342:
in the range that several extremophile species have been observed to be capable of surviving. This is primarily because the Earth's magnetic field shields all its inhabitants from solar cosmic radiation and galactic cosmic rays, which are the two primary sources of ionizing radiation across our solar system, and even including all documented terrestrial sources of ionizing radiation such as radon gas and primordial radionuclides at geographical locations considered to be natural high-level radiation sites, the yearly dose of natural background radiation remains tens of thousands of times smaller than the levels of ionizing radiation that many highly radioresistant organisms can withstand.
277:, and lived, whereas his wife, who got a dose of 5.7 Gy, died. The most likely explanation is that his dose was fractionated into many smaller doses which were absorbed over a length of time while his wife stayed in the house more and was subjected to continuous irradiation without a break so giving the self repair mechanisms in her body less time to repair some of the damage done by the radiation. This resulted in her death. He also eventually died in 1994. In the same way some of the persons who worked in the basement of the wrecked
440:(sterility arises 3 days post-exposure). Other important factors that influence the level of radioresistance include: The length of time during which a dose of radiation is delivered—with doses delivered during longer periods, or at time intervals, being associated with greatly reduced negative effects; The feeding state of individuals—with pre-fed and post-fed individuals being more resistant to radiations compared to starved individuals; The type of radiation used (e.g., tardigrades
200:
36:
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404:
and to different experimental conditions. We should for example consider that because radiation impedes cell division, immature organisms are less resistant to radiations than adults, and adults are sterilized at doses much lower than that necessary to kill them. For example, for the insect parasitoid
341:
From the perspective of evolutionary history and causation, radioresistance does not appear to be an adaptive trait because there is no documented naturally occurring selection pressure that could have bestowed a fitness advantage to the ability for organisms to withstand doses of ionizing radiation
345:
One possible explanation for the existence of radioresistance is that it is an example of co-opted adaptation or exaptation, where radioresistance could be an indirect consequence of the evolution of a different, linked adaptation that has been positively selected for by evolution. For example, the
403:
The comparison in the table below is only meant to give approximate indications of radioresistance for different species and should be taken with great caution. There are generally big differences in radioresistance for one species among experiments, due to the way radiation affects living tissues
288:
experiments that if a group of cells are irradiated then as the dose increases the number of cells which survive decrease. It has also been found that if a population of cells are given a dose before being set aside (without being irradiated) for a length of time before being irradiated again then
465:
at 25 days post-exposure is 5,700 R, but to reach 50% mortality at 3 days post-exposure, 45,610 R are needed. 25 days can represent a long survival period for short lived species, such as insects, but would represent a very short survival time for long lived species, such as mammals, so comparing
371:
sp. producing unusually radiation (and peroxide) resistant spores, have been isolated from spacecraft assembly facilities, and are thought of as candidates that could ride piggyback on spacecraft through interplanetary transfer. Genome analysis of some of these radiation resistant spore producers
456:
is more resistant to X-ray radiation when in the anhydrobiotic state). The way lethality is measured is also source of variation for the estimated radioresistance of a species. Irradiated specimens are not instantly killed, unless exposed to a very high dose (acute dose). Therefore, irradiated
355:
to survive extreme doses of ionizing radiation. Exposure to gamma radiation leads to cellular DNA damage including alterations in nitrogenous base-pairing, sugar-phosphate backbone damage, and double-stranded DNA lesions. The extraordinarily efficient cellular repair mechanisms that
466:
survival of different species after the same amount of time post-exposure also poses some challenges of interpretation. These examples illustrate the many issues associated with comparison of radioresistance among species and the need for caution when doing so.
350:
cause cellular damage that is virtually identical to damage typically caused by ionizing radiation, and that the cellular repair mechanisms that have evolved to repair this heat or desiccation damage are generalizable to radiation damage as well, allowing
435:
that is manifested by a complete cessation of activity, including cessation of feeding, and these individuals eventually let themselves starve to death. And an even lower dose of 4,858 R (for 2,650 R/minute) is sufficient to sterilize adult female
203:
This is a graph showing the effect of fractionation on the ability of gamma rays to cause cell death. The blue line is for cells which were not given a chance to recover while the red line is for cells which were allowed to stand for a time and
364:
have evolved to repair heat-damage are likely also capable of reversing the effects of DNA damage wrought by ionizing radiation, such as by piecing back together any components of their genome that have been fragmented by the radiation.
430:
is the same to this of a non-irradiated control group (food was not provided to either groups) (for 6,000 R/minute). However, a lower dose of 102,000 R (for 6,000 R/minute) is sufficient to induce a state of lethargy in
266:
Many organisms have been found to possess a self-repair mechanism that can be activated by exposure to radiation in some cases. Two examples of this self-repair process in humans are described below.
146:
Ionizing-radiation-resistant organisms (IRRO) were defined as organisms for which the dose of acute ionizing radiation (IR) required to achieve 90% reduction (D10) is greater than 1,000 gray (Gy)
2595:
Hartman, P; Goldstein, P; Algarra, M; Hubbard, D; Mabery, J (1996). "The nematode
Caenorhabditis elegans is up to 39 times more sensitive to gamma radiation generated from 137Cs than from 60Co".
212:
group of cells has been drawn with and without a rest time for the cells to recover. Other than the recovery time partway through the irradiation, the cells would have been treated identically.
444:
irradiated with heavy ions have a higher survival than when irradiated with gamma rays, for a same irradiation dose); The physiological state of individuals (e.g., the tardigrade species
888:
individuals, an upper lethal limit has not been established, rather "nearly all animals were alive with no indication of excess lethality up to 800 Gy, the highest dose... measured."
1645:
Agapov, A. A.; Kulbachinskiy, A. V. (October 2015). "Mechanisms of Stress
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1141:
Murray RGE. 1992. The family Deino- coccaceae. In The
Prokaryotes, ed. A Ballows, HG Truper, M Dworkin, W Harder, KH Schleifer 4:3732–44. New York: Springer-Verlag
149:
Radioresistance is surprisingly high in many organisms, in contrast to previously held views. For example, the study of environment, animals and plants around the
317:
There is strong evidence that radioresistance can be genetically determined and inherited, at least in some organisms. Heinrich Nöthel, a geneticist from the
297:
and a human can be killed by the loss of a single tissue in a vital organ. For many short term radiation deaths (3 days to 30 days) the loss of cells forming
1696:
La Duc MT, Nicholson W, Kern R, Venkateswaran K (2003). "Microbial characterization of the Mars
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1455:"Radioresistance of Deinococcus radiodurans: functions necessary to survive ionizing radiation are also necessary to survive prolonged desiccation"
2838:
422:(for X-ray intensity of 110 R/minute), and haploid (= male) embryos are more resistant than diploid (= female) embryos. The mortality of adults
2962:
2929:
457:
specimens die over a certain period of time and lower irradiation doses correspond to longer survival. This means that the radiation dose LD
2068:
Tirumalai MR, Fox GE (September 2013). "An ICEBs1-like element may be associated with the extreme radiation and desiccation resistance of
2005:
Tirumalai MR, Rastogi R, Zamani N, O'Bryant
Williams E, Allen S, Diouf F, Kwende S, Weinstock GM, Venkateswaran KJ, Fox GE (June 2013).
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2756:
2577:
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1094:"Repair of irradiated transforming deoxyribonu- cleic acid in wild type and a radiation- sensitive mutant of Micrococcus radiodu- rans"
2396:
Horikawa DD; Sakashita T; Katagiri C; Watanabe M; et al. (2006). "Radiation tolerance in the tardigrade
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1057:
Moustacchi, E (1965). "Induction by physical and chemical agents of mutations for radioresistance in
Saccharomyces cerevisiae".
215:
Radioresistance may be induced by exposure to small doses of ionizing radiation. Several studies have documented this effect in
100:
72:
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desiccation-adaptation hypothesis proposes that the extreme temperatures present in the habitats of hyperthermophiles like
2998:
2535:
2834:"Adaptation of Drosophila melanogaster Populations to High Mutation Pressure: Evolutionary Adjustment of Mutation Rates"
1884:"Recurrent isolation of extremotolerant bacteria from the clean room where Phoenix spacecraft components were assembled"
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have built up doses of 10 Gy, these workers received these doses in small fractions so the acute effects were avoided.
79:
1778:
Kempf MJ, Chen F, Kern R, Venkateswaran K (June 2005). "Recurrent isolation of hydrogen peroxide- resistant spores of
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2509:
1523:
1246:
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fluctuates with the time at which it is measured. For example, the β radiation dose that causes 50% mortality in the
119:
53:
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Grosch, DS; Sullivan, RL (1954). "The quantitative aspects of permanent and temporary sterility induced in female
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57:
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Nuclear Chemistry, G. Choppin, J-O. Liljenzin and J. Rydberg, edition three, page 481,
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Friedberg, Errol C.; Friedberg, EC; Walker, GC; Walker, Graham C.; Siede, Wolfram; Wolfram, Siede (1995).
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244:. Several cellular radioprotection mechanisms may be involved, such as alterations in the levels of some
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3047:
2957:
857:
969:"Basal DNA repair machinery is subject to positive selection in ionizing-radiation-resistant bacteria"
3061:
2887:
Fornalski, K.W. (2016). "Radiation and evolution: from Lotka-Volterra equation to balance equation".
2115:
Tirumalai MR, Stepanov VG, Wünsche A, Montazari S, Gonzalez RO, Venkateswaran K, Fox GE (June 2018).
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have thrown some light on the genetic traits that could be responsible for the resistances observed.
2993:
2952:
918:
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which has high natural radiation levels from uranium deposits, has also shown many radioresistant
1825:
Newcombe DA, Schuerger AC, Benardini JN, Dickinson D, Tanner R, Venkateswaran K (December 2005).
836:
726:
326:
175:
46:
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Link L, Sawyer J, Venkateswaran K, Nicholson W (February 2004). "Extreme spore UV resistance of
746:
395:. Radioresistance of cancer cells may be intrinsic or induced by the radiation therapy itself.
153:
area has revealed an unexpected survival of many species, despite the high radiation levels. A
2336:
Wharton, DRA; Wharton, ML (1959). "The effect of radiation on the longevity of the cockroach,
1018:
Cordeiro, AR; Marques, EK; Veiga-Neto, AJ (1973). "Radioresistance of a natural population of
3087:
3077:
2785:
Clifton Ling, C.; Endlich, B. (1989). "Radioresistance
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813:
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and other processes. Also biophysical models presented general basics for this phenomenon.
8:
2938:
1827:"Survival of spacecraft-associated microorganisms under simulated martian UV irradiation"
943:
792:
406:
2851:
2800:
2754:
Joiner, M.C. (1994). "Induced
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2632:"A Caenorhabditis elegans tissue model of radiation-induced reproductive cell death"
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1331:"Biological Effects of Space Radiation and Development of Effective Countermeasures"
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2578:"CDC Radiation Emergencies, Acute Radiation Syndrome: A Fact Sheet for Physicians"
2007:"Candidate Genes That May Be Responsible for the Unusual Resistances Exhibited by
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1110:
2694:"Extreme anti-oxidant protection against ionizing radiation in bdelloid rotifers"
2125:
SAFR-032: A Whole Genome Comparison of two Spacecraft Assembly Facility Isolates"
2035:
1972:
1394:
Shahbazi-Gahrouei, Daryoush; Gholami, Mehrdad; Setayandeh, Samaneh (2013-01-01).
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1541:"DNA repair in the extremely radioresistant bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans"
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1421:
1412:
1362:
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170:
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Grosch, DS (1954). "Induced lethargy and the radiation control of insects".
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Sullivan, R; Grosch, D (1953). "The radiation tolerance of an adult wasp".
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2004:
1991:
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Sghaier, Haïtham; Ghedira, Kaïs; Benkahla, Alia; Barkallah, Insaf (2008).
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are more resistant to gamma-ray radiation when in the hydrated state, and
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1944:"Paradoxical DNA Repair and Peroxide Resistance Gene Conservation in
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245:
199:
140:
2808:
2361:
2301:
2195:
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isolates obtained from an ultraclean Spacecraft Assembly Facility".
35:
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Weidhaas, J.B.; Eisenmann, D.M.; Holub, J.M.; Nallur, S.V. (2006).
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Level of ionizing radiation that organisms are able to withstand
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154:
2594:
2443:"The occurrence of X-ray induced dominant lethal mutations in
1942:
Gioia J, Yerrapragada S, Qin X, et al. (September 2007).
1509:
567:
529:
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for haploid embryo during cleavage (1–3 hours of age) is 200
228:
216:
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652:
321:
carried out the most extensive study about radioresistance
166:
2691:
1882:
Ghosh S, Osman S, Vaishampayan P, Venkateswaran K (2010).
1777:
2692:
Krisko, A.; Magali, L.; Radman, M.; Meselson, M. (2012).
1017:
548:
504:
2558:"Radiation Notes: Radiation Damage and Dose Measurement"
1590:"Oxidative stress resistance in Deinococcus radiodurans"
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2215:
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2176:"Effects of X-Rays upon Haploid and Diploid Embryos of
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3045:
305:) and the cells in the digestive system (wall of the
2384:
2324:
2264:
2210:
1941:
2784:
2340:, as affected by dose, age, sex, and food intake".
1644:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2687:
2685:
1511:
208:In the graph on left, a dose/survival curve for a
1452:
312:
269:Devair Alves Ferreira received a large dose (7.0
3069:
1453:Mattimore, V.; Battista, J. R. (February 1996).
1151:Ito H; Watanabe H; Takeshia M; Iizuka H (1983).
904:drug studied for its ability to protect against
2839:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2682:
2623:
1264:"Cosmic Influence on the Sun-Earth Environment"
336:
2335:
2275:
2239:
2237:
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289:the radiation has less of an ability to cause
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2173:
1238:Extremophiles: Microbiology and Biotechnology
398:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2067:
2232:
1588:Slade, Dea; Radman, Miroslav (March 2011).
1587:
383:is also a term sometimes used in medicine (
2930:
2916:
2757:International Journal of Radiation Biology
2440:
2399:International Journal of Radiation Biology
1594:Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
1396:"A review on natural background radiation"
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1981:
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1486:
1429:
1411:
1370:
1305:
1287:
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1183:
1168:
1118:
994:
984:
418:, but about 4 hours later it is of 7,000
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
391:cells which are difficult to treat with
293:. The human body contains many types of
198:
2937:
1328:
1234:
954:
14:
3070:
2889:International Journal of Low Radiation
2831:
2753:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2243:
1782:from a spacecraft assembly facility".
1538:
1022:living in a radioactive environment".
2911:
1157:Agricultural and Biological Chemistry
376:Radioresistance in radiation oncology
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
2999:Radiation-induced cognitive decline
2536:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
2487:
24:
2747:
1558:10.1111/j.1365-2958.1994.tb00397.x
1262:Mukherjee, Saumitra (2008-12-03).
333:, in a series of 14 publications.
25:
3099:
1092:Moseley BEB; Mattingly A (1971).
231:, plants, insects, as well as in
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2174:Clark, AM; Mitchell, CJ (1952).
1851:10.1128/AEM.71.12.8147-8156.2005
1710:10.1046/j.1462-2920.2003.00496.x
884:has been reported for wild type
157:study in a hill in the state of
34:
2588:
2570:
2550:
2434:
2167:
2108:
2061:
1998:
1935:
1875:
1818:
1771:
1724:
1689:
1638:
1581:
1532:
1503:
1446:
1387:
1335:Life Sciences in Space Research
1322:
183:, can withstand large doses of
45:needs additional citations for
2246:Journal of Economic Entomology
1329:Kennedy, Ann R. (2014-04-01).
1255:
1235:Anitori, Roberto Paul (2012).
1228:
1177:
1144:
1135:
1085:
1050:
1011:
960:
313:Inheritance of radioresistance
13:
1:
3035:Radiation dose reconstruction
3004:Radiation-induced lung injury
2531:"Cockroaches & Radiation"
1471:10.1128/jb.178.3.633-637.1996
1111:10.1128/JB.105.3.976-983.1971
426:exposed to a dose of 180,250
2609:10.1016/0921-8777(96)00012-2
2280:by X-Rays and β radiation".
2036:10.1371/journal.pone.0066012
1973:10.1371/journal.pone.0000928
1400:Advanced Biomedical Research
1268:Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
1241:. Horizon Scientific Press.
1071:10.1016/0027-5107(65)90052-7
1036:10.1016/0027-5107(73)90233-9
917:drug, that protects against
337:Evolution of radioresistance
7:
1539:Minton, K. W. (July 1994).
891:
10:
3104:
2901:10.1504/IJLR.2016.10002388
1514:DNA Repair and Mutagenesis
1355:10.1016/j.lssr.2014.02.004
1206:10.1103/PhysRevE.99.022139
858:Thermococcus gammatolerans
399:Radioresistance comparison
3012:
2981:
2945:
2770:10.1080/09553009414550111
2463:10.1093/genetics/30.2.197
2412:10.1080/09553000600972956
2142:10.1186/s12866-018-1191-y
2086:10.1007/s00792-013-0559-z
1749:10.1007/s00248-003-1029-4
1659:10.1134/S0006297915100016
3083:Radiation health effects
2994:Radiation-induced cancer
1647:Biochemistry. Biokhimiia
1413:10.4103/2277-9175.115821
919:acute radiation syndrome
906:acute radiation syndrome
470:Lethal radiation doses (
319:Freie Universität Berlin
2719:10.1073/pnas.1119762109
2657:10.1073/pnas.0603791103
1459:Journal of Bacteriology
1170:10.1271/bbb1961.47.1239
986:10.1186/1471-2164-9-297
837:Deinococcus radiodurans
348:Deinococcus radiodurans
331:Drosophila melanogaster
240:and human cells and in
195:Induced radioresistance
176:Deinococcus radiodurans
173:, such as the bacteria
143:are able to withstand.
2861:10.1073/pnas.84.4.1045
2698:Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
2636:Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
2441:Heidenthal, G (1945).
1831:Appl Environ Microbiol
1804:10.1089/ast.2005.5.391
1545:Molecular Microbiology
205:
187:on the order of 5,000
2338:Periplaneta americana
1911:10.1089/ast.2009.0396
1606:10.1128/MMBR.00015-10
1020:Drosophila willistoni
814:Milnesium tardigradum
454:Macrobiotus areolatus
450:Milnesium tardigradum
446:Richtersius coronifer
442:Milnesium tardigradum
284:It has been found in
202:
3030:Radiation protection
2258:10.1093/jee/49.5.629
2021:(6:e66012): e66012.
955:Notes and references
934:Background radiation
169:and plants. Certain
54:improve this article
2973:Biological timeline
2939:Radiation poisoning
2852:1987PNAS...84.1045N
2832:Nothel, H. (1987).
2801:1989RadR..120..267L
2710:2012PNAS..109.2354K
2648:2006PNAS..103.9946W
2354:1959RadR...11..600W
2294:1954RadR....1..294G
2184:Biological Bulletin
2027:2013PLoSO...866012T
1964:2007PLoSO...2..928G
1903:2010AsBio..10..325G
1843:2005ApEnM..71.8147N
1796:2005AsBio...5..391K
1347:2014LSSR....1...10K
1280:2008Senso...8.7736M
1198:2019PhRvE..99b2139F
944:Radiotrophic fungus
793:Habrobracon hebetor
475:
407:Habrobracon hebetor
3062:Nuclear technology
3020:Dose fractionation
2788:Radiation Research
2342:Radiation Research
2282:Radiation Research
2072:SAFR-032 spores".
939:Radiation hormesis
469:
463:American cockroach
206:
185:ionizing radiation
151:Chernobyl disaster
137:ionizing radiation
3043:
3042:
1837:(12): 8147–8156.
1698:Environ Microbiol
1653:(10): 1201–1216.
1274:(12): 7736–7752.
1186:Physical Review E
1059:Mutation Research
1024:Mutation Research
878:
877:
325:using the common
286:radiation biology
130:
129:
122:
104:
69:"Radioresistance"
16:(Redirected from
3095:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3051:
2932:
2925:
2918:
2909:
2908:
2904:
2883:
2873:
2863:
2828:
2781:
2742:
2741:
2731:
2721:
2704:(7): 2354–2357.
2689:
2680:
2679:
2669:
2659:
2627:
2621:
2620:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2580:. Archived from
2574:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2527:
2512:
2502:
2485:
2484:
2474:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2393:
2382:
2381:
2333:
2322:
2321:
2273:
2262:
2261:
2241:
2230:
2229:
2217:
2208:
2207:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2154:
2144:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2070:Bacillus pumilus
2065:
2059:
2058:
2048:
2038:
2011:SAFR-032 Spores"
2009:Bacillus pumilus
2002:
1996:
1995:
1985:
1975:
1958:(9:e928): e928.
1946:Bacillus pumilus
1939:
1933:
1932:
1922:
1888:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1862:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1780:Bacillus pumilus
1775:
1769:
1768:
1733:Bacillus pumilus
1728:
1722:
1721:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1625:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1560:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1517:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1490:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1433:
1415:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1374:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1309:
1291:
1289:10.3390/s8127736
1259:
1253:
1252:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1148:
1142:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1122:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1015:
1009:
1008:
998:
988:
964:
929:Radiosensitivity
727:Common fruit fly
683:German cockroach
661:Escherichia coli
476:
468:
275:Goiânia accident
135:is the level of
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3092:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3056:
3054:
3046:
3044:
3039:
3025:Radioresistance
3008:
2977:
2941:
2936:
2809:10.2307/3577713
2750:
2748:Further reading
2745:
2690:
2683:
2642:(26): 9946–51.
2628:
2624:
2593:
2589:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2542:
2540:
2529:
2528:
2515:
2503:
2488:
2439:
2435:
2394:
2385:
2362:10.2307/3570814
2334:
2325:
2302:10.2307/3570374
2274:
2265:
2242:
2233:
2218:
2211:
2196:10.2307/1538443
2172:
2168:
2113:
2109:
2066:
2062:
2003:
1999:
1940:
1936:
1886:
1880:
1876:
1823:
1819:
1776:
1772:
1729:
1725:
1694:
1690:
1643:
1639:
1586:
1582:
1537:
1533:
1526:
1508:
1504:
1451:
1447:
1392:
1388:
1327:
1323:
1260:
1256:
1249:
1233:
1229:
1182:
1178:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1136:
1090:
1086:
1055:
1051:
1016:
1012:
965:
961:
957:
915:radioprotective
902:radioprotective
894:
883:
779:
714:
645:
620:
597:
515:
496:
489:
460:
413:
401:
381:Radioresistance
378:
339:
315:
309:) cause death.
257:gene expression
197:
133:Radioresistance
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3101:
3091:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3065:
3064:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3016:
3014:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2989:Radiation burn
2985:
2983:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2949:
2947:
2943:
2942:
2935:
2934:
2927:
2920:
2912:
2906:
2905:
2884:
2829:
2782:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2681:
2622:
2603:(3): 201–208.
2587:
2584:on 2006-07-16.
2569:
2549:
2513:
2486:
2457:(2): 197–205.
2433:
2383:
2348:(4): 600–615.
2323:
2288:(3): 294–320.
2263:
2252:(5): 629–631.
2231:
2209:
2190:(2): 170–177.
2166:
2107:
2080:(5): 767–774.
2060:
1997:
1934:
1874:
1817:
1790:(3): 391–405.
1770:
1743:(2): 159–163.
1723:
1704:(10): 977–85.
1688:
1637:
1600:(1): 133–191.
1580:
1531:
1524:
1502:
1465:(3): 633–637.
1445:
1386:
1321:
1254:
1247:
1227:
1176:
1163:(6): 1239–47.
1143:
1134:
1084:
1049:
1010:
958:
956:
953:
952:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
908:
893:
890:
881:
876:
875:
870:
867:
864:
861:
853:
852:
849:
846:
843:
840:
832:
831:
826:
823:
820:
817:
809:
808:
805:
802:
799:
796:
788:
787:
784:
781:
777:
774:
771:
765:
764:
759:
756:
753:
750:
742:
741:
738:
735:
732:
729:
723:
722:
719:
716:
712:
709:
706:
700:
699:
694:
691:
688:
685:
679:
678:
673:
670:
667:
664:
656:
655:
650:
647:
643:
640:
637:
631:
630:
625:
622:
618:
615:
612:
606:
605:
602:
599:
595:
592:
589:
583:
582:
579:
576:
573:
570:
564:
563:
560:
557:
554:
551:
545:
544:
541:
538:
535:
532:
526:
525:
520:
517:
513:
510:
507:
501:
500:
499:Class/Kingdom
497:
494:
491:
487:
483:
480:
458:
411:
400:
397:
377:
374:
362:D. radiodurans
353:D. radiodurans
338:
335:
314:
311:
255:and increased
196:
193:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
18:Radioresistant
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3100:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3063:
3053:
3052:
3049:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3011:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2980:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2933:
2928:
2926:
2921:
2919:
2914:
2913:
2910:
2902:
2898:
2895:(3): 222–33.
2894:
2890:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2846:(4): 1045–9.
2845:
2841:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2795:(2): 267–79.
2794:
2790:
2789:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2739:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2688:
2686:
2677:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2626:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2591:
2583:
2579:
2573:
2559:
2553:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2511:
2510:0-7506-7463-6
2507:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2482:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2446:
2437:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2406:(12): 843–8.
2405:
2401:
2400:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2227:
2223:
2216:
2214:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2179:
2170:
2162:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2129:BMC Microbiol
2126:
2124:
2120:
2111:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2074:Extremophiles
2071:
2064:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2010:
2001:
1993:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1947:
1938:
1930:
1926:
1921:
1920:2027.42/85129
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1897:(3): 325–35.
1896:
1892:
1885:
1878:
1870:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1821:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1774:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1727:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1692:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1641:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1584:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1535:
1527:
1525:9781555810887
1521:
1518:. ASM Press.
1516:
1515:
1506:
1498:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1449:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1390:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1325:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1258:
1250:
1248:9781904455981
1244:
1240:
1239:
1231:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1192:(2): 022139.
1191:
1187:
1180:
1171:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1147:
1138:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1105:(3): 976–83.
1104:
1101:
1100:
1099:J. Bacteriol.
1095:
1088:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1065:(5): 403–12.
1064:
1060:
1053:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1014:
1006:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
978:
974:
970:
963:
959:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
924:
920:
916:
912:
909:
907:
903:
899:
896:
895:
889:
887:
880:∗ While an LD
874:
871:
868:
865:
862:
860:
859:
855:
854:
850:
847:
844:
841:
839:
838:
834:
833:
830:
827:
824:
821:
818:
816:
815:
811:
810:
806:
803:
800:
797:
795:
794:
790:
789:
785:
782:
775:
772:
770:
767:
766:
763:
760:
757:
754:
751:
749:
748:
744:
743:
739:
736:
733:
730:
728:
725:
724:
720:
717:
710:
707:
705:
702:
701:
698:
695:
692:
689:
686:
684:
681:
680:
677:
674:
671:
668:
665:
663:
662:
658:
657:
654:
651:
648:
641:
638:
636:
633:
632:
629:
626:
623:
616:
613:
611:
608:
607:
603:
600:
593:
590:
588:
585:
584:
580:
577:
574:
571:
569:
566:
565:
561:
558:
555:
552:
550:
547:
546:
542:
539:
536:
533:
531:
528:
527:
524:
521:
518:
511:
508:
506:
503:
502:
498:
492:
490:
484:
481:
478:
477:
473:
467:
464:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
434:
429:
425:
421:
417:
409:
408:
396:
394:
390:
386:
382:
373:
370:
366:
363:
360:species like
359:
354:
349:
343:
334:
332:
328:
324:
320:
310:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
287:
282:
280:
276:
273:) during the
272:
267:
264:
262:
258:
254:
251:
247:
243:
242:animal models
239:
236:
235:
230:
226:
222:
218:
213:
211:
201:
192:
190:
186:
182:
178:
177:
172:
171:extremophiles
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
147:
144:
142:
138:
134:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
3088:Radiodurants
3078:Radiobiology
3024:
2892:
2888:
2843:
2837:
2792:
2786:
2764:(1): 79–84.
2761:
2755:
2701:
2697:
2639:
2635:
2625:
2600:
2596:
2590:
2582:the original
2572:
2561:. Retrieved
2552:
2541:. Retrieved
2539:. 2006-02-23
2534:
2454:
2450:
2444:
2436:
2403:
2397:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2249:
2245:
2225:
2221:
2187:
2183:
2177:
2169:
2132:
2128:
2122:
2118:
2110:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2063:
2018:
2014:
2008:
2000:
1955:
1951:
1945:
1937:
1894:
1891:Astrobiology
1890:
1877:
1834:
1830:
1820:
1787:
1784:Astrobiology
1783:
1779:
1773:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1726:
1701:
1697:
1691:
1650:
1646:
1640:
1597:
1593:
1583:
1548:
1544:
1534:
1513:
1505:
1462:
1458:
1448:
1403:
1399:
1389:
1338:
1334:
1324:
1271:
1267:
1257:
1237:
1230:
1189:
1185:
1179:
1160:
1156:
1146:
1137:
1102:
1097:
1087:
1062:
1058:
1052:
1030:(3): 325–9.
1027:
1023:
1019:
1013:
976:
973:BMC Genomics
972:
962:
923:radiotherapy
885:
879:
856:
835:
829:Eutardigrade
812:
791:
745:
659:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
432:
423:
405:
402:
393:radiotherapy
380:
379:
368:
367:
361:
357:
352:
347:
344:
340:
330:
316:
283:
268:
265:
232:
214:
210:hypothetical
207:
174:
159:Minas Gerais
148:
145:
132:
131:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2968:Experiments
2445:Habrobracon
2278:Habrobracon
2178:Habrobracon
2121:FO-36b and
2119:B. safensis
1737:Microb Ecol
1551:(1): 9–15.
482:Lethal dose
358:Deinococcus
303:bone marrow
299:blood cells
246:cytoplasmic
181:tardigrades
3072:Categories
3013:Treatments
2982:Conditions
2563:2018-06-16
2543:2006-05-13
2222:Nucleotics
2135:(57): 57.
2123:B. pumilus
949:Kojic acid
913:a similar
886:C. elegans
778:50/30 days
747:C. elegans
713:50/30 days
644:50/30 days
619:50/30 days
596:50/30 days
514:50/30 days
438:H. hebetor
433:H. hebetor
424:H. hebetor
307:intestines
291:cell death
261:DNA repair
80:newspapers
2963:Accidents
2597:Mutat Res
1948:SAFR-032"
1667:1608-3040
1614:1098-5557
1567:0950-382X
1479:0021-9193
1422:2277-9175
1406:(1): 65.
1363:2214-5524
1341:: 10–43.
1298:1424-8220
921:, during
851:Bacteria
776:1,000 (LD
758:≫ 500-800
704:Shellfish
327:fruit fly
323:mutations
279:Chernobyl
238:mammalian
155:Brazilian
141:organisms
2738:22308443
2676:16788064
2481:17247153
2451:Genetics
2428:25354328
2420:17178624
2378:13844254
2318:13167339
2228:: 21–23.
2161:29884123
2094:23812891
2055:23799069
2015:PLOS ONE
1992:17895969
1952:PLOS ONE
1929:20446872
1869:16332797
1812:15941382
1765:13416635
1757:14502417
1718:14510851
1683:14981740
1675:26567564
1632:21372322
1440:24223380
1381:25258703
1316:27873955
1222:91187501
1214:30934317
1005:18570673
892:See also
807:Insects
762:Nematode
755:160-200
740:Insects
676:Bacteria
635:Goldfish
610:Tortoise
604:Mammals
581:Mammals
562:Mammals
543:Mammals
479:Organism
410:, the LD
385:oncology
369:Bacillus
253:proteins
234:in vitro
225:protozoa
221:bacteria
204:recover.
179:and the
110:May 2017
2958:Chronic
2946:General
2880:3103121
2848:Bibcode
2825:2694214
2817:3577713
2797:Bibcode
2778:7905914
2729:3289372
2706:Bibcode
2667:1502559
2644:Bibcode
2617:8765161
2472:1209282
2370:3570814
2350:Bibcode
2310:3570374
2290:Bibcode
2204:1538443
2152:5994023
2102:8675124
2046:3682946
2023:Bibcode
1983:1976550
1960:Bibcode
1899:Bibcode
1860:1317311
1839:Bibcode
1792:Bibcode
1623:3063356
1575:7984097
1497:8550493
1431:3814895
1372:4170231
1343:Bibcode
1307:3790986
1276:Bibcode
1194:Bibcode
1129:4929286
1079:5878261
1044:4796403
996:2441631
979:: 297.
911:CBLB502
873:Archaea
711:200 (LD
697:Insects
628:Reptile
523:Mammals
512:3.5 (LD
250:nuclear
163:insects
94:scholar
3048:Portal
2878:
2871:304358
2868:
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1990:
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2813:JSTOR
2424:S2CID
2366:JSTOR
2306:JSTOR
2200:JSTOR
2098:S2CID
1887:(PDF)
1761:S2CID
1679:S2CID
1218:S2CID
819:5,000
798:1,800
594:8 (LD
575:8.6–9
568:Mouse
530:Human
295:cells
229:algae
217:yeast
167:worms
139:that
101:JSTOR
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2876:PMID
2821:PMID
2774:PMID
2734:PMID
2672:PMID
2613:PMID
2506:ISBN
2477:PMID
2416:PMID
2374:PMID
2314:PMID
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2090:PMID
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1988:PMID
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1865:PMID
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2605:doi
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2254:doi
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2041:PMC
2031:doi
1978:PMC
1968:doi
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1855:PMC
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