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817:. The next day, Díaz Pacheco participated in an assassination attempt on Judge Cooper, in retaliation for Cooper's rigging the jury with ten North Americans and only two Puerto Ricans, and for sentencing the Nationalist leadership to long prison terms. Díaz Pacheco together with nine other Nationalists were arrested and accused of attempting against the life of Judge Cooper. U.S. President
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776:, one of the physicians who assisted the wounded, testified that wounded people running away were shot, and that many were again wounded by the clubs and bare fists of the police. No arms were found in the hands of the civilians wounded, nor on the dead ones. About 150 of the demonstrators were arrested immediately afterward; they were later released on bail.
688:. The march had been organized by the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party to commemorate the ending of slavery in Puerto Rico by the governing Spanish National Assembly in 1873. The march was also protesting the imprisonment, by the U.S. government, of Nationalist leader Albizu Campos on alleged sedition charges. Díaz Pacheco, who by then was the
31:
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Hernández was believed to be dead, however he wasn't, and he was taken to the local hospital along with the wounded police officers where they were operated on for their respective wounds. The battle lasted 15 minutes and at the end of the battle there were five nationalist casualties (four dead and
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Meanwhile, the police continued to fire upon the other
Nationalists. Domingo Hiraldo Resto was seriously wounded, but despite his wounds he dragged himself towards the mansions entrance. He was able to reach the mansions main door and once there he was motionless and appeared to be dead. He suddenly
747:
The flag-bearer of the cadets was shot and killed during the massacre. A young girl by the name of Carmen Fernández proceeded to take the flag, but was shot and gravely injured. A young cadet by the name of Bolívar Márquez, despite being mortally wounded, dragged himself to a wall and wrote with his
1069:
For nearly twenty years, Faustino Díaz
Pacheco provided the FBI with detailed information about the structure, funding, leadership, weapons, recruitment activity, and strategic planning of the Nationalist Party and the Cadets of the Republic. In providing the FBI this information Faustino betrayed
608:
Díaz
Pacheco and his brother Faustino were active members of the cadets. The organization became the official youth branch of the Nationalist Party. In accordance with the beliefs of Albizu Campos, organization and discipline were considered the keys to victory, in the struggle for Puerto Rico's
771:
Nineteen people were killed, and about 235 were wounded. The dead included 17 men, one woman, and a seven-year-old girl. Some of the dead were demonstrators, while others were simply passers-by. Many were chased by the police and shot or clubbed at the entrance of their houses as they tried to
821:
became involved when on
October 22, 1937, he signed Executive Order Number 7731 designating Martin Travieso, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico, to perform and discharge the duties of Judge of the District Court of the United States for Puerto Rico in the trial against the
744:(Daughters of Freedom) - began to march. Empowered by the North American police chief, and encouraged by the governor, the police fired for over 15 minutes from four different positions. They fired with impunity on the cadets and bystanders alike - killing men, women and children.
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Díaz
Pacheco aimed his sub machine gun fire at the second floor of the mansion, where the executive offices of Governor Muñoz Marín were located. During the firefight Díaz Pacheco wounded two police officers, Isidoro Ramos and Vicente Otero Díaz, before he was killed by
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that Law 53 was written with the explicit intent of eliminating the leaders of the
Nationalist and other pro-independence movements, and to intimidate anyone who might follow them - even if their speeches were reasonable and orderly, and their activities were peaceful.
599:(Young Patriots). By the 1930s, the members of this organization were influenced by the teachings of Albizu Campos. They adopted the Nationalist Party's independence ideals, and dismissed any student who would not swear allegiance to them. The organization was renamed
838:
Albizu Campos returned to Puerto Rico in 1947, after having been incarcerated for 10 years in
Atlanta. Díaz Pacheco and the cadets were among those who greeted him. Albizu Campos named Díaz Pacheco Treasurer General of the party. Thus, Díaz Pacheco now served as both
939:
Early in the morning of
October 30, Nationalists Domingo Hiraldo Resto, Carlos Hiraldo Resto, Gregorio Hernández and Manuel Torres Medina met at the house of Díaz Pacheco, in the San Juan sector of Martín Peña. At 11 A.M., they boarded a green
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independence. Cadets were required to wear a uniform of white pants and gloves, and everything else - the shirt, tie, belt, boots, military cap - was black. Officers wore a white jacket over the black shirt and tie, and a white officer's cap.
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in Puerto Rico. However, by the mid-1930s, after disappointing electoral results and strong repression by the territorial police authorities, Albizu Campos opted against electoral participation and advocated direct, violent revolution.
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The revolt failed because of the overwhelming force used by the US military and Puerto Rican police forces against the
Nationalists. Hundreds of Nationalists were arrested and the party was never the same. Law 53, the Gag Law (or
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with submachine guns approached the car and fired upon Hernández, Carlos
Hiraldo Resto and Torres Medina. Both Carlos Hiraldo Resto and Torres Medina were killed, and their motionless bodies were by the right side of the car.
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830:
After Díaz Pacheco was released from prison, he resumed his role as Commander of the Cadets. Unbeknownst to him, his brother Faustino had abandoned the Nationalist Party in 1939, and had turned into an informant for the
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Díaz Pacheco's brother Faustino (1903–2003) cooperated with the FBI, and was one of their primary informants regarding the Nationalist Party, the Cadets of the Republic, and the entire Puerto Rican revolution.
1704:
Executive Order 7731 - DESIGNATING THE HONORABLE MARTIN TRAVIESO AS ACTING JUDGE OF THE DISTRICT COURT OF THE UNITED STATES FOR PUERTO RICO FOR THE TRIAL OF THE CASE OF UNITED STATES v. JULIO PINTO GANDIA, ET
560:, where he received his primary and secondary education. Díaz Pacheco and his five siblings were believers in the cause of Puerto Rican independence and, in 1924, joined the Nationalist Party of Puerto Rico.
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escape. Others were taken from their hiding places and killed. Leopold Tormes, a member of the Puerto Rico legislature, told reporters how a policeman murdered a nationalist with his bare hands. Dr.
571:, founder of the Nationalist Party, and Albizu Campos as to how the party should be run. Coll y Cuchi and his followers abandoned the party and on May 11, 1930, Albizu Campos was elected president.
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and pistols in hand and immediately began firing at the mansion. Díaz Pacheco headed towards the mansion while the others took cover close to their car, and fired pistols from their positions.
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The cadets were divided into companies, each of which represented a different town in Puerto Rico. They were all required to participate in local and national acts, such as the celebration of
843:(Commander) of the Cadets of the Republic, and as Treasurer General of the party. As Treasurer General he was responsible for all the funds received by the municipal treasurers of the party.
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Without notice to the organizers, or any opportunity to appeal, or any time to arrange an alternate venue, the permits were abruptly withdrawn just before the protest was scheduled to begin.
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722:
880:
Various incidents between the government and the party led to call for an armed revolt by the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party against United States Government rule over Puerto Rico.
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Nationalists. Thereby, permitting judge Cooper to serve as a Government witness. Díaz Pacheco and his comrades were found guilty of the charges against them and were imprisoned.
692:(Commander) of the Cadets of the Republic, and his brother Faustino were present when this peaceful march turned into the bloody police slaughter, which became known as the
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2003:
485:
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930:
Díaz Pacheco was in charge of the San Juan revolt. The objective of the revolt was to assassinate the Governor of Puerto Rico Luis Muñoz Marín, at his residence
1750:
1592:"Latino Americans and Political Participation: A Reference Handbook". By Sharon Ann Navarro and Armando Xavier Mejia. 2004. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC–CLIO, Inc.
858:, to sing a patriotic tune, to speak or write of independence, or meet with anyone, or hold any assembly, with regard to the political status of Puerto Rico.
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521:
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520:
On October 30, 1950, a series of revolts occurred in scattered locations in Puerto Rico in opposition to U.S. colonial rule. These were known as the
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On May 21, 1948, the Puerto Rican legislature, which was presided over by Luis Muñoz Marín approved Law 53. The law which is also known as
478:
1844:; SJ 100-3; Vol. 23; pp. 103-121; released under the provisions of the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA); Title 5, U.S. Code, Section 522
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turned and sat on the steps and with his hands held up pleaded for mercy, his pleas however, were answered with a fusillade of gunfire.
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The revolts began on October 30, 1950, upon the orders of Nationalist leader Albizu Campos, with uprisings in various towns, among them
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231:
1832:"Discrimination for Political Beliefs and Associations"; Helfeld, D. M.; Revista del Colegio de Abogados de Puerto Rico; volumen = 25
632:, Erasmo Velázquez, Julio H. Velázquez, Rafael Ortiz Pacheco, Juan Gallardo Santiago, and Pablo Rosado Ortiz. They were charged with
513:, the official youth organization within the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party. This quasi-military organization was also known as the
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Hernández, who was also severely wounded, continued firing at the police from under his car. A police officer and a detective from
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854:. The law's main objective was to suppress the independence movement in Puerto Rico. The law made it a crime to own or display a
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of the planned attack thanks to a double agent named E. Rivera Orellana, were already in defensive positions and returned fire.
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On June 7, 1937, Albizu Campos and the other leaders of the Nationalist Party were transferred to the Federal Penitentiary in
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616:'s birthday. All of the cadets received military training which included marching, field tactics, self-defense and survival.
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725:"Viva la Republica, Abajo los Asesinos" message which cadet Bolivar Marquez Telechea wrote with his blood before he died
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Several days before the scheduled Palm Sunday march, the organizers received legal permits for a peaceful protest from
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E. Rivera Orellana, a sixth "Nationalist" who later turned out to be an undercover agent, was arrested near
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1951:
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at noon and stopped their car 25 feet from their objective's main entrance They got out of the car with a
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1790:"El ataque Nacionalista a La Fortaleza"; by Pedro Aponte Vázquez; Page 4; Publisher: Publicaciones RENÉ;
1771:"El ataque Nacionalista a La Fortaleza"; by Pedro Aponte Vázquez; Page 2; Publisher: Publicaciones RENÉ;
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as it is known in Puerto Rico), was repealed in 1957. In 1964, David M. Helfeld wrote in his article
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The bodies of Carlos Hiraldo Resto and Manuel Torres Medina lie on the ground, after their attack on
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Puerto Rico's national song, was being played, the demonstrators - which included the cadets, led by
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1099:(Critical America (New York University Hardcover)); author: Pedro A Malavet; Publisher: NYU Press;
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1715:"Jaime Benítez y la autonomía universitaria"; by: Mary Frances Gallart; Publisher: CreateSpace;
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or "Puerto Rico's Gag Law" was signed into law on June 10, 1948 by the U.S.- appointed governor
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1992:
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America's Colony: The Political and Cultural Conflict between the United States and Puerto Rico
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887:) designation of Puerto Rico - a designation that the nationalist considered a colonial farce.
740:, the Captain of the Ponce branch and the women's branch of the Nationalist Party known as the
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On April 3, 1936, a Federal Grand Jury submitted accusations against Pedro Albizu Campos,
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joined the party and was named vice-president. By 1930, there were disagreements between
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Newsreel scenes in Spanish of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s
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605:(Cadets of the Republic) and Joaquin Rodriguez, a Nationalist, was placed in charge.
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1086:); author; Gregorio Hernandez Rivera; Publisher: Publicaciones Rene (January 2007);
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Latin American and Caribbean Congress in Solidarity with Puerto Rico's Independence
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703:, the mayor of Ponce. However, upon learning of the planned protest, the colonial
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1494:"FBI Files"; "Puerto Rico Nationalist Party"; SJ 100-3; Vol. 23; pages 104-134.
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684:, the cadets were to participate in a peaceful march scheduled in the city of
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Commander of the Cadets of the Republic of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
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The revolts specifically repudiated the so-called "Free Associated State" (
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his own brother, the Nationalist movement, and the people of Puerto Rico.
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was covering the march and took this photograph when the shooting began.
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War Against All Puerto Ricans: Revolution and Terror in America’s Colony
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50:
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19th century female leaders of the Puerto Rican Independence Movement
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In the 1920s, there was a non-political student organization in the
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19th Century male leaders of the Puerto Rican Independence Movement
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1816:; by Pedro Aponte Vázquez; Page 7; Publisher: Publicaciones RENÉ;
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1910:
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524:. On that day of October 30, Díaz Pacheco led an armed attack on
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blood the following message before he succumbed to his wounds:
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Carlos Torres Morales, a photo journalist for the newspaper
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People shot dead by law enforcement officers in Puerto Rico
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Articles related to the Puerto Rican Independence Movement
540:. Díaz Pacheco was shot dead in the unsuccessful attempt.
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574:
Under Albizu Campos's leadership during the years of the
130:* Treasurer General of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
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Luis Muñoz Marín: Puerto Rico's democratic revolution
1050:
Discrimination for Political Beliefs and Associations
1674:
The Ponce Massacre, why is it important to remember?
1337:
Female members of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
1132:
944:
and headed towards Old San Juan. The men arrived at
792:
You may watch newsreel scenes of the Ponce massacre
762:("Long live the Republic, Down with the Murderers!")
715:, demanded the immediate withdrawal of the permits.
1063:
FBI Files: Nationalist Party of Puerto Rico (1952),
862:
Puerto Rican Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s
212:
Puerto Rican Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s
139:
Puerto Rican Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s
1977:Puerto Rico Pro-Independence University Federation
1842:FBI Files: Nationalist Party of Puerto Rico (1952)
1240:Male members of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
1028:one wounded) plus three wounded police officers.
825:
2640:
1452: and the second or maternal family name is
2659:Imprisoned Puerto Rican independence activists
1056:
925:
1866:
479:
1563:Latino Americans and political participation
1692:Albizu Campos: Puerto Rican Revolutiionary;
1116:; Publisher: Nation Books (April 7, 2015);
2674:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party politicians
1873:
1859:
1625:. Temple University Press. 2005. pp.
536:, with the intent to assassinate Governor
486:
472:
232:Attempted assassination of Harry S. Truman
174:Flag of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
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1784:
1767:
1765:
910:. The most notable uprisings occurred in
757:"¡Viva la República, Abajo los asesinos!"
711:, who had been appointed by US president
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1967:Hostosian National Independence Movement
1809:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1613:
1611:
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1607:
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509:. He was also commander-in-chief of the
1947:Independence Association of Puerto Rico
650:federal government of the United States
2669:Puerto Rican people of Spanish descent
2664:People from Trujillo Alto, Puerto Rico
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2610:La Borinqueña by Lola Rodríguez de Tío
2554:Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s
2004:Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional
1781:
1762:
1510:
1508:
522:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party revolts
517:(The Liberation Army of Puerto Rico).
2579:U.S. Capitol shooting incident (1954)
1854:
1814:El ataque Nacionalista a La Fortaleza
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1602:
1554:
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1080:El Ataque Nacionalista a La Fortaleza
38:commanding the Cadets of the Republic
1887:Independence movement in Puerto Rico
1653:. Editorial UPR. 2006. p. 152.
676:The photo was sent to U.S. Congress.
128:Cadets of the Republic (Puerto Rico)
1826:
1505:
237:1954 United States Capitol shooting
13:
1694:Federico Ribes Tovar (1971); p. 64
1643:
1542:(in Spanish). Proyecto Salón Hogar
1472:
1170:List of revolutions and rebellions
1073:
638:Title 18 of the United States Code
515:Ejército Libertador de Puerto Rico
14:
2695:
619:
505:and the Treasurer General of the
1881:
1751:Law Library Microform Consortium
1149:
1135:
997:
787:
563:1924 was also the year that Dr.
501:(1906 - October 30, 1950) was a
168:
96:
77:
29:
1957:Puerto Rican Independence Party
1835:
1744:
1733:
1709:
1697:
1685:
1667:
1410:Puerto Rican Independence Party
578:, the party became the largest
2493:Teófilo Villavicencio Marxuach
2125:José "Aguila Blanca" Maldonado
1962:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
1586:
1532:
1526:
1431:
1395:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
1331:Teófilo Villavicencio Marxuach
826:Puerto Rico's Gag Law (Law 53)
543:
507:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
453:Teófilo Villavicencio Marxuach
103:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
1:
2514:Ducoudray Holstein Expedition
2428:Pedro "Davilita" Ortiz Dávila
2188:Gilberto Concepción de Gracia
2040:María de las Mercedes Barbudo
1465:
1224:María de las Mercedes Barbudo
548:Díaz Pacheco was born in the
433:Pedro "Davilita" Ortiz Dávila
2679:Puerto Rican revolutionaries
2574:Truman assassination attempt
1952:Liberal Party of Puerto Rico
1442:, the first or paternal
1038:
813:, by order of federal judge
7:
2564:San Juan Nationalist revolt
2173:Marie Haydée Beltrán Torres
1128:
1057:Betrayal by his own brother
926:San Juan Nationalist revolt
222:San Juan Nationalist revolt
144:San Juan Nationalist revolt
10:
2700:
1942:Union Party of Puerto Rico
1515:FBI Files on Puerto Ricans
1437:
870:The 296th Regiment of the
558:Trujillo Alto, Puerto Rico
55:Trujillo Alto, Puerto Rico
2618:
2597:
2506:
2296:
2268:María de Lourdes Santiago
2263:Manuel Rodríguez Orellana
2138:
2105:Antonio Valero de Bernabé
2012:
1985:
1934:
1893:
1740:Ley Núm. 282 del año 2006
1621:The Puerto Rican diaspora
1212:Antonio Valero de Bernabé
996:
991:
786:
781:
593:University of Puerto Rico
134:
124:
116:
108:
90:
72:
60:
44:
28:
21:
2100:Arturo Alfonso Schomburg
2070:Francisco Ramírez Medina
2060:Rosendo Matienzo Cintrón
1425:
1197:Francisco Ramírez Medina
636:and other violations of
2584:Cerro Maravilla murders
2529:Levantamiento de Ciales
2488:Carlos Vélez Rieckehoff
2408:Tomás López de Victoria
2393:Andres Figueroa Cordero
2383:Carmelo Delgado Delgado
2203:José M. Dávila Monsanto
2065:Antonio Mattei Lluberas
2055:Francisco Gonzalo Marín
2050:Eugenio María de Hostos
2020:Ramón Emeterio Betances
1935:Political organizations
1326:Carlos Vélez Rieckehoff
1286:Tomás López de Victoria
1281:Carmelo Delgado Delgado
1187:Ramón Emeterio Betances
970:guards and police, who
738:Tomás López de Victoria
705:governor of Puerto Rico
602:Cadetes de la Republica
556:in the municipality of
530:Governor of Puerto Rico
528:, the residence of the
398:Andres Figueroa Cordero
393:Carmelo Delgado Delgado
360:Carlos Vélez Rieckehoff
315:Tomás López de Victoria
154:Part of a series on the
2483:Antonio Vélez Alvarado
2378:Isabel Freire de Matos
2368:Juan Antonio Corretjer
2318:Margot Arce de Vázquez
2148:Antonio Rafael Barceló
2075:José Gualberto Padilla
2013:19th century activists
1993:Cadets of the Republic
1986:Militant organizations
1368:Isabel Freire de Matos
1321:Antonio Vélez Alvarado
1276:Juan Antonio Corretjer
1175:Cadets of the Republic
982:guard Carmelo Dávila.
963:
877:
768:
726:
677:
626:Juan Antonio Corretjer
587:Cadets of the Republic
511:Cadets of the Republic
408:Isabel Freire de Matos
383:Margot Arce de Vázquez
355:Antonio Vélez Alvarado
295:Juan Antonio Corretjer
198:Cadets of the Republic
120:Comandante (Commander)
2443:Helen Rodríguez Trías
2423:Francisco Matos Paoli
2388:Raimundo Díaz Pacheco
2348:Rafael Cancel Miranda
2283:Carlos Alberto Torres
2183:Cayetano Coll y Cuchí
2139:20th and 21st century
2080:Lola Rodríguez de Tió
1894:Indigenous resistance
1540:"La Masacre de Ponce"
1296:Francisco Matos Paoli
1261:Rafael Cancel Miranda
1229:Lola Rodríguez de Tió
1165:List of Puerto Ricans
958:
920:San Juan, Puerto Rico
885:Estado Libre Asociado
869:
819:Franklin D. Roosevelt
753:
724:
713:Franklin D. Roosevelt
680:On March 21, 1937, a
666:
628:, Luis F. Velázquez,
580:independence movement
499:Raimundo Díaz Pacheco
443:Helen Rodríguez Trías
325:Francisco Matos Paoli
305:Raimundo Díaz Pacheco
275:Rafael Cancel Miranda
109:Years of service
67:San Juan, Puerto Rico
36:Raimundo Díaz Pacheco
23:Raimundo Díaz Pacheco
2534:Río Piedras massacre
2238:Filiberto Ojeda Ríos
2218:Víctor Manuel Gerena
2153:Félix Benítez Rexach
1998:Boricua Popular Army
1405:Río Piedras massacre
1114:Nelson Antonio Denis
1046:La Ley de la Mordaza
1035:and later released.
742:Hijas de la Libertad
644:is the criminal and
458:Félix Benítez Rexach
377:Notable nationalists
188:Río Piedras massacre
2605:Grito de Lares flag
2498:Olga Viscal Garriga
2473:Clemente Soto Vélez
2463:Vidal Santiago Díaz
2373:José Ferrer Canales
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2258:Ángel Rivero Méndez
2243:Antonio S. Pedreira
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1207:Segundo Ruiz Belvis
873:U.S. National Guard
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565:Pedro Albizu Campos
423:José Ferrer Canales
365:Olga Viscal Garriga
345:Clemente Soto Vélez
340:Vidal Santiago Díaz
255:Pedro Albizu Campos
249:Nationalist leaders
2524:Intentona de Yauco
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2433:Ruth Mary Reynolds
2328:Casimiro Berenguer
2278:Alejandrina Torres
2233:Oscar López Rivera
2198:Pedro Ortiz Dávila
2115:Fernando Fernandez
2110:Manuel Zeno Gandía
1756:2010-12-14 at the
1679:2013-06-14 at the
1566:. ABC-CLIO. 2004.
1520:2015-09-24 at the
1499:2013-11-01 at the
1420:Intentona de Yauco
1373:Ruth Mary Reynolds
1316:Griselio Torresola
1256:Casimiro Berenguer
1143:Puerto Rico portal
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640:. Title 18 of the
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265:Casimiro Berenguer
182:Events and revolts
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2438:Germán Rieckehoff
2353:José Coll y Cuchí
2300:Nationalist Party
2213:Leopoldo Figueroa
2163:Americo Boschetti
1822:978-1-931702-01-0
1796:978-1-931702-01-0
1777:978-1-931702-01-0
1729:978-1-4611-3699-6
1598:978-1-85109-523-0
1266:José Coll y Cuchí
1105:978-0-8147-5680-5
1092:978-1-931702-01-0
1061:According to the
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2298:Puerto Rican
2248:Pedro Pietri
2085:Manuel Rojas
2000:(Macheteros)
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160:Puerto Rican
135:Battles/wars
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2654:1950 deaths
2649:1906 births
2288:Iris Zavala
2273:Piri Thomas
2193:Juan Dalmau
1901:Agüeybaná I
1546:January 10,
682:Palm Sunday
544:Early years
85:Puerto Rico
2643:Categories
1579:2009-05-01
1466:References
1112:; Author:
841:Comandante
690:Comandante
646:penal code
73:Allegiance
2178:Roy Brown
2141:activists
1039:Aftermath
980:Fortaleza
968:Fortaleza
900:Naranjito
203:Gag Law (
112:1924–1950
2627:Claridad
1754:Archived
1677:Archived
1518:Archived
1497:Archived
1438:In this
1129:See also
942:Plymouth
896:Mayagüez
892:Peñuelas
707:General
634:sedition
554:Carraízo
534:San Juan
125:Commands
91:Service/
51:Carraízo
2598:Symbols
2544:Gag Law
1926:Urayoán
1921:Jumacao
1911:Arasibo
1455:Pacheco
1444:surname
1084:Spanish
1012:YouTube
904:Arecibo
811:Atlanta
802:YouTube
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686:Ponce
1818:ISBN
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796:here
656:and
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