain important applications for
4976:
4961:
4179:
3535:
Coutaz, Jean-Louis; Garet, Frederic; Wallace, Vincent P. (2018).
3052:
3035:
2818:
2773:
2351:
2256:
2232:
2096:
1598:
1552:
1302:
Radio astronomy, microwave devices/communications, wireless LAN,
1161:
1152:, land mobile and maritime mobile communications, amateur radio,
1085:
591:
343:
333:
323:
282:
269:
30:
This article is about the spectral band. For the radiation, see
5006:
4966:
4288:
3102:
2887:
2854:
2740:
2664:
2645:
2593:
2340:
2310:
2290:
2280:
2270:
2222:
2156:
1631:
1619:
1531:
1505:
1492:
1278:
1230:
1214:
687:
338:
318:
295:
290:
264:
254:
249:
3632:
For the authorized frequency bands for amateur radio use see:
558:
of electromagnetic radiation by the atmosphere (mainly due to
4991:
4928:
4236:
3342:
3277:
3226:
3131:
3092:
1415:
1133:
752:
744:(FCC) and voluntary best practices help avoid interference.
708:
704:
559:
502:
404:
400:
396:
660:– which channel numbers or letters (if any) will be assigned
4933:
3500:
Radio Spectrum Conservation: Radio Engineering Fundamentals
1682:
1431:
1246:
1065:
973:
626:) which dictates how it is to be used and shared, to avoid
1680:
27:
Part of the electromagnetic spectrum from 1 Hz to 3000 GHz
3906:
Handbook of RF, Microwave, and Millimeter-Wave Components
3863:
3672:. International Telecommunication Union. 1 January 2017.
1720:
1234:
898:
794:
The table originated with a recommendation of the fourth
785:
737:
736:
The actual authorized frequency bands are defined by the
703:
content – what types of information are allowed, such as
407:). Electromagnetic waves in this frequency range, called
411:, are widely used in modern technology, particularly in
3829:
The Naval Institute Guide to World Naval Weapon Systems
3718:
574:
emissions, until it becomes transparent again near the
4028:"Radio spectrum: a vital resource in a wireless world"
3796:
Standard Letter Designations for Radar-Frequency Bands
3714:
3712:
1255:
police, fire and emergency medical services broadcasts
1201:
Television broadcasts, cable television broadcasting,
1154:
police, fire and emergency medical services broadcasts
570:), which is so great that it is essentially opaque to
3727:. Cham: Springer International Publishing: 235–247.
3695:
Booth, C. F. (1949). "Nomenclature of Frequencies".
3709:
3428:
3426:
3237:make use of powerful transmitters in the UHF band.
3534:
3113:
1694:
3896:
1424:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
5127:
3423:
3825:
3821:
3819:
2141:Waveguide (electromagnetism) § In practice
1310:, cable and satellite television broadcasting,
522:available at low frequencies, which limits the
3391:
3303:North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement
2352:Comparison of radio band designation standards
2089:
1736:
740:and the local regulating agencies like the US
4049:
3809:
3807:
3805:
3698:The Post Office Electrical Engineers' Journal
3644:US ARRL Amateur Radio Bands and power limits
3395:Competition and regulation in utility markets
364:
3816:
3694:
3069:
2134:
1609:
1563:
419:between different users, the generation and
5064:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
3105:is allocated in Australia. A wide range of
2048:
2038:
1998:
1956:
1876:
1840:
1830:
1804:
1761:
1751:
1132:broadcasts, cable television broadcasting,
700:– what type will be used or are permissible
5100:
4056:
4042:
4024:A reference to radio spectrum allocations.
3802:
3093:Citizens' band and personal radio services
2360:Comparison of frequency band designations
371:
357:
3492:
3490:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3466:. International Telecommunication Union.
3439:. International Telecommunication Union.
3020:use channels without local broadcasters.
1004:(medium-wave) broadcasts, amateur radio,
972:broadcasting (Europe and parts of Asia),
724:– what the procedure will be to obtain a
3832:. Naval Institute Press. pp. xiii.
3398:. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 175.
2355:
1237:and two-way radios such as land mobile,
590:For broader coverage of this topic, see
3789:
3787:
3785:
3783:
3781:
3650:
3496:
2834:
2687:
2611:
2573:
14:
5128:
4063:
3972:International Telecommunications Union
3764:International Telecommunications Union
3572:
3481:
2988:= 148.5 kHz – 283.5 kHz (LF)
1396:, terahertz computing/communications,
4037:
4002:International Telecommunication Union
3676:from the original on 18 February 2022
3575:"Studying the Energy of the Universe"
3566:
3528:
2369:
542:, or about 5 minutes per character).
488:International Telecommunication Union
425:International Telecommunication Union
140:EU / NATO / US ECM
5110:
3778:
3145:
497:Because it is a fixed resource, the
3253:Amateur radio frequency allocations
3075:Amateur radio frequency allocations
2994:= 520 kHz – 1700 kHz (MF)
1430:Radar-frequency bands according to
1405:
1142:aircraft-to-aircraft communications
618:For each radio band, the ITU has a
24:
3042:radio and satellite transceivers.
1394:terahertz time-domain spectroscopy
25:
5147:
4015:
3663:: Frequency and wavelength bands"
3585:from the original on 20 June 2021
3273:Copenhagen Frequency Plan of 1948
1447:Explanation of meaning of letters
1138:ground-to-aircraft communications
1082:marine and mobile radio telephony
932:, communication with submarines,
742:Federal Communications Commission
5109:
5099:
5090:
5089:
5078:
4699:Free-space optical communication
3909:. Artech House. pp. 27–28.
3190:
3957:
3932:
3923:
3857:
3846:from the original on 2023-02-21
3749:
3688:
3646:Graphical Frequency Allocations
3638:
3626:
3615:
3555:from the original on 2023-02-21
3517:from the original on 2022-04-07
3470:from the original on 2022-02-18
3463:Radio Regulations, 2020 Edition
3443:from the original on 2022-02-18
3436:Radio Regulations, 2020 Edition
3412:from the original on 2022-04-07
3114:Industrial, scientific, medical
3000:= 3 MHz – 30 MHz (HF)
2970:
2959:
2126:
2112:
2100:
2084:
2074:
2014:
1986:
1972:
1946:
1930:
1920:
1906:
1892:
1866:
1814:
1785:
1733:
1725:
1711:
1706:
1685:, US ECM frequency designations
1667:
1078:near-vertical incidence skywave
889:Communication with submarines,
680:– how wide each channel will be
3670:Radio Regulations 2016 Edition
3597:
3454:
3385:
3376:
3366:
3214:operators use portions of the
3045:
3006:Television channel frequencies
868:Communication with submarines
13:
1:
3990:
3293:Geneva Frequency Plan of 1975
3089:parts of the radio spectrum.
1692:NATO letter band designation
1322:, satellite phones (S band).
1080:(NVIS) radio communications,
846:Communication with submarines
5085:Telecommunication portal
4866:Telecommunications equipment
3996:ITU-R Recommendation V.431:
3733:10.1007/978-3-030-71051-4_18
2117:
2103:
2093:
2063:
2053:
2027:
2003:
1975:
1961:
1935:
1909:
1895:
1881:
1855:
1848:
1819:
1793:
1776:
1769:
1740:
1714:
1702:
1277:(L band), satellite phones (
1170:positron emission tomography
1094:positron emission tomography
1074:automatic link establishment
1014:positron emission tomography
613:
7:
4602:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
4030:European Commission policy.
3240:
3030:
2929:
2549:
2525:
2504:
2483:
2462:
2441:
2420:
1526:Compromise between S and X
1373:tremendously high frequency
550:received decreases. In the
456:dynamic spectrum management
432:radiocommunication services
38:. For the broadcaster, see
10:
5152:
4306:Telecommunications history
3634:Authorized frequency bands
3503:. Newnes. pp. 11–14.
3132:wireless computer networks
2974:
2963:
2138:
1257:, remote control systems,
1166:magnetic resonance imaging
1090:magnetic resonance imaging
1010:magnetic resonance imaging
891:communication within mines
589:
29:
5073:
5015:
4952:
4914:Public Switched Telephone
4874:
4838:
4795:
4736:
4726:telecommunication circuit
4687:Fiber-optic communication
4670:
4432:Francis Blake (telephone)
4379:
4227:Optical telecommunication
4071:
3882:10.1049/iet-com.2018.5044
3541:. CRC Press. p. 18.
3497:Gosling, William (2000).
3168:Professional mobile radio
3070:Amateur radio frequencies
2966:Radio § Applications
2952:
2900:
2886:
2872:
2853:
2839:
2817:
2803:
2789:
2758:
2739:
2706:
2692:
2663:
2616:
2606:
2592:
2578:
2568:
2406:
2401:
2382:
2375:
2372:
2135:Waveguide frequency bands
2123:
2109:
2094:
2090:
2050:
2035:
2028:
2000:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1820:
1773:87.5 – 108 MHz (FM)
1758:
1753:
1748:
1741:
1737:
1708:
1703:
1691:
1539:Used in World War II for
1308:communications satellites
1064:aviation communications,
903:fiber-optic communication
763:electromagnetic radiation
465:
458:, frequency pooling, and
434:are defined in the ITU's
224:
34:. For the frequency, see
4825:Orbital angular-momentum
4262:Satellite communications
4101:Communications satellite
3826:Norman Friedman (2006).
3359:
3221:
1852:582 – 862 MHz (TV)
1845:470 – 582 MHz (TV)
1790:174 – 230 MHz (TV)
1390:condensed-matter physics
1328:Extremely high frequency
1239:emergency locator beacon
1209:devices/communications,
1146:emergency locator beacon
821:Frequency and wavelength
670:for each channel will be
585:
532:submarine communications
494:and mid infrared bands.
389:electromagnetic spectrum
4704:Molecular communication
4527:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
4356:Undersea telegraph line
4091:Cable protection system
3392:Colin Robinson (2003).
3107:personal radio services
3055:and other frequencies.
2981:Broadcast frequencies:
2217:7.05 to 10.10 GHz
1410:Frequency bands in the
1357:millimeter wave scanner
1249:radios, amateur radio,
830:Extremely low frequency
4846:Communication protocol
4632:Charles Sumner Tainter
4447:Walter Houser Brattain
4392:Edwin Howard Armstrong
4200:Information revolution
3573:Siegel, Peter (2002).
2361:
2265:26.5 to 40.0 GHz
2251:18.0 to 26.5 GHz
2241:12.4 to 18.0 GHz
2209:5.85 to 8.20 GHz
2201:4.90 to 7.05 GHz
2193:3.95 to 5.85 GHz
2185:3.30 to 4.90 GHz
2177:2.60 to 3.95 GHz
2169:2.20 to 3.30 GHz
2161:1.70 to 2.60 GHz
1766:47 – 68 MHz (TV)
1610:
1590:
1564:
1458:0.003 to 0.03 GHz
1422:established by the US
1353:directed-energy weapon
1306:, most modern radars,
1070:over-the-horizon radar
842:100,000–10,000 km
731:
4820:Polarization-division
4552:Narinder Singh Kapany
4517:Erna Schneider Hoover
4437:Jagadish Chandra Bose
4417:Alexander Graham Bell
4148:online video platform
4022:UnwantedEmissions.com
3603:See detail of bands:
2359:
2227:8.2 to 12.4 GHz
1543:, X for cross (as in
1487:Ultra-high frequency
1361:Wireless Lan 802.11ad
1345:microwave radio relay
476:electromagnetic waves
440:trunked radio systems
4662:Vladimir K. Zworykin
4622:Almon Brown Strowger
4592:Charles Grafton Page
4247:Prepaid mobile phone
4175:Electrical telegraph
3288:Frequency allocation
3268:Cellular frequencies
3185:cellular frequencies
3098:Citizens' band radio
2345:325 to 500 GHz
2335:110 to 170 GHz
1474:Very high frequency
1471:0.03 to 0.3 GHz
1287:Super high frequency
1186:Ultra high frequency
1018:electrical telegraph
865:10,000–1,000 km
666:– how far apart the
540:millibits per second
4612:Johann Philipp Reis
4371:Wireless revolution
4333:The Telephone Cases
4190:Hydraulic telegraph
3579:Education materials
3328:Radio communication
3201:unlicensed spectrum
3158:vehicle-mounted or
3140:garage door openers
3128:Cordless telephones
2992:Mediumwave AM Radio
2325:90 to 140 GHz
2315:75 to 110 GHz
1656:110 to 300 GHz
1639:W follows V in the
1435:
1110:Very high frequency
1058:citizens band radio
1022:wireless telegraphy
938:heart rate monitors
874:Ultra low frequency
853:Super low frequency
784:are defined in the
503:radio communication
387:is the part of the
4810:Frequency-division
4787:Telephone exchange
4657:Charles Wheatstone
4587:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
4562:Innocenzo Manzetti
4497:Reginald Fessenden
4232:Optical telegraphy
4065:Telecommunications
3870:IET Communications
3794:IEEE Std 521-2002
3609:2014-07-03 at the
3323:Radio broadcasting
2998:Shortwave AM Radio
2977:Radio broadcasting
2362:
2305:60 to 90 GHz
2295:50 to 75 GHz
2285:40 to 60 GHz
2275:33 to 50 GHz
1636:75 to 110 GHz
1429:
1383:300–3,000 GHz
1196:300–3,000 MHz
996:300–3,000 kHz
934:landline telephony
910:Very low frequency
895:landline telephony
777:frequency ranges.
767:Earth's atmosphere
664:center frequencies
582:frequency ranges.
310:Other TV and radio
5123:
5122:
4861:Store and forward
4856:Data transmission
4770:Network switching
4721:Transmission line
4567:Guglielmo Marconi
4532:Internet pioneers
4397:Mohamed M. Atalla
4366:Whistled language
3916:978-1-60807-209-5
3839:978-1-55750-262-9
3742:978-3-030-71050-7
3405:978-1-84376-230-0
3283:FM broadcast band
3146:Land mobile bands
3010:FM broadcast band
2986:Longwave AM Radio
2957:
2956:
2349:
2348:
2151:Frequency range
2132:
2131:
2124:100 000 – 200 000
2110:100 000 – 200 000
1663:
1662:
1624:40 to 75 GHz
1606:27 to 40 GHz
1578:18 to 27 GHz
1560:12 to 18 GHz
1484:0.3 to 1 GHz
1403:
1402:
1060:, amateur radio,
1006:avalanche beacons
886:1,000–100 km
884:300–3,000 Hz
801:Wireless Engineer
789:Radio Regulations
726:broadcast license
686:– how extraneous
436:Radio Regulations
413:telecommunication
381:
380:
134:
133:
16:(Redirected from
5143:
5113:
5112:
5103:
5102:
5093:
5092:
5083:
5082:
5081:
4954:Notable networks
4944:Wireless network
4884:Cellular network
4876:Types of network
4851:Computer network
4738:Network topology
4652:Thomas A. Watson
4507:Oliver Heaviside
4492:Philo Farnsworth
4467:Daniel Davis Jr.
4442:Charles Bourseul
4402:John Logie Baird
4111:Data compression
4106:Computer network
4058:
4051:
4044:
4035:
4034:
3984:
3983:
3981:
3979:
3969:
3961:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3951:
3942:. Archived from
3936:
3930:
3927:
3921:
3920:
3900:
3894:
3893:
3861:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3851:
3823:
3814:
3811:
3800:
3791:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3771:
3761:
3753:
3747:
3746:
3716:
3707:
3706:
3692:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3681:
3667:
3654:
3648:
3642:
3636:
3630:
3624:
3619:
3613:
3601:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3590:
3581:. NASA website.
3570:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3560:
3532:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3522:
3494:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3475:
3458:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3448:
3430:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3417:
3389:
3383:
3380:
3374:
3370:
3166:radio. See also
3063:Marine VHF radio
2944:
2921:
2907:
2896:
2882:
2868:
2849:
2830:
2813:
2799:
2785:
2768:
2754:
2735:
2721:
2702:
2678:
2659:
2640:
2626:
2602:
2588:
2564:
2540:
2519:
2498:
2477:
2456:
2435:
2414:
2367:
2366:
2145:
2144:
2082:56 000 – 100 000
2072:60 000 – 100 000
2060:46 000 – 56 000
2024:20 000 – 36 000
2021:
1993:
1709:Old nomenclature
1704:New nomenclature
1689:
1688:
1674:
1671:
1613:
1585:
1567:
1536:8 to 12 GHz
1436:
1428:
1420:IEEE radar bands
1406:IEEE radar bands
1275:satellite phones
1271:dial-up internet
1136:, line-of-sight
1062:over-the-horizon
1030:dial-up internet
998:1,000–100 m
986:Medium frequency
809:
808:
658:numbering scheme
373:
366:
359:
66:
65:
48:
47:
21:
5151:
5150:
5146:
5145:
5144:
5142:
5141:
5140:
5126:
5125:
5124:
5119:
5079:
5077:
5069:
5011:
4948:
4870:
4834:
4791:
4740:
4732:
4673:
4666:
4572:Robert Metcalfe
4427:Tim Berners-Lee
4375:
4195:Information Age
4067:
4062:
4018:
4011:Authorizations.
3993:
3988:
3987:
3977:
3975:
3967:
3963:
3962:
3958:
3949:
3947:
3938:
3937:
3933:
3928:
3924:
3917:
3901:
3897:
3862:
3858:
3849:
3847:
3840:
3824:
3817:
3812:
3803:
3792:
3779:
3769:
3767:
3759:
3755:
3754:
3750:
3743:
3717:
3710:
3693:
3689:
3679:
3677:
3665:
3657:
3655:
3651:
3643:
3639:
3631:
3627:
3622:Frequency Plans
3620:
3616:
3611:Wayback Machine
3602:
3598:
3588:
3586:
3571:
3567:
3558:
3556:
3549:
3533:
3529:
3520:
3518:
3511:
3495:
3482:
3473:
3471:
3460:
3459:
3455:
3446:
3444:
3433:
3431:
3424:
3415:
3413:
3406:
3390:
3386:
3381:
3377:
3371:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3333:Scanner (radio)
3318:Radio astronomy
3248:AM broadcasting
3243:
3224:
3193:
3148:
3124:microwave ovens
3116:
3095:
3072:
3048:
3033:
3018:TV-band devices
2979:
2973:
2968:
2962:
2942:
2919:
2905:
2894:
2880:
2866:
2847:
2828:
2822:
2811:
2797:
2783:
2777:
2766:
2752:
2733:
2719:
2700:
2676:
2657:
2638:
2624:
2600:
2586:
2562:
2538:
2517:
2496:
2475:
2454:
2433:
2412:
2379:
2377:
2354:
2260:
2236:
2143:
2137:
2046:36 000 – 46 000
2036:40 000 – 60 000
2017:
2012:20 000 – 40 000
1996:10 900 – 20 000
1989:
1984:10 000 – 20 000
1851:
1844:
1789:
1772:
1765:
1731:Frequency (MHz)
1698:
1696:
1687:
1678:
1677:
1672:
1668:
1602:
1581:
1556:
1523:4 to 8 GHz
1510:2 to 4 GHz
1497:1 to 2 GHz
1461:High frequency
1448:
1444:Frequency range
1440:
1408:
1384:
1339:
1338:30–300 GHz
1316:cordless phones
1298:
1263:cordless phones
1251:satellite radio
1211:radio astronomy
1197:
1178:cordless phones
1148:homing signal,
1121:
1120:30–300 MHz
1102:cordless phones
1049:
997:
960:
959:30–300 kHz
921:
885:
864:
841:
818:ITU band number
782:ITU radio bands
734:
616:
595:
588:
572:electromagnetic
547:millimeter wave
468:
460:cognitive radio
452:frequency reuse
444:spread spectrum
377:
348:
305:
286:
273:
219:
45:
43:
36:radio frequency
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5149:
5139:
5138:
5136:Radio spectrum
5121:
5120:
5118:
5117:
5107:
5097:
5087:
5074:
5071:
5070:
5068:
5067:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5039:
5038:
5033:
5025:
5019:
5017:
5013:
5012:
5010:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4958:
4956:
4950:
4949:
4947:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4880:
4878:
4872:
4871:
4869:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4842:
4840:
4836:
4835:
4833:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4805:Space-division
4801:
4799:
4793:
4792:
4790:
4789:
4784:
4783:
4782:
4777:
4767:
4766:
4765:
4755:
4750:
4744:
4742:
4734:
4733:
4731:
4730:
4729:
4728:
4718:
4717:
4716:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4695:
4694:
4684:
4678:
4676:
4668:
4667:
4665:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4642:Camille Tissot
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4617:Claude Shannon
4614:
4609:
4607:Tivadar Puskás
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4577:Antonio Meucci
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4547:Charles K. Kao
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4522:Harold Hopkins
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4422:Emile Berliner
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4383:
4381:
4377:
4376:
4374:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4361:Videotelephony
4358:
4353:
4352:
4351:
4346:
4336:
4329:
4324:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4297:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4276:
4275:
4274:
4264:
4259:
4257:Radiotelephone
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4223:
4222:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4161:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4143:Internet video
4135:
4134:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4077:
4075:
4069:
4068:
4061:
4060:
4053:
4046:
4038:
4032:
4031:
4025:
4017:
4016:External links
4014:
4013:
4012:
4008:
4005:
3992:
3989:
3986:
3985:
3956:
3931:
3922:
3915:
3895:
3876:(3): 265–270.
3856:
3838:
3815:
3801:
3777:
3748:
3741:
3708:
3687:
3649:
3637:
3625:
3614:
3596:
3565:
3547:
3527:
3509:
3480:
3453:
3422:
3404:
3384:
3375:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3355:
3350:
3348:Ultra-wideband
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3313:Orbit spectrum
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3223:
3220:
3192:
3189:
3147:
3144:
3115:
3112:
3094:
3091:
3071:
3068:
3047:
3044:
3032:
3029:
3014:cellular phone
3002:
3001:
2995:
2989:
2975:Main article:
2972:
2969:
2961:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2939:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2910:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2885:
2883:
2877:
2876:
2871:
2869:
2863:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2802:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2786:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2679:
2673:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2629:
2627:
2621:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2405:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2389:
2385:
2384:
2381:
2374:
2371:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2252:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2215:
2211:
2210:
2207:
2203:
2202:
2199:
2195:
2194:
2191:
2187:
2186:
2183:
2179:
2178:
2175:
2171:
2170:
2167:
2163:
2162:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2092:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2062:
2061:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1970:8 000 – 10 000
1968:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1954:6 200 – 10 900
1952:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1874:1 550 – 3 900
1872:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1854:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1792:
1791:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1739:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1717:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1700:
1693:
1686:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1665:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1644:
1643:
1637:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1607:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1594:
1579:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1561:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1548:
1537:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1442:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1398:remote sensing
1386:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1365:
1364:
1349:remote sensing
1341:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1300:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1203:microwave oven
1199:
1198:100–10 cm
1194:
1191:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1123:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1051:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1038:High frequency
1034:
1033:
999:
994:
991:
988:
982:
981:
962:
957:
954:
951:
945:
944:
923:
922:100–10 km
918:
915:
912:
906:
905:
887:
882:
879:
876:
870:
869:
866:
863:30–300 Hz
861:
858:
855:
849:
848:
843:
838:
835:
832:
826:
825:
822:
819:
816:
813:
775:optical window
758:high frequency
733:
730:
729:
728:
719:
701:
695:
681:
671:
661:
624:frequency plan
615:
612:
603:frequency band
587:
584:
580:optical window
568:carbon dioxide
552:terahertz band
484:terahertz band
467:
464:
448:ultra-wideband
399:to 3,000
385:radio spectrum
379:
378:
376:
375:
368:
361:
353:
350:
349:
347:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
315:
312:
311:
307:
306:
304:
303:
298:
293:
288:
284:
280:
275:
271:
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
242:
237:
231:
228:
227:
221:
220:
218:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
146:
143:
142:
136:
135:
132:
131:
126:
121:
116:
110:
109:
104:
99:
94:
88:
87:
82:
77:
72:
62:
61:
55:
54:
40:Spectrum Radio
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5148:
5137:
5134:
5133:
5131:
5116:
5108:
5106:
5098:
5096:
5088:
5086:
5076:
5075:
5072:
5065:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5028:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5020:
5018:
5014:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4955:
4951:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4881:
4879:
4877:
4873:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4843:
4841:
4837:
4831:
4830:Code-division
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4815:Time-division
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4802:
4800:
4798:
4794:
4788:
4785:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4772:
4771:
4768:
4764:
4761:
4760:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4745:
4743:
4741:and switching
4739:
4735:
4727:
4724:
4723:
4722:
4719:
4715:
4712:
4711:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4693:
4692:optical fiber
4690:
4689:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4682:Coaxial cable
4680:
4679:
4677:
4675:
4669:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4597:Radia Perlman
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4487:Lee de Forest
4485:
4483:
4482:Thomas Edison
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4472:Donald Davies
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4457:Claude Chappe
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4384:
4382:
4378:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4341:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4334:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4301:Smoke signals
4299:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4281:
4280:
4279:Semiconductor
4277:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4221:
4218:
4217:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4140:
4139:
4138:Digital media
4136:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4113:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4059:
4054:
4052:
4047:
4045:
4040:
4039:
4036:
4029:
4026:
4023:
4020:
4019:
4009:
4006:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3994:
3973:
3966:
3960:
3946:on 2008-02-08
3945:
3941:
3935:
3926:
3918:
3912:
3908:
3907:
3899:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3860:
3845:
3841:
3835:
3831:
3830:
3822:
3820:
3810:
3808:
3806:
3798:
3797:
3790:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3765:
3758:
3752:
3744:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3715:
3713:
3704:
3700:
3699:
3691:
3675:
3671:
3664:
3662:
3653:
3647:
3641:
3635:
3629:
3623:
3618:
3612:
3608:
3605:
3600:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3569:
3554:
3550:
3548:9781351356367
3544:
3540:
3539:
3531:
3516:
3512:
3510:9780750637404
3506:
3502:
3501:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3469:
3465:
3464:
3457:
3442:
3438:
3437:
3429:
3427:
3411:
3407:
3401:
3397:
3396:
3388:
3379:
3369:
3365:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3338:Two-way radio
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3308:Open spectrum
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3238:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3219:
3217:
3213:
3212:amateur radio
3208:
3206:
3205:radio control
3202:
3198:
3197:radio control
3191:Radio control
3188:
3186:
3181:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3169:
3165:
3164:business band
3161:
3157:
3153:
3152:base stations
3143:
3141:
3138:devices, and
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3111:
3108:
3104:
3099:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3067:
3064:
3060:
3058:
3054:
3043:
3041:
3037:
3028:
3026:
3021:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2990:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2982:
2978:
2967:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2941:
2940:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2918:
2917:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2904:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2892:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2878:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2864:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2845:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2826:
2823:
2815:
2810:
2809:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2795:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2781:
2778:
2772:
2770:
2765:
2764:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2750:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2731:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2718:
2717:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2698:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2675:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2655:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2637:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2623:
2622:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2598:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2584:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2537:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2523:
2521:
2516:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2502:
2500:
2495:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2481:
2479:
2474:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2460:
2458:
2453:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2439:
2437:
2432:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2418:
2416:
2411:
2410:
2404:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2368:
2365:
2358:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2262:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2238:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2128:
2121:
2118:
2114:
2107:
2104:
2098:
2086:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2033:
2032:
2023:
2020:
2016:
2011:
2009:
2008:
2004:
1995:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1951:
1944:6 000 – 8 000
1943:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:3 900 – 6 200
1927:
1925:
1922:
1918:4 000 – 6 000
1917:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1904:3 000 – 4 000
1903:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1890:2 000 – 3 000
1889:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1871:
1864:1 000 – 2 000
1863:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1849:
1842:
1835:
1825:
1824:
1816:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1787:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1770:
1763:
1756:
1746:
1745:
1730:
1727:
1722:
1718:
1715:
1690:
1684:
1670:
1666:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1642:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1612:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1566:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1446:
1443:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1385:1–0.1 mm
1382:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:3–30 GHz
1296:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1219:mobile phones
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1158:weather radio
1155:
1151:
1150:radioteletype
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1124:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1052:
1050:100–10 m
1048:3–30 MHz
1047:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1026:radioteletype
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
1000:
995:
992:
989:
987:
984:
983:
979:
978:amateur radio
975:
971:
967:
963:
958:
955:
952:
950:
949:Low frequency
947:
946:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
924:
920:3–30 kHz
919:
916:
913:
911:
908:
907:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
883:
880:
877:
875:
872:
871:
867:
862:
859:
856:
854:
851:
850:
847:
844:
839:
836:
833:
831:
828:
827:
824:Example uses
823:
820:
817:
814:
811:
810:
807:
804:
802:
797:
792:
790:
787:
783:
778:
776:
772:
771:near-infrared
768:
764:
760:
759:
754:
750:
745:
743:
739:
727:
723:
720:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
699:
696:
693:
689:
685:
684:spectral mask
682:
679:
675:
672:
669:
665:
662:
659:
656:
655:
654:
652:
647:
645:
641:
637:
636:compatibility
633:
629:
625:
621:
611:
608:
604:
600:
593:
583:
581:
577:
576:near-infrared
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
548:
543:
541:
537:
536:ground dipole
533:
530:
525:
521:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
495:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
463:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
428:
426:
422:
418:
415:. To prevent
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
374:
369:
367:
362:
360:
355:
354:
352:
351:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
316:
314:
313:
309:
308:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
281:
279:
276:
274:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
232:
230:
229:
226:
223:
222:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
147:
145:
144:
141:
138:
137:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
111:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
93:
90:
89:
86:
83:
81:
78:
76:
73:
71:
68:
67:
64:
63:
60:
57:
56:
53:
50:
49:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
4797:Multiplexing
4672:Transmission
4637:Nikola Tesla
4627:Henry Sutton
4582:Samuel Morse
4512:Robert Hooke
4477:Amos Dolbear
4412:John Bardeen
4331:
4311:Telautograph
4215:Mobile phone
4170:Edholm's law
4153:social media
4086:Broadcasting
3976:. Retrieved
3971:
3959:
3948:. Retrieved
3944:the original
3934:
3925:
3905:
3898:
3873:
3869:
3859:
3848:. Retrieved
3828:
3795:
3768:. Retrieved
3763:
3751:
3724:
3702:
3696:
3690:
3678:. Retrieved
3669:
3660:
3652:
3640:
3628:
3617:
3599:
3587:. Retrieved
3578:
3568:
3557:. Retrieved
3537:
3530:
3519:. Retrieved
3499:
3472:. Retrieved
3462:
3456:
3445:. Retrieved
3435:
3414:. Retrieved
3394:
3387:
3378:
3368:
3263:Broadcasting
3225:
3216:6-meter band
3209:
3194:
3182:
3174:Police radio
3172:
3149:
3117:
3096:
3073:
3061:
3049:
3034:
3022:
3003:
2980:
2971:Broadcasting
2960:Applications
2920:300 GHz
2906:110 GHz
2895:100 GHz
2625:500 MHz
2601:300 MHz
2587:250 MHz
2518:300 kHz
2363:
2119:
2105:
2095:US Military/
2077:
2066:
2055:
2041:
2030:
2018:
2006:
1990:
1978:
1964:
1949:
1938:
1923:
1912:
1898:
1884:
1869:
1858:
1833:
1822:
1807:
1796:
1778:
1754:
1743:
1699:designation
1695:Broadcasting
1669:
1541:fire control
1419:
1409:
1363:, internet.
1347:, microwave
1340:10–1 mm
1299:10–1 cm
1223:wireless LAN
1128:broadcasts,
1056:broadcasts,
966:time signals
964:Navigation,
961:10–1 km
930:time signals
899:fax machines
840:3–30 Hz
815:Abbreviation
805:
800:
793:
781:
779:
756:
746:
735:
694:by frequency
668:carrier wave
648:
640:transmitters
628:interference
623:
619:
617:
598:
596:
544:
498:
496:
492:far infrared
469:
429:
421:transmission
417:interference
395:from 3
384:
382:
51:
44:
4997:NPL network
4709:Radio waves
4647:Alfred Vail
4557:Hedy Lamarr
4542:Dawon Kahng
4502:Elisha Gray
4462:Yogen Dalal
4387:Nasir Ahmed
4321:Teleprinter
4185:Heliographs
3813:Table 2 in
3705:(1): 47–48.
3680:18 February
3258:Bandstacked
3235:meteorology
3156:land mobile
3046:Marine band
2881:75 GHz
2867:60 GHz
2848:40 GHz
2829:30 GHz
2812:27 GHz
2798:20 GHz
2784:18 GHz
2767:12 GHz
2753:10 GHz
2563:30 MHz
2497:30 kHz
2455:300 Hz
1838:390 – 1 550
1828:500 – 1 000
1719:Frequency (
1659:Millimeter
1547:). Exotic.
1513:Short wave
1441:designation
1122:10–1 m
936:, wireless
630:and to set
601:is a small
564:water vapor
409:radio waves
393:frequencies
52:Radio bands
5043:Antarctica
5002:Toasternet
4924:Television
4407:Paul Baran
4339:Television
4323:(teletype)
4316:Telegraphy
4294:transistor
4272:Phryctoria
4242:Photophone
4220:Smartphone
4210:Mass media
3991:References
3950:2009-11-16
3850:2016-10-13
3559:2021-05-20
3521:2019-11-25
3474:2022-02-18
3447:2022-02-18
3416:2020-11-02
3353:WARC bands
2964:See also:
2734:8 GHz
2720:6 GHz
2701:4 GHz
2677:3 GHz
2658:2 GHz
2639:1 GHz
2539:3 MHz
2476:3 kHz
2434:30 Hz
2370:Frequency
2139:See also:
1500:Long wave
1213:, radars (
1205:, radars,
1174:ultrasound
1130:television
1098:ultrasound
942:geophysics
926:Navigation
749:wavelength
698:modulation
692:attenuated
599:radio band
556:absorption
515:wavelength
32:radio wave
18:Radio band
5027:Americas
5016:Locations
4987:Internet2
4748:Bandwidth
4452:Vint Cerf
4349:streaming
4327:Telephone
4267:Semaphore
4158:streaming
4004:, Geneva.
3890:1751-8636
3659:"Article
3298:Ham radio
3231:microwave
3210:Licensed
3195:Reliable
3136:Bluetooth
3120:ISM bands
2413:3 Hz
1812:225 – 390
1802:250 – 500
1783:150 – 225
1759:100 – 150
1583:‹See Tfd›
1545:crosshair
1434:standard
1412:microwave
1369:Terahertz
1227:Bluetooth
1207:microwave
1054:Shortwave
812:Band name
722:licensing
678:deviation
674:bandwidth
644:receivers
620:band plan
614:Band plan
524:data rate
520:bandwidth
507:bandwidth
499:practical
472:frequency
5130:Category
5095:Category
4982:Internet
4972:CYCLADES
4889:Ethernet
4839:Concepts
4763:terminal
4714:wireless
4537:Bob Kahn
4380:Pioneers
4205:Internet
4096:Cable TV
3844:Archived
3674:Archived
3607:Archived
3583:Archived
3553:Archived
3515:Archived
3468:Archived
3441:Archived
3410:Archived
3241:See also
3178:Trunking
3160:portable
3057:2182 kHz
3031:Air band
1788:Band III
1641:alphabet
1593:(short)
1320:internet
1267:internet
1076:(ALE) /
970:longwave
690:will be
651:channels
634:for the
632:protocol
607:channels
511:antennas
480:infrared
403:(3
129:12 (THF)
124:11 (EHF)
119:10 (SHF)
5115:Commons
5105:Outline
5058:Oceania
4977:FidoNet
4962:ARPANET
4775:circuit
4344:digital
4073:History
3978:7 April
3770:7 April
3053:500 kHz
3036:Airband
2953:
2407:
2380:US ECM
2097:SACLANT
1843:Band IV
1771:Band II
1749:0 – 250
1614:-above
1568:-under
1162:CT scan
1086:CT scan
717:digital
688:signals
676:and/or
592:EM band
427:(ITU).
114:9 (UHF)
107:8 (VHF)
85:4 (VLF)
80:3 (ULF)
75:2 (SLF)
70:1 (ELF)
5053:Europe
5023:Africa
5007:Usenet
4967:BITNET
4904:Mobile
4780:packet
4289:MOSFET
4284:device
4081:Beacon
3913:
3888:
3836:
3739:
3589:19 May
3545:
3507:
3402:
3103:UHF CB
2391:abbr.
2341:Y band
2331:D band
2321:F band
2311:W band
2301:E band
2291:V band
2281:U band
2271:Q band
2247:K band
2223:X band
2214:H band
2206:C band
2198:F band
2190:G band
2182:E band
2174:S band
2166:D band
2157:R band
1850:Band V
1764:Band I
1587:German
1279:S band
1231:Zigbee
1215:L band
1134:radars
780:These
713:analog
466:Limits
102:7 (HF)
97:6 (MF)
92:5 (LF)
5036:South
5031:North
4992:JANET
4929:Telex
4919:Radio
4758:Nodes
4753:Links
4674:media
4252:Radio
4237:Pager
4165:Drums
4131:video
4126:image
4116:audio
3968:(PDF)
3760:(PDF)
3666:(PDF)
3360:Notes
3343:U-NII
3278:DXing
3227:Radar
3222:Radar
2943:3 THz
2378:NATO,
2373:IEEE
1416:radar
968:, AM
753:hertz
709:video
705:audio
586:Bands
560:ozone
391:with
225:IEEE
5048:Asia
4934:UUCP
4894:ISDN
3980:2023
3911:ISBN
3886:ISSN
3834:ISBN
3772:2023
3737:ISBN
3682:2020
3591:2021
3543:ISBN
3505:ISBN
3400:ISBN
3154:and
3118:The
3085:and
3025:Apex
3023:The
3008:and
2388:no.
2383:ITU
2261:band
2237:band
2148:Band
1728:Band
1716:Band
1697:band
1683:NATO
1681:EU,
1611:Kurz
1591:Kurz
1565:Kurz
1439:Band
1432:IEEE
1304:DSRC
1259:ADSB
1247:GMRS
1245:and
1066:RFID
974:RFID
796:CCIR
773:and
642:and
622:(or
578:and
566:and
470:The
383:The
59:ITU
4939:WAN
4909:NGN
4899:LAN
4180:Fax
4121:DCT
3878:doi
3729:doi
3661:2.1
3087:UHF
3083:VHF
2936:THF
2841:EHF
2694:SHF
2618:UHF
2608:UHF
2580:VHF
2570:VHF
2490:VLF
2469:ULF
2448:SLF
2427:ELF
2376:EU,
1721:MHz
1650:or
1480:UHF
1467:VHF
1377:THF
1371:or
1332:EHF
1312:DBS
1291:SHF
1281:).
1243:FRS
1235:GPS
1217:),
1190:UHF
1114:VHF
914:VLF
878:ULF
857:SLF
834:ELF
786:ITU
765:by
738:ITU
732:ITU
715:or
707:or
638:of
529:ELF
405:THz
401:GHz
329:III
245:UHF
240:VHF
5132::
4000:.
3970:.
3884:.
3874:13
3872:.
3868:.
3842:.
3818:^
3804:^
3780:^
3762:.
3735:.
3723:.
3711:^
3703:42
3701:.
3668:.
3577:.
3551:.
3513:.
3483:^
3425:^
3408:.
3187:.
3170:.
3134:,
3130:,
3079:HF
3040:HF
2931:12
2913:mm
2836:11
2689:10
2556:HF
2546:HF
2532:MF
2511:LF
2019:Ka
1991:Ku
1648:mm
1589::
1454:HF
1426:.
1392:,
1380:12
1359:,
1355:,
1351:,
1335:11
1318:,
1294:10
1269:,
1265:,
1261:,
1253:,
1241:,
1233:,
1229:,
1225:,
1221:,
1180:.
1176:,
1172:,
1168:,
1164:,
1160:,
1156:,
1144:,
1140:,
1126:FM
1104:.
1100:,
1096:,
1092:,
1088:,
1084:,
1072:,
1068:,
1042:HF
1032:.
1028:,
1024:,
1020:,
1016:,
1012:,
1008:,
1002:AM
990:MF
980:.
976:,
953:LF
940:,
928:,
901:,
897:,
893:,
711:,
646:.
597:A
562:,
462:.
454:,
450:,
446:,
442:,
397:Hz
344:VI
334:IV
324:II
301:mm
235:HF
5066:)
5062:(
4057:e
4050:t
4043:v
3982:.
3953:.
3919:.
3892:.
3880::
3853:.
3799:.
3774:.
3745:.
3731::
3684:.
3593:.
3562:.
3524:.
3477:.
3450:.
3419:.
2888:W
2874:M
2860:L
2855:V
2821:a
2819:K
2805:K
2791:K
2776:u
2774:K
2760:J
2746:I
2741:X
2727:H
2713:G
2708:C
2684:F
2670:E
2665:S
2651:D
2646:L
2632:C
2613:9
2594:B
2575:8
2551:7
2527:6
2506:5
2485:4
2464:3
2443:2
2422:1
2403:A
2259:a
2257:K
2235:u
2233:K
2120:O
2106:N
2078:W
2067:M
2056:V
2042:Q
2031:L
2007:K
1979:J
1965:I
1950:X
1939:H
1924:C
1913:G
1899:F
1885:E
1870:S
1859:D
1834:L
1823:C
1808:P
1797:B
1779:G
1755:I
1744:A
1723:)
1652:G
1632:W
1620:V
1601:a
1599:K
1574:K
1555:u
1553:K
1532:X
1519:C
1506:S
1493:L
1193:9
1117:8
1045:7
993:6
956:5
917:4
881:3
860:2
837:1
594:.
372:e
365:t
358:v
339:V
319:I
296:W
291:V
285:a
283:K
278:K
272:u
270:K
265:X
260:C
255:S
250:L
215:N
210:M
205:L
200:K
195:J
190:I
185:H
180:G
175:F
170:E
165:D
160:C
155:B
150:A
42:.
20:)
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