2394:
153:
2867:
500:
2367:
4431:
2891:
129:
4417:
2879:
725:
357:
548:
benefit the population as an entirety, rather than many young that would exhibit less fitness. Unfortunately, with the human occupation of most islands in the past 5,000 to 35,000 years, selection has undoubtedly reversed the tolerance into a wariness of humans and predators, causing species unequipped for the change to become susceptible to extinction.
3996:
Hugueney, Marguerite; Berthet, Didier; Bodergat, Anne-Marie; Escuillié, François; Mourer-Chauviré, Cécile; Wattinne, Aurélia (2003). "La limite OligocÚne-MiocÚne en
Limagne: changements fauniques chez les mammifÚres, oiseaux et ostracodes des différents niveaux de Billy-Créchy (Allier, France) ".
482:
demands, reduces the flightless rail's energy expenditures. For this reason, flightlessness makes it easier to survive and colonize an island where resources may be limited. This also allows for the evolution of multiple sizes of flightless rails on the same island as the birds diversify to fill
547:
exhibit lower aggression and reduced territorial defense behaviors than do their mainland
European counterparts, but this tolerance may be limited to close relatives. The resulting kin-selecting altruistic phenomena reallocate resources to produce fewer young that are more competitive and would
486:
In addition to energy conservation, certain morphological traits also affect rail evolution. Rails have relatively small flight muscles and wings to begin with. In rails, the flight muscles make up only 12â17% of their overall body mass. This, in combination with their terrestrial habits and
495:
Another factor that contributes to the occurrence of the flightless state is a climate that does not necessitate seasonal long-distance migration; this is evidenced by the tendency to evolve flightlessness at a much greater occurrence in tropical islands than in temperate or polar islands.
607:
in dense vegetation. In general, they are shy, secretive, and difficult to observe. Most species walk and run vigorously on strong legs, and have long toes that are well adapted to soft, uneven surfaces. They tend to have short, rounded wings, and although they are generally weak
376:
The rails are a family of small to medium-sized, ground-living birds. They vary in length from 12 to 63 cm (5 to 25 in) and in weight from 20 to 3,000 g (0.7 oz to 6 lb 10 oz). Some species have long necks and in many cases are laterally compressed.
671:, at 13 cm (5.1 in) and 25 g. The larger species are also sometimes given other names. The black coots are more adapted to open water than their relatives, and some other large species are called gallinules and swamphens. The largest of this group is the
466:
in the animal kingdom. Of the roughly 150 historically known rail species, 31 extant or recently extinct species evolved flightlessness from volant (flying) ancestors. This process created the endemic populations of flightless rails seen on
Pacific islands today.
3404:
568:
of
Rallidae species vary and are often quite loud. Some are whistle-like or squeak-like, while others seem unbirdlike. Loud calls are useful in dense vegetation, or at night where seeing another member of the species is difficult. Some calls are
491:
to lose the power of flight and evolve the reduced, stubby wings only useful to keep balance when running quickly. Indeed, some argue that measuring the evolution of flightlessness in rails in generations rather than millennia might be possible.
540:, although the species is clearly polyphyletic (it has more than one ancestral species), it is not the ancestor of most of its flightless descendants, revealing that the flightless condition evolved in rails before speciation was complete.
715:
as small as one or as large as 15 eggs are known. Egg clutches may not always hatch at the same time. Chicks become mobile after a few days. They often depend on their parents until fledging, which happens around 1 month old.
536:, exhibit a persistently high ability to disperse long distances among tropic Pacific islands, though only the latter two gave rise to flightless endemic species throughout the Pacific Basin. In examining the phylogeny of
455:, a characteristic that has led them to colonize many isolated oceanic islands. Furthermore, these birds often prefer to run rather than fly, especially in dense habitat. Some are also flightless at some time during their
3396:
862:
below showing the phylogeny of the living and recently extinct
Rallidae is based on a study by Juan Garcia-R and collaborators published in 2020. The genera and number of species are taken from the list maintained by
678:
The rails have suffered disproportionally from human changes to the environment, and an estimated several hundred species of island rails have become extinct because of this. Several island species of rails remain
3980:
Granjon, L., and G. Cheylan (1989): The fate of black rats (rattus-rattus, l) introduced on an island, as revealed by radio-tracking. Comptes Rendus De L Académie des
Sciences, SĂ©rie III Sciences de la Vie
543:
A consequence of lowered energy expenditure in flightless island rails has also been associated with evolution of their "tolerance" and "approachability". For example, the (non-Rallidae) Corsican
518:
It is paradoxical, since rails appear loath to fly, that the evolution of flightless rails would necessitate high dispersal to isolated islands. Nonetheless, three species of small-massed rails,
4187:
4062:
Livezey, B. (2003): Evolution of
Flightlessness in Rails (Gruiformes: Rallidae): Phylogenetic, Ecomorphological, and Ontogenetic Perspectives. Ornithological Monographs No. 53. (Book)
3930:
GĂĄl, Erika; HĂr, JĂĄnos; Kessler, EugĂ©n & KĂłkay, JĂłzsef (1998â99): KözĂ©psĂ”-miocĂ©n Ă”smaradvĂĄnyok, a MĂĄtraszĂ”lĂ”s, RĂĄkĂłczi-kĂĄpolna alatti ĂștbevĂĄgĂĄsbĂłl. I. A MĂĄtraszĂ”lĂ”s 1. lelĂ”hely .
4250:; Fleischer, R.C. (2002). "Rapid, independent evolution of flightlessness in four species of Pacific Island rails (Rallidae): an analysis based on mitochondrial sequence data".
772:
Due to their tendencies towards flightlessness, many island species have been unable to cope with introduced species. The most dramatic human-caused extinctions occurred in the
3944:
GarcĂa-R, J.C.; Gibb, G.C.; Trewick, S.A. (2014). "Deep global evolutionary radiation in birds: Diversification and trait evolution in the cosmopolitan bird family
Rallidae".
2521:
from the
Greater Antilles was formerly considered to be a rail, but based on DNA evidence is now known to be an independent lineage of gruiform more closely related to
3609:
4131:
McNab, B.K.; Ellis, H.I. (2006). "Flightless rails endemic to islands have lower energy expenditures and clutch sizes than flighted rails on islands and continents".
839:, this may or may not be correct; it certainly seems more justified than most of the Sibley-Ahlquist proposals. However, such a group would probably also include the
4159:
4402:
Taylor, Barry., van Perlo, Ber. Rails: A Guide to Rails, Crakes, Gallinules and Coots of the World. United
Kingdom: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2010. ISBN 9781408135372
804:, but some of the last remaining individuals were taken into captivity and are breeding well, though attempts at reintroduction have met with mixed results.
4776:
3465:
788:, during which an estimated 750â1800 species of birds became extinct, half of which were rails. Some species that came close to extinction, such as the
3828:
2928:"Phylogeny based on ultra-conserved elements clarifies the evolution of rails and allies (Ralloidea) and is the basis for a revised classification"
487:
behavioral flightlessness, is a significant contributor to the rail's remarkably fast loss of flight; as few as 125,000 years were needed for the
4632:
4671:
3794:
470:
Many island rails are flightless because small island habitats without mammalian predators eliminate the need to fly or move long distances.
2449:(recently extinct; flightless, single island, lost by 1760 to overhunting, destruction of habitat by tortoise hunters, and introduced cats)
4352:; Tennyson, A.J.D.; Jones, C.; McNamara, J.A.; Douglas, B.J. (2007). "Miocene waterfowl and other birds from central Otago, New Zealand".
2393:
3302:
835:, which has been widely accepted in America, raises the family to ordinal level as the Ralliformes. Given uncertainty about gruiform
3889:
4766:
4606:
4645:
4405:
Australia's Amazing Wildlife. 2009, (Original Publisher: Cornell University). United Kingdom: Bay Books, 1985. ISBN 9780858358300
2767:
287:, and flooded fields or open forest. They are especially fond of dense vegetation for nesting. The rail family is found in every
3927:
Dinkins, Walter (2014): The Rail Bird Hunter's Bible. A History of Rail Bird Hunting in the USA. Virtualbookworm.com Publishing.
3723:(1974). "A new species of Nesotrochis from Hispaniola, with notes on other fossil rails from the West Indies (Aves: Rallidae)".
3563:
2360:
3496:
2007:
872:
3435:
4650:
3598:
4190:
4354:
3006:
2727:
Rallidae gen. et sp. indet. UMMP V55013-55014; UMMP V55012/V45750/V45746 (Rexroad Late Pliocene of Saw Rock Canyon, USA)
2515:
The undescribed Fernando de Noronha rail, genus and species undetermined, survived to historic times. The extinct genus
3522:
478:
and flight muscles taking up to 40% of a bird's weight. Reducing the flight muscles, with a corresponding lowering of
4283:
4183:
3335:
2982:
4200:
Perret, P.; Blondel, J. (1993). "Experimental-evidence of the territorial defense hypothesis in insular blue tits".
4733:
4585:
2900:
4399:
Guide, Joe. Rail Bird Hunter's Bible. N.p.: Virtualbookworm.com Publishing, Incorporated, 2014. ISBN 9781621374527
2972:
4676:
4598:
451:
annually. The weakness of their flight, however, means they are easily blown off course, thus making them common
3457:
3056:"Phylogenomic reconstruction sheds light on new relationships and timescale of rails (Aves: Rallidae) evolution"
875:(IOC). The names of the subfamilies and tribes are those proposed by Jeremy Kirchman and collaborators in 2021.
447:
of those Rallidae able to fly, while not powerful, can be sustained for long periods of time, and many species
263:. The family exhibits considerable diversity in its forms, and includes such ubiquitous species as the crakes,
4658:
3486:
2439:(recently extinct; flightless, single island, lost by 1700 to overhunting and introduced pigs, cats and rats)
827:, as well as several smaller families of usually "primitive" midsized amphibious birds, to make up the order
816:
219:
748:
was hunted to extinction by the starving Japanese garrison after the island was cut off from supply during
404:, which is a fleshy, rearward extension of the upper bill. The most complex frontal shield is found in the
4528:
4515:
4168:
4164:
695:
The breeding behaviors of many Rallidae species are poorly understood or unknown. Most are thought to be
4533:
3547:
2302:
864:
4725:
4022:"Speciation of flightless rails on islands: A DNA-based phylogeny of the typical rails of the Pacific"
384:
is the most variable feature within the family. In some species, it is longer than the head (like the
4738:
4686:
4421:
757:
253:
152:
792:, and the takahÄ, have made modest recoveries due to the efforts of conservation organisations. The
4252:
832:
17:
3786:
2567:(Wasatch Early Eocene of Steamboat Springs, USA; Late Eocene â ?Oligocene of Isfara, Tadzhikistan)
3897:
4712:
4468:
3885:
2851:(Montmartre Late Eocene of France) is sometimes considered a rail and then placed in the genus
2370:
2178:
4291:"Flightlessness and phylogeny amongst endemic rails (Aves:Rallidae) of the New Zealand region"
3938:
2409:(recently extinct; flightless, single island, lost by early 1800s to introduced cats and rats)
279:(such as the coot), but many more are wading birds or shorebirds. The ideal rail habitats are
4707:
4637:
3670:
2481:(recently extinct; flightless, single island, lost by no later than 1400s to introduced rats)
4699:
3827:. Probably from a rail, but it is too damaged to determine its affiliations more precisely:
4554:
4362:
4302:
4109:
3953:
3760:
3244:
2011:
848:
704:
3294:
819:
in 1815. The family has traditionally been grouped with two families of larger birds, the
612:, they are, nevertheless, capable of covering long distances. Island species often become
8:
4068:
3646:
2548:
2463:
700:
696:
511:
4366:
4306:
4113:
4066:
McNab, B.K. (1994). "Energy conservation and the evolution of flightlessness in birds".
3957:
3764:
3248:
2419:(recently extinct; flightless, single island, lost by 1500s to introduced cats and rats)
667:
species are normally called rails irrespective of bill length. The smallest of these is
4506:
4435:
4388:
4331:
4318:
4290:
4217:
4084:
4051:
4043:
3833:
3645:
Dozens of mostly broken isolated skull and limb bones of a rail or crake the size of a
3267:
3232:
2311:
2022:
733:
680:
570:
463:
452:
288:
147:
4264:
4133:
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology
4047:
3878:
2429:(recently extinct; flightless, two islands, lost between 1500 and 1700 to overhunting)
2356:
4761:
4694:
4541:
4445:
4336:
4279:
4179:
4148:
4122:
4098:"Minimizing energy expenditure facilitates vertebrate persistence on oceanic islands"
4097:
3969:
3920:
3816:
3555:
3331:
3272:
2978:
2426:
2416:
789:
684:
668:
412:
4392:
4221:
4088:
4055:
3902:) from the Oligo-Miocene of Riversleigh, Northwestern Queensland, Australia. (2005)"
3490:
4378:
4370:
4349:
4326:
4310:
4260:
4209:
4140:
4117:
4076:
4033:
4008:
3961:
3916:
3874:
3768:
3732:
3678:
3650:
3551:
3526:
3425:
3262:
3252:
3067:
2939:
2508:
2081:
868:
797:
745:
520:
256:
4012:
2944:
2927:
2730:
Rallidae gen. et sp. indet. UMMP V29080 (Rexroad Late Pliocene of Fox Canyon, USA)
2507:(recently extinct; flight ability uncertain, single island, lost by no later than
4546:
4247:
4228:
4194:
3863:
Ballmann, Peter (1969). "Les Oiseaux miocĂšnes de la Grive-Saint-Alban (IsĂšre) ".
3847:
3824:
3820:
3720:
3666:
3594:
2923:
2812:
2406:
2236:
1870:
761:
613:
556:
In general, members of the Rallidae are omnivorous generalists. Many species eat
526:
31:
4663:
4520:
4451:
3965:
2694:
Rallidae gen. et sp. indet. (Bathans Early/Middle Miocene of Otago, New Zealand)
2691:
Rallidae gen. et sp. indet. (Bathans Early/Middle Miocene of Otago, New Zealand)
271:; other rail species are extremely rare or endangered. Many are associated with
4771:
4593:
4580:
4271:
4144:
3708:
3521:. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. Vol. 222. New York:
3383:
3323:
2895:
2871:
2718:
Rallidae gen. et sp. indet. (Sajóvölgyi Middle Miocene of MåtraszÔlÔs, Hungary)
2504:
2489:
2446:
2355:). These have not been listed here; see the genus accounts and the articles on
2203:
2133:
840:
753:
663:, long-billed species tend to be called rails and short-billed species crakes.
597:
532:
448:
401:
369:
303:
4374:
3772:
2998:
4755:
3430:
3290:
2754:
2745:
2648:
2556:
2522:
2320:
2293:
2153:
2072:
2047:
2028:
1483:
773:
712:
708:
664:
503:
299:
136:
86:
3257:
687:
organisations and governments continue to work to prevent their extinction.
4491:
4314:
4152:
4038:
4021:
3973:
3276:
2883:
2866:
2459:
2167:
2124:
2107:
1301:
1208:
969:
820:
749:
557:
428:
389:
385:
334:
53:
4340:
2492:(recently extinct; flightless, single island, lost by no later than early
2343:
Additionally, many prehistoric rails of extant genera are known only from
4619:
4500:
2721:
Rallidae gen. et sp. indet. (Middle Miocene of Grive-Saint-Alban, France)
2544:
2517:
2250:
2229:â swamphens and purple gallinules (10 living species, 2 recently extinct)
2139:
2036:
1836:
1689:
1407:
1283:
1258:
935:
656:
609:
499:
488:
475:
471:
444:
405:
61:
35:
3233:"Magnitude and variation of prehistoric bird extinctions in the Pacific"
2708:(Middle Miocene of Sansan, France -? Late Miocene of RudabĂĄnya, Hungary)
2010:(IOC) contains 152 species divided into 43 genera. For more detail, see
1601:â swamphens, gallinules and takahes (12 species of which 2 are extinct)
4213:
2667:
2659:(Late Oligocene/?Early Miocene -? Middle Miocene of France) â includes
2478:
2366:
2348:
2335:
2258:
2242:
2098:
2087:
1913:
1707:
1655:
1637:
1233:
1122:
828:
785:
617:
577:
479:
327:
311:
284:
204:
106:
71:
4383:
4295:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
3737:
3072:
3055:
4567:
4322:
2785:
2378:
2329:
2282:
2225:
1895:
1597:
1508:
1081:
1063:
859:
793:
781:
777:
729:
660:
621:
604:
565:
561:
420:
397:
307:
276:
268:
164:
111:
4611:
4462:
3530:
3492:
Analyse de la nature ou, Tableau de l'univers et des corps organisés
2636:
Rallidae gen. et sp. indet. (Late Oligocene of Billy-Créchy, France)
672:
361:
4624:
4572:
4485:
4444:
4430:
4080:
2921:
2890:
2833:
Neornithes incerta sedis (Late Oligocene of Riversleigh, Australia)
2759:
2678:(Late Oligocene? â Late Miocene of C Europe) â possibly belongs in
2526:
2493:
2436:
2374:
2266:
2192:
2053:
1818:
1758:
1458:
987:
813:
732:
is an example of an island species that has been badly affected by
652:
637:
593:
544:
184:
128:
101:
96:
81:
76:
66:
2559:, as well from the less comprehensively studied strata elsewhere:
3999:
3865:
3295:"Memorializing the Wake Island Rail: An Extinction Caused by War"
2724:
Rallidae gen. et sp. indet. (Late Miocene of Lemoyne Quarry, USA)
2541:
2454:
2274:
2209:
2184:
2159:
2113:
1776:
1433:
1165:
917:
844:
824:
741:
416:
291:
272:
116:
91:
3995:
3751:
Worthy, T.H. (1997). "A mid-Pleistocene rail from New Zealand".
3397:"Guam: Brown Tree Snake Responsible for Extinction of 5 Species"
3231:
Duncan, Richard P.; Boyer, Alison G.; Blackburn, Tim M. (2013).
4416:
3054:
Garcia-R, J.C.; Lemmon, E.M.; Lemmon, A.R.; French, N. (2020).
2552:
2537:
2344:
2061:
1031:
633:
295:
174:
4450:
3677:(MNZ S.42658, S.42785) of a rail or crake the size of a large
2974:
Lapwings, Loons and Lousy Jacks: The How and Why of Bird Names
2737:(Blanco Late Pliocene/Early Pleistocene of Crosby County, USA)
4720:
4559:
3674:
2845:
2671:(Late Oligocene â Middle Miocene of NW Queensland, Australia)
852:
836:
812:
The family Rallidae was introduced (as Rallia) by the French
724:
589:
585:
560:, as well as fruit or seedlings. A few species are primarily
456:
342:
280:
264:
259:
of small- to medium-sized terrestrial and/or semi-amphibious
3458:"Is this Guam bird coming back from extinction in the wild?"
2171:â Austropacific rails (8 living species, 4 recently extinct)
675:, at 65 cm (26 in) and 2.7 kg (6.0 lb).
4348:
2816:(Bridger middle Eocene of Forbidden City, USA) â phasianid?
2217:
2144:
1526:
1147:
801:
581:
393:
381:
260:
194:
4235:
Farner, D.S.; King, J.R. & Parkes, Kenneth C. (eds.):
3984:
Horsfall, Joseph A. & Robinson, Robert (2003): Rails.
3556:"Flufftails, finfoots, rails, trumpeters, cranes, limpkin"
3053:
2701:(Anversian Black Sand Middle Miocene of Antwerp, Belgium)
645:
641:
629:
625:
356:
2588:(Bridger Middle Eocene of Uinta County, USA) â includes
1305:â rails and woodhen (12 species of which 4 are extinct)
3140:
3138:
3136:
2643:(Late Oligocene/Early Miocene â Late Miocene of France)
1762:â rails and crakes (15 species of which 5 are extinct)
462:
Flightlessness in rails is one of the best examples of
310:). Members of Rallidae occur on every continent except
2652:(Late Oligocene/Early Miocene of Mainz Basin, Germany)
4276:
Extinction and Biogeography of Tropical Pacific Birds
3349:
3347:
3328:
Extinction and Biogeography of Tropical Pacific Birds
2547:
rails are richly documented from the well-researched
4245:
3753:
Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology
3546:
3519:
History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names
3230:
3133:
2922:
Kirchman, J.J.; Rotzel McInerney, N.; Giarla, T.C.;
2740:
Rallidae gen. et sp. indet. (Bermuda, West Atlantic)
2633:(Corbula Middle/Late Oligocene of KolzsvĂĄr, Romania)
707:
have been reported. Most often, they lay five to 10
3943:
3725:
Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington
3606:
Smithsonian Libraries - Smithsonian Research Online
2957:
2955:
368:) from behind, showing the short, soft, and fluffy
3495:(in French). Palermo: Self-published. p. 70.
3361:
3359:
3344:
2163:â (1 possibly extinct species, 1 recently extinct)
855:, and usually united with the rails in the Ralli.
443:The wings of all rails are short and rounded. The
392:); in others, it may be short and wide (as in the
322:"Rail" is the anglicized respelling of the French
3037:
3035:
3025:
3023:
2807:(Irdin Manha Late Eocene of Chimney Butte, China)
2221:â coots (10 living species, one recently extinct)
2213:â moorhens (5 living species, 2 recently extinct)
4753:
3353:Horsfall & Robinson (2003): pp. 209â210
3190:
3188:
2961:Horsfall & Robinson (2003): pp. 206â207
2952:
596:are a particularly favoured habitat. Those that
3356:
655:species are secretive (apart from loud calls),
3080:
3032:
3020:
2917:
2915:
1512:â moorhens (7 species of which 2 are extinct)
659:, and have laterally flattened bodies. In the
235:
4199:
3898:"A New Flightless Gallinule (Aves: Rallidae:
3185:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3117:
3115:
576:The most typical family members occupy dense
30:"Crake" redirects here. For the surname, see
3330:. University of Chicago Press. p. 296.
3215:
3049:
3047:
2598:(Bridger Middle Eocene of Henry's Fork, USA)
807:
438:
314:. Numerous unique island species are known.
4777:Taxa named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque
4175:Cenozoic Birds of the World, Part 1: Europe
3890:Wake Island Rail BirdLife Species Factsheet
3793:. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa.
3694:Several limb bones of a smallish rail: GĂĄl
3221:Horsfall & Robinson (2003): p. 207
2912:
2779:These taxa may or may not have been rails:
1530:â coots (11 species of which 1 is extinct)
767:
4130:
3932:Folia Historico Naturalia Musei Matraensis
3485:
3169:
3112:
2823:(Early Oligocene of Trigonias Quarry, USA)
2388:
1126:â rails (2 species of which 1 is extinct)
620:following the introduction of terrestrial
127:
4382:
4330:
4121:
4037:
3266:
3256:
3071:
3044:
2943:
2774:
2715:(Shanwang Middle Miocene of Linqu, China)
2619:(Late Eocene -? Late Oligocene of France)
2605:(Middle Eocene of Lee-on-Solent, England)
2270:â (10 living species, 5 recently extinct)
843:(finfoots and sungrebes), an exclusively
796:came perilously close to extinction when
4019:
3862:
3322:
2392:
2365:
2091:â (1 living species, 1 recently extinct)
723:
551:
498:
355:
4288:
4231:(1985): Section X.D.2.b. Scolopacidae.
3562:. International Ornithologists' Union.
2970:
2768:Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
744:and their eggs collected for food. The
275:habitats, some being semi-aquatic like
14:
4754:
3750:
3542:
3540:
3365:Horsfall & Robinson (2003): p. 211
3086:Horsfall & Robinson (2003): p. 209
3041:Horsfall & Robinson (2003): p. 210
3029:Horsfall & Robinson (2003): p. 208
2977:. Exeter, UK: Pelagic Publishing Ltd.
2926:; Slikas, E.; Fleischer, R.C. (2021).
2743:Rallidae gen. et sp. indet. (formerly
2612:(Hordwell Late Eocene of Hordwell, UK)
2574:(Wasatch Early Eocene of Wyoming, USA)
2008:International Ornithological Committee
873:International Ornithological Committee
719:
333:. It is named from its harsh cry, in
4467:
4466:
4095:
4065:
3946:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
3895:
3593:
3289:
2006:The list maintained on behalf of the
1917:â waterhen and bush-hens (5 species)
740:Some larger, more abundant rails are
400:). A few coots and gallinules have a
4726:90521459-8557-FFAA-FE8C-2D741630F9E1
4687:817745b3-ec2c-4890-974d-57b73dab7122
4599:99ffda06-d1f0-4dda-bebb-00a3f6b9e5c8
4242:: 174â175. Academic Press, New York.
3797:from the original on 24 October 2012
3516:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3599:"A Synopsis of the Fossil Rallidae"
3537:
3455:
2758:(mid-Pleistocene New Zealand). The
871:and David Donsker on behalf of the
776:as people colonised the islands of
24:
3856:
3823:piece of a bird about the size of
3787:"Pleistorallus flemingi; holotype"
3632:A small species of rail: Hugueney
3566:from the original on 14 March 2023
3523:American Museum of Natural History
2581:(Early â Middle Eocene of England)
2347:or subfossil remains, such as the
25:
4788:
4409:
4265:10.1034/j.1600-048X.2002.330103.x
3426:"Guam Rail (Gallirallus owstoni)"
3089:
2361:Late Quaternary prehistoric birds
4453:The New Student's Reference Work
4429:
4415:
4123:10.1046/j.1461-0248.2002.00365.x
3921:10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1441
3909:Records of the Australian Museum
3560:IOC World Bird List Version 12.2
2901:List of Gruiformes by population
2889:
2877:
2865:
2749:) (Late Pleistocene of Barbados)
2532:
2001:
1711:â crakes and rails (13 species)
1693:â rails and a crake (3 species)
474:makes intense demands, with the
419:or size. Two exceptions are the
151:
59:
4767:Extant Eocene first appearances
4278:. University of Chicago Press.
3841:
3809:
3779:
3744:
3714:
3701:
3688:
3660:
3639:
3626:
3615:from the original on 2018-07-29
3587:
3578:
3510:
3499:from the original on 2018-08-19
3479:
3468:from the original on 2018-07-29
3449:
3438:from the original on 2018-07-29
3418:
3407:from the original on 2018-07-29
3389:
3377:
3368:
3316:
3305:from the original on 2019-06-02
3283:
3224:
3206:
3197:
3156:
3147:
3124:
3103:
3009:from the original on 2021-06-10
2397:1888 color lithograph of a rail
690:
3487:Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel
2991:
2964:
2688:(Early Miocene of New Zealand)
2626:(Early Oligocene of WC Europe)
1437:â crakes and sora (3 species)
13:
1:
4013:10.1016/j.geobios.2003.01.002
3990:Firefly Encyclopedia of Birds
3879:10.1016/S0016-6995(69)80005-7
2906:
1822:â New Guinea flightless rail
817:Constantine Samuel Rafinesque
510:) skeleton on display at the
351:
34:. For the English river, see
3988:Perrins, Christopher (ed.):
3711:-sized rail: Ballmann (1969)
2830:(Early Oligocene of Germany)
2766:is in the collection of the
2065:â typical rails (14 species)
752:. At least two species, the
7:
3966:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.09.008
2945:10.1093/ornithology/ukab042
2858:
616:, and many of them are now
372:typical of flightless rails
10:
4793:
4145:10.1016/j.cbpa.2006.02.025
3462:BirdLife International.org
2840:(Pleistocene of Argentina)
2303:New Guinea flightless rail
580:in damp environments near
411:Rails exhibit very little
294:with the exception of dry
29:
4475:
4375:10.1017/S1477201906001957
3773:10.1080/03115519708619186
2987:– via Google Books.
2789:(Late Eocene) â includes
1910:
1892:
1885:
1867:
1860:
1833:
1815:
1808:
1801:
1773:
1755:
1748:
1740:
1704:
1686:
1679:
1652:
1634:
1627:
1620:
1612:
1594:
1586:
1523:
1505:
1498:
1480:
1473:
1462:â nativehens (2 species)
1455:
1448:
1430:
1423:
1404:
1396:
1389:
1298:
1280:
1273:
1255:
1248:
1230:
1223:
1205:
1198:
1162:
1144:
1137:
1119:
1112:
1105:
1078:
1060:
1053:
1046:
1028:
1021:
984:
966:
959:
932:
914:
907:
900:
892:
884:
808:Systematics and evolution
758:American purple gallinule
439:Flight and flightlessness
396:), or massive (as in the
302:or freezing regions, and
232:
227:
148:Scientific classification
146:
135:
126:
45:
4020:Kirchman, J. J. (2012).
3896:Boles, Walter E (2005).
3850:(1985), MlĂkovskĂœ (2002)
3517:Bock, Walter J. (1994).
3212:Granjon and Cheylan 1989
3109:McNab & Ellis (2006)
2844:The presumed scolopacid
2196:â nativehens (2 species)
2057:â wood rails (8 species)
833:Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy
768:Threats and conservation
521:Gallirallus philippensis
234:Some 40 living, and see
4289:Trewick, S. A. (1997).
4272:Steadman, David William
4177:. Ninox Press, Prague.
3892:. Retrieved 2007-07-04.
3258:10.1073/pnas.1216511110
3203:Perret and Blondel 1993
3003:Encyclopedia Britannica
2795:"Palaeortyx" blanchardi
2466:(sometimes included in
2389:Recently extinct genera
2373:'s 1617 drawing of the
2339:â bush-hens (5 species)
847:group that is somewhat
760:, have been considered
317:
4315:10.1098/rstb.1997.0031
4048:10.1525/auk.2011.11096
4039:10.1525/auk.2011.11096
3886:BirdLife International
3554:, eds. (August 2022).
2775:Doubtfully placed here
2764:Pleistorallus flemingi
2470:; extinct around 1900)
2398:
2385:
2371:Pieter van den Broecke
2179:spot-flanked gallinule
737:
515:
373:
366:Porphyrio hochstetteri
4708:Paleobiology Database
3525:. pp. 136, 252.
2971:Reedman, Ray (2016).
2396:
2369:
1840:â white-browed crake
1780:â crakes (4 species)
1659:â crakes (2 species)
1035:â rails (14 species)
921:â crakes (2 species)
727:
552:Behaviour and ecology
502:
359:
4594:Fauna Europaea (new)
4426:at Wikimedia Commons
4355:J. Syst. Palaeontol.
4096:McNab, B.K. (2002).
3144:McNab and Ellis 2006
2383:Aphanapteryx bonasia
2012:List of rail species
1169:â rails (4 species)
991:â rails (8 species)
939:â rails (3 species)
4367:2007JSPal...5....1W
4307:1997RSPTB.352..429T
4114:2002EcolL...5..693M
3958:2014MolPE..81...96G
3765:1997Alch...21...71W
3249:2013PNAS..110.6436D
2464:New Caledonian rail
2363:for these species.
800:were introduced to
720:Rallidae and humans
527:Porphyrio porphyrio
512:Museum of Osteology
141:Gallinula tenebrosa
4214:10.1007/bf01928800
4193:2011-05-20 at the
3791:Collections Online
3707:Partial hand of a
3550:; Donsker, David;
3324:Steadman, David W.
2896:Biology portal
2872:Animals portal
2791:"Tringa" hoffmanni
2399:
2386:
2353:Rallus eivissensis
2312:white-browed crake
2023:grey-throated rail
1641:â ocellated crake
831:. The alternative
738:
734:introduced species
516:
464:parallel evolution
374:
4749:
4748:
4695:Open Tree of Life
4469:Taxon identifiers
4420:Media related to
4350:Worthy, Trevor H.
4301:(1352): 429â446.
4186:
3552:Rasmussen, Pamela
3403:. February 1996.
3243:(16): 6436â6441.
3073:10.3390/d12020070
2417:Saint Helena rail
1998:
1997:
1989:
1988:
1980:
1979:
1971:
1970:
1962:
1961:
1953:
1952:
1944:
1943:
1935:
1934:
1926:
1925:
1849:
1848:
1789:
1788:
1729:
1728:
1720:
1719:
1668:
1667:
1575:
1574:
1566:
1565:
1557:
1556:
1548:
1547:
1539:
1538:
1487:â lesser moorhen
1387:Himantornithinae
1377:
1376:
1368:
1367:
1359:
1358:
1350:
1349:
1341:
1340:
1332:
1331:
1323:
1322:
1314:
1313:
1237:â invisible rail
1187:
1186:
1178:
1177:
1094:
1093:
1009:
1008:
1000:
999:
948:
947:
798:brown tree snakes
790:Lord Howe woodhen
533:Porzana tabuensis
425:Gallicrex cinerea
413:sexual dimorphism
398:purple gallinules
306:areas (above the
283:areas, including
243:
242:
223:
57:
16:(Redirected from
4784:
4742:
4741:
4729:
4728:
4716:
4715:
4703:
4702:
4690:
4689:
4680:
4679:
4667:
4666:
4664:NBNSYS0000160870
4654:
4653:
4641:
4640:
4628:
4627:
4615:
4614:
4602:
4601:
4589:
4588:
4576:
4575:
4563:
4562:
4550:
4549:
4537:
4536:
4524:
4523:
4511:
4510:
4509:
4496:
4495:
4494:
4464:
4463:
4459:
4457:
4448:
4434:Data related to
4433:
4419:
4396:
4386:
4344:
4334:
4268:
4248:Olson, Storrs L.
4229:Olson, Storrs L.
4225:
4178:
4172:
4156:
4127:
4125:
4092:
4059:
4041:
4016:
3992:. Firefly Books.
3977:
3924:
3906:
3882:
3851:
3845:
3839:
3837:
3813:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3802:
3783:
3777:
3776:
3748:
3742:
3740:
3721:Olson, Storrs L.
3718:
3712:
3705:
3699:
3692:
3686:
3679:buff-banded rail
3664:
3658:
3651:buff-banded rail
3643:
3637:
3630:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3620:
3614:
3603:
3595:Olson, Storrs L.
3591:
3585:
3584:MlĂkovskĂœ (2002)
3582:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3544:
3535:
3534:
3514:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3504:
3483:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3456:Hurrell, Shaun.
3453:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3443:
3422:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3393:
3387:
3381:
3375:
3372:
3366:
3363:
3354:
3351:
3342:
3341:
3320:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3310:
3299:TheRevelator.org
3287:
3281:
3280:
3270:
3260:
3228:
3222:
3219:
3213:
3210:
3204:
3201:
3195:
3192:
3183:
3180:
3167:
3160:
3154:
3151:
3145:
3142:
3131:
3128:
3122:
3119:
3110:
3107:
3101:
3098:
3087:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3051:
3042:
3039:
3030:
3027:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3014:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2968:
2962:
2959:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2919:
2894:
2893:
2884:Birds portal
2882:
2881:
2880:
2870:
2869:
2746:Fulica podagrica
2540:species of long-
2509:Late Pleistocene
1888:
1887:
1874:â striped crake
1863:
1862:
1811:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1751:
1750:
1743:
1742:
1682:
1681:
1630:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1615:
1614:
1589:
1588:
1501:
1500:
1476:
1475:
1451:
1450:
1426:
1425:
1411:â Nkulengu rail
1402:Himantornithini
1399:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1287:â chestnut rail
1276:
1275:
1251:
1250:
1226:
1225:
1201:
1200:
1140:
1139:
1115:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1085:â Rouget's rail
1067:â African crake
1056:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1024:
1023:
973:â uniform crake
962:
961:
910:
909:
903:
902:
895:
894:
887:
886:
879:
878:
869:Pamela Rasmussen
746:Wake Island rail
600:do so at night.
508:Fulica americana
218:
156:
155:
131:
121:
58:
52:
49:Temporal range:
43:
42:
21:
4792:
4791:
4787:
4786:
4785:
4783:
4782:
4781:
4752:
4751:
4750:
4745:
4737:
4732:
4724:
4719:
4711:
4706:
4698:
4693:
4685:
4683:
4675:
4670:
4662:
4657:
4649:
4644:
4636:
4631:
4623:
4618:
4610:
4605:
4597:
4592:
4584:
4579:
4571:
4566:
4558:
4553:
4545:
4540:
4532:
4527:
4519:
4514:
4505:
4504:
4499:
4490:
4489:
4484:
4471:
4443:
4412:
4195:Wayback Machine
4162:
4160:MlĂkovskĂœ, JirĂ
4102:Ecology Letters
3904:
3859:
3857:Further reading
3854:
3846:
3842:
3831:
3821:carpometacarpus
3814:
3810:
3800:
3798:
3785:
3784:
3780:
3749:
3745:
3736:
3731:(38): 439â450.
3719:
3715:
3706:
3702:
3693:
3689:
3673:S.40957) and 2
3665:
3661:
3644:
3640:
3631:
3627:
3618:
3616:
3612:
3601:
3592:
3588:
3583:
3579:
3569:
3567:
3545:
3538:
3515:
3511:
3502:
3500:
3484:
3480:
3471:
3469:
3454:
3450:
3441:
3439:
3424:
3423:
3419:
3410:
3408:
3395:
3394:
3390:
3382:
3378:
3373:
3369:
3364:
3357:
3352:
3345:
3338:
3321:
3317:
3308:
3306:
3288:
3284:
3229:
3225:
3220:
3216:
3211:
3207:
3202:
3198:
3193:
3186:
3181:
3170:
3161:
3157:
3152:
3148:
3143:
3134:
3129:
3125:
3120:
3113:
3108:
3104:
3100:Kirchman (2012)
3099:
3090:
3085:
3081:
3052:
3045:
3040:
3033:
3028:
3021:
3012:
3010:
2997:
2996:
2992:
2985:
2969:
2965:
2960:
2953:
2920:
2913:
2909:
2888:
2878:
2876:
2864:
2861:
2849:Limosa gypsorum
2777:
2657:Paraortygometra
2535:
2407:Ascension crake
2391:
2317:Aenigmatolimnas
2237:ocellated crake
2004:
1999:
1990:
1981:
1972:
1963:
1954:
1945:
1936:
1927:
1871:Aenigmatolimnas
1850:
1799:Amaurornithini
1790:
1730:
1721:
1669:
1576:
1567:
1558:
1549:
1540:
1378:
1369:
1360:
1351:
1342:
1333:
1324:
1315:
1212:â Calayan rail
1188:
1179:
1095:
1010:
1001:
949:
882:Rallidae
810:
770:
722:
693:
554:
538:G. philippensis
441:
354:
348:("to scrape").
320:
252:) are a large,
217:
150:
122:
120:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
51:
50:
47:
39:
32:Crake (surname)
28:
27:Family of birds
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4790:
4780:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4743:
4730:
4717:
4704:
4691:
4681:
4668:
4655:
4642:
4629:
4616:
4603:
4590:
4581:Fauna Europaea
4577:
4564:
4551:
4538:
4525:
4512:
4497:
4481:
4479:
4473:
4472:
4461:
4460:
4441:
4440:at Wikispecies
4427:
4411:
4410:External links
4408:
4407:
4406:
4403:
4400:
4397:
4346:
4286:
4269:
4253:J. Avian Biol.
4243:
4226:
4197:
4157:
4139:(3): 295â311.
4128:
4108:(5): 693â704.
4093:
4081:10.1086/285697
4075:(4): 628â642.
4063:
4060:
4017:
4007:(6): 719â731.
3993:
3982:
3978:
3941:
3928:
3925:
3915:(2): 179â190.
3893:
3888:(BLI) (2007):
3883:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3852:
3840:
3808:
3778:
3743:
3713:
3709:common moorhen
3700:
3687:
3659:
3647:slaty-breasted
3638:
3625:
3586:
3577:
3536:
3509:
3478:
3448:
3417:
3388:
3376:
3367:
3355:
3343:
3336:
3315:
3291:Platt, John R.
3282:
3223:
3214:
3205:
3196:
3184:
3168:
3155:
3146:
3132:
3130:Trewick (1997)
3123:
3111:
3102:
3088:
3079:
3043:
3031:
3019:
2990:
2983:
2963:
2951:
2938:(4): ukab042.
2910:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2903:
2898:
2886:
2874:
2860:
2857:
2842:
2841:
2834:
2831:
2824:
2817:
2808:
2801:
2799:"P." hoffmanni
2776:
2773:
2772:
2771:
2750:
2741:
2738:
2731:
2728:
2725:
2722:
2719:
2716:
2709:
2702:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2682:
2680:Palaeoaramides
2672:
2663:
2653:
2644:
2641:Palaeoaramides
2637:
2634:
2627:
2620:
2613:
2606:
2599:
2596:Fulicaletornis
2592:
2582:
2575:
2568:
2534:
2531:
2513:
2512:
2505:Hova gallinule
2497:
2490:Viti Levu rail
2482:
2471:
2450:
2447:Rodrigues rail
2440:
2430:
2427:Hawkins's rail
2423:Diaphorapteryx
2420:
2410:
2390:
2387:
2341:
2340:
2332:
2323:
2314:
2305:
2296:
2287:
2279:
2271:
2263:
2262:â (13 species)
2255:
2247:
2239:
2230:
2222:
2214:
2206:
2204:lesser moorhen
2197:
2189:
2181:
2172:
2164:
2156:
2147:
2136:
2134:invisible rail
2127:
2118:
2110:
2101:
2092:
2084:
2075:
2066:
2058:
2050:
2041:
2033:
2025:
2003:
2000:
1996:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1891:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1866:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1814:
1809:
1807:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1754:
1749:
1747:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1685:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1633:
1628:
1626:
1621:
1619:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1593:
1592:Porphyrionini
1587:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1504:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1479:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1454:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1429:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1403:
1397:
1395:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1279:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1254:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1229:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1204:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1143:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1118:
1113:
1111:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1059:
1054:
1052:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1007:
1006:
1003:
1002:
998:
997:
994:
993:
983:
980:
979:
976:
975:
965:
960:
958:
955:
954:
951:
950:
946:
945:
942:
941:
931:
928:
927:
924:
923:
913:
908:
906:
901:
899:
893:
891:
885:
883:
877:
841:Heliornithidae
809:
806:
769:
766:
754:common moorhen
721:
718:
692:
689:
669:Swinhoe's rail
665:North American
553:
550:
440:
437:
433:Zapornia parva
402:frontal shield
353:
350:
319:
316:
248:(avian family
241:
240:
230:
229:
225:
224:
212:
208:
207:
202:
198:
197:
192:
188:
187:
182:
178:
177:
172:
168:
167:
162:
158:
157:
144:
143:
133:
132:
124:
123:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
48:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4789:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4759:
4757:
4740:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4682:
4678:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4621:
4617:
4613:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4517:
4513:
4508:
4502:
4498:
4493:
4487:
4483:
4482:
4480:
4478:
4474:
4470:
4465:
4456:
4454:
4447:
4442:
4439:
4438:
4432:
4428:
4425:
4424:
4418:
4414:
4413:
4404:
4401:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4351:
4347:
4342:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4287:
4285:
4284:0-226-77142-3
4281:
4277:
4273:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4255:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4241:
4238:
4237:Avian Biology
4234:
4230:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4198:
4196:
4192:
4189:
4185:
4184:80-901105-3-3
4181:
4176:
4170:
4166:
4161:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4071:
4070:
4064:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
4001:
3994:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3942:
3940:
3936:
3933:
3929:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3903:
3901:
3894:
3891:
3887:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3867:
3861:
3860:
3849:
3844:
3835:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3812:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3782:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3747:
3739:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3717:
3710:
3704:
3697:
3691:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3663:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3642:
3635:
3629:
3611:
3607:
3600:
3596:
3590:
3581:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3543:
3541:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3513:
3498:
3494:
3493:
3488:
3482:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3452:
3437:
3433:
3432:
3431:San Diego Zoo
3427:
3421:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3392:
3385:
3380:
3371:
3362:
3360:
3350:
3348:
3339:
3337:9780226771427
3333:
3329:
3325:
3319:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3286:
3278:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3227:
3218:
3209:
3200:
3194:Kirchman 2012
3191:
3189:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3165:
3159:
3150:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3127:
3118:
3116:
3106:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3083:
3074:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3050:
3048:
3038:
3036:
3026:
3024:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2999:"Rail (bird)"
2994:
2986:
2984:9781784270933
2980:
2976:
2975:
2967:
2958:
2956:
2946:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2918:
2916:
2911:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2885:
2875:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2862:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2847:
2839:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2825:
2822:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2806:
2802:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2787:
2782:
2781:
2780:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2756:
2755:Pleistorallus
2751:
2748:
2747:
2742:
2739:
2736:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2710:
2707:
2703:
2700:
2696:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2683:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2664:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2649:Rhenanorallus
2645:
2642:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2628:
2625:
2621:
2618:
2614:
2611:
2607:
2604:
2600:
2597:
2593:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2580:
2576:
2573:
2569:
2566:
2562:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2557:North America
2554:
2550:
2546:
2543:
2539:
2533:Fossil record
2530:
2528:
2524:
2523:Sarothruridae
2520:
2519:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2480:
2476:
2475:Capellirallus
2472:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2448:
2444:
2443:Erythromachus
2441:
2438:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2338:
2337:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2321:striped crake
2318:
2315:
2313:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2294:Nkulengu rail
2291:
2288:
2286:â (3 species)
2285:
2284:
2280:
2278:â (4 species)
2277:
2276:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2254:â (3 species)
2253:
2252:
2248:
2246:â (2 species)
2245:
2244:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2200:Paragallinula
2198:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2188:â (3 species)
2187:
2186:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2155:
2154:chestnut rail
2151:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2119:
2117:â (4 species)
2116:
2115:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2083:
2082:Rouget's rail
2079:
2076:
2074:
2073:African crake
2070:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2051:
2049:
2048:uniform crake
2045:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2032:â (4 species)
2031:
2030:
2029:Mustelirallus
2026:
2024:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2002:Extant genera
1994:
1993:
1985:
1984:
1976:
1975:
1967:
1966:
1958:
1957:
1949:
1948:
1940:
1939:
1931:
1930:
1922:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1897:
1890:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1865:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1845:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1838:
1831:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1820:
1813:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1798:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1785:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1778:
1771:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1753:
1752:
1745:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1725:
1724:
1716:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1709:
1702:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1691:
1684:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1664:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1657:
1650:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1639:
1632:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1617:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1599:
1591:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1571:
1570:
1562:
1561:
1553:
1552:
1544:
1543:
1535:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1528:
1521:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1510:
1503:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1485:
1484:Paragallinula
1478:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1460:
1453:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1435:
1428:
1427:
1420:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1409:
1401:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1373:
1372:
1364:
1363:
1355:
1354:
1346:
1345:
1337:
1336:
1328:
1327:
1319:
1318:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1303:
1296:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1285:
1278:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1260:
1253:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1235:
1228:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1210:
1203:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1183:
1182:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1167:
1160:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1152:
1151:â corn crake
1150:
1149:
1142:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1124:
1117:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1090:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1083:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1065:
1058:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1033:
1026:
1025:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1005:
1004:
996:
995:
992:
990:
989:
982:
981:
978:
977:
974:
972:
971:
964:
963:
957:
956:
953:
952:
944:
943:
940:
938:
937:
930:
929:
926:
925:
922:
920:
919:
912:
911:
905:
904:
898:Pardirallini
897:
896:
889:
888:
881:
880:
876:
874:
870:
866:
861:
856:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
815:
805:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
774:Pacific Ocean
765:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
735:
731:
726:
717:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
688:
686:
682:
676:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
649:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
606:
601:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
574:
572:
567:
563:
559:
558:invertebrates
549:
546:
541:
539:
535:
534:
529:
528:
523:
522:
513:
509:
505:
504:American coot
501:
497:
493:
490:
484:
481:
477:
473:
468:
465:
460:
458:
454:
450:
446:
436:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
409:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
378:
371:
367:
363:
360:South Island
358:
349:
347:
344:
340:
336:
332:
329:
325:
315:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
255:
251:
247:
239:
237:
231:
226:
221:
216:
213:
210:
209:
206:
203:
200:
199:
196:
193:
190:
189:
186:
183:
180:
179:
176:
173:
170:
169:
166:
163:
160:
159:
154:
149:
145:
142:
138:
137:Dusky moorhen
134:
130:
125:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
55:
44:
41:
37:
33:
19:
4476:
4452:
4446:"Rail"
4436:
4422:
4358:
4353:
4298:
4294:
4275:
4256:
4251:
4246:Slikas, B.;
4239:
4236:
4232:
4205:
4201:
4188:PDF fulltext
4174:
4136:
4132:
4105:
4101:
4072:
4067:
4032:(1): 56â69.
4029:
4025:
4004:
3998:
3989:
3985:
3981:309:571â575.
3949:
3945:
3939:PDF fulltext
3934:
3931:
3912:
3908:
3899:
3870:
3864:
3843:
3825:Lewin's rail
3811:
3799:. Retrieved
3790:
3781:
3759:(1): 71â78.
3756:
3752:
3746:
3728:
3724:
3716:
3703:
3695:
3690:
3682:
3662:
3654:
3641:
3633:
3628:
3617:. Retrieved
3605:
3589:
3580:
3568:. Retrieved
3559:
3518:
3512:
3501:. Retrieved
3491:
3481:
3470:. Retrieved
3461:
3451:
3440:. Retrieved
3429:
3420:
3409:. Retrieved
3400:
3391:
3379:
3370:
3327:
3318:
3307:. Retrieved
3298:
3293:(May 2018).
3285:
3240:
3236:
3226:
3217:
3208:
3199:
3163:
3158:
3153:Livezey 2003
3149:
3126:
3121:McNab (1994)
3105:
3082:
3063:
3059:
3011:. Retrieved
3002:
2993:
2973:
2966:
2935:
2931:
2852:
2848:
2843:
2837:
2827:
2820:
2811:
2804:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2784:
2778:
2763:
2753:
2744:
2734:
2712:
2705:
2698:
2685:
2679:
2675:
2666:
2660:
2656:
2647:
2640:
2630:
2623:
2617:Quercyrallus
2616:
2609:
2602:
2595:
2589:
2585:
2578:
2572:Palaeorallus
2571:
2564:
2536:
2516:
2514:
2500:
2485:
2474:
2467:
2460:Chatham rail
2453:
2442:
2433:Aphanapteryx
2432:
2422:
2412:
2402:
2382:
2352:
2342:
2334:
2325:
2316:
2307:
2298:
2289:
2281:
2273:
2265:
2257:
2249:
2241:
2232:
2224:
2216:
2208:
2199:
2191:
2183:
2174:
2168:Hypotaenidia
2166:
2158:
2149:
2138:
2129:
2125:Calayan rail
2121:Aptenorallus
2120:
2112:
2108:snoring rail
2103:
2094:
2086:
2077:
2068:
2060:
2052:
2044:Amaurolimnas
2043:
2035:
2027:
2018:
2005:
1912:
1911:
1899:â watercock
1894:
1893:
1869:
1868:
1835:
1834:
1817:
1816:
1775:
1774:
1757:
1756:
1706:
1705:
1688:
1687:
1654:
1653:
1636:
1635:
1618:Laterallini
1596:
1595:
1525:
1524:
1507:
1506:
1482:
1481:
1457:
1456:
1432:
1431:
1406:
1405:
1302:Hypotaenidia
1300:
1299:
1282:
1281:
1257:
1256:
1232:
1231:
1209:Aptenorallus
1207:
1206:
1164:
1163:
1146:
1145:
1121:
1120:
1080:
1079:
1062:
1061:
1030:
1029:
986:
985:
970:Amaurolimnas
968:
967:
934:
933:
916:
915:
857:
811:
771:
750:World War II
739:
694:
691:Reproduction
685:conservation
677:
650:
602:
575:
555:
542:
537:
531:
525:
519:
517:
507:
494:
485:
469:
461:
442:
432:
429:little crake
424:
410:
390:the Americas
386:clapper rail
379:
375:
365:
345:
338:
335:Vulgar Latin
330:
323:
321:
285:rice paddies
254:cosmopolitan
249:
245:
244:
233:
214:
140:
54:Early Eocene
40:
4620:iNaturalist
4501:Wikispecies
4361:(1): 1â39.
4345:(Full text)
4259:(1): 5â14.
4202:Experientia
4163: [
3873:: 157â204.
3832: [
3570:14 November
3548:Gill, Frank
2932:Ornithology
2924:Olson, S.L.
2853:Montirallus
2828:Rupelrallus
2661:Microrallus
2624:Belgirallus
2579:Parvirallus
2545:prehistoric
2518:Nesotrochis
2468:Gallirallus
2308:Poliolimnas
2290:Himantornis
2251:Coturnicops
2175:Porphyriops
2150:Eulabeornis
2140:Gallirallus
2104:Aramidopsis
2040:(3 species)
2037:Pardirallus
1837:Poliolimnas
1690:Coturnicops
1408:Himantornis
1284:Eulabeornis
1259:Gallirallus
936:Pardirallus
699:, although
657:crepuscular
571:territorial
562:herbivorous
489:Laysan rail
406:horned coot
289:terrestrial
36:River Crake
4756:Categories
4384:2440/43360
3952:: 96â108.
3937:: 33â78.
3738:10088/8374
3619:2018-07-29
3503:2018-02-21
3472:2018-07-29
3442:2018-07-29
3411:2018-07-29
3401:AP Archive
3374:BLI (2007)
3309:2018-07-29
3182:McNab 2002
3013:2021-06-03
2907:References
2838:Euryonotus
2821:Palaeocrex
2735:Creccoides
2713:Youngornis
2686:Litorallus
2676:Pararallus
2668:Australlus
2549:formations
2486:Vitirallus
2479:Snipe-rail
2413:Aphanocrex
2349:Ibiza rail
2336:Amaurornis
2259:Laterallus
2243:Rufirallus
2233:Micropygia
2130:Habroptila
2099:corn crake
2088:Dryolimnas
2019:Canirallus
1914:Amaurornis
1746:Zapornini
1708:Laterallus
1656:Rufirallus
1638:Micropygia
1234:Habroptila
1123:Dryolimnas
865:Frank Gill
849:convergent
829:Gruiformes
786:Micronesia
697:monogamous
681:endangered
614:flightless
578:vegetation
427:) and the
415:in either
352:Morphology
328:Old French
312:Antarctica
220:Rafinesque
205:Gruiformes
4208:: 94â98.
3900:Gallinula
3819:. A left
3817:QM F40203
3815:Specimen
3698:(1998â99)
3681:: Worthy
3653:: Worthy
3649:or small
3066:(2): 70.
3060:Diversity
2786:Ludiortyx
2706:Miorallus
2699:Miofulica
2631:Rallicrex
2610:Ibidopsis
2590:Protogrus
2586:Aletornis
2527:adzebills
2379:Mauritius
2330:watercock
2326:Gallicrex
2283:Gymnocrex
2226:Porphyrio
2210:Gallinula
2078:Rougetius
2069:Crecopsis
1896:Gallicrex
1598:Porphyrio
1509:Gallinula
1421:Fulicini
1082:Rougetius
1064:Crecopsis
890:Rallinae
860:cladogram
837:monophyly
794:Guam rail
782:Polynesia
778:Melanesia
730:Guam rail
705:polyandry
661:Old World
638:mongooses
622:predators
594:Reed beds
545:blue tits
480:metabolic
459:periods.
421:watercock
308:snow line
277:waterfowl
269:gallinule
171:Kingdom:
165:Eukaryota
4762:Rallidae
4521:Rallidae
4507:Rallidae
4486:Wikidata
4477:Rallidae
4437:Rallidae
4423:Rallidae
4393:85230857
4274:(2006):
4222:23665106
4191:Archived
4173:(2002):
4153:16632395
4089:86511951
4069:Am. Nat.
4056:85940913
3974:25255711
3795:Archived
3667:Quadrate
3610:Archived
3597:(1977).
3564:Archived
3531:2246/830
3497:Archived
3489:(1815).
3466:Archived
3436:Archived
3405:Archived
3384:Steadman
3326:(2006).
3303:Archived
3277:23530197
3007:Archived
2859:See also
2813:Amitabha
2805:Telecrex
2760:holotype
2603:Latipons
2501:Hovacrex
2494:Holocene
2437:Red rail
2375:red rail
2299:Megacrex
2267:Zapornia
2193:Tribonyx
2054:Aramides
1819:Megacrex
1759:Zapornia
1459:Tribonyx
1019:Rallini
988:Aramides
845:tropical
825:bustards
814:polymath
756:and the
713:Clutches
701:polygyny
624:such as
483:niches.
453:vagrants
250:Rallidae
215:Rallidae
211:Family:
185:Chordata
181:Phylum:
175:Animalia
161:Domain:
56:â Recent
18:Rallidae
4458:. 1914.
4363:Bibcode
4341:9163823
4332:1691940
4303:Bibcode
4110:Bibcode
4026:The Auk
4000:Geobios
3954:Bibcode
3866:Geobios
3801:18 July
3761:Bibcode
3268:3631643
3245:Bibcode
3162:Slikas
2542:extinct
2455:Cabalus
2275:Rallina
2185:Porzana
2160:Cabalus
2114:Lewinia
1777:Rallina
1434:Porzana
1262:â weka
1166:Lewinia
918:Neocrex
653:reedbed
634:weasels
618:extinct
598:migrate
449:migrate
417:plumage
370:remiges
341:, from
339:rascula
326:, from
292:habitat
273:wetland
228:Genera
201:Order:
191:Class:
4739:159003
4700:414340
4684:NZOR:
4651:176205
4638:105005
4573:1RALLF
4492:Q26623
4455:
4391:
4339:
4329:
4321:
4282:
4220:
4182:
4151:
4087:
4054:
4046:
3972:
3838:(2005)
3696:et al.
3685:(2007)
3683:et al.
3675:femora
3657:(2007)
3655:et al.
3636:(2003)
3634:et al.
3386:(2006)
3334:
3275:
3265:
3166:(2002)
3164:et al.
2981:
2836:Genus
2826:Genus
2819:Genus
2810:Genus
2803:Genus
2783:Genus
2752:Genus
2733:Genus
2711:Genus
2704:Genus
2697:Genus
2684:Genus
2674:Genus
2665:Genus
2655:Genus
2646:Genus
2639:Genus
2629:Genus
2622:Genus
2615:Genus
2608:Genus
2601:Genus
2594:Genus
2584:Genus
2577:Genus
2570:Genus
2565:Eocrex
2563:Genus
2553:Europe
2538:Fossil
2499:Genus
2484:Genus
2473:Genus
2452:Genus
2403:Mundia
2357:fossil
2345:fossil
2218:Fulica
2062:Rallus
1527:Fulica
1032:Rallus
853:grebes
821:cranes
784:, and
742:hunted
683:, and
673:takahÄ
644:, and
610:fliers
590:rivers
586:swamps
564:. The
530:, and
472:Flight
445:flight
362:takahÄ
346:rÄdere
304:alpine
296:desert
267:, and
257:family
222:, 1815
4772:Rails
4734:WoRMS
4721:Plazi
4713:39513
4633:IRMNG
4586:10767
4389:S2CID
4323:56680
4319:JSTOR
4218:S2CID
4171:]
4085:S2CID
4052:S2CID
4044:JSTOR
3905:(PDF)
3848:Olson
3836:]
3829:Boles
3613:(PDF)
3602:(PDF)
2846:wader
851:with
762:pests
651:Many
630:foxes
603:Most
588:, or
582:lakes
566:calls
457:moult
394:coots
343:Latin
331:rasle
300:polar
281:marsh
265:coots
261:birds
246:Rails
236:below
46:Rails
4677:9119
4672:NCBI
4646:ITIS
4612:9342
4607:GBIF
4568:EPPO
4560:7581
4534:1450
4529:BOLD
4337:PMID
4280:ISBN
4180:ISBN
4149:PMID
3970:PMID
3803:2010
3572:2022
3332:ISBN
3273:PMID
3237:PNAS
2979:ISBN
2555:and
2525:and
2462:and
2359:and
2145:weka
2095:Crex
1148:Crex
858:The
823:and
802:Guam
728:The
709:eggs
703:and
646:pigs
642:rats
626:cats
605:nest
476:keel
382:bill
380:The
324:rĂąle
318:Name
195:Aves
62:Preê
4659:NBN
4625:154
4555:EoL
4547:FJ9
4542:CoL
4516:AFD
4379:hdl
4371:doi
4327:PMC
4311:doi
4299:352
4261:doi
4233:In:
4210:doi
4141:doi
4137:145
4118:doi
4077:doi
4073:144
4034:doi
4030:129
4009:doi
3986:In:
3962:doi
3917:doi
3875:doi
3769:doi
3733:hdl
3671:MNZ
3527:hdl
3263:PMC
3253:doi
3241:110
3068:doi
2940:doi
2936:138
2762:of
2551:of
2377:of
435:).
388:of
4758::
4736::
4723::
4710::
4697::
4674::
4661::
4648::
4635::
4622::
4609::
4596::
4583::
4570::
4557::
4544::
4531::
4518::
4503::
4488::
4449:.
4387:.
4377:.
4369:.
4335:.
4325:.
4317:.
4309:.
4297:.
4293:.
4257:33
4216:.
4206:49
4204:.
4169:fr
4167:;
4165:de
4147:.
4135:.
4116:.
4104:.
4100:.
4083:.
4050:.
4042:.
4028:.
4024:.
4005:36
4003:.
3968:.
3960:.
3950:81
3948:.
3935:23
3913:57
3911:.
3907:.
3869:.
3834:de
3789:.
3767:.
3757:21
3755:.
3729:87
3727:.
3608:.
3604:.
3558:.
3539:^
3464:.
3460:.
3434:.
3428:.
3399:.
3358:^
3346:^
3301:.
3297:.
3271:.
3261:.
3251:.
3239:.
3235:.
3187:^
3171:^
3135:^
3114:^
3091:^
3064:12
3062:.
3058:.
3046:^
3034:^
3022:^
3005:.
3001:.
2954:^
2934:.
2930:.
2914:^
2855:.
2797:,
2793:,
2529:.
2503:â
2488:â
2477:â
2458:â
2445:â
2435:â
2425:â
2415:â
2405:â
2381:,
2328:â
2319:â
2310:â
2301:â
2292:â
2235:â
2202:â
2177:â
2152:â
2143:â
2132:â
2123:â
2106:â
2097:â
2080:â
2071:â
2046:â
2021:â
2014:.
867:,
780:,
764:.
711:.
648:.
640:,
636:,
632:,
628:,
592:.
584:,
573:.
524:,
408:.
298:,
238:.
139:,
112:Pg
4395:.
4381::
4373::
4365::
4359:5
4343:.
4313::
4305::
4267:.
4263::
4240:8
4224:.
4212::
4155:.
4143::
4126:.
4120::
4112::
4106:5
4091:.
4079::
4058:.
4036::
4015:.
4011::
3976:.
3964::
3956::
3923:.
3919::
3881:.
3877::
3871:2
3805:.
3775:.
3771::
3763::
3741:.
3735::
3669:(
3622:.
3574:.
3533:.
3529::
3506:.
3475:.
3445:.
3414:.
3340:.
3312:.
3279:.
3255::
3247::
3076:.
3070::
3016:.
2948:.
2942::
2770:.
2511:)
2496:)
2351:(
736:.
514:.
506:(
431:(
423:(
364:(
337:*
117:N
107:K
102:J
97:T
92:P
87:C
82:D
77:S
72:O
67:ê
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
