798:
769:
816:
755:
28:
784:
1393:
834:
530:(state-owned private company) is the main provider of railway service. In recent years a number of competitors have started business. They mostly offer state funded regional services, but some companies offer long-distance services as well. In 2016, Deutsche Bahn had a share of 67% in the regional railway market and 68.6% in the inland freight market. As of October 2016, there were 452 railway operators registered in Germany, among them 124 regional passenger operators, 20 long-distance operators, and 163 freight operators.
202:
2488:
2904:
1437:
543:
862:
2916:
692:. The usual procedure under EU legislation is to award the contract to the lowest bid by means of a tender procedure. The respective states are free to announce short- or long-term contracts as well as to stipulate further conditions such as on rolling stock. In recent years, many bids have been won by private rail companies like
256:
Germany was ranked fourth among national
European rail systems in the 2017 European Railway Performance Index assessing intensity of use, quality of service and safety. Germany had a very good rating for intensity of use, by both passengers and freight, and good ratings for quality of service and
1047:. However, while the share of DB in the market of regional rail has declined since 1994 - in the context of an overall expanding market of regional rail service - the vast majority of long distance trains are still operated by or in cooperation with Deutsche Bahn AG.
2111:
916:, completed on 7 April 1839. The following years saw a rapid growth: By the year 1845, there were already more than 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) of railroads in Germany, and ten years later that number was above 8,000.
1050:
The German railways were long protected from competition from intercity buses on journeys over 50 km. However, in 2013, this protection was removed, leading to a significant shift from rail to bus for long journeys.
922:
in 1871 stimulated consolidation, nationalization into state-owned companies, and further rapid growth. Unlike the situation in France, the goal was support of industrialization, and so heavy lines crisscrossed the
533:
In 2018, public sector funding accounted for 25.6% of the cost of short-distance passenger transport including all rail and bus services. The long-distance market generally does not require government funding.
893:. This line used "Hund" carts with unflanged wheels running on wooden planks and a vertical pin on the cart fitting into the gap between the planks to keep it going the right way. The miners called the wagons
2276:
1497:
Germany has rail links with the following countries. All are to countries of the same gauge (1435 mm), although electrification (15 kV AC 16.7 Hz) and other systems such as signalling may differ.
1009:; however, this was not immediately the case with the railways. Administrative and organisational problems led to the decision to completely re-organise and reconnect Germany's railways. The so-called
1039:
and ultimately cancelled altogether. The railway sector was however liberalized insofar as
Deutsche Bahn lost its railway monopoly status in 1996; regional services are now subject to open bidding ("
554:, which was a ticket with which passengers could travel for 9 Euros per month on local and regional transport throughout Germany. The initiative aimed to reduce energy consumption during the
1043:" or "regionalization", as the responsibility for local rail services was transferred from the federal government to the 16 state governments) whereas long distance services are subject to
2118:
3257:
2249:
Berlich, Carolin; Daut, Felix; Freund, Anna C.; Kampmann, Andrea; Killing, Benedict; Sommer, Friedrich & Wöhrmann,Arnt (2017). "Deutsche Bahn AG: a former monopoly off track?".
1396:
Application of the EU standard platform heights for new constructions; Green = 550 mm, Blue = 760 mm, Turquoise = both, dark grey = New builds in other heights than the EU standards
963:, austere versions of the standard locomotives were produced to speed up construction times and minimise the use of imported materials. These were the so-called war locomotives (
257:
safety. Germany also captured relatively high value in return for public investment with cost to performance ratios that outperform the average ratio for all
European countries.
622:
Deutsche Bahn is gradually increasing the percentage of InterCity-Express services and downgrading the remaining InterCity services to the role formerly played by InterRegio.
3310:
2361:"Commission Recommendation of 21 March 2001 on the basic parameters of the trans-European high-speed rail system referred to in Article 5(3)(b) of Directive 96/48/EC"
2280:
1005:
fell. Train frequency rapidly increased on the existing East/West corridors; closed links which had formerly crossed the border were re-opened. On 3 October 1990,
2036:
975:). Absent a good highway network and trucks, the Germans relied heavily on the railways, supplemented by slower river and canal transport for bulk goods.
2007:
1013:(Railway Reform) came into effect on 1 January 1994, when the two state railways were formally reunited to form the current German Railway Corporation (
2954:
1954:
608:
797:
2302:
768:
1408:) that sets out standard platform heights for passenger steps on high-speed rail. These standard heights are 550 mm and 760 mm.
1563:— voltage change to 1500 V DC or 25 kV AC 50 Hz (at Emmerich/Zevenaar; for trains to Arnhem, a further change to 1500 V DC follows)
1458:
558:
and alleviate the costs of living for people. Some criticized the enterprise, saying it led to overcrowding of trains at some points.
3082:
833:
3012:
2816:
2477:
1542:
1512:
935:. By 1880, Germany had 9,400 locomotives pulling 43,000 passengers and 30,000 tons of freight, and forged ahead of France. 1915
2947:
2224:
555:
3326:
3219:
3032:
1897:
1517:
856:
815:
2064:
3285:
3057:
3347:
2638:
1132:
990:
3300:
3252:
3144:
3139:
2940:
2826:
2433:
1560:
1484:
1466:
653:
2090:
1902:
1060:
3104:
246:
2360:
260:
Germany's rail freight of 117 billion tons/kilometer meant it carried 17.6% of all inland German cargo in 2015.
3262:
3224:
2919:
1462:
242:
2373:
Platform height is measured between the track running surface and the platform surface along the perpendicular
3204:
1529:
885:, were developed in Germany in the 16th century. A wagonway operation was illustrated in Germany in 1556 by
688:
and local rail traffic is organised and funded (as the fares usually do not cover the running costs) by the
3174:
3134:
3114:
3094:
2997:
1548:
1044:
783:
2326:
971:
3290:
3109:
2470:
574:, largely national but some routes to the Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland, Austria, France, and Denmark
363:
In 2014 (local passenger) and 2015 (other), there were the following amount of railway cars in
Germany.
3295:
3242:
3189:
3184:
3159:
3017:
2561:
1704:
1694:
1369:
1298:
1207:
648:
3280:
1109:
3214:
3164:
3124:
3077:
3072:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3022:
3007:
3002:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2592:
1882:
1554:
1523:
1502:
1236:
839:
674:
604:
583:
897:("dogs") from the noise they made on the tracks. Such wagonways soon became very popular in Europe.
754:
3305:
3247:
3209:
3199:
3179:
3169:
3154:
3149:
3129:
3099:
3067:
3052:
3027:
2963:
2740:
1985:
1887:
1538:
1508:
1447:
730:
3194:
3119:
3089:
2858:
2679:
1451:
1387:
913:
901:
789:
733:– underground train services provided by the various cities' transport bodies (not Deutsche Bahn)
172:
124:
2207:
The most valuable asset of the Reich. A history of the German
National Railway: Vol 1: 1920-1932
2037:"Fachserie 8 Reihe 2.1 - Verkehr - Eisenbahnverkehr - Betriebsdaten des Schienenverkehrs - 2019"
1023:
was seen as a "first step" towards future railway privatization and
Deutsche Bahn operates as a
241:
network of 33,399 kilometres (20,753 mi), of which 20,540 kilometres (12,760 mi) were
2908:
2659:
2463:
1420:
1412:
1357:
1032:
774:
2805:
1922:
27:
2022:"Is the German Rail Freight System broken? A portrait of DB Cargo | Combined Transport"
1921:
In reference to EU documentation on interoperability of trans-national high speed rail (see
2848:
2832:
2735:
1892:
1006:
936:
2248:
37:
8:
2750:
2633:
2628:
2582:
1616:
1577:
1404:
Commission issued a TSI (Technical
Specifications for Interoperability) on 30 May 2002, (
1373:
1024:
980:
948:
807:
268:
In 2018, railways in
Germany transported the following amount of passengers and freight.
75:
743:
services – in a few major cities these run underground in the city centre (often called
2720:
2669:
2597:
2388:
1361:
1028:
712:
2021:
2765:
2725:
2709:
2704:
2587:
2429:
2162:
1708:
1676:
1392:
886:
870:
689:
567:
245:
and 18,556 kilometres (11,530 mi) were double track. Germany is a member of the
2277:"Derailing the Train: How Intercity Buses Are Changing the Way We Travel in Germany"
2853:
2755:
2745:
2602:
2258:
965:
927:
and other industrial districts and provided good connections to the major ports of
708:
642:
250:
2775:
2730:
2699:
2551:
2546:
2423:
2143:
1036:
943:
900:
Modern German rail history officially began with the opening of the steam-hauled
890:
843:
571:
201:
89:
2181:
1365:
2843:
2810:
2800:
2510:
2368:
1401:
1243:
238:
1925:) platform height is measured from the top of the running surface of the rail.
1659:
3341:
2795:
2770:
2684:
2491:
2262:
1877:
1763:
1140:
1015:
919:
825:
803:
704:
subsidiaries. The train types for regional and local traffic are as follows.
685:
551:
546:
Full train in
Hamburg during the 9-Euro-Ticket campaign, August 10, 2022
527:
53:
1811:
2932:
2863:
2780:
2689:
2607:
2222:
2166:
995:
985:
960:
718:
693:
112:
2450:
1541:— voltage change to 25 kV AC 50 Hz (no direct connection to France's
2577:
2556:
2530:
1698:
1405:
1273:
1121:
1002:
821:
669:
operates a handful of long distance trains; Flixtrain is a subsidiary of
136:
2487:
1174:
2837:
2821:
2785:
2694:
2515:
1680:
1667:
1624:
1596:
1533:
740:
616:
600:
596:
1631:
2884:
2714:
2455:
2428:. World Railways Series, Vol 3. Stamford, Lincs, UK: Key Publishing.
1819:
1737:
1714:
1663:
1620:
1113:
905:
866:
666:
660:
589:
550:
In June, July and August 2022, there was a special ticket called the
65:
1750:
1600:
1436:
645:) – offered services on certain former InterRegio routes until 2014
2879:
2674:
2525:
2520:
2505:
2194:
Great Train Race: Railways and the Franco-German Rivalry, 1815-1914
1828:
1778:
1720:
1652:
1635:
1589:
1178:
1166:
882:
701:
634:– high-speed services to Belgium and France, using modified French
577:
2034:
1952:
1801:
909:
2790:
2760:
2088:
1767:
1642:
928:
861:
700:, although some states have awarded long-term contracts to local
670:
542:
234:
2664:
2612:
2330:
2307:
1861:
1854:
1850:
1835:
1815:
1792:
1788:
1782:
1771:
1759:
1690:
1585:
1170:
932:
724:
697:
631:
2654:
2223:
Lutz, Friedrich; Lange, Bernd & MĂĽller, Matthias (2003).
1839:
1744:
1727:
1684:
1646:
1416:
1328:
760:
747:, especially if they have been upgraded to railway standards)
33:
978:
After the war, the German railway system was split into the
912:
on 7 December 1835. The first long distance railway was the
1843:
1671:
1610:
1606:
1581:
924:
736:
612:
2303:"European Bus Upstarts Snatch 20% of Passengers from Rail"
1955:"Fachserie 8 Reihe 2 - Verkehr - Eisenbahnverkehr - 2018"
1268:
The standard gauge both domestically and internationally
727:– suburban rail services mostly provided by Deutsche Bahn
635:
869:
with a guide pin (in Fig. F), in a 1556 drawing by
715:– medium-distance semi-fast trains for regional services
1411:
In Germany new builds are 550 mm and 760 mm.
1035:. However, plans for privatization were delayed by the
561:
721:– basic local service, usually calling at all stations
2065:"German Monopoly Commission challenges DB dominance"
2161:(2 ed.). London: Railway Gazette. p. 16.
1426:
939:had become one of the largest stations worldwide.
599:services, introduced in 1988 to replace the former
663:– to Italy, service discontinued mid-December 2006
209:Map of the railway network in Germany as of 2020:
2425:Germany's Railways: 30 Years After Re-Unification
2301:Logistics, Oliver Wyman on Transportation &.
2035:Statistisches Bundesamt (Destatis) (2021-03-18).
1953:Statistisches Bundesamt (Destatis) (2019-11-29).
1567:
3339:
2324:
2320:
2318:
1627:—) Hamburg — Cologne — Mannheim — Basel — Zürich
625:
619:during vacation times, were abolished in 2007.
2383:
2381:
877:), the forerunner of all modern railway wagons
680:
2948:
2471:
2315:
2008:"the 2017 European Railway Performance Index"
1948:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1651:IC 60/RJ 90: (Basel —) Karlsruhe — Munich (—
1595:ICE 12: Berlin — Frankfurt am Main — Basel —
2962:
2069:International Railway Journal: Rolling Stock
2058:
2056:
1867:Berlin-Amsterdam-Brussels (European Sleeper)
1173:ferry terminal for freight train ferries to
2378:
1465:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
294:
2955:
2941:
2478:
2464:
2010:. Boston Consulting Group. 8 January 2021.
2002:
2000:
1998:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1939:
1423:, Berlin had new builds with 760 mm.
2053:
1485:Learn how and when to remove this message
1391:
860:
541:
2112:"Market Analysis: German Railways 2014"
2089:Verband Deutscher Verkehrsunternehmen.
1995:
1971:
1551:— voltage change to 25 kV AC 50 Hz
1505:— voltage change to 25 kV AC 50 Hz
349:
3340:
2485:
2421:
2350:2002/735/EC , sections 7.3.4 and 4.2.5
2344:
2062:
1572:Local border services are not listed.
2936:
2459:
2300:
2225:"DB launches new locomotive strategy"
1807:Berlin/Hamburg — Zürich (night train)
1031:) even though the federal government
2915:
1898:History of rail transport in Germany
1743:ECE 85: Frankfurt am Main — Basel —
1463:adding citations to reliable sources
1430:
857:History of rail transport in Germany
580:– international long-distance trains
562:Long distance Deutsche Bahn services
2156:
1638:— Stuttgart — Salzburg — Klagenfurt
13:
2639:Deutsche Reichsbahn (East Germany)
2414:
2141:Georgius Agricola (trans Hoover),
1381:
1133:Grand Duchy of Baden State Railway
200:
129:20,540 kilometres (12,760 mi)
117:18,556 kilometres (11,530 mi)
105:33,399 kilometres (20,753 mi)
14:
3359:
2827:London Overground Rail Operations
2444:
2071:. Simmons-Boardman Publishing Inc
1415:has new builds with 550 mm.
556:global energy crisis in 2021–2022
537:
2914:
2903:
2902:
2648:Former subsidiaries and services
2486:
1986:"Railway Statistics 2022 Report"
1903:German locomotive classification
1435:
1427:Rail links to adjacent countries
1329:Mecklenburgische Bäderbahn Molli
1061:Narrow gauge railways in Germany
832:
814:
796:
782:
767:
753:
641:Veolia Verkehr (Now merged into
26:
2353:
2325:Rieger, Bernhard (2006-04-23).
2294:
2269:
2242:
2216:
2199:
2186:
2173:
2150:
1915:
1730:— Saarbrücken/Frankfurt am Main
1054:
956:) was created on 1 April 1920.
881:The earliest form of railways,
611:, national night trains to the
586:– national long-distance trains
247:International Union of Railways
2371:. 21 March 2001. section 6.1.
2135:
2104:
2082:
2028:
2014:
1568:International passenger trains
1532:— same voltage, but different
875:De re metallica Libri XII
1:
2451:German rail transport gallery
2229:International Railway Journal
1932:
1825:Vienna — Berlin (night train)
1713:ICE 78: Amsterdam Centraal —
1641:ICE 43: Amsterdam/Dortmund —
1208:Leipziger Verkehrsbetriebe AG
777:pulling double-decker coaches
2279:. 2018-01-25. Archived from
2063:Barrow, Keith (2017-09-01).
1864:(night train) (discontinued)
1237:Dresdner Verkehrsbetriebe AG
626:Other long distance services
592:– international night trains
7:
1871:
1557:— voltage change to 3 kV DC
1520:— voltage change to 3 kV DC
1339:
1336:
1310:
1307:
1280:
1277:
1250:
1247:
1218:
1215:
1189:
1186:
1147:
1144:
1128:
1125:
1091:
1088:
681:Regional and local services
276:Passenger/payload-distance
263:
10:
3364:
1733:ICE/TGV 83: Paris — Munich
1695:Copenhagen Central Station
1385:
1299:Harz Narrow Gauge Railways
1058:
972:Ăśbergangskriegslokomotiven
949:Deutsche Reichseisenbahnen
889:(image right) in his work
854:
850:
607:, were abolished in 2003.
131:(2022, Deutsche Bahn only)
119:(2022, Deutsche Bahn only)
107:(2022, Deutsche Bahn only)
3348:Rail transport in Germany
3319:
3271:
3233:
2970:
2964:Rail transport in Europe
2898:
2890:Rail transport in Germany
2872:
2647:
2621:
2570:
2539:
2498:
2159:The Evolution of Railways
1883:Rail transport by country
1070:
1067:
840:Bombardier Flexity Berlin
488:
483:
480:
453:
448:
445:
419:
414:
411:
384:
381:
376:
373:
370:
368:
344:
334:
286:
273:
199:
194:
190:
178:
171:
142:
135:
123:
111:
101:
96:
84:
74:
64:
59:
49:
44:
25:
21:Rail transport in Germany
20:
2859:Wrexham & Shropshire
2801:DB Reise & Touristik
2741:Arriva Southern Counties
2680:Arriva Herts & Essex
2263:10.1108/TCJ-07-2014-0051
2205:Alfred C. Mierzejewski,
2157:Lee, Charles E. (1943).
1908:
1888:Rail transport in Europe
673:, mostly an operator of
2562:DB E.C.O. North America
2238:(subscription required)
2179:by Colleen A. Dunlavy,
1388:Railway platform height
1370:Zittauer Schmalspurbahn
1110:OberweiĂźbacher Bergbahn
914:Leipzig-Dresden railway
902:Bavarian Ludwig Railway
3013:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2806:DB Station&Service
2660:Alliance Rail Holdings
2422:Fender, Keith (2022).
1831:— Munich (night train)
1755:EC 88: Munich - ZĂĽrich
1584:—) Hamburg — Berlin —
1413:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
1397:
878:
547:
205:
2849:Tyne & Wear Metro
1923:EU Directive 96/48/EC
1395:
1045:open access operation
1007:Germany was reunified
864:
545:
437:Electric locomotives
204:
186:S-Bahn Hamburg 1200 V
2736:Arriva Scotland West
2540:Foreign subsidiaries
2091:"VDV-Statistik 2019"
1893:Transport in Germany
1797:ALX: Munich — Prague
1511:— voltage change to
1459:improve this section
1129:5 ft 3 in
937:Leipzig Hauptbahnhof
184:S-Bahn Berlin 750 V
3234:States with limited
2751:Arriva Trains Wales
2634:Deutsche Bundesbahn
2629:Deutsche Reichsbahn
2024:. 4 September 2017.
1749:IC 87: Stuttgart —
1740:— Frankfurt am Main
1723:— Frankfurt am Main
1025:joint stock company
1019:). At the time the
991:Deutsche Reichsbahn
981:Deutsche Bundesbahn
954:Deutsche Reichsbahn
675:Long Distance buses
649:Harz-Berlin-Express
459:Diesel locomotives
324:97,805,000,000 pkm
310:54,919,000,000 pkm
253:for Germany is 80.
80:97.8 billion (2018)
70:2.87 billion (2018)
2721:Arriva Rail London
2675:Arriva Deutschland
2670:Arriva Buses Wales
2598:Interregio-Express
2389:"104_barriere.pdf"
1705:Amsterdam Centraal
1609:— Fulda — Basel —
1398:
920:German unification
879:
844:StraĂźenbahn Berlin
713:InterRegio-Express
654:Ostseeland Express
548:
279:Passenger/payload
221: Branch lines
206:
3335:
3334:
2930:
2929:
2844:The Original Tour
2766:Chiltern Railways
2726:Arriva Rail North
2710:Arriva North West
2705:Arriva North East
2588:Intercity Express
2365:eur-lex.europa.eu
1709:Berlin Ostbahnhof
1677:Frankfurt am Main
1495:
1494:
1487:
1379:
1378:
1366:Döllnitzbahn GmbH
966:Kriegslokomotiven
887:Georgius Agricola
871:Georgius Agricola
568:InterCity-Express
525:
524:
361:
360:
282:Average distance
231:
230:
227:
226:
38:Köln Hauptbahnhof
3355:
3272:Dependencies and
2971:Sovereign states
2957:
2950:
2943:
2934:
2933:
2918:
2917:
2906:
2905:
2854:Wardle Transport
2756:Arriva Yorkshire
2746:Arriva TrainCare
2603:Regional-Express
2490:
2480:
2473:
2466:
2457:
2456:
2439:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2393:
2385:
2376:
2375:
2357:
2351:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2329:. Archived from
2322:
2313:
2312:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2288:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2251:The CASE Journal
2246:
2240:
2239:
2236:
2220:
2214:
2211:Vol 2: 1933-1945
2203:
2197:
2192:Allan Mitchell,
2190:
2184:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2154:
2148:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2123:
2117:. Archived from
2116:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2098:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2076:
2060:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2047:
2042:. pp. 10–11
2041:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2004:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1982:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1959:
1950:
1926:
1919:
1787:EC 95: Berlin —
1490:
1483:
1479:
1476:
1470:
1439:
1431:
1362:WeiĂźeritztalbahn
1358:Lößnitzgrundbahn
1353:
1352:
1348:
1345:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1316:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1286:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1224:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1195:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1153:
1135:1840–1855
1105:
1104:
1100:
1097:
1065:
1064:
1041:Regionalisierung
961:Second World War
836:
818:
800:
786:
771:
757:
709:Regional-Express
572:high speed train
366:
365:
351:
348:116,273,000,000
296:
271:
270:
251:UIC Country Code
220:
215: Main lines
214:
192:
191:
166:
164:
163:
159:
156:
148:
50:National railway
30:
18:
17:
3363:
3362:
3358:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3353:
3352:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3331:
3315:
3273:
3267:
3253:Northern Cyprus
3235:
3229:
3145:North Macedonia
2966:
2961:
2931:
2926:
2894:
2868:
2864:Yorkshire Tiger
2776:City Night Line
2731:Arriva Sapphire
2700:Arriva Midlands
2643:
2617:
2566:
2552:DB Cargo Polska
2547:DB Cargo France
2535:
2494:
2484:
2447:
2442:
2436:
2417:
2415:Further reading
2412:
2411:
2401:
2399:
2391:
2387:
2386:
2379:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2349:
2345:
2336:
2334:
2327:"Breitspurbahn"
2323:
2316:
2299:
2295:
2286:
2284:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2247:
2243:
2237:
2221:
2217:
2204:
2200:
2191:
2187:
2178:
2174:
2155:
2151:
2147:(1913), p. 156.
2144:De re metallica
2140:
2136:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2114:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2096:
2094:
2087:
2083:
2074:
2072:
2061:
2054:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2033:
2029:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2006:
2005:
1996:
1988:
1984:
1983:
1972:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1951:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1929:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1874:
1781:—) Frankfurt —
1570:
1561:The Netherlands
1491:
1480:
1474:
1471:
1456:
1440:
1429:
1390:
1384:
1382:Platform height
1374:Fichtelbergbahn
1350:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1340:2 ft
1321:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1311:2 ft
1291:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1261:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1229:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1219:4 ft
1200:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1190:4 ft
1158:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1102:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1092:5 ft
1063:
1057:
1037:Great Recession
1033:owns all stocks
944:Weimar Republic
891:De re metallica
859:
853:
846:
837:
828:
819:
810:
801:
792:
787:
778:
772:
763:
758:
683:
628:
564:
540:
293:42,886,000,000
266:
223:
222:
218:
216:
212:
182:15 kV 16.7 Hz
173:Electrification
161:
157:
154:
152:
151:4 ft
150:
146:
130:
118:
106:
40:
12:
11:
5:
3361:
3351:
3350:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3327:European Union
3323:
3321:
3320:Other entities
3317:
3316:
3314:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3277:
3275:
3274:other entities
3269:
3268:
3266:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3239:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3227:
3222:
3220:United Kingdom
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3033:Czech Republic
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2974:
2972:
2968:
2967:
2960:
2959:
2952:
2945:
2937:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2912:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2876:
2874:
2873:Related topics
2870:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2835:
2830:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2811:Etihad Rail DB
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2625:
2623:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2574:
2572:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2511:DB Fernverkehr
2508:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2495:
2483:
2482:
2475:
2468:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2446:
2445:External links
2443:
2441:
2440:
2434:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2377:
2369:European Union
2352:
2343:
2314:
2293:
2268:
2241:
2215:
2198:
2185:
2172:
2149:
2134:
2103:
2081:
2052:
2027:
2013:
1994:
1970:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1865:
1858:
1847:
1832:
1826:
1823:
1808:
1805:
1798:
1795:
1785:
1775:
1756:
1753:
1747:
1741:
1734:
1731:
1724:
1717:
1711:
1701:
1687:
1674:
1656:
1649:
1639:
1628:
1613:
1603:
1593:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1558:
1552:
1546:
1536:
1527:
1526:— same voltage
1521:
1518:Czech Republic
1515:
1506:
1493:
1492:
1443:
1441:
1434:
1428:
1425:
1402:European Union
1383:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1355:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1326:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1296:
1279:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1249:
1246:
1244:Standard gauge
1240:
1239:
1234:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1163:
1146:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1116:section only)
1107:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1056:
1053:
855:Main article:
852:
849:
848:
847:
838:
831:
829:
820:
813:
811:
802:
795:
793:
788:
781:
779:
773:
766:
764:
759:
752:
749:
748:
734:
728:
722:
716:
690:federal states
682:
679:
678:
677:
664:
658:
657:
656:
651:
639:
627:
624:
609:UrlaubsExpress
594:
593:
587:
581:
575:
563:
560:
539:
538:Special scheme
536:
523:
522:
519:
516:
514:
512:
510:
508:
504:
503:
501:
498:
495:
491:
490:
487:
485:
482:
479:
476:
473:
469:
468:
465:
462:
460:
456:
455:
452:
449:
447:
444:
441:
438:
434:
433:
431:
429:
426:
422:
421:
418:
416:
413:
410:
408:
405:
401:
400:
397:
394:
391:
387:
386:
383:
382:Long-distance
379:
378:
375:
372:
369:
359:
358:
355:
354:354,430,000 t
352:
346:
342:
341:
339:
337:
335:
332:
331:
328:
327:2,873,429,000
325:
322:
318:
317:
314:
313:2,724,800,000
311:
308:
304:
303:
300:
297:
291:
290:Long-distance
288:
284:
283:
280:
277:
274:
265:
262:
229:
228:
225:
224:
217:
211:
207:
197:
196:
188:
187:
180:
176:
175:
169:
168:
144:
140:
139:
133:
132:
127:
121:
120:
115:
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
94:
93:
86:
82:
81:
78:
72:
71:
68:
62:
61:
57:
56:
51:
47:
46:
42:
41:
31:
23:
22:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3360:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3318:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3286:Faroe Islands
3284:
3282:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3270:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3258:South Ossetia
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3232:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3105:Liechtenstein
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2958:
2953:
2951:
2946:
2944:
2939:
2938:
2935:
2923:
2922:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2901:
2900:
2897:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2817:Grand Central
2815:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2796:DB ProjektBau
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2771:CityNightLine
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2685:Arriva London
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2492:Deutsche Bahn
2489:
2481:
2476:
2474:
2469:
2467:
2462:
2461:
2458:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2437:
2435:9781913870065
2431:
2427:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2397:
2390:
2384:
2382:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2356:
2347:
2333:on 2008-01-07
2332:
2328:
2321:
2319:
2310:
2309:
2304:
2297:
2283:on 2018-03-25
2282:
2278:
2272:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2245:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2219:
2212:
2208:
2202:
2195:
2189:
2182:
2176:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2153:
2146:
2145:
2138:
2124:on 2015-11-27
2120:
2113:
2107:
2092:
2085:
2070:
2066:
2059:
2057:
2038:
2031:
2023:
2017:
2009:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1987:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1956:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1938:
1924:
1918:
1914:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1878:9-Euro-Ticket
1876:
1875:
1866:
1863:
1859:
1857:(night train)
1856:
1852:
1848:
1846:(night train)
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1822:(night train)
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1806:
1804:(night train)
1803:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1739:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1725:
1722:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1666:— Salzburg —
1665:
1662:/Frankfurt —
1661:
1657:
1654:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1489:
1486:
1478:
1475:February 2017
1468:
1464:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1444:This section
1442:
1438:
1433:
1432:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1394:
1389:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1356:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1297:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1184:
1183:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1142:
1141:Russian gauge
1139:
1138:
1134:
1131:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1108:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1066:
1062:
1052:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1017:
1016:Deutsche Bahn
1012:
1008:
1004:
1001:In 1989, the
999:
997:
993:
992:
987:
983:
982:
976:
974:
973:
968:
967:
962:
957:
955:
951:
950:
945:
940:
938:
934:
930:
926:
921:
917:
915:
911:
907:
903:
898:
896:
892:
888:
884:
876:
872:
868:
863:
858:
845:
841:
835:
830:
827:
826:Berlin U-Bahn
823:
817:
812:
809:
805:
804:Stadler FLIRT
799:
794:
791:
790:Class 620 DMU
785:
780:
776:
770:
765:
762:
756:
751:
750:
746:
742:
738:
735:
732:
729:
726:
723:
720:
717:
714:
710:
707:
706:
705:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
676:
672:
668:
665:
662:
659:
655:
652:
650:
647:
646:
644:
640:
637:
633:
630:
629:
623:
620:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
591:
588:
585:
582:
579:
576:
573:
569:
566:
565:
559:
557:
553:
552:9-Euro-Ticket
544:
535:
531:
529:
528:Deutsche Bahn
520:
517:
515:
513:
511:
509:
506:
505:
502:
499:
496:
494:Control cars
493:
492:
486:
477:
474:
471:
470:
466:
463:
461:
458:
457:
450:
442:
439:
436:
435:
432:
430:
427:
424:
423:
417:
409:
406:
403:
402:
398:
395:
392:
389:
388:
380:
367:
364:
356:
353:
347:
343:
340:
338:
336:
333:
329:
326:
323:
320:
319:
315:
312:
309:
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301:
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292:
289:
285:
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269:
261:
258:
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252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
210:
203:
198:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
174:
170:
147:1,435 mm
145:
141:
138:
134:
128:
126:
122:
116:
114:
110:
104:
100:
97:System length
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
77:
73:
69:
67:
63:
58:
55:
54:Deutsche Bahn
52:
48:
43:
39:
35:
29:
24:
19:
16:
3263:Transnistria
3225:Vatican City
3062:
2920:
2907:
2889:
2833:Metropolitan
2781:CrossCountry
2690:Arriva Malta
2608:Regionalbahn
2424:
2400:. Retrieved
2395:
2372:
2364:
2355:
2346:
2335:. Retrieved
2331:the original
2306:
2296:
2285:. Retrieved
2281:the original
2271:
2254:
2250:
2244:
2232:
2228:
2218:
2210:
2206:
2201:
2193:
2188:
2180:
2175:
2158:
2152:
2142:
2137:
2126:. Retrieved
2119:the original
2106:
2095:. Retrieved
2093:. p. 36
2084:
2073:. Retrieved
2068:
2044:. Retrieved
2030:
2016:
1962:. Retrieved
1917:
1726:ICE/TGV 82:
1571:
1496:
1481:
1472:
1457:Please help
1445:
1410:
1399:
1079:Metric (mm)
1055:Track gauges
1049:
1040:
1020:
1014:
1010:
1000:
996:East Germany
989:
986:West Germany
979:
977:
970:
964:
958:
953:
947:
941:
918:
899:
894:
880:
874:
744:
719:Regionalbahn
694:NordWestBahn
684:
621:
595:
549:
532:
526:
362:
357:328 km
302:289 km
299:148,629,000
267:
259:
255:
233:As of 2021,
232:
208:
183:
113:Double track
88:116 billion
76:Passenger km
36:approaching
15:
3301:Isle of Man
3236:recognition
3205:Switzerland
3140:Netherlands
2578:Call a Bike
2557:DB Cargo UK
2531:DB Schenker
2398:(in German)
2396:pro-bahn.de
1960:. p. 4
1699:Hamburg Hbf
1660:SaarbrĂĽcken
1534:pantographs
1530:Switzerland
1406:2002/735/EC
1274:Metre gauge
1122:Irish gauge
1003:Berlin Wall
959:During the
390:High speed
330:34 km
316:20 km
249:(UIC). The
243:electrified
137:Track gauge
125:Electrified
3175:San Marino
3135:Montenegro
3115:Luxembourg
3095:Kazakhstan
2998:Azerbaijan
2838:Scandlines
2822:InterRegio
2786:DB AutoZug
2715:Arriva PCC
2695:Arriva Max
2516:DB InfraGO
2337:2007-11-29
2287:2015-10-26
2128:2015-10-29
2097:2021-09-12
2075:2021-09-12
2046:2021-09-05
1964:2021-09-05
1933:References
1812:DĂĽsseldorf
1681:Strasbourg
1668:Klagenfurt
1625:Greifswald
1617:Westerland
1597:Interlaken
1578:Westerland
1549:Luxembourg
1386:See also:
1281:3 ft
1251:4 ft
1148:4 ft
1059:See also:
1021:Bahnreform
1011:Bahnreform
942:Under the
741:light rail
617:Baltic Sea
601:Schnellzug
597:InterRegio
472:Carriages
371:Passenger
287:Passenger
60:Statistics
3291:Gibraltar
3110:Lithuania
2885:Bahntower
2593:Intercity
2499:Divisions
2402:21 August
2257:: 25–58.
2235:(11): 42.
1860:Berlin —
1849:Munich —
1834:Munich —
1820:Innsbruck
1800:Berlin —
1777:ICE 91: (
1738:Marseille
1715:Frankfurt
1664:Stuttgart
1621:Flensburg
1543:1500 V DC
1446:does not
1354: in
1325: in
1233: in
1204: in
1114:funicular
1106: in
1082:Imperial
906:Nuremberg
883:wagonways
867:mine cart
865:A German
775:Class 146
745:Stadtbahn
667:Flixtrain
661:Cisalpino
605:InterCity
590:EuroNight
584:InterCity
399:Tramways
396:Railways
66:Ridership
45:Operation
3342:Category
3311:Svalbard
3296:Guernsey
3243:Abkhazia
3190:Slovenia
3185:Slovakia
3160:Portugal
3018:Bulgaria
2909:Category
2880:BahnCard
2583:EuroCity
2571:Services
2526:DB Regio
2521:DB Netze
2506:DB Cargo
2209:(1999);
1872:See also
1829:Budapest
1810:Hamburg/
1779:Dortmund
1736:TGV 84:
1721:Brussels
1719:ICE 79:
1653:Salzburg
1636:Dortmund
1615:IC 30: (
1605:ICE 20:
1590:Budapest
1545:network)
1301:, trams
1179:Baltijsk
1175:KlaipÄ—da
1167:Sassnitz
1165:Only at
988:and the
904:between
702:DB Regio
686:Regional
643:Transdev
615:and the
578:EuroCity
374:Freight
345:Freight
264:Overview
165: in
3215:Ukraine
3165:Romania
3125:Moldova
3083:Ireland
3078:Iceland
3073:Hungary
3063:Germany
3058:Georgia
3048:Finland
3043:Estonia
3038:Denmark
3023:Croatia
3008:Belgium
3003:Belarus
2993:Austria
2988:Armenia
2983:Andorra
2978:Albania
2921:Commons
2791:DB Netz
2761:Bahn TV
2622:History
2183:(1994).
2167:1591369
1768:Bologna
1758:EC 89:
1703:IC 77:
1689:IC 76:
1658:EC 62:
1643:Cologne
1632:MĂĽnster
1630:IC 32:
1555:Belgium
1524:Austria
1513:3 kV DC
1503:Denmark
1467:removed
1452:sources
1349:⁄
1320:⁄
1290:⁄
1260:⁄
1228:⁄
1199:⁄
1157:⁄
1101:⁄
952:(later
929:Hamburg
851:History
822:Class H
806:EMU of
671:Flixbus
521:141143
518:141143
507:Wagons
239:railway
235:Germany
160:⁄
85:Freight
3306:Jersey
3248:Kosovo
3210:Turkey
3200:Sweden
3180:Serbia
3170:Russia
3155:Poland
3150:Norway
3130:Monaco
3100:Latvia
3068:Greece
3053:France
3028:Cyprus
2665:Arriva
2613:S-Bahn
2432:
2308:Forbes
2213:(2000)
2196:(2000)
2165:
1862:Moscow
1855:Rijeka
1851:Zagreb
1836:Venice
1816:Vienna
1793:Gdynia
1789:Warsaw
1783:Vienna
1772:Venice
1764:Verona
1760:Munich
1751:ZĂĽrich
1691:Aarhus
1601:ZĂĽrich
1586:Prague
1539:France
1509:Poland
1278:1,000
1248:1,435
1216:1,450
1187:1,458
1171:Mukran
1145:1,520
1126:1,600
1089:1,800
1071:Notes
1068:Gauge
946:, the
933:Bremen
731:U-Bahn
725:S-Bahn
698:Arriva
638:trains
632:Thalys
420:12114
393:Other
385:Local
307:Local
237:had a
219:
213:
92:(2018)
3281:Ă…land
3195:Spain
3120:Malta
3090:Italy
2840:(50%)
2829:(50%)
2813:(49%)
2717:(50%)
2655:Alleo
2392:(PDF)
2122:(PDF)
2115:(PDF)
2040:(PDF)
1989:(PDF)
1958:(PDF)
1909:Notes
1840:Milan
1802:Malmö
1745:Milan
1728:Paris
1685:Basel
1647:Basel
1417:Hesse
1076:Name
910:FĂĽrth
895:Hunde
761:ICE 3
489:8013
481:4397
478:1706
454:4174
451:1627
446:1142
425:DMUs
415:6371
412:5581
404:EMUs
102:Total
34:ICE 3
2430:ISBN
2404:2023
2163:OCLC
1844:Rome
1672:Graz
1611:Chur
1607:Kiel
1582:Kiel
1450:any
1448:cite
1400:The
1337:750
1308:900
1177:and
969:and
931:and
925:Ruhr
908:and
808:Vias
737:Tram
711:and
613:Alps
603:and
500:107
484:786
475:972
467:984
443:228
440:164
407:143
377:Sum
321:Sum
179:Main
143:Main
2259:doi
1766:(—
1588:(—
1461:by
1421:NRW
1295:in
1265:in
1162:in
994:of
984:of
842:of
824:of
696:or
636:TGV
497:45
464:29
428:19
350:tkm
295:pkm
195:Map
90:tkm
32:An
3344::
2394:.
2380:^
2367:.
2363:.
2317:^
2305:.
2255:13
2253:.
2233:43
2231:.
2227:.
2067:.
2055:^
1997:^
1973:^
1941:^
1814:—
1762:—
1707:—
1697:—
1679:—
1645:—
1419:,
1372:;
1368:;
1364:;
1360:;
1322:16
1313:11
1150:11
1094:10
1029:AG
998:.
570:–
2956:e
2949:t
2942:v
2479:e
2472:t
2465:v
2438:.
2406:.
2340:.
2311:.
2290:.
2265:.
2261::
2169:.
2131:.
2100:.
2078:.
2049:.
1991:.
1967:.
1853:/
1842:/
1838:/
1818:/
1791:/
1774:)
1770:/
1693:/
1683:/
1670:/
1655:)
1634:/
1623:/
1619:/
1599:/
1592:)
1580:/
1576:(
1488:)
1482:(
1477:)
1473:(
1469:.
1455:.
1351:2
1347:1
1344:+
1342:5
1318:7
1315:+
1292:8
1288:3
1285:+
1283:3
1262:2
1258:1
1255:+
1253:8
1230:5
1226:1
1223:+
1221:9
1201:5
1197:2
1194:+
1192:9
1169:/
1159:6
1155:5
1152:+
1112:(
1103:8
1099:7
1096:+
1027:(
873:(
739:/
167:)
162:2
158:1
155:+
153:8
149:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
