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1848:. At that time, Shiva temples only had images of god forms, but after the advent of Rajaraja, the images of the Nayanar saints were also placed inside the temple. Nambi organized the hymns of three saint poets—Sambandar, Appar, and Sundarar—as the first seven books. He included Manickavasagar's Tirukovayar and Tiruvacakam as the 8th book, and the hymns of nine other saints as the 9th book. The Tirumandiram of Tirumular was designated as the 10th book, while 40 hymns by 12 other poets constituted the 11th book. Additionally, Nambi added Tirutotanar Tiruvanthathi, the sacred anthathi of the labors of the 63 nayanar saints, along with his own hymns as the 12th book. The initial seven books were later recognized as Tevaram. With the addition of Sekkizhar's Periya Puranam (1135) as the twelfth book, the entire Saiva canon became known as Tirumurai, the holy scripture. Consequently, Saiva literature now encompasses approximately 600 years of religious, philosophical, and literary development.
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1933:, stands at a remarkable height of 216 feet (66 meters), making it the tallest in the world. At the very top sits the Kumbam, a bulbous structure, which is carved entirely from a single rock and weighs approximately 80 tons. At the entrance stands a sizable statue of Nandi, the sacred bull, carved from a single rock, measuring about 16 feet in length and 13 feet in height. The entire temple structure is crafted from granite, obtained from sources located approximately 60 kilometers to the west of the temple. This temple is widely renowned as one of the premier tourist attractions in
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1209:, which is revered as one of the most prominent examples of medieval South Indian architectural style. Additionally, during his reign, important Tamil literary works by poets such as Appar, Sambandar, and Sundarar were gathered and compiled into a single collection known as the Thirumurai. This earned him the title of 'Thirumurai Kanda Cholar,' meaning The One Who Found Thirumurai. He initiated a project of land survey and assessment in 1000 CE which led to the reorganisation of Tamil country into individual units known as
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Kandalur and conquered by his army, which was victorious in great battles, Vengai-nadu, Ganga-padi, Nulamba-padi, Tadigai-padi, Kudamalai-nadu, Kollam, Kalingam and Ira-mandalam, which is famed in the eight directions; who, while his beauty was increasing, and while he was resplendent (to such an extent) that he was always worthy to be worshipped, deprived the
Seriyas of their splendour, and (in words) in the twenty-first year of Chola Arumoli, who possesses the river Ponni, whose waters are full of waves.
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recruited from coastal regions. By 882 CE, tensions escalated into a full-fledged uprising led by these mercenaries, resulting in a protracted civil conflict. The ensuing turmoil compelled the vulnerable
Sinhala ruler to seek refuge in the Rohana principality, thereby plunging the capital city of Anuradhapura into an extended period of civil unrest lasting approximately eleven years, marked by widespread disorder and lawlessness.
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1770:. It was named Chudamani or Chulamani Vihara after King Sri Mara's father. The monastery was built by the Sailendra king of Srivijaya, Sri Mara Vijayattungavarman, with the support of Rajaraja I. According to the small Leyden grant, this Vihara was known as Rajaraja-perumpalli during the reign of Kulottunga I. Rajaraja dedicated the proceeds of the revenue from the village of Anaimangalam towards the upkeep of this Vihara.
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military expedition in
Trisanku Kastha (the southern region), the Thiruvalangadu Grant of Rajendra I mentions the capture of a certain royal figure named Amarabhujanga. However, the specific identity of this individual—whether he was a prince of the Pandya dynasty, a general serving the Pandya king, or a prince of the Kongu Chera dynasty—remains a matter of debate and has not been conclusively resolved. According to the
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1589:"A naval campaign led to the conquest of the Maldive Islands, the Malabar Coast, and northern Sri Lanka, all of which were essential to the Chola control over trade with Southeast Asia and with Arabia and eastern Africa. These were the transit areas, ports of call for the Arab traders and ships to Southeast Asia and China, which were the source of the valuable spices sold at a high profit to Europe."
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a significant role in defeating the
Changalvas in the battle of Ponnasoge and was duly rewarded with the territory of Arkalgud Yelusuvira-7000 and the esteemed title of Kshatriyasikhamani. Similarly, in recognition of the valor displayed by Manya, a Kongalva leader, the estate of Malambi (Coorg) was granted to them, along with the title of Kshatriyasikhamani.
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Anuradhapura vulnerable to the incursions of the Chola forces, who exploited the internal strife to mount invasions in the year 993. These events, documented in historical sources, underscore the intricate interplay of economic policies, military dynamics, and regional power struggles during this period in the history of
Anuradhapura.
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warfare prescribed by the
Dharmasastras. Historians such as James Heitzman and Wolfgang Schenkluhn interpret this confrontation as indicative of personal animosity between the rulers of the Chola and Chalukya kingdoms, akin to historical conflicts between the Chalukyas of Badami and the Pallavas of Kanchi.
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involved in this conflict. The
Thiruvalangadu inscription suggests that Rajaraja's general captured Vizhinjam (Viḷinam), which could have been part of the Kandalur Salai campaign. It appears that this engagement involved the Chola navy, or possibly a joint operation involving both the navy and the army.
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representation of Chola hegemony and religious fervor. The transformation of
Mahatirtha into Rajarajapura, in homage to the Chola sovereign, further underscores the symbolic and cultural import of the Chola conquest of Anuradhapura and their subsequent governance in the northern expanse of Sri Lanka.
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Aditha died under mysterious circumstances; inscriptions hint at him being assassinated. Sundara died soon after, clearing the way for
Madhurantakan to be king under the title Uttama Chola. After the death of Uttama, Rajaraja finally ascended the throne in June–July 985. Known as Arumoḷi Varman until
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Rajaraja recorded all the grants made to the
Thanjavur temple and his achievements. He also preserved the records of his predecessors. An inscription of his reign found at Tirumalavadi records an order of the king to the effect that the central shrine of the Vaidyanatha temple at the place should be
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in 1133 CE, the hereditary lords and local princes were either replaced or turned into dependent officials. This led to the king exercising closer control over the different parts of the empire. Rajaraja strengthened the local self-governments and installed a system of audit and control by which the
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By the year 1004 CE, Rajaraja had successfully conquered the Gangavadi province. He established control over the western part of Gangavadi, ruled by the Changalvas, and over Kodagu, governed by the Kongalvas, who were then made vassals of the Chola Empire. Panchavan Maraya, a Chola general, played
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Under Chola administration, the official Tali Kumaran oversaw the construction of a significant Shiva temple known as Rajarajeshwara, meaning "Lord of Rajaraja," within the town of Mahatirtha, now recognized as modern-day Mantota. Consequently, Mahatirtha was renamed Rajarajapura in commemoration of
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Following his victory over the Pandyas, Rajaraja assumed the title of Pandya Kulashani, which translates to 'Thunderbolt to the Race of the Pandyas.' As a result of his conquest, the territory of the Pandyas became recognized as "Rajaraja Mandalam" or "Rajaraja Pandinadu." When recounting Rajaraja's
1992:
Hail Prosperity! In the 21st year of (the reign of) the illustrious Ko Raja Rajakesari Varma, alias the illustrious Rajaraja Deva, who, while both the goddess of fortune and the great goddess of the earth, who had become his exclusive property, gave him pleasure, was pleased to destroy the kalam at
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in 1001 CE, Rajaraja swiftly restored Saktivarman to power, even expelling and eliminating an Andhra king named Bhima. Notably, Rajaraja cemented an alliance between the Chola Dynasty and the Eastern Chalukya Kingdom by arranging the marriage of his daughter, Kundavai, to the next viceroy of Vengi,
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In 993 CE, Rajaraja achieved the conquest of Anuradhapura, known as Pihiti rata in local context, situated in Sri Lanka. This territory was subsequently designated as Ila-mandalam in Chola historical records. The military campaign led to the sacking of Anuradhapura by the Chola army, resulting in
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In 998 CE, Rajaraja annexed Gangapadi, Nolambapadi, and Tadigaipadi (present-day Karnataka). During this campaign, Raja Chola subdued the Nolambas, who were previously vassals of the Ganga dynasty. These territories were initially under the suzerainty of the Rashtrakutas, who had been defeated by
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in the early 1000s. The Chola subjugation of Kerala can be dated to the early years of the 11th century. The Senur inscription dated to 1005 CE, attributed to Rajaraja, records his military achievements. It mentions the destruction of the Pandya capital, Madurai, as well as the conquest of several
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He is hailed as "Kāndalūr śālai Kalam-arutta," meaning 'the one who destroyed Kandalur Salai.' Originally, this area was under the control of the Ay chief, who served as a vassal to the Pandya king of Madurai. However, it remains uncertain whether warriors from the Chera or Pandya dynasties were
1722:
was appointed as a co-regent towards the end of Rajaraja's reign. He held the position of supreme commander over the northern and northwestern territories. Under Raja Chola's rule, there was a notable expansion of the administrative system, resulting in a greater number of offices and officials
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In multiple historical accounts, there are mentions of King Rajaraja's conquest of a place called "Kuda-malai-nadu" around the year 1000 CE. In certain inscriptions found in Karnataka, the term "Kudagu-malai-nadu" is used instead of "Kuda-malai-nadu." Scholars generally believe that this region
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The disruption of central governance exacerbated the financial strain on the kingdom, particularly in meeting the obligations to the Tamil mercenaries. Consequently, the mercenaries, feeling aggrieved and disillusioned, turned their allegiance towards the Chola empire. This strategic shift left
1320:
When Rajaraja came into power, he inherited a kingdom that was only centered around the Thanjavur-Tiruchirappalli region, which was the heart of traditional Chola territory. However, this kingdom was not very large, and it was still recovering from attacks by the Rashtrakutas in previous years.
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Before the reign of Rajaraja I, portions of the Chola territory were ruled by hereditary lords and princes who were in a loose alliance with the Chola rulers. Rajaraja initiated a project of land survey and assessment in 1000 CE which led to the reorganization of the empire into units known as
1477:
An inscription attributed to Irivabedanga Satyashraya from Dharwar acknowledges his allegiance to the Western Chalukyas and highlights the Chola incursion. He accuses Rajendra Chola of leading a massive force of 955,000 soldiers and causing havoc in Donuwara, blurring the ethical boundaries of
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Rajaraja married several women, including the following: Vanathi aka Thiripuvāna Mādēviyār, Dantisakti Vitanki aka Lokamadevi, Panchavan Madeviyar, Chola Mahadevi, Trailokya Mahadevi, Lata Mahadevi, Prithvi Mahadevi, Meenavan Mahadevi, Viranarayani and Villavan Mahadevi. He had at least three
1953:
Prior to Rajaraja's reign, Chola coins featured the tiger emblem on the obverse, along with the fish and bow emblems representing the Pandya and Chera Dynasties, while the reverse side displayed the name of the King. However, a new type of coin emerged during Rajaraja's rule. These new coins
1426:
During the reign of King Mahinda V, the Sinhalese kingdom of Anuradhapura experienced a significant military revolt around the year 982 AD, primarily as a consequence of the monarch's economic policies. The armed forces of the Anuradhapura capital predominantly consisted of Tamil mercenaries
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To commemorate their victory, the Chola administrator Tali Kumaran supervised the construction of a notable Shiva temple named Rajarajeshwara, signifying "Lord of Rajaraja," within the precincts of Mahatirtha. Presently acknowledged as modern Mantota, this temple assumed a pivotal role as a
1485:
Meanwhile, the Vengi kingdom was under the rule of Jata Choda Bhima, a member of the Eastern Chalukyas Dynasty. However, Rajaraja emerged victorious in battle against Bhima, and Saktivarman was appointed as a viceroy under the Chola Dynasty. Despite a brief period of Bhima's recapture of
1321:
Rajaraja changed this by transforming the kingdom into a well-organized empire with a powerful army and navy. Under his rule, the northern kingdom of Vengi became closely allied with the Cholas, and their influence expanded along the eastern coast all the way up to Kalinga in the north.
1579:
The king's conquest of Malainadu is described in the Vikrama Chola Ula, where it is said that he achieved it in just one day, crossing 18 mountain passes. According to the Kulottunga Chola Ula, King Rajaraja was depicted as beheading 18 people and burning down Udagai. Additionally, the
1580:
Kalingathupparani references the establishment of Chadaya Nalvizha in Udiyar Mandalam, the seizure of Udagai, and the plundering of several elephants from the area. The Tiruppalanam inscription from 999 CE records the king's offering of an idol obtained as spoils from Malainadu.
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regions. These include defeating the formidable rulers of Kollam (Venad), Kolla-desham (Mushika), and Kodungallur (the Chera Perumals of Makotai).Certain triumphs in the region of Malainadu were possibly achieved by Prince Rajendra Chola I on behalf of his father, Rajaraja Chola.
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the acquisition of the northern portion of Sri Lanka by the Chola empire. As part of their administrative efforts, the Cholas established a provincial capital at the strategic military outpost of Polonnaruwa, renaming it Jananathamangalam in honor of Rajaraja's title.
1450:"Rama built with the aid of monkeys, a causeway across the sea, and then with great difficulties defeated the king of Lanka using sharp-edged arrows. But Rama was excelled by this king whose powerful army crossed the ocean by ships and burnt up the king of Lanka."
1324:
In the Thanjavur inscriptions, various regiments are noted. These regiments were organized into units of elephants, cavalry, and infantry. Each of these units operated independently and had the authority to give gifts or construct temples as they saw fit.
1198:. This region held significant strategic importance due to its access to resources and trade routes. The conflict between the two rulers intensified as they vied for dominance in the region, resulting in significant battles and shifting allegiances.
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Once Rajaraja had consolidated his authority in the southern regions, he took on the title of Mummudi Chola. This title, which means "three Crowned," symbolized his power over three important Tamil kingdoms: the Cholas, the Pandyas, and the Cheras.
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Rajaraja's earliest inscriptions commemorate a significant triumph at Kandalur Salai, located in present-day Kerala, around 988 CE. He is acclaimed as "Kāndalūr śālai Kalam-arutta," which translates to 'the one who destroyed Kandalur Salai.'.
1288:. Arinjaya died soon and was succeeded by his son Parantaka II, also known as Sundara Chola. It was decided that the throne would pass on to Madhurantakan after Sundara: this decision was most probably that of Sundara himself, although the
1566:
The invasion of the kingdom of Kalinga occurred after the conquest of Vengi. This conquest marked the northern boundary of the Chola Empire at that time and established their control over the entirety of South and South-East India.
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In 1017 CE, Rajaraja's successor, Rajendra I, finalized the Chola conquest of Sri Lanka. The Chola reign over Sri Lanka persisted until 1070, when Vijayabahu I successfully vanquished and expelled them from the island.
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rebuilt and that, before pulling down the walls, the inscriptions engraved on them should be copied in a book. The records were subsequently re-engraved on the walls from the book after the rebuilding was finished.
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documented in Chola records compared to previous eras. Villavan Muvendavelan, one of the top officials of Rajaraja figures in many of his inscriptions. The names of other officials found in the inscriptions are the
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daughters and two sons. The older son, Rajendra, was born to Thiripuvāna Mādēviyār. The younger son was named Araiyan Rajarajan, and the identiey of his mother is unknown. He had his first daughter
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showcased the figure of the standing king on the obverse side, while the reverse side depicted a seated goddess. The coins spread across much of southern India and were copied by Sri Lankan kings.
2084:, dating back to the seventh year of the king, mentions the fifteenth year of his predecessor, Uttama Choladeva. Uttama Choladeva is described in the inscription as the son of Sembiyan-Madeviyar.
3293:
Precolonial India in Practice : Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra by Austin Cynthia Talbot Assistant Professor of History and Asian Studies University of Texas p.172
1899:, and the capital were centres of both religious and economic activity. The temple, which turned 1000 years old in 2010, is one of the largest temples in India and is an example of
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1809:. It is believed that by divine intervention Nambi found the presence of scripts, in the form of cadijam leaves half eaten by white ants in a chamber inside the second precinct in
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1821:) in the temple opposed the mission, but Rajaraja intervened by consecrating the images of the saint-poets through the streets of Chidambaram. Rajaraja thus became known as
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a historical record of the Kongu Nadu region, it is suggested that this general eventually changed his loyalty to Rajaraja. He is said to have participated in the ritual of
1851:
There are no existing contemporary portraits or statues of Rajaraja. The bronze figure purportedly depicting him at the Thanjavur temple is spurious and of recent origin.
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village assemblies and other public bodies were held to account while retaining their autonomy. To promote trade, he sent the first Chola mission to
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Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to Southeast Asia by Hermann Kulke, K Kesavapany, Vijay Sakhuja p.230
3853:
2182:. The role of the younger prince Arulmoli Varman, also known as Ponniyin Selvan (the future Rajaraja I) is played by the Tamil cinema actor
1609:("the Ancient Islands of the Sea Numbering 1200"). The naval campaign was a demonstration of the Chola naval power in the Indian Ocean.
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Due to Rajaraja's desire to record his military achievements, he recorded the important events of his life in stone. An inscription in
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Rajaraja I also left a significant mark through his architectural and cultural achievements. He commissioned the construction of the
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the Western Chalukyas in 973 CE. Consequently, the Cholas found themselves in direct conflict with the Chalukyas. An inscription of
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copper-plate inscription, his birth name was Arun Mozhi Varman, literally "The Word of Sun Clan". He was born around 947 CE in the
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3149:, p. 215:"Rajaraja is supposed to have conquered twelve thousand old islands... a phrase meant to indicate the Maldives"
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South Indian Inscriptions: Tamil inscriptions of Rajaraja, Rajendra-Chola, and others in the Rajarajesvara Temple at Tanjavur
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1735:, the revenue official Irayiravan Pallavarayan and Kuruvan Ulagalandan, who organised the country-wide land surveys.
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The Thiruvalangadu Plates directly compare Raja Raja's campaign to the invasion of Lanka by the legendary hero Rama:
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52:
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Rajaraja's ascension ended a period of rival claims to the throne, following the death of his great-grandfather
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Vimaladitya. This strategic union ensured the future succession of Rajaraja's descendants to the throne of the
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Gazetteer of the Nellore District: Brought Up to 1938 by Government of Madras Staff, Government of Madras p.38
2273:, a 1988 historical drama in its episodes 22 and 23 depicts Rajaraja Chola. The role was played by late actor
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Antiquities of India: An Account of the History and Culture of Ancient Hindustan by Lionel D. Barnett p.216
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Life/Death Rhythms of Ancient Empires – Climatic Cycles Influence Rule of Dynasties by Will Slatyer p.236
2178:, deals with the succession troubles during the reign of Sundara Chola and the death of the elder prince
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1699:. Furthermore, his elder sister Kundavai assisted him in the administration and management of temples.
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A Topographical List of Inscriptions in the Tamil Nadu and Kerala States: Thanjavur District, page 180
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from Dharwar describes him as a vassal of the Western Chalukyas and acknowledges the Chola onslaught.
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1507:, a group who were vassals of the Western Chalukyas. An inscription from the Gopalakrishna temple at
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where gold is poured over the Chola king, symbolizing an act of royal anointment or coronation.
1178:. His conquests weren't limited to the south; he also launched successful campaigns against the
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3728:. Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. p.
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revolves around the ascension of Uttama Chola to the throne and Rajaraja's naval expedition.
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2632:"Why Tamil Nadu Celebrating King Raja Raja Chola's Birthday Is A Masterstroke In Symbolism"
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889:
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3610:"Tamil Nadu – Thanjavur Periya Kovil – 1000 Years, Six Earthquakes, Still Standing Strong"
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South Indian inscriptions, India. Archaeological Survey, India. Dept. of Archaeology p.477
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The Making of Southern Karnataka: Society, Polity and Culture in the Early Medieval Period
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8:
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Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwip: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to Southeast Asia
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prince Vimaladithan. Rajaraja had two other daughters.. Rajaraja died in 1014 CE in the
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generals and a minister identified as Naganna. Additionally, a similar inscription in
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A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th century
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2221:, revolves around the early life of Rajaraja, the mysteries surrounding the death of
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211:
Kula Kaalan, Pandiya Kula Sani, Thelungu Kula Kaalan, Keralandhagan, Singalandhagan,
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Rajaraja embarked on a mission to recover the hymns after hearing short excerpts of
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3815:
Later Chola Temples: Kulottunga I to Rajendra III (A.D. 1070–1280), Parts 1070–1280
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https://ampgc.ac.in/Admin/upload/documents/4a97c381-9add-4d88-bce7-6e47dc33bf36.pdf
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mint. Legend "Chola, conqueror of the Gangas" in Tamil, seated tiger with two fish.
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Another inscription from the Gramardhanathesvara temple in the southern area of
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One of the last conquests of Rajaraja was the naval conquest of the islands of
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South India heritage: an introduction by Prema Kasturi, Chithra Madhavan p.96
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1781:: Śivapāda Śekhara), literally, "the one who places his crown at the feet of
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emperor who reigned from 985 CE to 1014 CE. He is known for his conquests of
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S. R. Balasubrahmanyam; B. Natarajan; Balasubrahmanyan Ramachandran (1979).
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shows his accomplishments as early as the 19th year. An excerpt from such a
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1724:
1617:
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the Chola monarch's conquest and establishment of authority in the region.
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1213:. Rajaraja died in 1014 CE, and was succeeded by his son Rajendra Chola I.
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1112:
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Tamilian Antiquary (1907–1914) – 12 Vols. by Pandit. D. Savariroyan p.33
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Tamilian Antiquary (1907–1914) – 12 Vols. by Pandit. D. Savariroyan p.30
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which deals with RajaRaja's later years and Rajendra Chola I's ascension.
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Rajaraja's empire encompassed vast territories, including regions of the
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3136:. Minerva Associates, 1990 – Political Science – 153 pages. p. 120.
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The History and Culture of the Indian People: The age of imperial Kanauj
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Literary Genetics with Comparative Perspectives by Katir Makātēvan̲ p.25
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by Gokul Seshadri deal with the Kandalur invasion and its after-effects.
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3790:. Vol. 9–10. Archaeological Survey of India. 1890. pp. 94–95.
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A Journey through India's Past (Great Hindu Kings after Harshavardhana)
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Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture by John Bowman p.264
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1859:
1818:
1621:
1344:
1312:
1293:
1007:
582:
573:
411:
342:
270:
208:
4257:
3134:
Espionage in Ancient India: From the Earliest Time to 12th Century A.D
3006:
2617:
Tamil Civilization: Quarterly Research Journal of the Tamil University
1261:
recognizes his birthdate as 3 November 947. He had an elder brother –
3922:
3858:
3829:"Ponniyin Selvan: All About Jayam Ravi's Character Arun Mozhi Varman"
3548:
3546:
3452:
C. E. Ramachandran; K. V. Raman, Indian History and Culture Society.
3084:
2879:
2730:
2692:
2156:
1979:
1880:
1712:
1681:
1674:
1625:
1508:
1206:
1159:
1140:
1062:
1057:
1037:
334:
306:
212:
3418:
2903:
2501:
2255:
which deals with the situations leading Rajaraja to invade Kandalur.
2026:
2014:
1636:, carrying out naval raids in South-East Asia and briefly occupying
2876:
Ancient Indian History and Civilization by Sailendra Nath Sen p.398
2764:
2762:
2760:
1975:
1763:
1748:
1744:
1707:
1650:
1606:
1406:
1285:
1254:
1171:
1167:
972:
712:
672:
564:
482:
3543:
3173:
2847:
Seminar on Social and Cultural History of Dharmapuri district p.46
2680:
2151:
1284:
was a minor, so the throne passed on to Parantaka I's younger son
1280:
ascended the throne. At the time of Gandaraditya's death, his son
3278:. Ananthacharya Indological Research Institute. 1987. p. 28.
2274:
2002:
1520:
1512:
1511:, dated to 1006, records that Rajaraja's general Aprameya killed
1504:
1229:
1042:
530:
449:
3580:
3578:
3576:
3314:
2808:
2757:
1793:
1673:
Imperial Coin of Chola King Rajaraja I (985-1014 CE). Uncertain
1162:. He also extended his influence over strategic islands such as
4390:
4033:
Open boundaries: Jain communities and culture in Indian history
4013:
Royal Temple of Rajaraja: An Instrument of Imperial Chola Power
3469:
Middle Chola Temples: Rajaraja I to Kulottunga I, A.D. 985-1070
3311:
The First Spring: The Golden Age of India by Abraham Eraly p.68
3024:
Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, Volume 21, page 200
2860:
The Noḷambas: a political and cultural study, c750 to 1050 A.D.
2798:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2714:
1916:
1752:
1487:
1281:
1250:
260:
3533:
3531:
3518:
3516:
2898:
Studying early India: archaeology, texts and historical issues
2745:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2384:
141:
4085:(1992). "The Cōḷas". In R. S. Sharma; K. M. Shrimali (eds.).
3590:
3573:
3066:. Northern Book Centre, 2009 – India – 132 pages. p. 51.
2820:
2668:
Seshachandrika: a compendium of Dr. M. Seshadri's works p.265
2559:
2557:
2555:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2081:
1962:
1884:
1782:
1696:
1637:
1411:
1245:(alias Sundara) and queen Vanavan Mahadevi. According to the
1195:
346:
3768:
3121:. Janaki Prakashan, 1981 – History – 234 pages. p. 129.
2789:
2779:
2777:
2711:
2638:
2596:
4219:. USA: Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication-Data.
3794:
3528:
3513:
3484:
2650:
2584:
2381:
1988:, an inscription recording great accomplishments, follows:
1778:
1715:
found in the Brihadisvara temple, Tamil Nadu, 11th century.
1690:
valanadus. From the reign of Rajaraja I until the reign of
3699:. The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI). Archived from
3152:
2552:
2316:
1879:
During 1010 CE, Rajaraja built the Brihadisvara Temple in
1190:. In the east, Rajaraja faced fierce opposition from the
4195:
Perumals of Kerala: Brahmin Oligarchy and Ritual Monarchy
3244:
2774:
2489:
A Journey through India's Past by Chandra Mauli Mani p.51
1503:
There were hostile encounters between the Cholas and the
1127:; 3 November 947 – January/February 1014), also known as
3637:
3140:
2982:
2980:
4171:
Kulke, Hermann; Kesavapany, K.; Sakhuja, Vijay (2009).
2995:
2485:
2483:
2408:
4170:
3424:
3197:. Sandarbhini, Library and Documentation Centre. 1994.
2973:. Prasārānga, University of Mysore, 1976. p. 160.
2620:. Vol. 3. Tamil University. 1985. pp. 40–41.
1422:, indicate the Chola emperor's conquest in the region.
4288:
4137:. Vol. 10 (Tamil Literature). Otto Harrasowitz.
3974:. Vol. 10, Part I. Mysore Archaeological Survey.
3305:
3179:
2977:
2686:
1766:
monastery, was constructed in the 11th century CE in
1362:
4177:. Singapore: Institute of south-east Asian Studies.
3509:. Authors Guild of India Madras Chapter. p. 54.
3223:
3080:. Archaeological Survey of India. 1935. p. 225.
2856:
2662:
2480:
1414:
temple, erected subsequent to Rajaraja's capture of
3634:
South Indian Inscriptions – Vol II, Part I & II
207:Ponniyin Selvan, Mum'muṭi Cōḻan, Sivapathasekaran,
4338:The Body Adorned: Sacred and Profane in Indian Art
4335:
4216:Songs of experience: the poetics of Tamil devotion
4191:
3466:
3194:Documentation on Women, Children, and Human Rights
3090:
2739:
2705:
2522:
2427:
4309:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3213:. Place Names Society of India. 1954. p. 58.
3106:. Archæological Survey of India. 1983. p. 3.
2956:History of Indian Administration: Medieval period
2579:Administrative System in India: Vedic Age to 1947
4432:
4292:Middle Chola Temples: Rajaraja I to Kulottunga I
3673:. Tamilnadu.com. 5 December 2012. Archived from
3612:. Tamilnadu.com. 27 January 2014. Archived from
3471:. Thomson Press (India), 1975. pp. 115–116.
2624:
1966:A typical lithic inscription of the Chola period
4105:
4088:A Comprehensive history of India: A.D. 985-1206
4081:
4069:
4010:
3957:Sri Brihadisvara: The Great Temple of Thānjavūr
3596:
3552:
3332:Tamil Nadu, a real history by K. Rajayyan p.112
3320:
3131:
2826:
2814:
2802:
2751:
2724:
2396:
1661:of Maka and was succeeded by Rajendra Chola I.
4233:
4127:
4036:. Albany: State University of New York Press.
3978:
3953:
3800:
3584:
3282:
3061:
2644:
2602:
1570:
4360:
4333:
4322:
4212:
3964:
3788:South Indian Inscriptions: Tamil and Sanskrit
3774:
3537:
2872:
2870:
2768:
2656:
2590:
2574:
2572:
2333:
1089:
4264:
4244:
4151:
4029:
3780:
3522:
3490:
3379:
3356:A History of Fine Arts in India and the West
3352:
3342:Ancient system of oriental medicine, page 96
3158:
3028:
2119:. There might be a discussion about this on
1727:prince Narasimhavarman, a general Senapathi
1624:also played a major role in the invasion of
1143:, and increasing Chola influence across the
4323:V. Ramamurthy (1986). N. Mahalingam (ed.).
3989:
3230:. Asian Educational Services. p. 264.
2958:. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1975. p. 51.
2783:
1367:Rajaraja's inscriptions begin to appear in
1316:Chola empire during the reign of Rajaraja I
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
3506:Raja Raja Chola, the high point of history
3445:
3430:
3116:
2953:
2867:
2569:
2415:. Numismatic Society of India. p. 34.
1628:. The success of Rajaraja allowed his son
1304:Rajaraja, which means "King among Kings".
1186:, extending Chola authority as far as the
1096:
1082:
144:. Please do not remove this message until
4050:
3643:
3146:
3041:. The Clarendon press. pp. 336–358.
2968:
2139:Learn how and when to remove this message
1751:but he also dedicated several temples to
1328:
182:Learn how and when to remove this message
164:Learn how and when to remove this message
103:Learn how and when to remove this message
3982:South Indian inscriptions (1983 reprint)
3886:"Mani is likely to drop Ponniyin Selvan"
3722:Gopal, Madan (1990). K.S. Gautam (ed.).
3564:
3502:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2933:
2425:
2150:
2062:Excerpts of Rajaraja's inscription from
1961:
1944:
1858:
1792:
1788:
1706:
1680:
1668:
1405:
1395:
1338:
1311:
1228:
1220:
419:Arulmozhi chandramalli alias Gangamadevi
140:Relevant discussion may be found on the
3002:. Ramesh Chandra Majumdar. p. 154.
2971:History of the Western Gangas, Volume 1
1843:king Rajaraja, the best of the race of
4433:
4310:T. S. Subramanian (27 November 2009).
4237:Tamil Polity, c. A.D. 600-c. A.D. 1300
4113:. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
3456:. Books & Books, 1984. p. 11.
3013:Epigraphia Indica, Volume 30, page 248
2938:. Orient BlackSwan, 2006. p. 239.
2457:
2455:
2283:, is a 2007 novel by Anusha Venkatesh.
2155:20th Century Sculpture of Rajaraja in
2044:காந்தளூர்ச் சாலைக் களமறூத்தருளி வேங்கை
1854:
1711:Mural depicting Rajaraja and his guru
1653:with Lokamadev who eventually married
1612:The Cholas controlled the area around
1194:king Jata Choda Bhima over control of
4342:. Columbia University Press. p.
4055:. London: Harper Collins Publishers.
3721:
3454:Aspects of Indian history and culture
3034:
2942:
2464:A Textbook of Medieval Indian History
2087:
1464:
1307:
1296:claims that it was made by Rajaraja.
1241:Rajaraja was a son of the Chola king
487:
4250:Brhadisvara Temple: Form and Meaning
3436:
3425:Kulke, Kesavapany & Sakhuja 2009
2434:. Harvard University Press. p.
2091:
1811:Thillai Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram
1805:in his court. He sought the help of
1530:
1498:
114:
59:
18:
3862:. 26 September 2008. Archived from
3569:. Mudgala Trust, 1994. p. 212.
3441:. deepak shinde, 2016. p. 169.
2461:
2452:
2339:
1738:
1583:
1526:
1276:. After Parantaka I, his elder son
13:
3751:Coins of India by C. J. Brown p.63
3671:"Tanjavur Periya Kovil Tamil Nadu"
2535:The Hindus: An Alternative History
1839:Rasarasamannan-Abhayakula-sekharan
1363:Conquest of Kerala and the Pandyas
14:
4497:
4383:
4154:The Indian Ocean in World History
3985:. Archaeological Survey of India.
3926:. 17 January 2003. Archived from
3659:. Archaeological Survey of India.
3386:. Anmol Publications. p. 4.
3383:Encyclopaedia of Indian paintings
3227:South Indian Shrines: Illustrated
2863:University of Mysore. p. 98.
2547:Indian Thought: A Critical Survey
2020:பெருநிலச் செல்வியுந் தனக்கேயுரிமை
2008:ஸ்வஸ்திஸ்ரீ் திருமகள் போல பெருநில
1837:, Nambi identifies his patron as
1664:
1519:describes Rajaraja defeating the
34:This article has multiple issues.
4389:
3996:. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
3990:Gunawardena, Charles A. (2005).
3910:
3878:
3846:
3821:
3806:
2996:Ramesh Chandra Majumdar (1951).
2922:History of India: a new approach
2466:. Primus Books. pp. 46–49.
2409:Charles Hubert Biddulph (1964).
2249:Kandalur Vasantha Kumaran Kathai
2225:and the subsequent accession of
2096:
2049:
2037:
2025:
2013:
2001:
1643:
1534:
498:
221:
119:
64:
23:
4077:. Madras: University of Madras.
3946:
3754:
3745:
3736:
3715:
3689:
3663:
3649:
3628:
3602:
3558:
3496:
3475:
3460:
3409:
3400:
3373:
3359:. Orient Longman. p. 246.
3346:
3326:
3296:
3266:
3217:
3201:
3185:
3164:
3125:
3110:
3096:
3070:
3055:
2989:
2962:
2927:
2915:
2850:
2841:
2832:
2671:
2608:
2540:
2528:
1957:
1576:corresponds to Coorg (Kudagu).
42:or discuss these issues on the
4289:S.R. Balasubrahmanyam (1977).
4134:A History of Indian literature
3035:Smith, Vincent Arthur (1904).
2492:
2419:
2402:
1915:, Brihadisvara is part of the
1875:Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur
1866:built by Rajaraja I, a UNESCO
1402:Chola conquest of Anuradhapura
1292:inscription of Rajaraja's son
1:
4367:. Columbia University Press.
4312:"Unearthed stone ends debate"
4271:Early Medieval Indian Society
4252:. Aryan Books International.
4091:. People's Publishing House.
3817:. Mudgala Trust. p. 149.
3224:P. V. Jagadisa Ayyar (1982).
3210:Studies in Indian place names
2857:M. S. Krishna Murthy (1980).
2309:
1929:The temple tower, called the
1216:
635:
536:
357:
289:
246:
4466:11th-century Indian monarchs
4461:10th-century Indian monarchs
4192:M. G. S. Narayanan (2013) .
3078:Epigraphia Indica, Volume 22
2289:, is a book by Tamil author
1887:. The temple, also known as
1797:Bronze Sculpture of Rajaraja
1702:
1455:Thiruvalangadu Copper Plates
297: January/February 1014
7:
2297:
1743:Rajaraja was a follower of
1685:Imperial Seal of Rajaraja I
1634:Chola invasion of Srivijaya
1571:Conquest of Kuda-malai-nadu
1373:Thiruvananthapuram district
1343:Inscription of Rajaraja in
1300:this point, he adopted the
1068:Legendary early Chola kings
146:conditions to do so are met
16:Chola emperor from 985-1014
10:
4502:
4364:Art of the Imperial Cholas
3918:"What makes Shyam special"
3657:"Endowments to the Temple"
3180:S.R. Balasubrahmanyam 1977
3119:Diplomacy in ancient India
3038:The Early History of India
2910:The world in the year 1000
2687:S.R. Balasubrahmanyam 1977
2032:கேயுரிமை பூண்டமை மனக்கொளக்
1924:Great Living Chola Temples
1872:
1825:meaning one who saved the
1733:Vallavaraiyan Vandiyadevan
1597:"Encyclopaedia Britannica"
1399:
1332:
1028:Great Living Chola Temples
1013:Chola art and architecture
4419:
4412:
4404:
3993:Encyclopedia of Sri Lanka
3251:Early Chola art, page 183
2566:by Upinder Singh, p. 590.
2537:by Wendy Doniger, p. 347.
2068:first line in every image
1949:Copper Coin or Rajaraja I
1883:and dedicated it to Lord
1831:Nambiyandar Nambi Puranam
1233:Rajaraja and his brother
494:
478:
470:
460:
448:
439:
432:
428:
403:
370:
353:
326:
322:
312:
302:
285:
276:
266:
256:
252:–January or February 1014
242:
235:
227:A Mural of Rajaraja I at
220:
203:
198:
79:for incorrect grammar use
4111:A History of South India
4015:. Abhinav Publications.
4011:Geeta Vasudevan (2003).
3467:S. R. Balasubrahmanyam.
2549:by K. Damodaran, p. 246.
1940:
1773:Rajaraja called himself
1493:Eastern Chalukya Kingdom
1472:Irivabedanga Satyashraya
1335:Battle of Kandalur Salai
1265:, and an elder sister –
1259:Government of Tamil Nadu
1205:in the Chola capital of
1170:atoll, and parts of the
4234:R. Rajalakshmi (1983).
3979:Eugen Hultzsch (1890).
3954:A. K. Seshadri (1998).
3762:"Rajaraja inscriptions"
3091:M. G. S. Narayanan 2013
2740:M. G. S. Narayanan 2013
2706:M. G. S. Narayanan 2013
2523:M. G. S. Narayanan 2013
2462:Sen, Sailendra (2013).
2168:, a 2022 film based on
1835:Tirumurai Kanda Puranam
366:Thanjavur, Chola Empire
4361:Vidya Dehejia (1990).
4334:Vidya Dehejia (2009).
4213:Norman Cutler (1987).
4198:. Kerala: CosmoBooks.
3725:India through the ages
2924:by Kittu Reddy, p. 146
2581:by U. B. Singh, p. 76.
2430:Atlas of the year 1000
2304:List of Tamil monarchs
2160:
1995:
1967:
1950:
1909:Gangaikonda Cholapuram
1901:Dravidian architecture
1870:
1823:Tirumurai Kanda Cholan
1798:
1716:
1686:
1678:
1620:as the main port. The
1603:
1458:
1423:
1351:
1329:Against Kandalur Salai
1317:
1238:
1226:
1203:Rajarajeshwaram Temple
1053:Gangaikonda Cholapuram
723:Parantaka II (Sundara)
4152:Milo Kearney (2003).
4030:John E. Cort (1998).
3697:"About Chola temples"
3380:Rakesh Kumar (2007).
3353:Edith Tömöry (1982).
3132:Gayatri Chakraborty.
2245:by Kathal Ramanathan.
2193:was released in 2023.
2154:
1990:
1965:
1948:
1862:
1796:
1789:Arts and architecture
1710:
1684:
1672:
1587:
1448:
1409:
1396:Conquest of Sri Lanka
1342:
1315:
1253:month, on the day of
1232:
1224:
973:Rajahnate of Sanmalan
376:Thiripuvana Madeviyar
4398:at Wikimedia Commons
4274:. Orient Blackswan.
3971:Epigraphia Carnatica
3866:on 27 September 2008
3703:on 22 September 2013
3597:Geeta Vasudevan 2003
3553:Geeta Vasudevan 2003
3321:Geeta Vasudevan 2003
3275:Rāja Rāja, the great
3062:Chandra Mauli Mani.
2827:K. A. N. Sastri 1992
2815:K. A. N. Sastri 1992
2803:K. A. N. Sastri 1992
2752:K. A. N. Sastri 1992
2725:K. A. N. Sastri 1992
2397:K. A. N. Sastri 1992
2229:to the Chola throne.
2109:confusing or unclear
1913:Airavatesvara temple
1893:RajaRajeswara Temple
1731:, the Samanta chief
1418:and its renaming to
1382:Kongu Desa Rajakkal,
1369:Kanyakumari district
733:Aditya II (Karikala)
4486:11th-century Hindus
4481:10th-century Hindus
3801:Eugen Hultzsch 1890
3677:on 10 February 2014
3616:on 26 December 2015
3585:Kamil Zvelebil 1974
3567:Tillai and Nataraja
3555:, pp. 109–110.
3439:Indian civilization
2888:, Volume 16, p. 74.
2771:, pp. 288–289.
2742:, pp. 115–117.
2708:, pp. 115–118.
2645:A. K. Seshadri 1998
2603:A. K. Seshadri 1998
2412:Coins of the Cholas
2233:Nandipurathu Nayagi
2190:Ponniyin Selvan: II
2170:Kalki Krishnamurthy
2117:clarify the section
2064:Brihadisvara Temple
1920:World Heritage Site
1868:World Heritage Site
1864:Brihadisvara Temple
1855:Brihadisvara Temple
1371:in the 990s and in
1237:meeting their guru.
229:Brihadisvara Temple
133:of this article is
4051:John Keay (2000).
3891:The Times of India
3775:B. Lewis Rice 1905
3538:Norman Cutler 1987
3093:, p. 115-118.
2769:V. Ramamurthy 1986
2657:Vidya Dehejia 1990
2634:. 2 November 2022.
2591:Vidya Dehejia 2009
2525:, p. 115-117.
2334:Vidya Dehejia 1990
2166:Ponniyin Selvan: I
2161:
2088:In popular culture
2056:உடையார் ஸ்ரீராஜராஜ
1968:
1951:
1871:
1799:
1775:Shivapada Shekhara
1717:
1687:
1679:
1546:. You can help by
1465:Chalukyan conflict
1424:
1352:
1318:
1308:Military conquests
1239:
1227:
1129:Rajaraja the Great
1121:Classical Sanskrit
514:Kings and Emperors
205:Rājakēsari Varman,
83:You can assist by
4429:
4428:
4420:Succeeded by
4394:Media related to
4374:978-0-231-51524-5
4353:978-0-231-51266-4
4281:978-81-250-2523-8
4205:978-81-88765-07-2
4184:978-981-230-938-9
4098:978-81-7007-121-1
4043:978-0-7914-3786-5
4003:978-1-932705-48-5
3523:John E. Cort 1998
3503:S. V. S. (1985).
3491:R. S. Sharma 2003
3366:978-0-86131-321-1
3323:, pp. 62–63.
3159:Milo Kearney 2003
2886:Epigraphia Indica
2817:, pp. 10–11.
2473:978-9-38060-734-4
2445:978-0-674-54187-0
2426:John Man (1999).
2369:Missing or empty
2149:
2148:
2141:
1807:Nambi Andar Nambi
1564:
1563:
1499:Hoysala conflicts
1420:Jananathamangalam
1410:The remains of a
1225:Mural of Rajaraja
1188:Tungabhadra River
1184:Western Chalukyas
1106:
1105:
1033:Solesvara Temples
993:Ganges Expedition
978:
977:
966:Rajahnate of Cebu
934:Related dynasties
918:
917:
821:
820:
626:
625:
506:
505:
444:
443:
416:Araiyan Rajarajan
388:Panchavanmahadevi
385:Tirilokyamahadevi
330:Arun Mozhi Varman
192:
191:
184:
174:
173:
166:
113:
112:
105:
57:
4493:
4451:Indian Shaivites
4423:Rajendra Chola I
4405:Preceded by
4402:
4401:
4393:
4378:
4357:
4341:
4330:
4326:History of Kongu
4319:
4306:
4285:
4261:
4241:
4230:
4209:
4188:
4167:
4148:
4124:
4102:
4078:
4066:
4053:India, a History
4047:
4026:
4007:
3986:
3975:
3961:
3940:
3939:
3937:
3935:
3914:
3908:
3907:
3905:
3903:
3894:. Archived from
3882:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3871:
3850:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3825:
3819:
3818:
3810:
3804:
3798:
3792:
3791:
3784:
3778:
3772:
3766:
3765:
3764:. varalaaru.com.
3758:
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3582:
3571:
3570:
3562:
3556:
3550:
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3520:
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3500:
3494:
3488:
3482:
3479:
3473:
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3464:
3458:
3457:
3449:
3443:
3442:
3434:
3428:
3422:
3416:
3413:
3407:
3404:
3398:
3397:
3377:
3371:
3370:
3350:
3344:
3339:
3333:
3330:
3324:
3318:
3312:
3309:
3303:
3300:
3294:
3291:
3280:
3279:
3270:
3264:
3259:
3253:
3248:
3242:
3241:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3205:
3199:
3198:
3189:
3183:
3177:
3171:
3168:
3162:
3156:
3150:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3129:
3123:
3122:
3117:Gandhi Jee Roy.
3114:
3108:
3107:
3100:
3094:
3088:
3082:
3081:
3074:
3068:
3067:
3059:
3053:
3052:
3032:
3026:
3021:
3015:
3010:
3004:
3003:
2993:
2987:
2984:
2975:
2974:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2954:Baij Nath Puri.
2951:
2940:
2939:
2931:
2925:
2919:
2913:
2907:
2901:
2895:
2889:
2883:
2877:
2874:
2865:
2864:
2854:
2848:
2845:
2839:
2836:
2830:
2824:
2818:
2812:
2806:
2800:
2787:
2784:Gunawardena 2005
2781:
2772:
2766:
2755:
2749:
2743:
2737:
2728:
2722:
2709:
2703:
2690:
2684:
2678:
2675:
2669:
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2660:
2654:
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2642:
2636:
2635:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2612:
2606:
2600:
2594:
2588:
2582:
2576:
2567:
2561:
2550:
2544:
2538:
2532:
2526:
2520:
2499:
2496:
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2487:
2478:
2477:
2459:
2450:
2449:
2433:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2406:
2400:
2394:
2379:
2378:
2372:
2367:
2365:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2343:
2337:
2331:
2223:Aditha Karikalan
2180:Aditha Karikalan
2144:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2124:
2100:
2099:
2092:
2053:
2041:
2029:
2017:
2005:
1760:Chudamani Vihara
1739:Religious policy
1720:Rajendra Chola I
1601:
1600:
1584:Naval expedition
1559:
1556:
1538:
1531:
1527:Kalinga conquest
1456:
1235:Aditha Karikalan
1098:
1091:
1084:
1018:Chola literature
998:Chola government
938:
937:
836:
835:
659:
658:
644:
640:
637:
541:
538:
527:
526:
508:
507:
502:
474:Vanavan Mahadevi
430:
429:
397:Prithivimahadevi
363:
359:
298:
294:
291:
251:
248:
225:
196:
195:
187:
180:
169:
162:
158:
155:
149:
123:
122:
115:
108:
101:
97:
94:
88:
68:
67:
60:
49:
27:
26:
19:
4501:
4500:
4496:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4491:
4490:
4431:
4430:
4425:
4416:
4410:
4386:
4381:
4375:
4354:
4303:
4282:
4227:
4206:
4185:
4164:
4145:
4121:
4107:K. A. N. Sastri
4099:
4083:K. A. N. Sastri
4071:K. A. N. Sastri
4063:
4044:
4023:
4004:
3949:
3944:
3943:
3933:
3931:
3930:on 27 June 2003
3916:
3915:
3911:
3901:
3899:
3898:on 16 June 2013
3884:
3883:
3879:
3869:
3867:
3852:
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3827:
3826:
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3811:
3807:
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3786:
3785:
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3755:
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3720:
3716:
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3704:
3695:
3694:
3690:
3680:
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3669:
3668:
3664:
3655:
3654:
3650:
3642:
3638:
3633:
3629:
3619:
3617:
3608:
3607:
3603:
3595:
3591:
3583:
3574:
3563:
3559:
3551:
3544:
3536:
3529:
3521:
3514:
3501:
3497:
3489:
3485:
3480:
3476:
3465:
3461:
3450:
3446:
3435:
3431:
3423:
3419:
3414:
3410:
3405:
3401:
3394:
3378:
3374:
3367:
3351:
3347:
3340:
3336:
3331:
3327:
3319:
3315:
3310:
3306:
3301:
3297:
3292:
3283:
3272:
3271:
3267:
3260:
3256:
3249:
3245:
3238:
3222:
3218:
3207:
3206:
3202:
3191:
3190:
3186:
3178:
3174:
3169:
3165:
3157:
3153:
3145:
3141:
3130:
3126:
3115:
3111:
3102:
3101:
3097:
3089:
3085:
3076:
3075:
3071:
3060:
3056:
3049:
3033:
3029:
3022:
3018:
3011:
3007:
2994:
2990:
2985:
2978:
2969:Ali, B. Sheik.
2967:
2963:
2952:
2943:
2932:
2928:
2920:
2916:
2908:
2904:
2896:
2892:
2884:
2880:
2875:
2868:
2855:
2851:
2846:
2842:
2837:
2833:
2825:
2821:
2813:
2809:
2801:
2790:
2782:
2775:
2767:
2758:
2750:
2746:
2738:
2731:
2723:
2712:
2704:
2693:
2685:
2681:
2676:
2672:
2667:
2663:
2655:
2651:
2643:
2639:
2630:
2629:
2625:
2614:
2613:
2609:
2601:
2597:
2589:
2585:
2577:
2570:
2562:
2553:
2545:
2541:
2533:
2529:
2521:
2502:
2497:
2493:
2488:
2481:
2474:
2460:
2453:
2446:
2424:
2420:
2407:
2403:
2395:
2382:
2370:
2368:
2359:
2358:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2332:
2317:
2312:
2300:
2281:Kaviri Mainthan
2243:Rajaraja Cholan
2237:Vembu Vikiraman
2214:Ponniyin Selvan
2198:Rajaraja Cholan
2175:Ponniyin Selvan
2145:
2134:
2128:
2125:
2114:
2101:
2097:
2090:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2046:
2045:
2042:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2022:
2021:
2018:
2010:
2009:
2006:
1960:
1943:
1877:
1857:
1791:
1741:
1705:
1667:
1646:
1602:
1595:
1594:Romila Thapar,
1593:
1586:
1573:
1560:
1554:
1551:
1544:needs expansion
1529:
1501:
1467:
1457:
1454:
1404:
1398:
1386:kanakabhisheka,
1365:
1337:
1331:
1310:
1219:
1168:Thiladhunmadulu
1158:, and northern
1102:
1073:
1072:
988:
980:
979:
935:
920:
919:
833:
823:
822:
693:Rajaditya Chola
656:
654:Medieval Cholas
642:
638:
628:
627:
539:
524:
485:
440:Raja Raja Chola
365:
361:
333:
331:
296:
292:
281:
249:
231:
206:
188:
177:
176:
175:
170:
159:
153:
150:
139:
124:
120:
109:
98:
92:
89:
82:
69:
65:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4499:
4489:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4456:Hindu monarchs
4453:
4448:
4443:
4441:Chola emperors
4427:
4426:
4421:
4418:
4411:
4406:
4400:
4399:
4385:
4384:External links
4382:
4380:
4379:
4373:
4358:
4352:
4331:
4320:
4307:
4301:
4286:
4280:
4262:
4242:
4231:
4225:
4210:
4204:
4189:
4183:
4168:
4162:
4149:
4143:
4129:Kamil Zvelebil
4125:
4119:
4103:
4097:
4079:
4067:
4061:
4048:
4042:
4027:
4021:
4008:
4002:
3987:
3976:
3962:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3909:
3877:
3845:
3820:
3805:
3793:
3779:
3777:, p. 107.
3767:
3753:
3744:
3735:
3714:
3688:
3662:
3648:
3646:, p. xix.
3644:John Keay 2000
3636:
3627:
3601:
3589:
3587:, p. 191.
3572:
3565:B. Natarajan.
3557:
3542:
3527:
3525:, p. 178.
3512:
3495:
3493:, p. 270.
3483:
3474:
3459:
3444:
3429:
3417:
3408:
3399:
3392:
3372:
3365:
3345:
3334:
3325:
3313:
3304:
3295:
3281:
3265:
3254:
3243:
3236:
3216:
3200:
3184:
3172:
3163:
3151:
3147:John Keay 2000
3139:
3124:
3109:
3095:
3083:
3069:
3054:
3047:
3027:
3016:
3005:
2988:
2976:
2961:
2941:
2934:Malini Adiga.
2926:
2914:
2902:
2890:
2878:
2866:
2849:
2840:
2831:
2819:
2807:
2788:
2773:
2756:
2754:, p. 238.
2744:
2729:
2710:
2691:
2679:
2670:
2661:
2649:
2637:
2623:
2607:
2595:
2583:
2568:
2551:
2539:
2527:
2500:
2491:
2479:
2472:
2451:
2444:
2418:
2401:
2380:
2338:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2284:
2278:
2270:Bharat Ek Khoj
2266:
2256:
2246:
2240:
2230:
2210:
2207:Sivaji Ganesan
2205:film starring
2194:
2172:'s 1955 novel
2147:
2146:
2104:
2102:
2095:
2089:
2086:
2066:in Thanjavur (
2061:
2060:
2055:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2012:
2011:
2007:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1959:
1956:
1942:
1939:
1922:known as the "
1907:. Along with
1897:Rajarajeswaram
1873:Main article:
1856:
1853:
1829:. In his work
1790:
1787:
1740:
1737:
1729:Krishnan Raman
1704:
1701:
1666:
1665:Administration
1663:
1645:
1642:
1630:Rajendra Chola
1591:
1585:
1582:
1572:
1569:
1562:
1561:
1541:
1539:
1528:
1525:
1500:
1497:
1466:
1463:
1452:
1400:Main article:
1397:
1394:
1364:
1361:
1333:Main article:
1330:
1327:
1309:
1306:
1290:Thiruvalangadu
1247:Thiruvalangadu
1218:
1215:
1180:Western Gangas
1152:Pandya country
1117:Rājarāja Cōḻaṉ
1104:
1103:
1101:
1100:
1093:
1086:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1003:Chola military
1000:
995:
989:
986:
985:
982:
981:
976:
975:
969:
968:
962:
961:
958:Nidugal Cholas
954:
953:
946:
945:
936:
933:
932:
929:
928:
922:
921:
916:
915:
912:
906:
905:
902:
896:
895:
892:
890:Kulothunga III
886:
885:
882:
880:Rajadhiraja II
876:
875:
872:
866:
865:
862:
856:
855:
852:
846:
845:
842:
834:
829:
828:
825:
824:
819:
818:
815:
809:
808:
805:
799:
798:
795:
789:
788:
785:
779:
778:
775:
769:
768:
765:
759:
758:
755:
749:
748:
745:
739:
738:
735:
729:
728:
725:
719:
718:
715:
709:
708:
705:
699:
698:
695:
689:
688:
685:
679:
678:
675:
669:
668:
665:
657:
652:
651:
648:
647:
630:
629:
624:
623:
621:
615:
614:
612:
606:
605:
603:
601:Kopperuncholan
597:
596:
594:
588:
587:
585:
579:
578:
576:
570:
569:
567:
561:
560:
558:
556:Ilamchetchenni
552:
551:
549:
543:
542:
540: 161 BCE
533:
525:
520:
519:
516:
515:
504:
503:
496:
492:
491:
480:
476:
475:
472:
468:
467:
462:
458:
457:
452:
446:
445:
442:
441:
437:
436:
426:
425:
424:
423:
420:
417:
414:
407:
401:
400:
399:
398:
395:
392:
389:
386:
383:
380:
377:
372:
368:
367:
364:(aged 66)
355:
351:
350:
332:3 November 947
328:
324:
323:
320:
319:
314:
310:
309:
304:
300:
299:
287:
283:
282:
274:
273:
268:
264:
263:
258:
254:
253:
244:
240:
239:
233:
232:
226:
218:
217:
201:
200:
190:
189:
172:
171:
127:
125:
118:
111:
110:
72:
70:
63:
58:
32:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4498:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4446:Chola dynasty
4444:
4442:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4424:
4415:
4409:
4403:
4397:
4392:
4388:
4387:
4376:
4370:
4366:
4365:
4359:
4355:
4349:
4345:
4340:
4339:
4332:
4328:
4327:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4308:
4304:
4302:9789060236079
4298:
4294:
4293:
4287:
4283:
4277:
4273:
4272:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4238:
4232:
4228:
4226:0-253-35334-3
4222:
4218:
4217:
4211:
4207:
4201:
4197:
4196:
4190:
4186:
4180:
4176:
4175:
4169:
4165:
4163:0-415-31277-9
4159:
4156:. Routledge.
4155:
4150:
4146:
4144:3-447-01582-9
4140:
4136:
4135:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4120:0-19-560686-8
4116:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4094:
4090:
4089:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4062:0-00-638784-5
4058:
4054:
4049:
4045:
4039:
4035:
4034:
4028:
4024:
4022:0-00-638784-5
4018:
4014:
4009:
4005:
3999:
3995:
3994:
3988:
3984:
3983:
3977:
3973:
3972:
3967:
3966:B. Lewis Rice
3963:
3959:
3958:
3952:
3951:
3929:
3925:
3924:
3919:
3913:
3897:
3893:
3892:
3887:
3881:
3865:
3861:
3860:
3855:
3849:
3834:
3833:moviecrow.com
3830:
3824:
3816:
3809:
3802:
3797:
3789:
3783:
3776:
3771:
3763:
3757:
3748:
3739:
3731:
3727:
3726:
3718:
3702:
3698:
3692:
3676:
3672:
3666:
3658:
3652:
3645:
3640:
3631:
3615:
3611:
3605:
3599:, p. 46.
3598:
3593:
3586:
3581:
3579:
3577:
3568:
3561:
3554:
3549:
3547:
3540:, p. 50.
3539:
3534:
3532:
3524:
3519:
3517:
3508:
3507:
3499:
3492:
3487:
3478:
3470:
3463:
3455:
3448:
3440:
3433:
3427:, p. 67.
3426:
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3403:
3395:
3393:9788126131228
3389:
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3384:
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3196:
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3161:, p. 70.
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3113:
3105:
3099:
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2835:
2829:, p. 36.
2828:
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2797:
2795:
2793:
2786:, p. 71.
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2658:
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2647:, p. 32.
2646:
2641:
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2627:
2619:
2618:
2611:
2605:, p. 31.
2604:
2599:
2593:, p. 42.
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2263:Cherar Kottai
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2217:, a novel by
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2187:. The sequel
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2121:the talk page
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2110:
2105:This section
2103:
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2028:
2016:
2004:
1994:
1989:
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1981:
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1610:
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1125:Rājarāja Śōḷa
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1023:Flag of Chola
1021:
1019:
1016:
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1001:
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994:
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987:Chola society
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942:Telugu Chodas
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860:Kulothunga II
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643: 848 CE
634:Interregnum (
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237:Chola Emperor
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186:
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168:
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154:November 2023
147:
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93:November 2023
86:
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73:This article
71:
62:
61:
56:
54:
47:
46:
41:
40:
35:
30:
21:
20:
4413:
4408:Uttama Chola
4363:
4337:
4325:
4315:
4295:. Oriental.
4291:
4270:
4266:R. S. Sharma
4249:
4246:R. Nagaswamy
4236:
4215:
4194:
4173:
4153:
4133:
4110:
4087:
4074:
4052:
4032:
4012:
3992:
3981:
3970:
3956:
3947:Bibliography
3932:. Retrieved
3928:the original
3921:
3912:
3900:. Retrieved
3896:the original
3889:
3880:
3868:. Retrieved
3864:the original
3857:
3848:
3836:. Retrieved
3832:
3823:
3814:
3808:
3803:, p. 8.
3796:
3787:
3782:
3770:
3756:
3747:
3738:
3724:
3717:
3705:. Retrieved
3701:the original
3691:
3679:. Retrieved
3675:the original
3665:
3651:
3639:
3630:
3618:. Retrieved
3614:the original
3604:
3592:
3566:
3560:
3505:
3498:
3486:
3477:
3468:
3462:
3453:
3447:
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3268:
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3257:
3250:
3246:
3226:
3219:
3209:
3203:
3193:
3187:
3182:, p. 6.
3175:
3166:
3154:
3142:
3133:
3127:
3118:
3112:
3103:
3098:
3086:
3077:
3072:
3063:
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3030:
3023:
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3012:
3008:
2998:
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2935:
2929:
2921:
2917:
2909:
2905:
2897:
2893:
2885:
2881:
2859:
2852:
2843:
2834:
2822:
2810:
2805:, p. 3.
2747:
2727:, p. 2.
2689:, p. 3.
2682:
2673:
2664:
2652:
2640:
2626:
2616:
2610:
2598:
2586:
2578:
2563:
2546:
2542:
2534:
2530:
2494:
2463:
2429:
2421:
2411:
2404:
2399:, p. 1.
2371:|title=
2350:. Retrieved
2341:
2280:
2268:
2262:
2258:
2248:
2242:
2232:
2212:
2201:, is a 1973
2196:
2188:
2177:
2164:
2135:
2126:
2115:Please help
2106:
2079:
2075:
2067:
1991:
1983:
1969:
1958:Inscriptions
1952:
1928:
1905:Chola period
1896:
1892:
1889:Periya Kovil
1888:
1878:
1850:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1814:
1802:
1800:
1774:
1772:
1768:Nagapattinam
1757:
1742:
1718:
1688:
1647:
1632:to lead the
1618:Nagapattinam
1611:
1604:
1588:
1578:
1574:
1565:
1552:
1548:adding to it
1543:
1502:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1468:
1459:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1390:
1385:
1381:
1378:
1366:
1357:
1353:
1323:
1319:
1298:
1278:Gandaraditya
1271:
1243:Parantaka II
1240:
1210:
1200:
1192:Telugu Chola
1176:Indian Ocean
1149:
1145:Indian Ocean
1128:
1124:
1116:
1113:Middle Tamil
1108:
1107:
1048:Melakadambur
960:of Karnataka
925:
910:Rajendra III
900:Rajaraja III
840:Kulothunga I
831:Later Cholas
813:Athirajendra
803:Virarajendra
793:Rajamahendra
752:
703:Gandaraditya
633:
619:Perunarkilli
592:Killivalavan
522:Early Cholas
486:
465:Parantaka II
422:Mathevadigal
394:Latamahadevi
379:Lokamahadevi
362:(1014-01-00)
360:January 1014
341:(modern-day
339:Chola Empire
279:Anuradhapura
204:
193:
178:
160:
151:
129:
99:
90:
77:copy editing
75:may require
74:
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
4476:1014 deaths
4471:940s births
4414:Rajaraja I
3902:11 February
3854:"Cine Quiz"
2291:Balakumaran
1911:temple and
1713:Karuvuruvar
1659:Tamil month
1517:Channapatna
1416:Polonnaruwa
1349:Kanyakumari
1302:regnal name
1274:Parantaka I
1164:Lakshadweep
1137:South India
950:Chodagangas
870:Rajaraja II
783:Rajendra II
773:Rajadhiraja
683:Parantaka I
547:Kulakkottan
488:See details
434:Regnal name
303:Predecessor
257:Predecessor
4435:Categories
4396:Rajaraja I
4258:817305388X
4075:The Cholas
3707:6 December
3681:4 December
3620:4 December
3437:deepak s.
2310:References
2259:Rajakesari
2184:Jayam Ravi
2129:April 2024
2111:to readers
1985:Meikeerthi
1935:Tamil Nadu
1841:, that is
1819:Dikshitars
1622:Chola Navy
1345:Suchindram
1294:Rajendra I
1257:star. The
1217:Early life
1109:Rajaraja I
1008:Chola Navy
952:of Kalinga
763:Rajendra I
753:Rajaraja I
663:Vijayalaya
641: – c.
639: 200
583:Nalankilli
574:Nedunkilli
412:Rajendra I
343:Tamil Nadu
317:Rajendra I
295: – c.
293: 992
271:Rajendra I
250: 985
199:Rajaraja I
131:neutrality
85:editing it
39:improve it
4417:985–1014
4316:The Hindu
4109:(2000) .
4073:(1984) .
3923:The Hindu
3859:The Hindu
3838:9 October
2352:10 August
2157:Thanjavur
1980:Karnataka
1881:Thanjavur
1827:Tirumurai
1815:brahmanas
1703:Officials
1675:Tamilnadu
1626:Sri Lanka
1509:Narasipur
1263:Aditha II
1211:valanadus
1207:Thanjavur
1160:Sri Lanka
1141:Sri Lanka
1063:Tiruvarur
1058:Thanjavur
1038:Poompuhar
944:of Andhra
914:1246–1279
904:1216–1256
894:1178–1218
884:1166–1178
874:1146–1173
864:1133–1150
854:1118–1135
844:1070–1120
817:1067–1070
807:1063–1070
797:1060–1063
787:1051–1063
777:1018–1054
767:1012–1044
535:205 BCE–
495:Signature
335:Thanjavur
313:Successor
307:Mahinda V
267:Successor
215:Śikhāmaṇi
142:talk page
45:talk page
4329:. ISIAC.
4268:(2003).
4248:(2010).
4240:. Ennes.
4131:(1974).
3968:(1905).
2912:, p. 311
2900:, p. 198
2362:cite web
2298:See also
1976:Mulbagal
1803:Thevaram
1764:Buddhist
1749:Hinduism
1747:sect of
1745:Shaivism
1655:Chalukya
1651:Kundavai
1607:Maldives
1592:—
1521:Hoysalas
1505:Hoysalas
1453:—
1286:Arinjaya
1267:Kundavai
1255:Sadhayam
1182:and the
1172:Maldives
1131:, was a
757:985–1014
713:Arinjaya
673:Aditya I
667:848–871?
565:Karikala
483:Hinduism
479:Religion
277:King of
213:Kṣatriya
135:disputed
3960:. Nile.
2287:Udayaar
2275:Om Puri
2253:Sujatha
2107:may be
1931:vimanam
1903:of the
1813:. The
1638:Kadaram
1513:Hoysala
1347:, near
1251:Aipassi
1174:in the
1043:Uraiyur
926:Related
850:Vikrama
747:971–987
737:966–971
727:950–980
717:955–956
707:949–962
697:935–949
687:907–955
677:871–907
531:Ellalan
450:Dynasty
4371:
4350:
4299:
4278:
4256:
4223:
4202:
4181:
4160:
4141:
4117:
4095:
4059:
4040:
4019:
4000:
3934:6 June
3870:9 July
3390:
3363:
3234:
3045:
2470:
2442:
2227:Uttama
1917:UNESCO
1845:Abhaya
1833:alias
1753:Vishnu
1488:Kanchi
1154:, the
743:Uttama
471:Mother
461:Father
371:Spouse
261:Uttama
2219:Kalki
2203:Tamil
2082:Arcot
1974:from
1972:Tamil
1941:Coins
1885:Shiva
1783:Shiva
1697:China
1616:with
1412:Shiva
1196:Vengi
1133:Chola
512:Chola
455:Chola
405:Issue
347:India
286:Reign
243:Reign
209:Taila
4369:ISBN
4348:ISBN
4297:ISBN
4276:ISBN
4254:ASIN
4221:ISBN
4200:ISBN
4179:ISBN
4158:ISBN
4139:ISBN
4115:ISBN
4093:ISBN
4057:ISBN
4038:ISBN
4017:ISBN
3998:ISBN
3936:2013
3904:2013
3872:2011
3840:2022
3709:2015
3683:2015
3622:2015
3388:ISBN
3361:ISBN
3232:ISBN
3043:ISBN
2468:ISBN
2440:ISBN
2375:help
2354:2024
2261:and
1895:and
1779:IAST
1762:, a
1758:The
1725:Bana
354:Died
327:Born
128:The
3730:185
2436:104
2251:by
2235:by
1978:in
1926:".
1785:".
1550:.
4437::
4346:.
4344:42
4314:.
3920:.
3888:.
3856:.
3831:.
3575:^
3545:^
3530:^
3515:^
3284:^
2979:^
2944:^
2869:^
2791:^
2776:^
2759:^
2732:^
2713:^
2694:^
2571:^
2554:^
2503:^
2482:^
2454:^
2438:.
2383:^
2366::
2364:}}
2360:{{
2318:^
1937:.
1891:,
1755:.
1640:.
1523:.
1495:.
1269:.
1166:,
1147:.
1123::
1119:;
1115::
636:c.
537:c.
358:c.
345:,
337:,
290:c.
247:c.
48:.
4377:.
4356:.
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