Rail transport - Knowledge

1372: 3244: 2019: 2030:. Passenger trains are part of public transport and often make up the stem of the service, with buses feeding to stations. Passenger trains provide long-distance intercity travel, daily commuter trips, or local urban transit services, operating with a diversity of vehicles, operating speeds, right-of-way requirements, and service frequency. Service frequencies are often expressed as a number of trains per hour (tph). Passenger trains can usually be into two types of operation, intercity railway and intracity transit. Whereas intercity railway involve higher speeds, longer routes, and lower frequency (usually scheduled), intracity transit involves lower speeds, shorter routes, and higher frequency (especially during peak hours). 845: 3429: 1259: 2333: 837: 3520: 1703: 44: 3583: 3022: 712: 8435: 3798: 2843: 492: 117: 2571: 3562: 3604: 2290: 1507: 2919:, altering train schedules or routes) must be closely followed. In addition, passenger safety during maintenance work (inter-track fencing, proper storage of materials, track work notices, hazards of equipment near states) must be regarded at all times. At times, maintenance access problems can emerge due to tunnels, elevated structures, and congested cityscapes. Here, specialised equipment or smaller versions of conventional maintenance gear are used. 3437:

between public cost and a given railway system's performance, and also reveal differences in the value that countries receive in return for their public cost. Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden, and Switzerland capture relatively high value for their money, while Luxembourg, Belgium, Latvia, Slovakia, Portugal, Romania, and Bulgaria underperform relative to the average ratio of performance to cost among European countries.

2342: 3709: 3646: 3625: 1549: 1021: 3812: 2070: 3457: 3667: 3688: 3478: 3499: 3541: 973:, enabling steel to be made inexpensively, led to the era of great expansion of railways that began in the late 1860s. Steel rails lasted several times longer than iron. Steel rails made heavier locomotives possible, allowing for longer trains and improving the productivity of railroads. The Bessemer process introduced nitrogen into the steel, which caused the steel to become brittle with age. The 2186: 2804:

government agency or company – with open access to the tracks for any company that meets safety requirements. In such cases, the state may choose to provide the tracks free of charge, or for a fee that does not cover all costs. This is seen as analogous to the government providing free access to roads. For passenger operations, a direct subsidy may be paid to a public-owned operator, or

3784: 2890:, the trains run on dedicated railway lines without any level crossings. This is an important element in the safety of the system as it effectively eliminates the potential for collision with automobiles, other vehicles, or pedestrians, and greatly reduces the probability of collision with other trains. Another benefit is that services on the inter-city network remain punctual. 2536: 3067:

stations, clocks in public places, and pocket watches for railway workers and travellers. Trains followed exact schedules and never left early, whereas in the premodern era, passenger ships left whenever the captain had enough passengers. In the premodern era, local time was set at noon, when the sun was at its highest; this changed with the introduction of standard

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promoted to skilled mechanic at age 24, brakemen at 25, freight conductor at 27, and passenger conductor at age 57. White-collar career paths likewise were delineated: educated young men started in clerical or statistical work and moved up to station agents or bureaucrats at the divisional or central headquarters, acquiring additional knowledge, experience, and

3075:, were essential for train crews, the maintenance workers, the station personnel, and for the repair and maintenance crews. The structure of railway timetables were later adapted for different uses, such as schedules for buses, ferries, and airplanes, for radio and television programmes, for school schedules, and for factory time clocks. 969:. The softness and dross tended to make iron rails distort and delaminate and they lasted less than 10 years. Sometimes they lasted as little as one year under high traffic. All these developments in the production of iron eventually led to the replacement of composite wood/iron rails with superior all-iron rails. The introduction of the 2313:, bridges and tunnels – all of which can greatly increase the capital expenditures required to develop a right-of-way, while significantly reducing operating costs and allowing higher speeds on longer radius curves. In densely urbanised areas, railways are sometimes laid in tunnels to minimise the effects on existing properties. 2931:

train service, origination/destination, seasonal impacts), a line's capacity (length, terrain, number of tracks, types of train control), trains throughput (max speeds, acceleration/ deceleration rates), and service features with shared passenger-freight tracks (sidings, terminal capacities, switching routes, and design type).

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South Africa, northern Africa and Argentina have extensive rail networks, but some railways elsewhere in Africa and South America are isolated lines. Australia has a generally sparse network befitting its population density but has some areas with significant networks, especially in the southeast. In

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Since the 1980s, there has been an increasing trend to split up railway companies, with companies owning the rolling stock separated from those owning the infrastructure. This is particularly true in Europe, where this arrangement is required by the European Union. This has allowed open access by any

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services are intercity rail services that have top speeds higher than conventional intercity trains but the speeds are not as high as those in the high-speed rail services. These services are provided after improvements to the conventional rail infrastructure to support trains that can operate safely

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An important contribution to the wider adoption of AC traction came from SNCF of France after World War II. The company conducted trials at AC 50 Hz, and established it as a standard. Following SNCF's successful trials, 50 Hz, now also called industrial frequency was adopted as standard for

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A south Wales town has begun months of celebrations to mark the 200th anniversary of the invention of the steam locomotive. Merthyr Tydfil was the location where, on 21 February 1804, Richard Trevithick took the world into the railway age when he set one of his high-pressure steam engines on a local

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and from Europe, especially Britain. About 10 percent of the funding came from the government, particularly in the form of land grants that were realized upon completion of a certain amount of trackage. The emerging American financial system was based on railroad bonds, and by 1860, New York was the

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A train is a connected series of rail vehicles that move along the track. Propulsion for the train is provided by a separate locomotive or from individual motors in self-propelled multiple units. Most trains carry a revenue load, although non-revenue cars exist for the railway's own use, such as for

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founded Diesel-Sulzer-Klose GmbH to manufacture diesel-powered locomotives. Sulzer had been manufacturing diesel engines since 1898. The Prussian State Railways ordered a diesel locomotive from the company in 1909. The world's first diesel-powered locomotive was operated in the summer of 1912 on the

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Hiring, firing, and wage rates were set not by foremen, but by central administrators, to minimize favouritism and personality conflicts. Everything was done by the book, whereby an increasingly complex set of rules dictated to everyone exactly what should be done in every circumstance, and exactly

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the energies of a generation, for it required all the new machinery to be created – capital, banks, mines, furnaces, shops, power-houses, technical knowledge, mechanical population, together with a steady remodelling of social and political habits, ideas, and institutions to fit the

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Historically, railways have been considered central to modernity and ideas of progress. The process of modernization in the 19th century involved a transition from a spatially oriented world to a time-oriented world. Timekeeping became of heightened importance, resulting in clock towers for railway

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where capacity is disaggregated into unlinked trips over individual route segments, railway capacity is fundamentally considered a network system. As a result, many components are causes and effects of system disruptions. Maintenance must acknowledge the vast array of a route's performance (type of

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The electrification system provides electrical energy to the trains, so they can operate without a prime mover on board. This allows lower operating costs, but requires large capital investments along the lines. Mainline and tram systems normally have overhead wires, which hang from poles along the

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Periodically, ballast must be removed and replaced with clean ballast to ensure adequate drainage. Culverts and other passages for water must be kept clear lest water is impounded by the trackbed, causing landslips. Where trackbeds are placed along rivers, additional protection is usually placed to

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Spikes in wooden ties can loosen over time, but split and rotten ties may be individually replaced with new wooden ties or concrete substitutes. Concrete ties can also develop cracks or splits, and can also be replaced individually. Should the rails settle due to soil subsidence, they can be lifted

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use under-riding magnets which attract themselves upward towards the underside of a guideway and this line has achieved somewhat higher peak speeds in day-to-day operation than conventional high-speed railways, although only over short distances. Due to their heightened speeds, route alignments for

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Due to these benefits, rail transport is a major form of passenger and freight transport in many countries. It is ubiquitous in Europe, with an integrated network covering virtually the whole continent. In India, China, South Korea and Japan, many millions use trains as regular transport. In North

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amounts to about 8.8 kWh (32 MJ), equating to an average of 441 Wh (1,590 kJ) per passenger-km. This compares to a modern train with an average occupancy of 20% and a consumption of about 8.5 kW⋅h/km (31 MJ/km; 13.7 kW⋅h/mi), equating to 21.5 Wh (77 kJ)

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required many trainloads of munitions a day. Conversely, owing to their strategic value, rail yards and bridges in Germany and occupied France were major targets of Allied air raids during World War II. Rail transport and infrastructure continues to play an important role in present-day conflicts

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than other dominant modes of transport. If the railway company is state-owned, the state may simply provide direct subsidies in exchange for increased production. If operations have been privatised, several options are available. Some countries have a system where the infrastructure is owned by a

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specialized for the type of goods. Freight trains are very efficient, with economy of scale and high energy efficiency. However, their use can be reduced by lack of flexibility, if there is need of transshipment at both ends of the trip due to lack of tracks to the points of pick-up and delivery.

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has the end passenger car equipped with a driver's cab so that the engine driver can remotely control the locomotive. This allows one of the locomotive-hauled train's drawbacks to be removed, since the locomotive need not be moved to the front of the train each time the train changes direction. A

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The development of railroads led to the emergence of private-sector careers for both blue-collar workers and white-collar workers. Railroading became a lifetime career for young men; women were almost never hired. A typical career path would see a young man hired at age 18 as a shop labourer, be

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According to the 2017 European Railway Performance Index for intensity of use, quality of service and safety performance, the top tier European national rail systems consists of Switzerland, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Austria, Sweden, and France. Performance levels reveal a positive correlation

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which generate low friction, trains are uniquely susceptible to collision since they frequently operate at speeds that do not enable them to stop quickly or within the driver's sighting distance; road vehicles, which encounter a higher level of friction between their rubber tyres and the road

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to Austria during the 1840s angered locals because of the noise, smell, and pollution caused by the trains and the damage to homes and the surrounding land caused by the engine's soot and fiery embers; and since most travel did not occur over long distances, few people utilized the new line.

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Railroads form an efficient network for shipping freight and passengers across a large national market; their development thus was beneficial to many aspects of a nation's economy, including manufacturing, retail and wholesale, agriculture, and finance. By the 1940s, the United States had an

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required for the signalman to operate switches and signal equipment. These are placed at various intervals along the route of a railway, controlling specified sections of track. More recent technological developments have made such operational doctrine superfluous, with the centralization of

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Railway tracks are laid upon land owned or leased by the railway company. Owing to the desirability of maintaining modest grades, in hilly or mountainous terrain rails will often be laid in circuitous routes . Route length and grade requirements can be reduced by the use of alternating

3000:, electric trains seem to be on average 20 times more efficient than automobiles for transportation of passengers, if we consider energy spent per passenger-distance with similar occupation ratios. Considering an automobile with a consumption of around 6 L/100 km (47 mpg 3145:

dominant financial market. The British invested heavily in railroads around the world, but nowhere more than in the United States; the total bond value reached about $ 3 billion by 1914. However, in 1914–1917, the British liquidated their American assets to pay for war supplies.

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are special inter-city trains that operate at much higher speeds than conventional railways, the limit being regarded at 200 to 350 kilometres per hour (120 to 220 mph). High-speed trains are used mostly for long-haul service and most systems are in Western Europe and East Asia.

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The use of different track gauges in different regions of the world, and sometimes within the same country, can impede the movement of passengers and freight. Often elaborate transfer mechanisms are installed where two lines of different gauge meet to facilitate movement across the

2760:, operate as tenants on the freight lines. Consequently, operations must be closely synchronized and coordinated between freight and passenger railroads, with passenger trains often being dispatched by the host freight railroad. Due to this shared system, both are regulated by the 2444:

The track guides the conical, flanged wheels, keeping the cars on the track without active steering and therefore allowing trains to be much longer than road vehicles. The rails and ties are usually placed on a foundation made of compressed earth on top of which is placed a bed of

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to separate the platform from train tracks. These prevent unauthorised incursion on to the train tracks which can result in accidents that cause serious harm or death, as well as providing other benefits such as preventing litter build up on the tracks which can pose a fire risk.

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in Switzerland, but was not a commercial success. The locomotive weight was 95 tonnes and the power was 883 kW with a maximum speed of 100 km/h (62 mph). Small numbers of prototype diesel locomotives were produced in a number of countries through the mid-1920s. The

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in September of the following year, but the limited power from batteries prevented its general use. It was destroyed by railway workers, who saw it as a threat to their job security. By the middle of the nineteenth century most european countries had military uses for railways.

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and tunnelling requirements). Since lateral forces act on curves, curvatures are designed with the highest possible radius. All these features are dramatically different from freight operations, thus justifying exclusive high-speed rail lines if it is economically feasible.

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through a series of tunnels around the edges of Baltimore's downtown. Electricity quickly became the power supply of choice for subways, abetted by the Sprague's invention of multiple-unit train control in 1897. By the early 1900s most street railways were electrified.

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These two systems of constructing iron railways, the "L" plate-rail and the smooth edge-rail, continued to exist side by side until well into the early 19th century. The flanged wheel and edge-rail eventually proved its superiority and became the standard for railways.

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surface, have much shorter braking distances. Most forms of train control involve movement authority being passed from those responsible for each section of a rail network to the train crew. Not all methods require the use of signals, and some systems are specific to

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in the early 19th century also was crucial for the development and operation of railroad networks. If bad weather disrupted the system, telegraphers relayed immediate corrections and updates throughout the system. Additionally, most railroads were single-track, with

1753:. The construction of many of these lines has resulted in the dramatic decline of short-haul flights and automotive traffic between connected cities, such as the London–Paris–Brussels corridor, Madrid–Barcelona, Milan–Rome–Naples, as well as many other major lines. 1233:. This success led to Stephenson establishing his company as the pre-eminent builder of steam locomotives for railways in Great Britain and Ireland, the United States, and much of Europe. The first public railway which used only steam locomotives, all the time, was 3417:

In 2010, annual rail spending in China was ¥840 billion (US$ 173 billion in 2019), from 2014 to 2017 China had an annual target of ¥800 billion (US$ 164 billion in 2019) and planned to spend ¥3.5 trillion (US$ 30 trillion in 2019) over 2016–2020.

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Railroad management designed complex systems that could handle far more complicated simultaneous relationships than those common in other industries at the time. Civil engineers became the senior management of railroads. The leading American innovators were the

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examined it in 1888 and described it as a "Priestman oil engine mounted upon a truck which is worked on a temporary line of rails to show the adaptation of a petroleum engine for locomotive purposes." In 1894, a 20 hp (15 kW) two axle machine built by

3045:, due to increased preference of other modes, particularly automobiles and airplanes. However, implementing new and improved ways such as making it easily accessible within neighborhoods can aid in reducing commuters from using private vehicles and airplanes. 1068:. Nevertheless, as the construction of boilers improved, Watt investigated the use of high-pressure steam acting directly upon a piston, raising the possibility of a smaller engine that might be used to power a vehicle. Following his patent, Watt's employee 3053:, in Tibet, partly running over permafrost territory. Western Europe has the highest railway density in the world and many individual trains there operate through several countries despite technical and organizational differences in each national network. 2114:

translates to higher horsepower-to-ton ratios (e.g. 20 horsepower per short ton or 16 kilowatts per tonne); this allows trains to accelerate and maintain higher speeds and negotiate steep grades as momentum builds up and recovered in downgrades (reducing

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Rail corrugation is a common issue with transit systems due to the high number of light-axle, wheel passages which result in grinding of the wheel/rail interface. Since maintenance may overlap with operations, maintenance windows (nighttime hours,

3137:. Construction of railroads was far more expensive than factories: in 1860, the combined total of railroad stocks and bonds was $ 1.8 billion; in 1897, it reached $ 10.6 billion (compared to a total national debt of $ 1.2 billion). 940:

in 1820 replaced cast iron. Wrought iron, usually simply referred to as "iron", was a ductile material that could undergo considerable deformation before breaking, making it more suitable for iron rails. But iron was expensive to produce until

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is a yard which is exclusively used for loading and unloading cargo. Large passenger stations have at least one building providing conveniences for passengers, such as purchasing tickets and food. Smaller stations typically only consist of a

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is a driverless, grade-separated train that serves only a few stations, as a shuttle. Due to the lack of uniformity of rapid transit systems, route alignment varies, with diverse rights-of-way (private land, side of road, street median) and

921:, Loughborough, Leicestershire in 1789. In 1790, Jessop and his partner Outram began to manufacture edge rails. Jessop became a partner in the Butterley Company in 1790. The first public edgeway (thus also first public railway) built was 2471:. This reduces the forces tending to displace the track and makes for a more comfortable ride for standing livestock and standing or seated passengers. A given amount of superelevation is most effective over a limited range of speeds. 6759: 5671: 1961:

motors. Under certain conditions, electric locomotives are the most powerful traction. They are also the cheapest to run and provide less noise and no local air pollution. However, they require high capital investments both for the

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in 1807. Horses remained the preferable mode for tram transport even after the arrival of steam engines until the end of the 19th century, because they were cleaner compared to steam-driven trams which caused smoke in city streets.

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asset, railways must keep up with periodic inspection and maintenance to minimise the effect of infrastructure failures that can disrupt freight revenue operations and passenger services. Because passengers are considered the most

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began to replace the Bessemer process near the end of the 19th century, improving the quality of steel and further reducing costs. Thus steel completely replaced the use of iron in rails, becoming standard for all railways.

750:) using wooden rails, hauled by horses, started appearing in the 1550s to facilitate the transport of ore tubs to and from mines and soon became popular in Europe. Such an operation was illustrated in Germany in 1556 by 4852: 781:, sometime around 1600, possibly as early as 1594. Owned by Philip Layton, the line carried coal from a pit near Prescot Hall to a terminus about one-half mile (800 m) away. A funicular railway was also made at 1966:

and the supporting infrastructure, as well as the generating station that is needed to produce electricity. Accordingly, electric traction is used on urban systems, lines with high traffic and for high-speed rail.

1526:, enabling electric locomotives to use three-phase motors whilst supplied via a single overhead wire, carrying the simple industrial frequency (50 Hz) single phase AC of the high-voltage national networks. 758:. This line used "Hund" carts with unflanged wheels running on wooden planks and a vertical pin on the truck fitting into the gap between the planks to keep it going the right way. The miners called the wagons 5095:

In one sense a dock authority was the earliest user of an oil-engined locomotive, for it was at the Hull docks of the North Eastern Railway that the Priestman locomotive put in its short period of service in

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is an intracity system built in large cities and has the highest capacity of any passenger transport system. It is usually grade-separated and commonly built underground or elevated. At street level, smaller

6534:"ANNEX to Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Regulation (EC) No 1370/2007 concerning the opening of the market for domestic passenger transport services by rail" 6911: 6504: 1202:

machine. Stephenson played a pivotal role in the development and widespread adoption of the steam locomotive. His designs considerably improved on the work of the earlier pioneers. He built the locomotive

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to even out the action of the piston rod. On 21 February 1804, the world's first steam-powered railway journey took place when Trevithick's unnamed steam locomotive hauled a train along the tramway of the

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signalling operations to regional control rooms. This has been facilitated by the increased use of computers, allowing vast sections of track to be monitored from a single location. The common method of

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prevent streambank erosion during times of high water. Bridges require inspection and maintenance, since they are subject to large surges of stress in a short period of time when a heavy train crosses.

953:, which was 15 times faster at consolidating and shaping iron than hammering. These processes greatly lowered the cost of producing iron and rails. The next important development in iron production was 6271:

Lytton, Henry D (1 April 1983). "Bombing Policy in the Rome and Pre-Normandy Invasion Aerial Campaigns of World War II: Bridge-Bombing Strategy Vindicated – and Railyard-Bombing Strategy Invalidated".

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transport, functioning at speeds up to and above 300 km/h (190 mph), has been built in Japan, Spain, France, Germany, Italy, the People's Republic of China, Taiwan (Republic of China), the

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Puentes, R. (2008). A Bridge to Somewhere: Rethinking American Transportation for the 21st Century. Brookings Institution Metropolitan Policy Report: Blueprint for American Prosperity series report.

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A small double cylinder engine has been mounted upon a truck, which is worked on a temporary line of rails, in order to show the adaptation of a petroleum engine for locomotive purposes, on tramways

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in the northeast of England, which became the first public steam railway in the world in 1825, although it used both horse power and steam power on different runs. In 1829, he built the locomotive

6567: 1491:. Each 30-tonne locomotive had two 110 kW (150 hp) motors run by three-phase 750 V 40 Hz fed from double overhead lines. Three-phase motors run at a constant speed and provide 6702: 1522:

line was opened on 4 September 1902, designed by Kandó and a team from the Ganz works. The electrical system was three-phase at 3 kV 15 Hz. In 1918, Kandó invented and developed the

824:, which was built in 1758, later became the world's oldest operational railway (other than funiculars), albeit now in an upgraded form. In 1764, the first railway in the Americas was built in 4300: 6766: 1060:, powering cotton mills and a variety of machinery; the state of boiler technology necessitated the use of low-pressure steam acting upon a vacuum in the cylinder, which required a separate 5663: 2970:

In addition, the presence of track guiding the wheels allows for very long trains to be pulled by one or a few engines and driven by a single operator, even around curves, which allows for

2482:(common crossing), check rails and two switch rails. The switch rails may be moved left or right, under the control of the signalling system, to determine which path the train will follow. 1628:

electrical control system (subsequent improvements were also patented by Lemp). Lemp's design used a single lever to control both engine and generator in a coordinated fashion, and was the

6589: 2719:, with trains only operating out from one direction. Smaller stations normally serve local residential areas, and may have connection to feeder bus services. Large stations, in particular 1480:

developed a new type 3-phase asynchronous electric drive motors and generators for electric locomotives. Kandó's early 1894 designs were first applied in a short three-phase AC tramway in

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American Railway Engineering and Maintenance of Way Association Committee 24 – Education and Training. (2003). Practical Guide to Railway Engineering. AREMA, 2nd Ed.

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are private railroad companies chartered by their respective national governments. As private passenger services declined because of competition from cars and airlines, they became

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integrated national market comparable in size to that of Europe, but free of internal barriers or tariffs, and supported by a common language, financial system, and legal system.

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The ballast also serves as a means of drainage. Some more modern track in special areas is attached directly without ballast. Track may be prefabricated or assembled in place. By

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have argued that the existence of modern rail infrastructure is a significant indicator of a country's economic advancement: this perspective is illustrated notably through the

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A multiple unit has powered wheels throughout the whole train. These are used for rapid transit and tram systems, as well as many both short- and long-haul passenger trains. A

2653:(AC). The most common DC voltages are 600 and 750 V for tram and rapid transit systems, and 1,500 and 3,000 V for mainlines. The two dominant AC systems are 2623:

divides the track into zones guarded by combinations of block signals, operating rules, and automatic-control devices so that only one train may be in a block at any time.

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addition to the previously existing east–west transcontinental line in Australia, a line from north to south has been constructed. The highest railway in the world is the

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Jean Denis G.G Lepage, Military Trains and Railways: an illustrated history, Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 2017. Print. pp. 9-11.

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new scale and suit the new conditions. The generation between 1865 and 1895 was already mortgaged to the railways, and no one knew it better than the generation itself.

2854:, the fatality risk for passengers and occupants on European railways is 28 times lower when compared with car usage (based on data by EU-27 member nations, 2008–2010). 1919:

on a driving axle. Steam locomotives have been phased out in most parts of the world for economical and safety reasons, although many are preserved in working order by

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high-speed rail tend to have broader curves than conventional railways, but may have steeper grades that are more easily climbed by trains with large kinetic energy.

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and wheel than in road transport, leading to greater energy efficiency. Trains have a smaller frontal area in relation to the load they are carrying, which reduces

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means of mechanized land transport. The tracks provide smooth and hard surfaces on which the wheels of the train can roll with a relatively low level of friction.

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represents a key advantage for rail transport. Low or even zero transshipment costs combined with energy efficiency and low inventory costs allow trains to handle

1110:, but never got beyond the experimental stage with railway locomotives, not least because his engines were too heavy for the cast-iron plateway track then in use. 6669: 6494: 2858:

Some trains travel faster than road vehicles. They are heavy and unable to deviate from the track, and have longer stopping distances. Possible accidents include

2792:). Freight revenue may be sold per container slot or for a whole train. Sometimes, the shipper owns the cars and only rents the haulage. For passenger transport, 6912:"Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and Consolidated Financial Statements With Report of Independent Auditors" 6879: 2464:, additional wear and tear on rolling stock caused by the small surface gap at the joints between rails can be counteracted; this also makes for a quieter ride. 1340:

opened near Vienna in Austria. It was the first tram line in the world in regular service powered from an overhead line. Five years later, in the U.S. electric

4558: 3277:, allowing for the quick and efficient transport of large numbers of reservists to their mustering-points, and infantry soldiers to the front lines. So-called 3211:" and as such developed their franchised bus system and road infrastructure in comprehensive alignment with their rail services. China's large cities such as 1832:

Traditionally, trains are pulled using a locomotive. This involves one or more powered vehicles being located at the front of the train, providing sufficient

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Italian railways were the first in the world to introduce electric traction for the entire length of a main line rather than a short section. The 106 km

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Although steam and diesel services reaching speeds up to 200 km/h (120 mph) were started before the 1960s in Europe, they were not very successful.

1297:. It hauled a load of six tons at four miles per hour (6 kilometers per hour) for a distance of one and a half miles (2.4 kilometres). It was tested on the 2050:

are medium distance trains that connect cities with outlying, surrounding areas, or provide a regional service, making more stops and having lower speeds.

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warn of the presence of a train, while trackside signals maintain the distances between trains. Another method used to increase safety is the addition of

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Rail transport can be important for military activity. During the 1860s, railways provided a means for rapid movement of troops and supplies during the

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and usually operate at higher speeds, steeper grades, and higher capacity/frequency, their lines are especially important. Inspection practices include

2422:. Other variations are also possible, such as "slab track", in which the rails are fastened to a concrete foundation resting on a prepared subsurface. 2826:

of Amtrak either with a cash entrance fee or relinquishing their locomotives and rolling stock. The government subsidises Amtrak by supplying start-up

1320:, Germany, in 1881. It was built by Siemens. The tram ran on 180 volts DC, which was supplied by running rails. In 1891 the track was equipped with an 6698: 2441:

which defines the maximum height and width for railway vehicles and their loads to ensure safe passage through bridges, tunnels and other structures.

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Christopher R. Gabel, "Railroad Generalship: Foundations of Civil War Strategy" (Army Command And General Staff College, Combat Studies Inst, 1997)

1500: 1495:, and are well suited to steeply graded routes, and the first main-line three-phase locomotives were supplied by Brown (by then in partnership with 4296: 3876: 2784:

revenue (for passenger transport) and shipment fees for cargo. Discounts and monthly passes are sometimes available for frequent travellers (e.g.

8471: 8159: 6596: 5767: 1660: 1469:, were simpler to manufacture and maintain. However, they were much larger than the DC motors of the time and could not be mounted in underfloor 676:

from around 600 BC. The Diolkos was in use for over 650 years, until at least the 1st century AD. Paved trackways were also later built in

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Precursors of railways driven by human or animal power have existed since antiquity, but modern rail transport began with the invention of the

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and other engines small enough to fit under the coach. There are only a few freight multiple units, most of which are high-speed post trains.

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train operator to any portion of the European railway network. In the UK, the railway track is state owned, with a public controlled body (

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at each level. Being very hard to replace, they were virtually guaranteed permanent jobs and provided with insurance and medical care.

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There are many references to their use in central Europe in the 16th century. Such a transport system was later used by German miners at

5073: 3223:

recognize rail transit lines as the framework and bus lines as the main body to their metropolitan transportation systems. The Japanese

3041:

America, freight rail transport is widespread and heavily used, but intercity passenger rail transport is relatively scarce outside the

7104: 6132:

Hu, Hua; Gao, Yun-Feng; Liu, Zhi-Gang; Yang, Xiao-Guang (2010). "Effect of integrated multi-modal transit information on modal shift".

5305: 4372: 4462: 2911:

or walking inspection. Curve maintenance especially for transit services includes gauging, fastener tightening, and rail replacement.

2478:– are the means of directing a train onto a diverging section of track. Laid similar to normal track, a point typically consists of a 1775:

in its design. While high-speed rail is most often designed for passenger travel, some high-speed systems also offer freight service.

5698: 5025: 3826: 3008:) of fuel, the average car in Europe has an occupancy of around 1.2 passengers per automobile (occupation ratio around 24%) and that 1836:

to haul the weight of the full train. This arrangement remains dominant for freight trains and is often used for passenger trains. A

4156: 3425:

are subsidized by around ₹260 billion (US$ 5 billion in 2019), of which around 60% goes to commuter rail and short-haul trips.

6201: 1675:" switcher was introduced in 1940) Westinghouse Electric and Baldwin collaborated to build switching locomotives starting in 1929. 1403: 559:

and less flexible than road transport, it can carry heavy loads of passengers and cargo with greater energy efficiency and safety.

474: 466: 5814:

Schivelbusch, G. (1986) The Railway Journey: Industrialization and Perception of Time and Space in the 19th Century. Oxford: Berg.

4621: 3243: 5887: 3765: 2379: 2359: 2991: 1336:, England. The railway is still operational, thus making it the oldest operational electric railway in the world. Also in 1883, 887:

colliery manager, invented this flanged rail in 1787, though the exact date of this is disputed. The plate rail was taken up by

6539:(Commission Staff Working Document: Impact Assessment). Brussels: European Commission. 2013. pp. 6, 44, 45. Archived from 6076:

Alfred D. Chandler and Stephen Salsbury. "The railroads: Innovators in modern business administration." in Bruce Mazlish, ed.,

3291: 3187:

what their rank and pay would be. By the 1880s, career railroaders began retiring, and pension systems were invented for them.

2375: 2363: 617:. Following some decline due to competition from cars and airplanes, rail transport has had a revival in recent decades due to 520: 5110:

From Steam to Diesel: Managerial Customs and Organizational Capabilities in the Twentieth-Century American Locomotive Industry

4975: 8792: 8081: 6962: 6948: 6182: 6149: 5542: 5342: 5219: 5175: 5150: 5125: 4943: 4915: 4765: 4538: 4507: 4442: 4403: 4356: 4331: 4263: 3295: 2371: 1682:

became the first North American railway to use diesels in mainline service with two units, 9000 and 9001, from Westinghouse.

470: 6644: 4133: 4043: 4007: 2018: 8073: 5720: 5275: 3896: 3886: 3195:

Railways contribute to social vibrancy and economic competitiveness by transporting multitudes of customers and workers to

2026:

A passenger train stops at stations where passengers may embark and disembark. The oversight of the train is the duty of a

614: 462: 5597: 9300: 8464: 3974:

Heilmann evaluated both AC and DC electric transmission for his locomotives, but eventually settled on a design based on

6673: 4066: 5238: 1278:(batteries). Thus it was also the earliest battery-electric locomotive. Davidson later built a larger locomotive named 3354:

There has also been some opposition to the development of railway networks. For instance, the arrival of railways and

655:

since prehistoric times. In some cases, they were narrow and in pairs to support only the wheels. That is, they were

6373:

Bryant, Chad (April 2009). "Into an Uncertain Future: Railroads and Vormärz Liberalism in Brno, Vienna, and Prague".

6107: 4554: 3155: 2769: 2554:

are in use on the world's railroads. These devices use technologies that vary from a simplistic paddle and switch to

1601: 1337: 5411: 3772:

was around US$ 1.4 billion. By 2018, appropriated funding had increased to approximately US$ 1.9 billion.

9265: 8286: 8205: 7251: 7000: 3314:

expansion, indicative of the U.S. transportation policy post-World War II, which instead encourages development of

2658: 2654: 1985:

are built to run as diesel–electric on unelectrified sections and as electric locomotives on electrified sections.

1345: 1325: 1234: 458: 4396:

The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present

1087:. This used high-pressure steam to drive the engine by one power stroke. The transmission system employed a large 6791: 5368: 3881: 3871: 2761: 2043: 1610: 1220: 571: 1856:. Multiple units have a driver's cab at each end of the unit, and were developed following the ability to build 586:

costs compared to water transport, leading to "national markets" in which prices varied less from city to city.

8457: 7097: 3116:

The impact can be examined through five aspects: shipping, finance, management, careers, and popular reaction.

2945: 2632: 2303: 1978: 1954: 1633: 1283: 1253: 849: 310: 150: 90: 6983: 5574: 2202:

Authorities often encourage the use of cargo rail transport due to its efficiency and to reduce road traffic.

7890: 7258: 6354:

Squires, G. Ed. (2002) Urban Sprawl: Causes, Consequences, & Policy Responses. The Urban Institute Press.

2996:

Considering only the energy spent to move the means of transport, and using the example of the urban area of

2809: 2746: 2727:

for the city, and have transfer available between rail services, and to rapid transit, tram or bus services.

2401: 2269:

much cheaper than by road. Typical bulk cargo includes coal, ore, grains and liquids. Bulk is transported in

1768: 1426: 1392: 1298: 403: 3227:

was built to meet the growing traffic demand in the "heart of Japan's industry and economy" situated on the

2585:

box dating from 1899, although the original mechanical lever frame has been replaced by electrical switches.

1664: 1240:

Steam power continued to be the dominant power system in railways around the world for more than a century.

8873: 8749: 8314: 8276: 7208: 7121: 6792:"The evolution of public funding to the rail sector in 5 European countries – a comparison" 4434:

Recent Economic Changes and Their Effect on Production and Distribution of Wealth and Well-Being of Society

2745:) running, maintaining and developing the track, while Train Operating Companies have run the trains since 2598:

is a system used to control railway traffic safely to prevent trains from colliding. Being guided by fixed

2212:

reduces costs. Containers can easily be transshipped between other modes, such as ships and trucks, and at

2034:

are long-haul trains that operate with few stops between cities. Trains typically have amenities such as a

1772: 1387:, the world's oldest underground railway, opened in 1863, and it began operating electric services using a 6021:

Jenks, Leland H. (1951). "Capital Movement and Transportation: Britain and American Railway Development".

2142:

are upgraded trams that have step-free access, their own right-of-way and sometimes sections underground.

875:

A system was introduced in which unflanged wheels ran on L-shaped metal plates, which came to be known as

844: 743:. The line is still operational, although in updated form and is possibly the oldest operational railway. 593:

began with tramways and rapid transit systems. Starting in the 1940s, steam locomotives were replaced by

8360: 7452: 7350: 5495: 4039: 3926: 3287: 3159: 2467:

On curves, the outer rail may be at a higher level than the inner rail. This is called superelevation or

2209: 2164: 1360: 990: 903:, a double track plateway, erroneously sometimes cited as world's first public railway, in south London. 258: 253: 8802: 8683: 8324: 8215: 8138: 8123: 7246: 5194:, Lemp, Hermann, "Controlling mechanism for internal-combustion engines", issued 1915-09-28 5117: 3916: 3141: 2027: 1679: 1641: 1564: 1434: 1329: 1309: 1293:, with fixed electromagnets acting on iron bars attached to a wooden cylinder on each axle, and simple 1267: 1156: 1025: 513: 305: 5747: 5519: 5517: 5191: 1949:

in the locomotive converts the high-voltage low-current power to low-voltage high current used in the

932:

Cast iron used in rails proved unsatisfactory because it was brittle and broke under heavy loads. The

8988: 8785: 8256: 8246: 8092: 7983: 7090: 6175:

The Shinkansen High-Speed Rail Network of Japan: Proceedings of an IIASA Conference, June 27–30, 1977

3921: 3911: 3891: 3836: 3133:

Financing of railroads provided the basis for a dramatic expansion of the private (non-governmental)

2805: 2351: 1982: 1609:

operated three experimental units of different designs since late 1925, though only one of them (the

1454: 1061: 872:

could be used for turning, but later, movable points were taken into use that allowed for switching.

642: 606: 418: 413: 408: 270: 127: 35: 17: 3428: 2220:(wagon-load), where the cargo had to be loaded and unloaded into the train manually. The intermodal 1371: 1258: 9222: 8281: 5793: 5514: 4449:

RECENT ECONOMIC CHANGES AND THEIR EFFECT ON DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH AND WELL BEING OF SOCIETY WELLS.

3931: 2310: 1974: 1761: 1430: 1191:, inspired by the early locomotives of Trevithick, Murray and Hedley, persuaded the manager of the 433: 369: 165: 31: 6464: 5634: 1636:

control systems. In 1914, world's first functional diesel–electric railcars were produced for the

574:, opened in 1825. The quick spread of railways throughout Europe and North America, following the 9295: 9290: 9260: 8973: 8814: 8512: 8385: 8345: 8291: 7014:

Imperial Technology and 'Native'Agency: A Social History of Railways in Colonial India, 1850–1920

7005:

Freeman, Michael. "The Railway as Cultural Metaphor: 'What Kind of Railway History?' Revisited."

6315: 4603: 4464:

The Rise and Fall of Infrastructures: Dynamics of Evolution and Technological Change in Transport

2959:. The track distributes the weight of the train evenly, allowing significantly greater loads per 2851: 2530: 2514: 2208:

have become widely used in many places for general freight, particularly in North America, where

2083: 1718: 1181: 925:

in 1796. Although the primary purpose of the line was to carry coal, it also carried passengers.

590: 438: 398: 320: 6853: 6099: 4907: 2550:

The inspection of railway equipment is essential for the safe movement of trains. Many types of

1449:

West, a distance of 280 km (170 mi). Using experience he had gained while working for

1205: 965:

or charcoal needed to produce pig iron. Wrought iron was a soft material that contained slag or

9132: 8956: 8888: 8703: 8043: 8023: 7767: 7762: 7514: 6402:"Can urban rail transit systems alleviate air pollution? Empirical evidence from Beijing: XXXX" 4826: 4164: 3319: 2955:

A typical modern wagon can hold up to 113 tonnes (125 short tons) of freight on two four-wheel

2599: 2461: 2383: 2322: 2262: 2180: 1888: 1649: 1568: 1523: 1496: 1225: 958: 950: 914: 732: 659:

or tracks. Some had grooves or flanges or other mechanical means to keep the wheels on track.

428: 325: 194: 132: 6833: 6540: 3071:. Printed timetables were a convenience for travellers, but more elaborate timetables, called 2620: 1100:. Trevithick later demonstrated a locomotive operating upon a piece of circular rail track in 9112: 9092: 8858: 8400: 8380: 8195: 8028: 7688: 7370: 7176: 6296: 5113: 4530: 4524: 3396: 3343: 3281:

were or are constructed for a primarily military purpose. The Western Front in France during

3208: 3167: 3072: 2879: 2387: 2103: 1938: 1656: 1466: 1458: 1313: 1294: 946: 579: 506: 443: 7024: 6065:

The man who found the money: John Stewart Kennedy and the financing of the western railroads

5309: 4380: 4074:

Early Railways. A Selection of Papers from the First International Early Railways Conference

1543: 9062: 8778: 8517: 8507: 8497: 8375: 8340: 8068: 8038: 7993: 7804: 7683: 7397: 7360: 7181: 4471: 3861: 3248: 3079: 2799:

Governments may choose to give subsidies to rail operation, since rail transport has fewer

2703:

Platforms are used to allow easy access to the trains, and are connected to each other via

2518: 1645: 1349: 1136: 1053: 910: 836: 802: 747: 697: 448: 5694: 5036: 2486:

by specialized machinery and additional ballast tamped under the ties to level the rails.

2418:(ties) of timber, concrete, steel, or plastic to maintain a consistent distance apart, or 2332: 2167:

has similar-sized cars to accommodate curves in the trans-Hudson tunnels. San Francisco's

1671:. General Electric produced several small switching locomotives in the 1930s (the famous " 1477: 1308:

demonstrated an electric railway in 1879 in Berlin. The world's first electric tram line,

8: 9137: 8909: 8688: 8593: 8560: 8415: 8395: 8210: 7905: 7784: 7577: 7572: 7268: 7218: 7166: 6122:

Hong Kong Information Services Department of the Hong Kong SAR Government. Hong Kong 2009

3846: 3714: 3270: 3266: 2975: 2827: 2650: 2604: 2540: 2390: 2232: 1942: 1926: 1837: 1668: 1572: 1450: 1422: 1356: 1249: 974: 922: 900: 798: 549: 423: 221: 177: 6198: 4432: 848:

A cast iron fishbelly edge rail manufactured by Outram at the Butterley Company for the

9245: 9182: 9168: 9122: 9052: 8618: 8169: 7970: 7597: 7402: 7385: 7308: 7044: 7034: 6499: 6288: 6155: 6092: 6046: 6038: 5990: 5982: 5934: 5926: 5393: 5385: 4900: 4111: 3262: 3087:

and signals to allow lower priority trains to be sidetracked and have scheduled meets.

3042: 2971: 2908: 2863: 2753: 2595: 2590: 2559: 2517:, have invested heavily to unify their rail networks. China is developing a modernized 2099: 1989: 1813: 1697: 1577: 1492: 1396: 1384: 1376: 1305: 1080: 825: 789:

some time before 1604. This carried coal for James Clifford from his mines down to the

669: 381: 67: 5879: 5763: 5261: 5259: 5257: 5255: 5253: 5251: 3961:

According to , railways are the safest on both a per-mile and per-hour basis, whereas

3737:

received 94.9 billion roubles (around US$ 1.4 billion) from the government.

1596: 1481: 1176:

only. This was accomplished by the distribution of weight between a number of wheels.

610: 89:. It is used for about 8% of passenger and freight transport globally, thanks to its 9250: 8995: 8716: 8128: 7794: 7729: 7695: 7320: 7263: 7146: 6958: 6178: 6145: 6103: 6050: 5994: 5938: 5860: 5598:"Intermediate report on the development of railway safety in the European Union 2013" 5548: 5538: 5452: 5397: 5348: 5338: 5215: 5171: 5146: 5121: 4939: 4911: 4761: 4534: 4503: 4497: 4438: 4399: 4352: 4327: 4259: 4206: 3851: 3355: 3278: 2949: 2355: 2156: 2123: 2059: 1970: 1817: 1784: 1702: 1539: 1446: 1442: 1188: 1161: 1128: 1057: 892: 817: 794: 751: 594: 556: 545: 43: 6159: 5573:(statistical database). Eurostat, European Commission. 20 April 2014. Archived from 5470: 3273:

Throughout the 20th century, rail was a key element of war plans for rapid military

801:, has sometimes erroneously been cited as the earliest British railway. It ran from 9207: 9177: 9172: 8843: 8754: 8721: 8678: 8668: 8641: 8439: 8355: 8319: 8309: 8266: 8261: 8241: 8236: 8118: 8063: 8033: 7524: 7484: 7422: 7303: 7288: 7283: 7203: 7161: 7113: 6413: 6382: 6280: 6236: 6231:

Stevenson, D. (1 February 1999). "War by Timetable? The Railway Race Before 1914".

6137: 6030: 5974: 5918: 5909:

Jenks, Leland H. (1944). "Railroads as an Economic Force in American Development".

5850: 5759: 5442: 5377: 5248: 5069: 4979: 4398:. Cambridge, New York: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. p. 91. 4103: 3803: 3734: 3323: 3134: 3050: 2867: 2697: 2562:. Their use has avoided many rail accidents over the 70 years they have been used. 2510: 2468: 2457: 2398: 2367: 2244: 2240: 2221: 2205: 2159:

trains are designed with extremely short cars to negotiate the sharp curves in the

1920: 1892: 1868: 1790: 1765: 1621: 1438: 1290: 1106: 1076: 1041: 1015: 970: 563: 496: 347: 248: 231: 4284:

Early Railways 4: Papers from the 4th International Early Railways Conference 2008

4242:

Early Railways 4: Papers from the 4th International Early Railways Conference 2008

1820:(engineer in North America) controls the locomotive or other power cars, although 1433:, Zürich. In 1891, Brown had demonstrated long-distance power transmission, using 1355:

The first use of electrification on a main line was on a four-mile section of the

720: 9255: 9127: 9082: 9022: 8924: 8848: 8838: 8759: 8744: 8711: 8651: 8613: 8603: 8588: 8578: 8570: 8154: 7988: 7824: 7645: 7529: 7499: 7442: 7330: 7315: 6300: 6205: 5528: 5242: 4753: 4187: 4033: 3999: 3422: 3331: 3327: 3030: 3009: 2815: 2720: 2688: 2582: 2551: 2475: 2259:

to be driven onto the train, allowing for easy transition between road and rail.

2094: 2031: 2013: 1852:

is a single, self-powered car, and may be electrically propelled or powered by a

1730: 1715: 1691: 1488: 1230: 1215: 1069: 1049: 937: 888: 755: 652: 618: 598: 300: 295: 280: 94: 5724: 5607:(report). Safety Unit, European Railway Agency & European Union. p. 1. 4129: 3095:

Scholars have linked railroads to successful nation-building efforts by states.

3021: 2700:. Early stations were sometimes built with both passenger and goods facilities. 2453:

as the ground settles over time under the weight of the vehicles passing above.

1363:(B&O) in 1895 connecting the main portion of the B&O to the new line to 711: 9117: 9102: 9027: 9000: 8929: 8731: 8693: 8661: 8623: 8583: 8370: 8271: 8251: 8087: 8008: 7799: 7724: 7653: 7447: 5534: 4617: 3866: 3567: 3412: 3307: 2974:

in both manpower and energy use; by contrast, in road transport, more than two

2964: 2916: 2899: 2712: 2646: 2506: 2499: 2426: 2270: 2213: 2160: 2152: 2111: 1963: 1958: 1950: 1930: 1904: 1857: 1833: 1794: 1757: 1734: 1625: 1462: 1407: 1165: 1114: 906: 896: 622: 567: 315: 189: 86: 82: 6386: 6141: 6034: 5965:

Chandler, Alfred D. (1954). "Patterns of American Railroad Finance, 1830–50".

5922: 5855: 5838: 5664:"What is Rail Transport? Definition of Rail Transport, Rail Transport Meaning" 5352: 3755: 2842: 2808:

tender may be held, and a time-limited contract awarded to the lowest bidder.

1487:

In 1896, Oerlikon installed the first commercial example of the system on the

540:

than rubber-tyred road vehicles, allowing rail cars to be coupled into longer

9284: 9217: 9212: 9202: 9163: 9107: 9015: 9010: 8978: 8961: 8828: 8810: 8656: 8633: 8550: 8527: 8489: 8420: 8365: 7960: 7945: 7925: 7920: 7663: 7549: 7432: 7392: 7380: 7273: 7139: 7058:

The Development of Railway Technology in East Asia in Comparative Perspective

6240: 5864: 5552: 5456: 4077: 3975: 3789: 3751: 3368: 3200: 3180: 3163: 2871: 2800: 2793: 2785: 2724: 2692: 2670: 2570: 2446: 2438: 2411: 2130: 2051: 2047: 1912: 1853: 1588: 1399: 1364: 1321: 1275: 1173: 1147:

using teeth cast on the side of one of the rails. Thus it was also the first

1140: 1123: 857: 626: 533: 364: 290: 285: 263: 212: 172: 160: 116: 78: 71: 6094:

Working for the Railroad: The Organization of Work in the Nineteenth Century

5235: 2675: 9147: 9097: 9077: 9037: 8939: 8919: 8904: 8883: 8878: 8868: 8673: 8646: 8545: 8535: 8502: 8434: 8405: 8390: 8190: 8174: 8164: 8133: 8113: 8097: 8058: 8018: 8013: 7998: 7955: 7678: 7457: 7365: 7278: 7193: 7156: 5524: 5332: 4210: 3906: 3901: 3817: 3797: 3274: 3084: 3026: 2927: 2781: 2742: 2437:. In addition to the rail gauge, the tracks will be laid to conform with a 2434: 2415: 2256: 2225: 2147: 2116: 2074: 2039: 1899:

before leaving via the chimney or smoke stack. In the process, it powers a

1872: 1842: 1821: 1797:

to preserve and maintain old railway lines for services of tourist trains.

1617: 1606: 1411: 1287: 1199: 1192: 1148: 1118: 1045: 933: 869: 790: 648: 491: 453: 243: 6219:

Railroads and Rifles: soldiers, technology, and the unification of Germany

5276:"Rail freight in the next decade: Potential for performance improvements?" 1072:

produced a working model of a self-propelled steam carriage in that year.

9072: 9032: 8944: 8739: 8598: 8410: 8048: 7910: 7880: 7870: 7658: 7625: 7605: 7462: 7223: 5447: 5430: 5415: 3936: 3609: 3525: 3282: 3196: 3104: 2979: 2831: 2823: 2615: 2574: 2479: 2430: 2198: 2001: 1981:, diesel-mechanical or diesel–hydraulic but diesel–electric is dominant. 1946: 1750: 1742: 1738: 1653: 1592: 1552: 1506: 1388: 1195: 1135:

in 1812. This twin-cylinder locomotive was light enough to not break the

1097: 962: 677: 184: 8449: 6134:

13th International IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems

4723:"First in the world: The making of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway" 2752:

In the U.S., virtually all rail networks and infrastructure outside the

2289: 9229: 9195: 9190: 9142: 9067: 9042: 8983: 8949: 8833: 8608: 8350: 8220: 7940: 7935: 7855: 7757: 7635: 7615: 7567: 7534: 7504: 7469: 7412: 7340: 7335: 7298: 7228: 7213: 7188: 7171: 7134: 6418: 6401: 6292: 6042: 5986: 5930: 5389: 4115: 3831: 3224: 2887: 2875: 2859: 2716: 2708: 2691:

serves as an area where passengers can board and alight from trains. A

2639: 2611: 2419: 2394: 2274: 2266: 2252: 2139: 2035: 1997: 1934: 1916: 1707: 1581: 1519: 1511: 1101: 1093: 1040:, a Scottish inventor and mechanical engineer, patented a design for a 1037: 942: 865: 810: 786: 740: 570:

at the beginning of the 19th century. The first passenger railway, the

552: 359: 354: 226: 199: 8770: 6798: 864:

to the upper surface of the wooden rails. This allowed a variation of

840:

A replica of a "Little Eaton Tramway" wagon; the tracks are plateways.

8968: 8934: 8914: 8863: 8853: 8555: 8540: 8053: 8003: 7950: 7865: 7819: 7789: 7779: 7719: 7673: 7630: 7620: 7539: 7509: 7494: 7437: 7293: 7151: 5429:

Guan, Xueyi; Qin, Jin; Mao, Chenghui; Zhou, Wenliang (January 2023).

4499:

Railroads and American Economic Growth: Essays in Econometric History

3251:

on the way to the front in August 1914. The message on the car reads

3220: 3204: 3068: 2789: 2704: 2236: 2228: 2078: 2055: 1993: 1880: 1789:

Since 1980, rail transport has changed dramatically, but a number of

1672: 1629: 1415: 1144: 954: 918: 884: 880: 861: 778: 728: 715:

A 16th-century minecart, an early example of unpowered rail transport

689: 155: 52: 7474: 6284: 5978: 5953:

Industry comes of age: Business, labor, and public policy, 1860–1897

5431:"A Literature Review of Railway Pricing Based on Revenue Management" 5381: 4107: 3371:

caused a reduction in "most of the air pollutants concentrations (PM

2341: 1559:

co-production: world's first functional diesel–electric railcar 1914

1548: 1020: 9005: 8823: 7885: 7875: 7860: 7850: 7829: 7809: 7774: 7752: 7714: 7705: 7668: 7582: 7355: 7325: 7082: 6990:

The world's railways: the history and development of rail transport

6841:

Includes both "Railway subsidies" and "Public Service Obligations".

6434: 3962: 3941: 3216: 2923: 2847: 2555: 2450: 2449:

to distribute the load from the ties and to prevent the track from

2429:(used on approximately 70% of the world's existing railway lines), 2278: 2248: 2155:(sharp or broad curves, steep or gentle grades). For instance, the 2143: 1908: 1896: 1845:

is a vehicle used for the haulage of either passengers or freight.

1333: 1271: 1088: 1084: 1065: 982: 876: 806: 782: 766: 724: 701: 693: 656: 583: 537: 480: 5837:

Cermeño, Alexandra L.; Enflo, Kerstin; Lindvall, Johannes (2021).

5723:. American Public Transportation Association. 2007. Archived from 3318:

at the periphery of metropolitan areas, contributing to increased

2069: 1406:. The world's first deep-level electric railway, it runs from the 739:

haulage rope and was operated by human or animal power, through a

8200: 8077: 7915: 7845: 7747: 7587: 7559: 7489: 7479: 7375: 6548:

2008 data is not provided for Italy, so 2007 data is used instead

5748:"The effects of new public projects to expand urban rail transit" 3651: 3630: 3588: 3462: 3315: 3311: 3212: 2756:

are privately owned by freight lines. Passenger lines, primarily

2680: 2578: 2544: 2087: 2063: 2022:

Interior view of a high-speed bullet train, manufactured in China

1849: 1746: 1556: 1266:

The first known electric locomotive was built in 1837 by chemist

1029: 998: 994: 774: 770: 664: 6495:"Govt defends fare hike, says rail subsidy burden was too heavy" 6465:"China plans to spend $ 115 billion on railways in 2017: Xinhua" 5839:"Railroads and Reform: How Trains Strengthened the Nation State" 5692: 5168:

Soviet Locomotive Technology During Industrialization, 1928—1952

3390: 2251:

for road vehicles. When rail is combined with road transport, a

2231:

industry, reducing shipping costs significantly. In Europe, the

1710:, introduced in 1964, triggered the intercity train travel boom. 9087: 7900: 7895: 7814: 7519: 7345: 7198: 5658: 5656: 5060:

Thomson, William (4 May 1888), "Priestmans' Petroleum Engine",

3769: 3693: 3672: 3483: 3034: 2997: 2819: 2757: 2217: 1900: 1317: 1210: 673: 376: 48: 7072:

Blood, iron, and gold: How the railroads transformed the world

6323:

International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology

6098:. Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press. pp. 4663:"'Puffing Billy' locomotive | Science Museum Group Collection" 7610: 5632: 4902:

Made in Hungary: Hungarian Contributions to Universal Culture

3546: 3504: 3339: 3335: 3228: 2956: 2194: 2185: 1806: 1726: 1722: 1470: 1172:

Colliery Railway, the first successful locomotive running by

1169: 1132: 1002: 852:

in 1831; these are smooth edge rails for wheels with flanges.

821: 793:

to be loaded onto barges and carried to riverside towns. The

662:

For example, evidence indicates that a 6 to 8.5 km long

602: 541: 275: 238: 75: 5653: 4094:

Fraser, P. M. (December 1961). "The ΔΙΟΛΚΟΣ of Alexandria".

1213:-wheel adhesion locomotive. In 1825 he built the locomotive 1052:, hitherto used to pump water out of mines, and developed a 891:

for wagonways serving his canals, manufacturing them at his

30:"Railway" and "Railroad" redirect here. For other uses, see 7975: 7930: 7544: 7407: 6083: 5035:, vol. 202, p. 254, 24 April 1956, archived from 4822: 4785:. Vol. 2. London: Frederick Warne and Co. p. 156. 4529:. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 3232: 2960: 2638:

line. Grade-separated rapid transit sometimes use a ground

2168: 2135: 1895:

to create pressurized steam. The steam travels through the

1884: 1876: 1667:). The first regular used diesel–electric locomotives were 1341: 986: 773:, England, perhaps from the 1560s. A wagonway was built at 736: 605:

in 1964, and high-speed rail lines now connect many cities

342: 6980:

Railway Empire: How the British Gave Railways to the World

6699:"Spanish railways battle profit loss with more investment" 6435:"Transportation Infrastructure and Country Attractiveness" 4256:

Lancashire Railways – The History of Steam

3783: 3432:

European rail subsidies in euros per passenger-km for 2008

2535: 1453:

on steam–electric locomotive designs, Brown observed that

961:(patented 1828), which considerably reduced the amount of 7129: 6670:"Facts and arguments in favour of Swiss public transport" 4470:. Heidelberg and New York: Physica-Verlag. Archived from 4058: 3857:

History of tram and light rail transit systems by country

2610:

The signalling process is traditionally carried out in a

4952: 2886:

On many high-speed inter-city networks, such as Japan's

2780:

The main source of income for railway companies is from

913:

and flanged wheels successfully for an extension to the

735:

in Austria. The line originally used wooden rails and a

6821: 6819: 5523: 3029:-pulled lumber train crossing the drawbridge along the 2934: 1624:

electrical engineer, developed and patented a reliable

1484:(France), which was constructed between 1896 and 1898. 1473:: they could only be carried within locomotive bodies. 1113:

The first commercially successful steam locomotive was

5746:

Baum-Snow, Nathaniel; Kahn, Matthew E. (August 2000).

5308:. The Environmental Blog. 3 April 2007. Archived from 4867: 4297:"Huntingdon Beaumont's Wollaton to Strelley Waggonway" 1184:

in London, and is the oldest locomotive in existence.

1056:

in 1769 capable of powering a wheel. This was a large

4201:

Lee, Charles E. (1943). "The Evolution of Railways".

3387:, and CO) but had little effect on ozone pollution." 3013:

per passenger-km, 20 times less than the automobile.

2410:

Track consists of two parallel steel rails, anchored

1824:

and some rapid transits are under automatic control.

6816: 6257:(London: Blandford Press, 1972); Bishop and Davies, 5836: 5792:. Xinhua News Agency. 24 August 2005. Archived from 5006: 4994: 4879: 4781:

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4758:

Biographical dictionary of the history of technology

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Transport for London.gov.uk. 15 October 2017. 4238:An Early Railway in the German Mines of Caldbeck 3877:List of countries by rail transport network size 3334:. These arrangements revalue city spaces, local 3098: 2054:serve suburbs of urban areas, providing a daily 1510:A prototype of a Ganz AC electric locomotive in 1375:Passengers waiting to board a tube train on the 5530:The Complete Book of North American Railroading 4897: 4584:. London: Frederick Warne and Co. pp. 7–9. 4379:. Stephenson Locomotive Society. Archived from 621:and rising fuel prices, as well as governments 5595: 5471:"Shipping Tariffs | Old Dominion Freight Line" 5428: 4696:. The Hamlyn Publishing Group. pp. 20–22. 4691: 4646: 4526:Inside the Black Box: Technology and Economics 3401:Basic Rail Transportation Infrastructure Index 3310:and along their arteries. This contrasts with 576:1830 opening of the first intercity connection 8786: 8465: 7098: 7049:Pirie, Gordon. "Tracking railway histories." 6614:"Efficiency indicators of Railways in France" 6564:"the 2017 European Railway Performance Index" 5790:"New height of world's railway born in Tibet" 5745: 5337:(Fifth ed.). Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. 5214:. Milwaukee WI: Kalmbach Books. p. 409. 4964: 4936:Hungarian Contributions to World Civilization 3391:Modern rail as economic development indicator 3056: 1595:and the steam and diesel engine manufacturer 1379:in the early 1900s (sketch by unknown artist) 514: 6558: 6556: 6131: 5721:"Public Transportation Ridership Statistics" 4373:"Surrey Iron Railway 200th – 26th July 2003" 3252: 3207:has recognized rail as "the backbone of the 1988:Alternative methods of motive power include 1243: 1154:This was followed in 1813 by the locomotive 668:paved trackway transported boats across the 6872: 6784: 6662: 6528: 6526: 6524: 6522: 6313: 6307: 4454: 4346: 4299:. Nottingham Hidden History. 30 July 2013. 3842:Environmental design in rail transportation 3367:A 2018 study found that the opening of the 3306:Railways channel growth towards dense city 2830:and making up for losses at the end of the 2524: 1929:draw power from a stationary source via an 1079:was built in the United Kingdom in 1804 by 683: 8793: 8779: 8472: 8458: 7105: 7091: 6566:. Boston Consulting Group. 18 April 2017. 6400:Guo, Shihong; Chen, Liqiang (March 2019). 6316:"New coefficients of rail transport usage" 5713: 5635:"Railroad Fuel Efficiency Sets New Record" 5245:, abbreviations.com, accessed 19 July 2020 4789: 4651:. The Hamlyn Publishing Group. p. 12. 4154: 2062:provide quick access from city centres to 2042:. Some long-haul trains have been given a 1533: 1402:. This was the first major railway to use 706: 521: 507: 8479: 6854:"Government support for Russian Railways" 6553: 6417: 6230: 5854: 5446: 5209: 4751: 4522: 4424: 4286:(Six Martlets, Sudbury, 2010), pp. 70–84. 4258:. Newbury: Countryside Books. p. 5. 4244:(Six Martlets, Sudbury, 2010), pp. 52–69. 3827:Combined cycle powered railway locomotive 2768:recommended practices for track work and 2521:to move goods by rail to Western Europe. 1009: 831: 582:. The adoption of rail transport lowered 6519: 6314:Lewandowski, Krzysztof (December 2015). 6172: 5964: 5330: 5165: 5107: 3427: 3242: 3020: 2841: 2674: 2569: 2534: 2493: 2288: 2184: 2068: 2017: 1977:. The energy transmission may be either 1903:that transmits power directly through a 1701: 1547: 1505: 1465:motors and, because of the absence of a 1370: 1257: 1198:where he worked to allow him to build a 1024:A replica of Trevithick's engine at the 1019: 949:in 1784. In 1783 Cort also patented the 843: 835: 710: 74:, which usually consist of two parallel 42: 8800: 6917:. Amtrak. 28 January 2019. p. 33. 6399: 5825:When the Facts Change: Essays 1995–2010 5059: 4596:"Richard Trevithick's steam locomotive" 4460: 4067:"Railways in the Greek and Roman world" 3298:also influenced the course of the war. 2425:Rail gauges are usually categorized as 2293:Map of world railway network as of 2022 578:in England, was a key component of the 14: 9283: 7021:Railways then and now: a world history 6432: 6372: 6270: 5693:Publicada por João Pimentel Ferreira. 5140: 4780: 4709:The Pictorial Encyclopedia of Railways 4694:The Pictorial Encyclopedia of Railways 4649:The Pictorial Encyclopedia of Railways 4579: 4418: 4393: 4321: 4315: 4093: 2812:amounted to €73 billion in 2005. 1756:High-speed trains normally operate on 1638:Königlich-Sächsische Staatseisenbahnen 8774: 8453: 7086: 6946: 6860:from the original on 26 November 2018 6705:from the original on 24 November 2020 6445:from the original on 4 September 2015 6433:Firzli, M. Nicolas J. (1 July 2013). 6089: 6020: 5908: 5877: 5641:from the original on 26 November 2013 5012: 5000: 4958: 4885: 4873: 4706: 4700: 4495: 4430: 4303:from the original on 27 November 2022 4253: 4064: 4046:from the original on 17 November 2023 1075:The first full-scale working railway 7112: 6924:from the original on 3 November 2019 6892:from the original on 4 February 2016 6606: 6336:from the original on 31 October 2020 5843:British Journal of Political Science 5567:"Statistics database for transports" 5502:from the original on 23 January 2018 5286:from the original on 1 February 2021 5190: 4849:"A brief history of the Underground" 4667:collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk 4205:(2nd ed.). London. p. 16. 4155:Kriechbaum, Reinhard (15 May 2004). 4136:from the original on 20 October 2021 4027: 4025: 3897:List of railway industry occupations 3887:List of railroad-related periodicals 3148: 3140:Funding came from financiers in the 2985: 2935:Social, economic, and energy aspects 2474:Points and switches – also known as 1425:electric locomotive was designed by 909:had earlier used a form of all-iron 536:on rails generally encounters lower 5633:American Association of Railroads. 5614:from the original on 29 August 2017 5026:"Motive power for British Railways" 4200: 4096:The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 4031: 4010:from the original on 1 October 2023 3349: 3301: 3128: 2715:. Some large stations are built as 2614:, a small building that houses the 2171:operates large cars on its routes. 2007: 1544:Dieselisation § Rail transport 1274:in Scotland, and it was powered by 24: 8277:Transit-oriented development (TOD) 6972: 6475:from the original on 23 March 2023 6253:Denis Bishop and W. J. K. Davies, 6078:The Railroad and the Space Program 5890:from the original on 18 March 2017 5770:from the original on 14 March 2022 5674:from the original on 13 April 2021 5596:Vojtech Eksler, ed. (5 May 2013). 5334:The geography of transport systems 5093:, vol. 17, 1963, p. 25, 4938:. Alpha Publications. p. 67. 4819:"Richmond Union Passenger Railway" 4561:from the original on 27 March 2009 4185:Georgius Agricola (trans Hoover), 4122: 3257:("From Munich via Metz to Paris"). 3090: 2626: 2460:rails together to form lengths of 1685: 1096:ironworks, near Merthyr Tydfil in 70:using wheeled vehicles running in 25: 9312: 7078: 6880:"FY15 Budget, Business Plan 2015" 6832:. pp. 44, 45. Archived from 6737:from the original on 9 March 2016 5701:from the original on 8 April 2015 5212:The Second Diesel Spotter's Guide 4855:from the original on 12 June 2018 4324:Landmarks of the Niagara Frontier 4022: 4000:"History, Invention, & Facts" 3965:is safe only on a per-mile basis. 3190: 3156:Western Railroad of Massachusetts 2284: 2189:Bulk cargo of minerals on a train 2174: 1563:Earliest recorded examples of an 8433: 8287:Transportation demand management 6904: 6846: 6752: 6717: 6691: 6630: 6582: 6570:from the original on 31 May 2020 6507:from the original on 9 July 2023 6487: 6457: 6426: 4752:Day, Lance; McNeil, Ian (1966). 4673:from the original on 19 May 2023 4624:from the original on 3 June 2020 4618:"Steam train anniversary begins" 4437:. New York: D. Appleton and Co. 3810: 3796: 3782: 3745: 3740: 3707: 3686: 3665: 3644: 3623: 3602: 3581: 3560: 3539: 3518: 3497: 3476: 3455: 3254:Von München über Metz nach Paris 3238: 3061: 2340: 2331: 2224:of cargo has revolutionized the 2216:. Containers have succeeded the 1346:Richmond Union Passenger Railway 1326:Berlin-Lichterfelde West station 1235:Liverpool and Manchester Railway 1139:track and solved the problem of 490: 115: 7041:150 years of main line railways 6393: 6366: 6357: 6348: 6264: 6247: 6224: 6211: 6191: 6166: 6125: 6116: 6070: 6057: 6023:The Journal of Economic History 6014: 6001: 5958: 5945: 5911:The Journal of Economic History 5902: 5871: 5830: 5817: 5808: 5782: 5739: 5686: 5626: 5589: 5559: 5488: 5463: 5422: 5404: 5359: 5324: 5298: 5268: 5228: 5203: 5184: 5159: 5134: 5101: 5083: 5053: 5018: 4927: 4891: 4841: 4811: 4802: 4774: 4745: 4733:from the original on 2 May 2020 4715: 4685: 4655: 4640: 4610: 4588: 4573: 4555:"Early Days of Mumbles Railway" 4547: 4516: 4489: 4412: 4387: 4365: 4340: 4289: 4272: 4247: 4230: 4217: 4076:. pp. 8–19. Archived from 4072:. In Guy, A.; Rees, J. (eds.). 3968: 3882:List of countries by rail usage 3872:International Union of Railways 3292:sabotage of railways in Belarus 3173: 3120:Shipping freight and passengers 2762:Federal Railroad Administration 2350:Left: Railway turnouts; Right: 2297: 1955:three-phase AC induction motors 1863: 1793:continue to operate as part of 1778: 1721:was introduced in 1964 between 1229:, which entered in and won the 1221:Stockton and Darlington Railway 860:Company began to fix plates of 572:Stockton and Darlington Railway 544:. Power is usually provided by 4906:. Simon Publications. p. 4349:Railwaymen, Politics and Money 4194: 4179: 4157:"Die große Reise auf den Berg" 4148: 4087: 3992: 3955: 2982:and makes the vehicle unsafe. 2893: 2818:and US passenger rail service 2633:Railway electrification system 2304:Right-of-way (property access) 2239:. Other types of cars include 1669:switcher (shunter) locomotives 1348:, using equipment designed by 1344:were pioneered in 1888 on the 1284:Royal Scottish Society of Arts 1254:Railway electrification system 850:Cromford and High Peak Railway 13: 1: 7259:Autonomous Rail Rapid Transit 7016:(Taylor & Francis, 2018). 6080:(MIT Press, 1965) pp. 127–162 5764:10.1016/S0047-2727(99)00085-7 4582:Our Home Railways, volume one 4280:The First Shropshire Railways 3985: 3446:Subsidy in billions of Euros 3247:German soldiers in a railway 3107:, a railroad network needed: 3099:Model of corporate management 2730: 2565: 2558:and laser scanning, and even 2028:guard/train manager/conductor 1937:. Some also or instead use a 1648:with electric equipment from 1613:) proved technically viable. 1602:Winterthur–Romanshorn railway 1530:main-lines across the world. 1393:City and South London Railway 1324:and the line was extended to 1299:Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway 1083:, a British engineer born in 555:. While railway transport is 306:Passenger traffic terminology 8315:Passenger information system 7051:Journal of Transport History 7007:Journal of Transport History 6827:"European rail study report" 6765:. p. 30. Archived from 6672:. p. 24. Archived from 6255:Railways and War Before 1918 5884:The Education of Henry Adams 5331:Rodrigue, Jean-Paul (2020). 5210:Pinkepank, Jerry A. (1973). 5108:Churella, Albert J. (1998). 3406: 3362: 2775: 2735: 2354:control box guides elevated 1499:) in 1899 on the 40 km 1476:In 1894, Hungarian engineer 1338:Mödling and Hinterbrühl Tram 7: 7453:Demand-responsive transport 7351:Medium-capacity rail system 6997:The World the Railways Made 6950:Electric Railways 1880–1990 6797:. p. 6. Archived from 6595:. p. 2. Archived from 6259:Railways and War Since 1917 5967:The Business History Review 5752:Journal of Public Economics 4727:Science and Industry Museum 4163:(in German). Archived from 4040:International Energy Agency 3927:Railway systems engineering 3775: 3288:Russian invasion of Ukraine 3160:Baltimore and Ohio Railroad 2796:income can be significant. 2664: 2235:has largely superseded the 1973:use a diesel engine as the 1361:Baltimore and Ohio Railroad 991:Swansea and Mumbles Railway 723:wrote a description of the 10: 9317: 9301:Transportation engineering 9001:Transfer table (traverser) 8684:Cross-platform interchange 8216:Public transport timetable 7247:Passenger rail terminology 6947:Duffy, Michael C. (2003). 6940: 6590:"German Railway Financing" 5496:"EU Technical Report 2007" 5118:Princeton University Press 5076:– via Haithi Trust, 4976:"Kálmán Kandó (1869–1931)" 4934:Francis S. Wagner (1977). 4711:. Hamlyn Publishing Group. 4523:Rosenberg, Nathan (1982). 4394:Landes, David. S. (1969). 3917:Passenger rail terminology 3764:In 2015, funding from the 3750:For rail subsidies in the 3749: 3410: 3142:Northeastern United States 3057:Social and economic impact 2989: 2747:privatization in the 1990s 2668: 2630: 2588: 2528: 2497: 2320: 2301: 2178: 2011: 1983:Electro-diesel locomotives 1827: 1804: 1782: 1771:that incorporates a large 1689: 1680:Canadian National Railways 1659:. They were classified as 1642:Royal Saxon State Railways 1634:diesel–electric locomotive 1565:internal combustion engine 1537: 1310:Gross-Lichterfelde Tramway 1247: 1026:National Waterfront Museum 1013: 868:to be used. At first only 687: 640: 636: 29: 9238: 9156: 9051: 8989:ground-level power supply 8897: 8809: 8730: 8702: 8632: 8614:Switch / turnout / points 8604:Grand circle / roundabout 8569: 8526: 8488: 8429: 8333: 8300: 8247:Green transport hierarchy 8229: 8183: 8147: 8106: 7984:Automated fare collection 7969: 7838: 7738: 7704: 7644: 7596: 7558: 7421: 7237: 7120: 7012:Mukhopadhyay, Aparajita. 6387:10.1017/S0067237809000150 6375:Austrian History Yearbook 6142:10.1109/ITSC.2010.5625187 6035:10.1017/S0022050700085119 5923:10.1017/S002205070008400X 5856:10.1017/S0007123420000654 5571:epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu 5141:Glatte, Wolfgang (1993). 4978:. mszh.hu. Archived from 4974:Hungarian Patent Office. 4620:. BBC. 21 February 2004. 4557:. BBC. 15 February 2007. 4496:Fogel, Robert W. (1964). 3922:Rail transport by country 3912:Outline of rail transport 3892:List of railway companies 3837:Electric-steam locomotive 3728: 3342:values, and promotion of 3330:spaces, and depletion of 2939: 2837: 2806:public service obligation 2764:(FRA) and may follow the 2581:(seen here in 2009) is a 2560:ultrasonic audio analysis 2352:Chicago Transit Authority 2153:geometric characteristics 1915:(US main driver) or to a 1800: 1244:Electric power introduced 1180:is now on display in the 643:History of rail transport 615:the eastern United States 599:high-speed railway system 419:List of high-speed trains 36:Railroad (disambiguation) 8282:Transportation authority 6992:(Chartwell Books, 2001). 6686:6.3 billion Swiss francs 6439:Revue Analyse Financière 5166:Westwood, J. N. (1982). 4898:Andrew L. Simon (1998). 4707:Ellis, Hamilton (1968). 4635:iron master's tram rails 4461:Grübler, Arnulf (1990). 4431:Wells, David A. (1891). 4065:Lewis, M. J. T. (2001). 3948: 3932:Steam turbine locomotive 3016: 2944:Transport by rail is an 2772:standards for vehicles. 2525:Train inspection systems 2370:with east and westbound 2316: 2082:high-speed train at the 1875:that provides adhesion. 1762:continuously welded rail 1652:and diesel engines from 1044:. Watt had improved the 684:Pre-steam modern systems 32:Railway (disambiguation) 8974:Railway electrification 8346:Bus rapid transit creep 8292:Transportation planning 7074:(Public Affairs, 2011). 7031:World atlas of railways 6279:(2). Lexington: 53–58. 5091:Diesel Railway Traction 5074:2027/mdp.39015084630964 4692:Hamilton Ellis (1968). 4647:Hamilton Ellis (1968). 4351:. London: John Murray. 3766:U.S. federal government 3403:(known as BRTI Index). 3320:vehicle miles travelled 3103:According to historian 2967:and thus energy usage. 2852:European Railway Agency 2810:Total EU rail subsidies 2541:dragging equipment unit 2531:Train inspection system 2237:ordinary covered wagons 2084:Central Railway Station 1891:, boiling water in the 1871:are locomotives with a 1650:Brown, Boveri & Cie 1534:Diesel power introduced 1330:Volk's Electric Railway 1262:Lichterfelde tram, 1882 856:In the late 1760s, the 797:, completed in 1604 by 707:Wooden rails introduced 625:as a means of reducing 591:railway electrification 321:Railway nationalization 8044:Manual fare collection 8024:Farebox recovery ratio 7515:Personal rapid transit 6638:"The age of the train" 6241:10.1093/past/162.1.163 6136:. pp. 1753–1757. 6090:Licht, Walter (1983). 5527:; et al. (2009). 5306:"Environmental Issues" 5145:. Berlin: Transpress. 4922:Evian-les-Bains kando. 4580:Gordon, W. J. (1910). 4322:Porter, Peter (1914). 3760:Modern US rail history 3433: 3397:development economists 3258: 3253: 3166:in the 1850s, and the 3037: 2855: 2684: 2586: 2547: 2462:continuous welded rail 2378:lines and the looping 2294: 2190: 2181:Rail freight transport 2091: 2023: 1911:(US: wristpin) on the 1714:The first electrified 1711: 1569:William Dent Priestman 1560: 1524:rotary phase converter 1515: 1391:system in 1890 on the 1380: 1263: 1033: 1010:Steam power introduced 959:James Beaumont Neilson 915:Charnwood Forest Canal 853: 841: 832:Metal rails introduced 733:Hohensalzburg Fortress 721:Cardinal Matthäus Lang 716: 429:Longest train services 311:Named passenger trains 56: 9113:Platform screen doors 8401:Sustainable transport 8381:Passenger load factor 8196:Clock-face scheduling 8029:Free public transport 7881:Bus turnout (bus bay) 7578:Real-time ridesharing 7371:Platform screen doors 7053:35.2 (2014): 242–248. 7009:20.2 (1999): 160–167. 6760:"ProRail report 2015" 6701:. 17 September 2015. 6217:Dennis E. Showalter, 6204:7 August 2019 at the 6173:Straszak, A. (1977). 6009:Industry comes of age 5955:(1961) pp. 52, 68–74. 5878:Adams, Henry (1918). 5369:Architectural History 5280:Global Railway Review 5114:Princeton, New Jersey 5062:The Electrical Review 4760:. London: Routledge. 4600:National Museum Wales 4225:Early wooden railways 3756:Amtrak public funding 3431: 3344:mixed use development 3246: 3209:public transit system 3168:Pennsylvania Railroad 3078:The invention of the 3024: 2880:platform screen doors 2845: 2678: 2573: 2538: 2494:Gauge incompatibility 2358:north and southbound 2292: 2193:Freight trains carry 2188: 2104:Shanghai maglev train 2072: 2021: 1907:(US: main rod) and a 1729:in Japan. Since then 1705: 1551: 1509: 1459:power-to-weight ratio 1374: 1261: 1023: 993:, was opened between 847: 839: 714: 580:Industrial Revolution 538:frictional resistance 444:Platform screen doors 46: 9063:Anti-trespass panels 8750:Minimum curve radius 8717:Zig Zag / Switchback 8440:Transport portal 8376:Outline of transport 8069:Reduced fare program 8039:Integrated ticketing 7994:Contract of carriage 7805:Personal transporter 7361:Narrow-gauge railway 7209:Rail replacement bus 6988:Chant, Christopher. 6626:on 17 November 2015. 5951:Edward C. Kirkland, 5796:on 13 September 2005 5448:10.3390/math11040857 5241:19 July 2020 at the 4347:Vaughan, A. (1997). 4254:Jones, Mark (2012). 3862:History of transport 3271:Franco-Prussian Wars 3265:, as well as in the 3080:electrical telegraph 2725:public transport hub 2723:, serve as the main 2645:Power may be fed as 2545:hot bearing detector 2519:Eurasian Land Bridge 1927:Electric locomotives 1646:Waggonfabrik Rastatt 1493:regenerative braking 1439:hydro-electric plant 1421:The first practical 1209:, also a successful 1162:Christopher Blackett 1054:reciprocating engine 981:The first passenger 698:Tramway (industrial) 497:Transport portal 449:Railway speed record 8910:Classification yard 8689:Interchange station 8594:Facing and trailing 8561:Classification yard 8416:Transport economics 8211:On-time performance 8206:Night (owl) service 7906:Interchange station 7785:Horse-drawn vehicle 7573:Flexible carpooling 7381:Metro/Rapid Transit 7070:Wolmar, Christian. 7056:Sawai, Minoru, ed. 6650:on 17 November 2015 5827:(2015) pp. 287–288. 5695:"Carro ou comboio?" 5234:STANDS4 LLC, 2020, 5170:. Macmillan Press. 4823:IEEE History Center 4799:, De Agostini, 2003 4282:in G. Boyes (ed.), 4240:in G. Boyes (ed.), 3847:Ground-effect train 2909:track geometry cars 2651:alternating current 2102:trains such as the 2100:Magnetic levitation 1990:magnetic levitation 1943:alternating current 1573:Sir William Thomson 1429:, then working for 1357:Baltimore Belt Line 1282:, exhibited at the 1250:Electric locomotive 975:open hearth furnace 923:Lake Lock Rail Road 901:Surrey Iron Railway 893:Butterley ironworks 799:Huntingdon Beaumont 651:have been made for 424:List of train songs 301:High-speed railways 254:Couplers by country 103:Part of a series on 9169:Motive power depot 9123:Signalling control 8619:Swingnose crossing 8170:Standing passenger 7433:Auto rickshaw taxi 7403:Suspension railway 7386:Rubber-tyred metro 7309:Heritage streetcar 7214:Share taxi/Taxibus 6676:on 26 October 2014 6500:The Times of India 6471:. 4 January 2017. 6419:10.1111/grow.12266 6233:Past & Present 5880:"The Press (1868)" 5697:. Veraveritas.eu. 5668:The Economic Times 5418:on 9 October 2014. 5312:on 11 January 2012 4961:, p. 120–121. 4829:on 1 December 2008 4754:"Davidson, Robert" 4035:The Future of Rail 3434: 3279:strategic railways 3263:American Civil War 3259: 3162:in the 1840s, the 3043:Northeast Corridor 3038: 2972:economies of scale 2864:railway signalling 2856: 2754:Northeast corridor 2685: 2596:Railway signalling 2591:Railway signalling 2587: 2548: 2414:to members called 2295: 2247:for livestock and 2233:sliding wall wagon 2191: 2127:at higher speeds. 2092: 2060:Airport rail links 2024: 1971:Diesel locomotives 1814:maintenance-of-way 1719:Tōkaidō Shinkansen 1712: 1578:Priestman Brothers 1561: 1516: 1501:Burgdorf–Thun line 1455:three-phase motors 1397:London Underground 1395:, now part of the 1385:London Underground 1381: 1377:London Underground 1332:opened in 1883 in 1306:Werner von Siemens 1264: 1081:Richard Trevithick 1034: 854: 842: 826:Lewiston, New York 717: 670:Isthmus of Corinth 601:was introduced in 595:diesel locomotives 259:Coupler conversion 68:means of transport 57: 9278: 9277: 8996:Railway turntable 8817: 8768: 8767: 8447: 8446: 8139:Transport network 8129:Non-revenue track 7795:Inclined elevator 7730:Inclined elevator 7696:Inclined elevator 7321:Higher-speed rail 7264:Airport rail link 7147:Bus rapid transit 7063:Trains Magazine. 6995:Faith, Nicholas. 6978:Burton, Anthony. 6964:978-0-85296-805-5 6602:on 10 March 2016. 6406:Growth and Change 6184:978-1-4831-8916-1 6151:978-1-4244-7657-2 6063:Saul Engelbourg, 6011:(1961) pp. 57–68. 5727:on 15 August 2007 5605:www.era.europa.eu 5544:978-0-7603-2848-4 5344:978-0-429-34632-3 5221:978-0-89024-026-7 5177:978-1-349-05013-0 5152:978-3-344-70767-5 5127:978-0-691-02776-0 4982:on 8 October 2010 4945:978-0-912404-04-2 4917:978-0-9665734-2-8 4876:, pp. 39–41. 4795:Renzo Pocaterra, 4783:Our Home Railways 4767:978-0-415-06042-4 4606:on 15 April 2011. 4540:978-0-521-27367-1 4509:978-0-8018-1148-7 4444:978-0-543-72474-8 4405:978-0-521-09418-4 4358:978-0-7195-5746-0 4333:978-0-665-78347-0 4265:978-1-84674-298-9 3852:Highway dimension 3726: 3725: 3356:steam locomotives 3326:, development of 3149:Modern management 3010:one litre of fuel 2986:Energy efficiency 2950:capital-intensive 2679:Goods station in 2241:refrigerator cars 2124:Higher-speed rail 1921:heritage railways 1869:Steam locomotives 1791:heritage railways 1785:Heritage railways 1540:Diesel locomotive 1447:Frankfurt am Main 1443:Lauffen am Neckar 1418:in south London. 1404:electric traction 1291:reluctance motors 1237:, built in 1830. 1189:George Stephenson 1129:Middleton Railway 1058:stationary engine 818:Middleton Railway 795:Wollaton Wagonway 752:Georgius Agricola 623:investing in rail 557:capital-intensive 531: 530: 249:Railway couplings 232:Steam locomotives 91:energy efficiency 27:Mode of transport 16:(Redirected from 9308: 9173:Railway workshop 8889:Transition curve 8859:Fastening system 8813: 8795: 8788: 8781: 8772: 8771: 8679:Spanish solution 8669:Terminal station 8642:Railway platform 8474: 8467: 8460: 8451: 8450: 8438: 8437: 8356:Destination sign 8320:Platform display 8310:Destination sign 8267:Transit district 8262:Street hierarchy 8242:Complete streets 8237:Airport security 8119:Cross-city route 8064:Proof-of-payment 8034:Free travel pass 7525:Public light bus 7485:Hackney carriage 7304:Heritage railway 7289:Elevated railway 7284:Cross-city route 7204:Public light bus 7162:Cross-city route 7114:Public transport 7107: 7100: 7093: 7084: 7083: 7060:(#Sringer, 2017) 6968: 6934: 6933: 6931: 6929: 6923: 6916: 6908: 6902: 6901: 6899: 6897: 6891: 6884: 6876: 6870: 6869: 6867: 6865: 6850: 6844: 6843: 6838: 6831: 6823: 6814: 6813: 6811: 6809: 6803: 6796: 6788: 6782: 6781: 6779: 6777: 6771: 6764: 6756: 6750: 6749: 6744: 6742: 6736: 6730:. 9 March 2016. 6729: 6721: 6715: 6714: 6712: 6710: 6695: 6689: 6688: 6683: 6681: 6666: 6660: 6659: 6657: 6655: 6649: 6643:. 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Archived from 6618: 6610: 6604: 6603: 6601: 6594: 6586: 6580: 6579: 6577: 6575: 6560: 6551: 6550: 6545: 6538: 6530: 6517: 6516: 6514: 6512: 6503:. 22 June 2014. 6491: 6485: 6484: 6482: 6480: 6461: 6455: 6454: 6452: 6450: 6430: 6424: 6423: 6421: 6397: 6391: 6390: 6370: 6364: 6361: 6355: 6352: 6346: 6345: 6343: 6341: 6335: 6320: 6311: 6305: 6304: 6273:Military Affairs 6268: 6262: 6251: 6245: 6244: 6235:(162): 163–194. 6228: 6222: 6215: 6209: 6195: 6189: 6188: 6170: 6164: 6163: 6129: 6123: 6120: 6114: 6113: 6097: 6087: 6081: 6074: 6068: 6061: 6055: 6054: 6018: 6012: 6005: 5999: 5998: 5962: 5956: 5949: 5943: 5942: 5906: 5900: 5899: 5897: 5895: 5875: 5869: 5868: 5858: 5834: 5828: 5821: 5815: 5812: 5806: 5805: 5803: 5801: 5786: 5780: 5779: 5777: 5775: 5743: 5737: 5736: 5734: 5732: 5717: 5711: 5710: 5708: 5706: 5690: 5684: 5683: 5681: 5679: 5660: 5651: 5650: 5648: 5646: 5630: 5624: 5623: 5621: 5619: 5613: 5602: 5593: 5587: 5586: 5584: 5582: 5563: 5557: 5556: 5521: 5512: 5511: 5509: 5507: 5492: 5486: 5485: 5483: 5481: 5467: 5461: 5460: 5450: 5426: 5420: 5419: 5414:. 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Archived from 4592: 4586: 4585: 4577: 4571: 4570: 4568: 4566: 4551: 4545: 4544: 4520: 4514: 4513: 4493: 4487: 4486: 4484: 4482: 4476: 4469: 4458: 4452: 4451: 4428: 4422: 4416: 4410: 4409: 4391: 4385: 4384: 4369: 4363: 4362: 4344: 4338: 4337: 4319: 4313: 4312: 4310: 4308: 4293: 4287: 4276: 4270: 4269: 4251: 4245: 4234: 4228: 4221: 4215: 4214: 4198: 4192: 4183: 4177: 4176: 4174: 4172: 4152: 4146: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4126: 4120: 4119: 4091: 4085: 4084: 4083:on 21 July 2011. 4082: 4071: 4062: 4056: 4055: 4053: 4051: 4029: 4020: 4019: 4017: 4015: 3996: 3979: 3972: 3966: 3959: 3820: 3815: 3814: 3813: 3806: 3804:Transport portal 3801: 3800: 3792: 3787: 3786: 3735:Russian Railways 3713: 3711: 3710: 3692: 3690: 3689: 3671: 3669: 3668: 3650: 3648: 3647: 3629: 3627: 3626: 3608: 3606: 3605: 3587: 3585: 3584: 3566: 3564: 3563: 3545: 3543: 3542: 3524: 3522: 3521: 3503: 3501: 3500: 3482: 3480: 3479: 3461: 3459: 3458: 3440: 3439: 3350:Negative impacts 3332:natural reserves 3324:carbon emissions 3302:Positive impacts 3256: 3135:financial system 3129:Financial system 2946:energy-efficient 2868:grade separation 2721:central stations 2621:block signalling 2552:defect detectors 2344: 2335: 2271:open-topped cars 2222:containerization 2206:Container trains 2032:Intercity trains 2008:Passenger trains 1622:General Electric 1580:was used on the 1350:Frank J. Sprague 1107:Catch Me Who Can 1077:steam locomotive 1042:steam locomotive 1016:Steam locomotive 971:Bessemer process 947:puddling process 653:wheeled vehicles 647:Smooth, durable 564:steam locomotive 523: 516: 509: 495: 494: 195:Gauge conversion 119: 100: 99: 93:and potentially 21: 9316: 9315: 9311: 9310: 9309: 9307: 9306: 9305: 9281: 9280: 9279: 9274: 9234: 9152: 9128:Structure gauge 9083:Defect detector 9055: 9047: 8893: 8849:Clip and scotch 8839:Breather switch 8805: 8799: 8769: 8764: 8760:Cant deficiency 8745:Ruling gradient 8726: 8712:Horseshoe curve 8698: 8628: 8589:Double junction 8579:Flying junction 8565: 8522: 8513:Quadruple track 8484: 8478: 8448: 8443: 8432: 8425: 8329: 8302: 8296: 8225: 8179: 8155:Checked baggage 8143: 8102: 7989:Bus advertising 7973: 7965: 7834: 7825:Trackless train 7768:Scooter-sharing 7763:Bicycle-sharing 7740: 7734: 7700: 7640: 7592: 7554: 7530:Pulled rickshaw 7500:Motorcycle taxi 7443:Combination bus 7424: 7417: 7331:Inter-city rail 7316:High-speed rail 7233: 7116: 7111: 7081: 6975: 6973:Further reading 6965: 6943: 6938: 6937: 6927: 6925: 6921: 6914: 6910: 6909: 6905: 6895: 6893: 6889: 6882: 6878: 6877: 6873: 6863: 6861: 6852: 6851: 6847: 6839:on 3 May 2013. 6836: 6829: 6825: 6824: 6817: 6807: 6805: 6804:on 4 March 2016 6801: 6794: 6790: 6789: 6785: 6775: 6773: 6772:on 3 March 2016 6769: 6762: 6758: 6757: 6753: 6740: 6738: 6734: 6727: 6723: 6722: 6718: 6708: 6706: 6697: 6696: 6692: 6679: 6677: 6668: 6667: 6663: 6653: 6651: 6647: 6640: 6636: 6635: 6631: 6623: 6616: 6612: 6611: 6607: 6599: 6592: 6588: 6587: 6583: 6573: 6571: 6562: 6561: 6554: 6546:on 3 May 2013. 6543: 6536: 6532: 6531: 6520: 6510: 6508: 6493: 6492: 6488: 6478: 6476: 6463: 6462: 6458: 6448: 6446: 6431: 6427: 6398: 6394: 6371: 6367: 6362: 6358: 6353: 6349: 6339: 6337: 6333: 6318: 6312: 6308: 6285:10.2307/1988491 6269: 6265: 6252: 6248: 6229: 6225: 6216: 6212: 6206:Wayback Machine 6196: 6192: 6185: 6171: 6167: 6152: 6130: 6126: 6121: 6117: 6110: 6088: 6084: 6075: 6071: 6062: 6058: 6019: 6015: 6006: 6002: 5979:10.2307/3111573 5963: 5959: 5950: 5946: 5907: 5903: 5893: 5891: 5886:. p. 240. 5876: 5872: 5835: 5831: 5822: 5818: 5813: 5809: 5799: 5797: 5788: 5787: 5783: 5773: 5771: 5744: 5740: 5730: 5728: 5719: 5718: 5714: 5704: 5702: 5691: 5687: 5677: 5675: 5662: 5661: 5654: 5644: 5642: 5631: 5627: 5617: 5615: 5611: 5600: 5594: 5590: 5580: 5578: 5565: 5564: 5560: 5545: 5533:. Minneapolis: 5522: 5515: 5505: 5503: 5494: 5493: 5489: 5479: 5477: 5469: 5468: 5464: 5427: 5423: 5410: 5409: 5405: 5382:10.2307/1568245 5376:: 63–76. 1961. 5365: 5364: 5360: 5345: 5329: 5325: 5315: 5313: 5304: 5303: 5299: 5289: 5287: 5274: 5273: 5269: 5264: 5249: 5243:Wayback Machine 5233: 5229: 5222: 5208: 5204: 5197: 5189: 5185: 5178: 5164: 5160: 5153: 5139: 5135: 5128: 5106: 5102: 5089: 5088: 5084: 5058: 5054: 5045: 5043: 5042:on 4 March 2014 5039: 5028: 5024: 5023: 5019: 5011: 5007: 4999: 4995: 4985: 4983: 4972: 4965: 4957: 4953: 4946: 4932: 4928: 4918: 4896: 4892: 4884: 4880: 4872: 4868: 4858: 4856: 4847: 4846: 4842: 4832: 4830: 4817: 4816: 4812: 4807: 4803: 4794: 4790: 4779: 4775: 4768: 4750: 4746: 4736: 4734: 4721: 4720: 4716: 4705: 4701: 4690: 4686: 4676: 4674: 4661: 4660: 4656: 4645: 4641: 4627: 4625: 4616: 4615: 4611: 4594: 4593: 4589: 4578: 4574: 4564: 4562: 4553: 4552: 4548: 4541: 4521: 4517: 4510: 4494: 4490: 4480: 4478: 4477:on 1 March 2012 4474: 4467: 4459: 4455: 4445: 4429: 4425: 4417: 4413: 4406: 4392: 4388: 4383:on 12 May 2009. 4371: 4370: 4366: 4359: 4345: 4341: 4334: 4320: 4316: 4306: 4304: 4295: 4294: 4290: 4277: 4273: 4266: 4252: 4248: 4235: 4231: 4222: 4218: 4203:Railway Gazette 4199: 4195: 4191:(1913), p. 156. 4188:De re metallica 4184: 4180: 4170: 4168: 4167:on 28 June 2012 4153: 4149: 4139: 4137: 4128: 4127: 4123: 4108:10.2307/3855873 4092: 4088: 4080: 4069: 4063: 4059: 4049: 4047: 4030: 4023: 4013: 4011: 3998: 3997: 3993: 3988: 3983: 3982: 3973: 3969: 3960: 3956: 3951: 3946: 3816: 3811: 3809: 3802: 3795: 3788: 3781: 3778: 3762: 3748: 3743: 3731: 3708: 3706: 3687: 3685: 3666: 3664: 3645: 3643: 3624: 3622: 3603: 3601: 3582: 3580: 3561: 3559: 3540: 3538: 3519: 3517: 3498: 3496: 3477: 3475: 3456: 3454: 3423:Indian Railways 3415: 3409: 3393: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3365: 3352: 3304: 3267:Austro-Prussian 3241: 3193: 3176: 3151: 3131: 3122: 3101: 3093: 3091:Nation-building 3064: 3059: 3035:Kuopio, Finland 3031:Savonia railway 3019: 3007: 3003: 2994: 2988: 2942: 2937: 2896: 2866:, and gates or 2840: 2816:Via Rail Canada 2778: 2738: 2733: 2713:level crossings 2689:railway station 2673: 2667: 2635: 2629: 2627:Electrification 2593: 2583:Midland Railway 2568: 2533: 2527: 2502: 2496: 2408: 2407: 2406: 2405: 2347: 2346: 2345: 2337: 2336: 2325: 2319: 2306: 2300: 2287: 2214:breaks of gauge 2210:double stacking 2183: 2177: 2163:. New Jersey's 2095:High-speed rail 2052:Commuter trains 2048:Regional trains 2016: 2014:Passenger train 2010: 1992:, horse-drawn, 1979:diesel–electric 1951:traction motors 1887:is burned in a 1866: 1858:electric motors 1838:push–pull train 1830: 1809: 1803: 1787: 1781: 1766:grade-separated 1731:high-speed rail 1716:high-speed rail 1694: 1692:High-speed rail 1688: 1686:High-speed rail 1661:DET 1 and DET 2 1597:Gebrüder Sulzer 1546: 1536: 1503:, Switzerland. 1482:Évian-les-Bains 1268:Robert Davidson 1256: 1246: 1231:Rainhill Trials 1070:William Murdoch 1050:Thomas Newcomen 1018: 1012: 951:rolling process 938:John Birkinshaw 889:Benjamin Outram 834: 756:De re metallica 731:railway at the 709: 704: 686: 645: 639: 630: 619:road congestion 527: 489: 386: 335:Special systems 330: 296:Inter-city rail 281:Passenger train 206: 161:Railway station 138: 137: 64:train transport 62:(also known as 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9314: 9304: 9303: 9298: 9296:Infrastructure 9293: 9291:Rail transport 9276: 9275: 9273: 9272: 9271: 9270: 9269: 9268: 9253: 9248: 9242: 9240: 9236: 9235: 9233: 9232: 9227: 9226: 9225: 9220: 9215: 9210: 9200: 9199: 9198: 9193: 9185: 9180: 9175: 9166: 9160: 9158: 9154: 9153: 9151: 9150: 9145: 9140: 9135: 9130: 9125: 9120: 9118:Railway signal 9115: 9110: 9105: 9103:Level crossing 9100: 9095: 9090: 9085: 9080: 9075: 9070: 9065: 9059: 9057: 9049: 9048: 9046: 9045: 9040: 9035: 9030: 9028:Track geometry 9025: 9020: 9019: 9018: 9008: 9003: 8998: 8993: 8992: 8991: 8986: 8981: 8979:overhead lines 8971: 8966: 8965: 8964: 8954: 8953: 8952: 8942: 8937: 8932: 8930:Gauntlet track 8927: 8922: 8917: 8912: 8907: 8901: 8899: 8895: 8894: 8892: 8891: 8886: 8881: 8876: 8874:Minimum radius 8871: 8866: 8861: 8856: 8851: 8846: 8841: 8836: 8831: 8826: 8820: 8818: 8807: 8806: 8803:infrastructure 8798: 8797: 8790: 8783: 8775: 8766: 8765: 8763: 8762: 8757: 8752: 8747: 8742: 8736: 8734: 8732:Track geometry 8728: 8727: 8725: 8724: 8719: 8714: 8708: 8706: 8700: 8699: 8697: 8696: 8694:Infill station 8691: 8686: 8681: 8676: 8671: 8666: 8665: 8664: 8659: 8654: 8649: 8638: 8636: 8630: 8629: 8627: 8626: 8624:Level crossing 8621: 8616: 8611: 8606: 8601: 8596: 8591: 8586: 8584:Level junction 8581: 8575: 8573: 8567: 8566: 8564: 8563: 8558: 8553: 8548: 8543: 8538: 8532: 8530: 8524: 8523: 8521: 8520: 8515: 8510: 8505: 8500: 8494: 8492: 8486: 8485: 8477: 8476: 8469: 8462: 8454: 8445: 8444: 8430: 8427: 8426: 8424: 8423: 8418: 8413: 8408: 8403: 8398: 8393: 8388: 8383: 8378: 8373: 8371:Land transport 8368: 8363: 8358: 8353: 8348: 8343: 8337: 8335: 8331: 8330: 8328: 8327: 8322: 8317: 8312: 8306: 8304: 8298: 8297: 8295: 8294: 8289: 8284: 8279: 8274: 8272:Transit police 8269: 8264: 8259: 8254: 8252:Rail subsidies 8249: 8244: 8239: 8233: 8231: 8227: 8226: 8224: 8223: 8218: 8213: 8208: 8203: 8198: 8193: 8187: 8185: 8181: 8180: 8178: 8177: 8172: 8167: 8162: 8157: 8151: 8149: 8145: 8144: 8142: 8141: 8136: 8131: 8126: 8124:Network length 8121: 8116: 8110: 8108: 8104: 8103: 8101: 8100: 8095: 8090: 8088:Ticket machine 8085: 8071: 8066: 8061: 8056: 8051: 8046: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8011: 8009:Fare avoidance 8006: 8001: 7996: 7991: 7986: 7980: 7978: 7967: 7966: 7964: 7963: 7958: 7953: 7948: 7943: 7938: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7918: 7913: 7908: 7903: 7898: 7893: 7891:Ferry terminal 7888: 7883: 7878: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7842: 7840: 7836: 7835: 7833: 7832: 7827: 7822: 7817: 7812: 7807: 7802: 7800:Moving walkway 7797: 7792: 7787: 7782: 7777: 7772: 7771: 7770: 7765: 7755: 7750: 7744: 7742: 7736: 7735: 7733: 7732: 7727: 7725:Moving walkway 7722: 7717: 7711: 7709: 7702: 7701: 7699: 7698: 7693: 7692: 7691: 7686: 7676: 7671: 7666: 7661: 7656: 7654:Aerial tramway 7650: 7648: 7642: 7641: 7639: 7638: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7602: 7600: 7594: 7593: 7591: 7590: 7585: 7580: 7575: 7570: 7564: 7562: 7556: 7555: 7553: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7466: 7465: 7460: 7450: 7448:Cycle rickshaw 7445: 7440: 7435: 7429: 7427: 7419: 7418: 7416: 7415: 7410: 7405: 7400: 7398:Street running 7395: 7390: 7389: 7388: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7333: 7328: 7323: 7318: 7313: 7312: 7311: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7256: 7255: 7254: 7243: 7241: 7235: 7234: 7232: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7185: 7184: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7143: 7142: 7137: 7126: 7124: 7118: 7117: 7110: 7109: 7102: 7095: 7087: 7080: 7079:External links 7077: 7076: 7075: 7068: 7067:(3rd ed. 2014) 7061: 7054: 7047: 7037: 7027: 7017: 7010: 7003: 6993: 6986: 6974: 6971: 6970: 6969: 6963: 6942: 6939: 6936: 6935: 6903: 6871: 6845: 6815: 6783: 6751: 6716: 6690: 6661: 6629: 6605: 6581: 6552: 6518: 6486: 6456: 6425: 6412:(1): 130–144. 6392: 6365: 6356: 6347: 6306: 6263: 6246: 6223: 6210: 6190: 6183: 6165: 6150: 6124: 6115: 6108: 6082: 6069: 6056: 6029:(4): 375–388. 6013: 6000: 5973:(3): 248–263. 5957: 5944: 5901: 5870: 5849:(2): 715–735. 5829: 5816: 5807: 5781: 5758:(2): 241–263. 5738: 5712: 5685: 5652: 5625: 5588: 5577:on 3 June 2012 5558: 5543: 5535:Voyageur Press 5513: 5487: 5462: 5421: 5403: 5358: 5343: 5323: 5297: 5267: 5247: 5227: 5220: 5202: 5183: 5176: 5158: 5151: 5133: 5126: 5120:. p. 12. 5100: 5082: 5052: 5017: 5015:, p. 273. 5005: 5003:, p. 137. 4993: 4963: 4951: 4944: 4926: 4916: 4890: 4888:, p. 129. 4878: 4866: 4840: 4810: 4801: 4788: 4773: 4766: 4744: 4714: 4699: 4684: 4654: 4639: 4609: 4587: 4572: 4546: 4539: 4515: 4508: 4488: 4453: 4443: 4423: 4411: 4404: 4386: 4377:Early Railways 4364: 4357: 4339: 4332: 4326:. The Author. 4314: 4288: 4271: 4264: 4246: 4229: 4216: 4193: 4178: 4147: 4121: 4086: 4057: 4021: 3990: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3981: 3980: 3967: 3953: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3909: 3904: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3884: 3879: 3874: 3869: 3867:Hydrogen train 3864: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3823: 3822: 3821: 3807: 3793: 3777: 3774: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3739: 3730: 3727: 3724: 3723: 3720: 3717: 3703: 3702: 3699: 3696: 3682: 3681: 3678: 3675: 3661: 3660: 3657: 3654: 3640: 3639: 3636: 3633: 3619: 3618: 3615: 3612: 3598: 3597: 3594: 3591: 3577: 3576: 3573: 3570: 3568:United Kingdom 3556: 3555: 3552: 3549: 3535: 3534: 3531: 3528: 3514: 3513: 3510: 3507: 3493: 3492: 3489: 3486: 3472: 3471: 3468: 3465: 3451: 3450: 3447: 3444: 3413:Rail subsidies 3411:Main article: 3408: 3405: 3392: 3389: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3364: 3361: 3351: 3348: 3308:agglomerations 3303: 3300: 3240: 3237: 3192: 3191:Transportation 3189: 3175: 3172: 3170:in the 1860s. 3150: 3147: 3130: 3127: 3121: 3118: 3114: 3113: 3100: 3097: 3092: 3089: 3063: 3060: 3058: 3055: 3018: 3015: 3005: 3001: 2990:Main article: 2987: 2984: 2965:air resistance 2941: 2938: 2936: 2933: 2917:off-peak hours 2900:infrastructure 2895: 2892: 2872:Train whistles 2870:at crossings. 2839: 2836: 2777: 2774: 2737: 2734: 2732: 2729: 2669:Main article: 2666: 2663: 2631:Main article: 2628: 2625: 2589:Main article: 2567: 2564: 2529:Main article: 2526: 2523: 2507:break of gauge 2500:Break of gauge 2498:Main article: 2495: 2492: 2427:standard gauge 2349: 2348: 2339: 2338: 2330: 2329: 2328: 2327: 2326: 2321:Main article: 2318: 2315: 2302:Main article: 2299: 2296: 2286: 2285:Infrastructure 2283: 2179:Main article: 2176: 2175:Freight trains 2173: 2112:kinetic energy 2012:Main article: 2009: 2006: 1964:overhead lines 1959:direct current 1905:connecting rod 1865: 1862: 1834:tractive force 1829: 1826: 1816:purposes. The 1805:Main article: 1802: 1799: 1795:living history 1780: 1777: 1773:turning radius 1758:standard gauge 1735:United Kingdom 1690:Main article: 1687: 1684: 1626:direct current 1535: 1532: 1489:Lugano Tramway 1435:three-phase AC 1408:City of London 1276:galvanic cells 1245: 1242: 1182:Science Museum 1166:William Hedley 1127:built for the 1115:Matthew Murray 1104:, London, the 1011: 1008: 907:William Jessop 897:William Jessop 833: 830: 746:Wagonways (or 708: 705: 685: 682: 641:Main article: 638: 635: 628: 589:In the 1880s, 568:United Kingdom 529: 528: 526: 525: 518: 511: 503: 500: 499: 486: 485: 484: 483: 478: 456: 451: 446: 441: 436: 431: 426: 421: 416: 411: 406: 401: 393: 392: 388: 387: 385: 384: 379: 374: 373: 372: 362: 357: 352: 351: 350: 337: 336: 332: 331: 329: 328: 323: 318: 316:Rail subsidies 313: 308: 303: 298: 293: 288: 283: 278: 273: 268: 267: 266: 261: 256: 246: 241: 236: 235: 234: 224: 216: 215: 208: 207: 205: 204: 203: 202: 197: 192: 190:Variable gauge 182: 181: 180: 170: 169: 168: 158: 153: 145: 144: 143:Infrastructure 140: 139: 136: 135: 130: 124: 121: 120: 112: 111: 109:Rail transport 105: 104: 87:road transport 83:land transport 60:Rail transport 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9313: 9302: 9299: 9297: 9294: 9292: 9289: 9288: 9286: 9267: 9264: 9263: 9262: 9259: 9258: 9257: 9254: 9252: 9249: 9247: 9244: 9243: 9241: 9237: 9231: 9228: 9224: 9221: 9219: 9216: 9214: 9211: 9209: 9206: 9205: 9204: 9201: 9197: 9194: 9192: 9189: 9188: 9186: 9184: 9181: 9179: 9176: 9174: 9170: 9167: 9165: 9164:Coaling tower 9162: 9161: 9159: 9155: 9149: 9146: 9144: 9141: 9139: 9136: 9134: 9133:Signal bridge 9131: 9129: 9126: 9124: 9121: 9119: 9116: 9114: 9111: 9109: 9108:Loading gauge 9106: 9104: 9101: 9099: 9096: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9086: 9084: 9081: 9079: 9076: 9074: 9071: 9069: 9066: 9064: 9061: 9060: 9058: 9054: 9050: 9044: 9041: 9039: 9036: 9034: 9031: 9029: 9026: 9024: 9021: 9017: 9016:refuge siding 9014: 9013: 9012: 9009: 9007: 9004: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8994: 8990: 8987: 8985: 8982: 8980: 8977: 8976: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8967: 8963: 8962:tramway track 8960: 8959: 8958: 8955: 8951: 8948: 8947: 8946: 8943: 8941: 8938: 8936: 8933: 8931: 8928: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8913: 8911: 8908: 8906: 8903: 8902: 8900: 8896: 8890: 8887: 8885: 8882: 8880: 8877: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8867: 8865: 8862: 8860: 8857: 8855: 8852: 8850: 8847: 8845: 8842: 8840: 8837: 8835: 8832: 8830: 8827: 8825: 8822: 8821: 8819: 8816: 8812: 8808: 8804: 8796: 8791: 8789: 8784: 8782: 8777: 8776: 8773: 8761: 8758: 8756: 8753: 8751: 8748: 8746: 8743: 8741: 8738: 8737: 8735: 8733: 8729: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8709: 8707: 8705: 8701: 8695: 8692: 8690: 8687: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8672: 8670: 8667: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8644: 8643: 8640: 8639: 8637: 8635: 8631: 8625: 8622: 8620: 8617: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8602: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8576: 8574: 8572: 8568: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8551:Refuge siding 8549: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8533: 8531: 8529: 8525: 8519: 8516: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8499: 8496: 8495: 8493: 8491: 8490:Railway track 8487: 8483:track layouts 8482: 8475: 8470: 8468: 8463: 8461: 8456: 8455: 8452: 8442: 8441: 8436: 8428: 8422: 8421:Micromobility 8419: 8417: 8414: 8412: 8409: 8407: 8404: 8402: 8399: 8397: 8394: 8392: 8389: 8387: 8384: 8382: 8379: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8366:Hail and ride 8364: 8362: 8359: 8357: 8354: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8338: 8336: 8332: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8308: 8307: 8305: 8299: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8234: 8232: 8228: 8222: 8219: 8217: 8214: 8212: 8209: 8207: 8204: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8188: 8186: 8182: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8152: 8150: 8146: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8111: 8109: 8105: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8083: 8079: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7981: 7979: 7977: 7972: 7968: 7962: 7961:Transport hub 7959: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7946:Train station 7944: 7942: 7941:Taxicab stand 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7926:Park and ride 7924: 7922: 7921:Metro station 7919: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7843: 7841: 7837: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7798: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7760: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7745: 7743: 7737: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7712: 7710: 7707: 7703: 7697: 7694: 7690: 7687: 7685: 7682: 7681: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7664:Cable railway 7662: 7660: 7657: 7655: 7652: 7651: 7649: 7647: 7643: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7603: 7601: 7599: 7595: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7565: 7563: 7561: 7557: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7455: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7430: 7428: 7426: 7420: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7393:Regional rail 7391: 7387: 7384: 7383: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7310: 7307: 7306: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7274:Commuter rail 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7253: 7250: 7249: 7248: 7245: 7244: 7242: 7240: 7236: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7183: 7180: 7179: 7178: 7177:Intercity bus 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7132: 7131: 7128: 7127: 7125: 7123: 7119: 7115: 7108: 7103: 7101: 7096: 7094: 7089: 7088: 7085: 7073: 7069: 7066: 7062: 7059: 7055: 7052: 7048: 7046: 7042: 7038: 7036: 7032: 7028: 7026: 7022: 7018: 7015: 7011: 7008: 7004: 7002: 6998: 6994: 6991: 6987: 6985: 6981: 6977: 6976: 6966: 6960: 6956: 6952: 6951: 6945: 6944: 6920: 6913: 6907: 6888: 6881: 6875: 6859: 6855: 6849: 6842: 6835: 6828: 6822: 6820: 6800: 6793: 6787: 6768: 6761: 6755: 6748: 6733: 6726: 6720: 6704: 6700: 6694: 6687: 6675: 6671: 6665: 6646: 6639: 6633: 6622: 6615: 6609: 6598: 6591: 6585: 6569: 6565: 6559: 6557: 6549: 6542: 6535: 6529: 6527: 6525: 6523: 6506: 6502: 6501: 6496: 6490: 6474: 6470: 6466: 6460: 6444: 6440: 6436: 6429: 6420: 6415: 6411: 6407: 6403: 6396: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6369: 6360: 6351: 6332: 6328: 6324: 6317: 6310: 6302: 6298: 6294: 6290: 6286: 6282: 6278: 6274: 6267: 6260: 6256: 6250: 6242: 6238: 6234: 6227: 6220: 6214: 6207: 6203: 6200: 6194: 6186: 6180: 6176: 6169: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6135: 6128: 6119: 6111: 6109:9780691047003 6105: 6101: 6096: 6095: 6086: 6079: 6073: 6066: 6060: 6052: 6048: 6044: 6040: 6036: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6017: 6010: 6004: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5961: 5954: 5948: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5912: 5905: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5874: 5866: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5833: 5826: 5820: 5811: 5795: 5791: 5785: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5753: 5749: 5742: 5726: 5722: 5716: 5700: 5696: 5689: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5659: 5657: 5640: 5636: 5629: 5610: 5606: 5599: 5592: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5562: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5531: 5526: 5525:EuDaly, Kevin 5520: 5518: 5501: 5497: 5491: 5476: 5472: 5466: 5458: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5425: 5417: 5413: 5407: 5399: 5395: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5370: 5362: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5340: 5336: 5335: 5327: 5311: 5307: 5301: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5271: 5262: 5260: 5258: 5256: 5254: 5252: 5244: 5240: 5237: 5231: 5223: 5217: 5213: 5206: 5193: 5187: 5179: 5173: 5169: 5162: 5154: 5148: 5144: 5137: 5129: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5104: 5097: 5092: 5086: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5056: 5038: 5034: 5027: 5021: 5014: 5009: 5002: 4997: 4981: 4977: 4970: 4968: 4960: 4955: 4947: 4941: 4937: 4930: 4923: 4919: 4913: 4909: 4904: 4903: 4894: 4887: 4882: 4875: 4870: 4854: 4850: 4844: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4814: 4805: 4798: 4792: 4784: 4777: 4769: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4748: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4718: 4710: 4703: 4695: 4688: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4658: 4650: 4643: 4636: 4623: 4619: 4613: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4591: 4583: 4576: 4560: 4556: 4550: 4542: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4527: 4519: 4511: 4505: 4501: 4500: 4492: 4473: 4466: 4465: 4457: 4450: 4446: 4440: 4436: 4435: 4427: 4421:, pp. 92 4420: 4415: 4407: 4401: 4397: 4390: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4368: 4360: 4354: 4350: 4343: 4335: 4329: 4325: 4318: 4302: 4298: 4292: 4285: 4281: 4275: 4267: 4261: 4257: 4250: 4243: 4239: 4233: 4226: 4220: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4197: 4190: 4189: 4182: 4166: 4162: 4161:der Tagespost 4158: 4151: 4135: 4131: 4125: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4090: 4079: 4075: 4068: 4061: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4036: 4028: 4026: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3995: 3991: 3978:'s DC system. 3977: 3976:Thomas Edison 3971: 3964: 3963:air transport 3958: 3954: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3824: 3819: 3808: 3805: 3799: 3794: 3791: 3790:Trains portal 3785: 3780: 3773: 3771: 3767: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3752:United States 3746:United States 3741:North America 3738: 3736: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3705: 3704: 3700: 3697: 3695: 3684: 3683: 3679: 3676: 3674: 3663: 3662: 3658: 3655: 3653: 3642: 3641: 3637: 3634: 3632: 3621: 3620: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3600: 3599: 3595: 3592: 3590: 3579: 3578: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3558: 3557: 3553: 3550: 3548: 3537: 3536: 3532: 3529: 3527: 3516: 3515: 3511: 3508: 3506: 3495: 3494: 3490: 3487: 3485: 3474: 3473: 3469: 3466: 3464: 3453: 3452: 3448: 3445: 3442: 3441: 3438: 3430: 3426: 3424: 3419: 3414: 3404: 3402: 3398: 3388: 3370: 3369:Beijing Metro 3360: 3357: 3347: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3299: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3255: 3250: 3245: 3239:Military role 3236: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3201:inner suburbs 3198: 3188: 3184: 3182: 3181:human capital 3171: 3169: 3165: 3164:Erie Railroad 3161: 3157: 3146: 3143: 3138: 3136: 3126: 3117: 3110: 3109: 3108: 3106: 3096: 3088: 3086: 3081: 3076: 3074: 3070: 3062:Modernization 3054: 3052: 3051:line to Lhasa 3046: 3044: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3023: 3014: 3011: 3004:; 39 mpg 2999: 2993: 2983: 2981: 2977: 2976:articulations 2973: 2968: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2953: 2951: 2947: 2932: 2929: 2928:road networks 2925: 2920: 2918: 2912: 2910: 2906: 2905:crucial cargo 2901: 2891: 2889: 2884: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2853: 2849: 2846:According to 2844: 2835: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2811: 2807: 2802: 2801:externalities 2797: 2795: 2794:advertisement 2791: 2787: 2786:season ticket 2783: 2773: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2750: 2748: 2744: 2728: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2701: 2699: 2694: 2693:goods station 2690: 2683:, Switzerland 2682: 2677: 2672: 2671:Train station 2662: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2643: 2641: 2634: 2624: 2622: 2617: 2613: 2608: 2606: 2601: 2597: 2592: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2563: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2546: 2542: 2537: 2532: 2522: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2501: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2481: 2477: 2472: 2470: 2465: 2463: 2459: 2454: 2452: 2448: 2442: 2440: 2439:loading gauge 2436: 2432: 2428: 2423: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2412:perpendicular 2403: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2343: 2334: 2324: 2314: 2312: 2305: 2291: 2282: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2263:Bulk handling 2260: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2200: 2196: 2187: 2182: 2172: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2138:can be used. 2137: 2132: 2131:Rapid transit 2128: 2125: 2121: 2118: 2113: 2108: 2105: 2101: 2096: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2080: 2076: 2071: 2067: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2044:specific name 2041: 2040:sleeping cars 2037: 2033: 2029: 2020: 2015: 2005: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1986: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1965: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1931:overhead wire 1928: 1924: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1913:driving wheel 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1861: 1859: 1855: 1854:diesel engine 1851: 1846: 1844: 1839: 1835: 1825: 1823: 1822:people movers 1819: 1818:engine driver 1815: 1808: 1798: 1796: 1792: 1786: 1776: 1774: 1770: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1754: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1717: 1709: 1704: 1700: 1699: 1693: 1683: 1681: 1678:In 1929, the 1676: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1614: 1612: 1608: 1603: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1589:Rudolf Diesel 1585: 1583: 1579: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1545: 1541: 1531: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1514:, Italy, 1901 1513: 1508: 1504: 1502: 1498: 1497:Walter Boveri 1494: 1490: 1485: 1483: 1479: 1474: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1457:had a higher 1456: 1452: 1451:Jean Heilmann 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1427:Charles Brown 1424: 1419: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1400:Northern line 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1378: 1373: 1369: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1353: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1322:overhead wire 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1260: 1255: 1251: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1227: 1222: 1218: 1217: 1212: 1208: 1207: 1201: 1200:steam-powered 1197: 1194: 1190: 1185: 1183: 1179: 1178:Puffing Billy 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1158: 1157:Puffing Billy 1152: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1125: 1120: 1116: 1111: 1109: 1108: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1073: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1031: 1027: 1022: 1017: 1007: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 979: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 957:developed by 956: 952: 948: 945:patented the 944: 939: 935: 930: 926: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 873: 871: 870:balloon loops 867: 863: 859: 858:Coalbrookdale 851: 846: 838: 829: 827: 823: 819: 814: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 763: 761: 757: 753: 749: 744: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 713: 703: 699: 695: 691: 681: 679: 675: 671: 667: 666: 660: 658: 654: 650: 649:road surfaces 644: 634: 632: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 587: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 560: 558: 554: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 534:Rolling stock 524: 519: 517: 512: 510: 505: 504: 502: 501: 498: 493: 488: 487: 482: 479: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 457: 455: 452: 450: 447: 445: 442: 440: 437: 435: 432: 430: 427: 425: 422: 420: 417: 415: 412: 410: 407: 405: 402: 400: 397: 396: 395: 394: 390: 389: 383: 380: 378: 375: 371: 368: 367: 366: 365:Rapid transit 363: 361: 358: 356: 353: 349: 346: 345: 344: 341: 340: 339: 338: 334: 333: 327: 324: 322: 319: 317: 314: 312: 309: 307: 304: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 291:Regional rail 289: 287: 286:Commuter rail 284: 282: 279: 277: 276:Bogie (truck) 274: 272: 269: 265: 264:Dual coupling 262: 260: 257: 255: 252: 251: 250: 247: 245: 244:Railroad cars 242: 240: 237: 233: 230: 229: 228: 225: 223: 220: 219: 218: 217: 214: 213:rolling stock 210: 209: 201: 198: 196: 193: 191: 188: 187: 186: 183: 179: 176: 175: 174: 173:Railway track 171: 167: 164: 163: 162: 159: 157: 154: 152: 149: 148: 147: 146: 142: 141: 134: 133:Company types 131: 129: 126: 125: 123: 122: 118: 114: 113: 110: 107: 106: 102: 101: 98: 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 77: 73: 69: 65: 61: 55:in March 2006 54: 51:transporting 50: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 9148:Wayside horn 9098:Interlocking 9078:Catch points 9038:Water trough 8940:Passing loop 8920:Pocket track 8905:Balloon loop 8869:Ladder track 8704:Hillclimbing 8674:Balloon loop 8546:Pocket track 8536:Balloon loop 8528:Rail sidings 8508:Double track 8503:Passing loop 8498:Single track 8480: 8431: 8406:Timing point 8391:Request stop 8334:Other topics 8191:Bus bunching 8175:Travel class 8134:Radial route 8114:Circle route 8098:Transit pass 8059:Penalty fare 8019:Fare evasion 8014:Fare capping 7999:Dead mileage 7956:Transit mall 7679:Gondola lift 7458:Microtransit 7366:People mover 7279:Circle route 7238: 7194:Open top bus 7157:Circle route 7071: 7064: 7057: 7050: 7040: 7039:Nock, O. S. 7030: 7029:Nock, O. S. 7020: 7019:Nock, O. S. 7013: 7006: 6996: 6989: 6979: 6949: 6926:. Retrieved 6906: 6894:. Retrieved 6874: 6862:. Retrieved 6848: 6840: 6834:the original 6806:. Retrieved 6799:the original 6786: 6774:. Retrieved 6767:the original 6754: 6747:£3.5 billion 6746: 6739:. Retrieved 6719: 6707:. Retrieved 6693: 6685: 6678:. Retrieved 6674:the original 6664: 6652:. Retrieved 6645:the original 6632: 6621:the original 6608: 6597:the original 6584: 6572:. Retrieved 6547: 6541:the original 6509:. Retrieved 6498: 6489: 6477:. Retrieved 6468: 6459: 6447:. Retrieved 6438: 6428: 6409: 6405: 6395: 6378: 6374: 6368: 6359: 6350: 6338:. Retrieved 6329:(6): 89–91. 6326: 6322: 6309: 6276: 6272: 6266: 6258: 6254: 6249: 6232: 6226: 6218: 6213: 6193: 6177:. Elsevier. 6174: 6168: 6133: 6127: 6118: 6093: 6085: 6077: 6072: 6064: 6059: 6026: 6022: 6016: 6008: 6003: 5970: 5966: 5960: 5952: 5947: 5914: 5910: 5904: 5892:. Retrieved 5883: 5873: 5846: 5842: 5832: 5824: 5819: 5810: 5798:. Retrieved 5794:the original 5784: 5772:. Retrieved 5755: 5751: 5741: 5731:10 September 5729:. Retrieved 5725:the original 5715: 5703:. Retrieved 5688: 5676:. Retrieved 5667: 5643:. Retrieved 5628: 5616:. Retrieved 5604: 5591: 5579:. Retrieved 5575:the original 5570: 5561: 5529: 5504:. Retrieved 5490: 5478:. Retrieved 5475:www.odfl.com 5474: 5465: 5438: 5434: 5424: 5416:the original 5406: 5373: 5367: 5361: 5333: 5326: 5314:. Retrieved 5310:the original 5300: 5288:. Retrieved 5279: 5270: 5230: 5211: 5205: 5186: 5167: 5161: 5142: 5136: 5109: 5103: 5094: 5090: 5085: 5077: 5065: 5061: 5055: 5044:, retrieved 5037:the original 5033:The Engineer 5032: 5020: 5013:Duffy (2003) 5008: 5001:Duffy (2003) 4996: 4984:. Retrieved 4980:the original 4959:Duffy (2003) 4954: 4935: 4929: 4921: 4901: 4893: 4886:Duffy (2003) 4881: 4874:Duffy (2003) 4869: 4857:. Retrieved 4843: 4831:. Retrieved 4827:the original 4813: 4804: 4796: 4791: 4782: 4776: 4757: 4747: 4735:. Retrieved 4726: 4717: 4708: 4702: 4693: 4687: 4675:. Retrieved 4666: 4657: 4648: 4642: 4633: 4626:. Retrieved 4612: 4604:the original 4599: 4590: 4581: 4575: 4565:19 September 4563:. Retrieved 4549: 4525: 4518: 4498: 4491: 4479:. Retrieved 4472:the original 4463: 4456: 4448: 4433: 4426: 4414: 4395: 4389: 4381:the original 4376: 4367: 4348: 4342: 4323: 4317: 4305:. Retrieved 4291: 4283: 4279: 4278:Peter King, 4274: 4255: 4249: 4241: 4237: 4232: 4224: 4219: 4202: 4196: 4186: 4181: 4169:. Retrieved 4165:the original 4160: 4150: 4138:. Retrieved 4124: 4099: 4095: 4089: 4078:the original 4073: 4060: 4048:. Retrieved 4034: 4032:IEA (2019). 4012:. Retrieved 4003: 3994: 3970: 3957: 3907:Mine railway 3902:Mega project 3818:Lists portal 3763: 3732: 3523: 3435: 3420: 3416: 3394: 3366: 3353: 3305: 3275:mobilization 3260: 3197:city centres 3194: 3185: 3177: 3174:Career paths 3152: 3139: 3132: 3123: 3115: 3102: 3094: 3077: 3073:train orders 3065: 3047: 3039: 2995: 2969: 2954: 2943: 2921: 2913: 2904: 2897: 2885: 2874:, bells, or 2857: 2824:shareholders 2814: 2798: 2779: 2751: 2743:Network Rail 2739: 2702: 2686: 2644: 2636: 2609: 2605:single track 2594: 2549: 2503: 2488: 2484: 2473: 2466: 2455: 2443: 2435:narrow gauge 2424: 2409: 2402:right of way 2391:intersection 2368:intersecting 2307: 2298:Right-of-way 2261: 2226:supply chain 2204: 2199:freight cars 2192: 2148:people mover 2129: 2122: 2117:cut and fill 2109: 2093: 2077: 2075:VR Class Sm3 2025: 1987: 1969: 1925: 1873:steam engine 1867: 1864:Motive power 1847: 1843:railroad car 1831: 1810: 1788: 1779:Preservation 1769:right-of-way 1755: 1713: 1695: 1677: 1637: 1618:Hermann Lemp 1615: 1607:Soviet Union 1586: 1562: 1528: 1517: 1486: 1478:Kálmán Kandó 1475: 1437:, between a 1420: 1412:River Thames 1410:, under the 1382: 1354: 1314:Lichterfelde 1312:, opened in 1304: 1288:direct-drive 1279: 1265: 1239: 1224: 1214: 1204: 1193:Killingworth 1186: 1177: 1155: 1153: 1149:rack railway 1122: 1112: 1105: 1074: 1046:steam engine 1035: 980: 966: 936:invented by 934:wrought iron 931: 927: 905: 874: 855: 815: 791:River Severn 764: 759: 754:in his work 745: 718: 663: 661: 646: 597:. The first 588: 561: 532: 211:Service and 108: 63: 59: 58: 40: 9073:Buffer stop 9033:Water crane 8945:Track gauge 8884:Tie/Sleeper 8740:Track gauge 8599:Grand union 8411:Transit map 8386:Public good 8303:and signage 8160:First class 8074:Smart cards 8049:Money train 7911:Kassel kerb 7871:Bus station 7659:Cable ferry 7626:Ocean liner 7606:Cable ferry 7463:Paratransit 7224:Transit bus 7219:Shuttle bus 7167:Express bus 7122:Bus service 6864:26 November 6776:22 February 6381:: 183–201. 6102:–263, 289. 5917:(1): 1–20. 5823:Tony Judt, 5435:Mathematics 4419:Landes 1969 4227:, pp. 8–10. 4132:. Funimag. 4102:: 134–138. 3937:Track gauge 3610:Netherlands 3526:Switzerland 3283:World War I 3105:Henry Adams 2980:fishtailing 2894:Maintenance 2832:fiscal year 2717:culs-de-sac 2709:footbridges 2705:underpasses 2616:lever frame 2575:Bardon Hill 2431:broad gauge 2388:Lake street 2380:Orange line 2356:Chicago 'L' 2275:hopper cars 2255:will allow 2157:Chicago 'L' 2140:Light rails 2002:gas turbine 1996:, gravity, 1975:prime mover 1947:transformer 1751:Netherlands 1743:Scandinavia 1739:South Korea 1593:Adolf Klose 1389:fourth rail 1295:commutators 1121:locomotive 1098:South Wales 963:coke (fuel) 899:opened the 895:. In 1803, 678:Roman Egypt 553:locomotives 459:Terminology 404:Attractions 391:Miscellanea 227:Locomotives 185:Track gauge 178:Maintenance 47:A train in 9285:Categories 9246:Industrial 9230:Water stop 9191:for trains 9183:Roundhouse 9157:Structures 9143:Train stop 9093:Guard rail 9068:Block post 9056:and safety 9053:Signalling 8984:third rail 8957:Rail track 8950:dual gauge 8834:Baulk road 8361:Dwell time 8351:Crush load 8301:Technology 8221:Short turn 8184:Scheduling 8148:Facilities 7936:Queue jump 7856:Bus garage 7758:Carsharing 7636:Water taxi 7616:Hovercraft 7568:Car jockey 7560:Carpooling 7535:Share taxi 7505:Marshrutka 7470:Dollar van 7413:Tram-train 7341:Light rail 7336:Interurban 7299:Heavy rail 7229:Trolleybus 7189:Marshrutka 7172:Guided bus 6928:3 November 6808:27 January 6654:27 January 6340:27 October 6301:1296644342 6007:Kirkland, 5678:27 January 5506:26 January 5441:(4): 857. 5412:"About Us" 5353:1133662497 5316:10 October 5290:27 January 5192:US 1154785 5046:11 October 4859:16 October 4833:18 January 4481:11 October 4050:2 December 4014:2 December 4004:Britannica 3986:References 3832:Derailment 3328:greenfield 3225:Shinkansen 3069:time zones 3002:‑imp 2898:As in any 2888:Shinkansen 2860:derailment 2731:Operations 2659:25 kV 2655:15 kV 2640:third rail 2612:signal box 2607:railways. 2566:Signalling 2420:rail gauge 2382:above the 2253:roadrailer 2245:stock cars 2036:dining car 1998:pneumatics 1935:third rail 1783:See also: 1760:tracks of 1708:Shinkansen 1582:Hull Docks 1538:See also: 1520:Valtellina 1512:Valtellina 1467:commutator 1248:See also: 1216:Locomotion 1137:edge-rails 1102:Bloomsbury 1094:Penydarren 1038:James Watt 1014:See also: 943:Henry Cort 811:Nottingham 787:Shropshire 741:treadwheel 688:See also: 550:electrical 409:By country 360:Interurban 355:Light rail 200:Dual gauge 151:Management 95:high speed 85:, next to 9196:for goods 9138:Tell-tale 8969:Rail yard 8935:Guide bar 8915:Headshunt 8898:Trackwork 8864:Fishplate 8854:Date nail 8815:(history) 8571:Junctions 8556:Rail yard 8541:Headshunt 8518:Crossover 8325:Timetable 8054:Paid area 8004:Exit fare 7971:Ticketing 7951:Tram stop 7866:Bus stand 7839:Locations 7820:Slope car 7790:Hyperloop 7780:Escalator 7741:transport 7720:Escalator 7708:transport 7674:Funicular 7631:Vaporetto 7621:Hydrofoil 7540:Songthaew 7510:Nanny van 7495:Limousine 7438:Boda boda 7294:Funicular 7269:Cable car 7152:Charabanc 6574:8 January 6441:. 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