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that is 5.8 degrees wide The framing channel, with 5024×128 pixel size, is panchromatic and a field of view of 5.7 degrees × 0.15 degrees. Unlike the other six channels, it can stare at one target and take an image. The purpose of this channel is to support optical navigation. The
Navigation channel is a Frame array that operates as a single frame, rather than the other channels which generate an image by time delay integration.
25:
403:
to read the imaging area. These channels have a resolution of 5024×32 pixels, with the larger direction providing the swath of the image. There are seven channels, with 6 used for time delay integration imaging and the seventh with an array of 5024×128 for navigation framing. MVIC has a field of view
224:
Ralph instrument program manager who died in
January 2017 at the age of 50. Hardaway was honored with Engineer of the Year for 2015–2016 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (Rocky Mountain Section) and Women in Aerospace organization awarded her a leadership award in 2015. In
286:
high resolution data, that some of the plains of Pluto have dunes made of methane ice granules. The dunes are thought to have been formed by the blowing winds of Pluto, which are not as dense as those of Earth, and were compared to Dunes elsewhere in the Solar System such as on Saturn's moon
459:
44:
spacecraft, which was launched in 2006. Ralph is a visible and infrared imager and spectrometer to provide maps of relevant astronomical targets based on data from that hardware. Ralph has two major subinstruments, LEISA and MVIC. MVIC stands for
454:
During the flyby of Pluto on July 14, 2015, Ralph was able to collect data on Pluto and its moons yielding various image results. In addition, the MVIC color channels were often the source of color on the otherwise panchromatic LORRI images.
3171:
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in the 2020s. The developers of that spacecraft noted in particular Ralph's ability to observe visible and infrared light by splitting the light stream, and then analyze two spectrums of light at the same time.
528:
Ralph-MVIC color and spectral images of
Arrokoth, showing subtle color variations across its surface. The image on the right is the same MVIC color image superimposed on the higher resolution black and white
486:
An example of an image from LORRI, a view of Pluto's terrain from its 2015 flyby of the dwarf planet with Ralph-MVIC data from Red, Blue, and Near IR channels. This image is about 330 miles (530 kilometers)
229:
Lisa made incredible contributions to New
Horizons and our success in exploring Pluto, and we wanted to celebrate those contributions in a special way by dedicating the LEISA spectrometer in her honor.
3223:
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of the dwarf planet in false color. Two infrared spectra are shown, from the outlined regions in the global map to the left. 1 Micron is 1000 nm, and visible light is below 1 Micron.
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2010:
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2003:
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This extremely low-light image is a view of the dark side of Pluto's moon Charon, lit by starlight and
Plutoshine. Ralph-MVIC channel data
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flyby on
January 1, 2019. Ralph, in conjunction with the LORRI telescope, was used to make a digital elevation map of the body.
3017:
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2373:
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1719:
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MVIC Bands: There are six channels that use Time Delay
Integration and another that takes a frame and is for navigation.
303:
Water ice identified on Pluto with Ralph spectral signatures of water ice from LEISA noted in blue on top of MVIC imaging
898:
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Composite of black and while and color photographs taken respectively by the LORRI and MVIC instruments aboard
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The one telescope feeds light to both LEISA and MVIC channels, with light split by a dichroic
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This image of Pluto from July 2015 flyby includes Ralph-MVIC red, blue, and NIR color data.
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LEISA channel data, showing its lower definition infrared image of Pluto but with recorded
54:
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8:
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66:
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1555:
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1102:
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745:"Meet Ralph, the New Horizons Camera Bringing Pluto into Sharp Focus – SpaceNews.com"
161:
1140:
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2306:
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1084:
482:
275:
193:
104:
3404:
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1358:
770:"New Horizons begins Pluto observations ahead of July flyby – NASASpaceFlight.com"
510:
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s closest approach to Pluto on July 14, 2015, when it was 47,000 km distant.
3084:
3000:
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2186:
1818:
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875:"Aboard the first spacecraft to the trojan asteroids—NASA Ralph's next adventure"
474:
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16:
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Ralph-MVIC view's a 250 miles (400 kilometers) section of Pluto on July 14, 2015
439:
LEISA achieved its highest resolution data of Pluto of about 3 km/pixel at
3029:
2754:
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2412:
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2100:
1955:
1853:
1772:
1141:
Ralph: A Visible/Infrared Imager for the New
Horizons Pluto/Kuiper Belt Mission
1123:
Ralph: A Visible/Infrared Imager for the New
Horizons Pluto/Kuiper Belt Mission
270:
258:
167:
1227:"Highest Spatial Resolution New Horizons Leisa Spectral-Imaging Scan of Pluto"
1162:"Meet Ralph, the New Horizons probe imaging tool responsible for Pluto photos"
697:"Pluto | New Horizons | Exploring the Planets | National Air and Space Museum"
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906:
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2 panchromatic channels (observing light wavelengths from 400 to 975 nm)
385:
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2202:
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1404:
1106:
596:
361:
288:
135:
40:
990:"Lisa Hardaway, pioneering Ball Aerospace engineer in Boulder, dies at 50"
976:"Lisa Hardaway, pioneering Ball Aerospace engineer in Boulder, dies at 50"
1949:
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1529:
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was about 6 million kilometers (nearly 4 million miles) from the giant.
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and its moons in 2006 and in 2007 when it flew-by en route out of the
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1501:
1019:"NASA's New Horizons Mission Honors Memory of Engineer Lisa Hardaway"
954:"NASA's New Horizons Mission Honors Memory of Engineer Lisa Hardaway"
929:"NASA's New Horizons Mission Honors Memory of Engineer Lisa Hardaway"
29:
2018:
1089:
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At Pluto, Ralph enables the observation of many aspects including:
62:
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248:
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the summer of 2017, NASA renamed the LEISA channel in her honor.
139:
131:
78:
458:
49:
and is a color imaging device, while LEISA originally stood for
3721:
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2154:
2065:
2060:
2055:
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1539:
1534:
1372:
721:"New Horizons' Dramatic Journey to Pluto Revealed in New Book"
478:
Attempted natural color view using only data from MVIC channel
247:
An example of Ralph's abilities is shown by this detection of
191:
Ralph is named after a character in the 1950s television show
3012:
2948:
2454:
1470:
679:"The Camera Adding Color to Your Pluto Pics Has Bigger Plans"
395:
LEISA detects light between 1250 and 2500 nm wavelengths
94:
319:
Arrokoth image taken by Ralph-MVIC (January 2, 2019 release)
2833:
2459:
2137:
831:
829:
414:
74:
24:
1240:"New Horizons Publishes First Research Paper in 'Science'"
392:
MVIC detects light between 400 and 975 nm wavelengths
251:
on the surface of Pluto (left), overlaid on an image from
420:
130:
in 2015. Ralph was previously used to observe the planet
70:
1919:
Cape
Canaveral Air Force Station Space Launch Complex 41
905:. The Museum of Broadcast Communications. Archived from
826:
93:
which was launched in 2006 and flew by the dwarf planet
399:
MVIC has seven CCDs that are wide but short, utilizing
216:
by NASA in June 2017, after Ralph's program manager.
566:
Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars
1312:
Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory
1304:
3819:
2019:Science instruments on satellites and spacecraft
262:Ralph methane detections (left) overlaid onto a
1208:
1206:
89:Ralph is one of seven major instruments aboard
568:(CRISM, an imaging spectrometer in Mars orbit)
429:(from 780 up to 975 nm light wavelengths)
69:type of design with seven channels, including
2004:
1388:
142:were taken with Ralph in February 2007, when
57:for spaceflight. LEISA observes 250 discrete
28:Ralph's MVIC-channel image of Jupiter's moon
1203:
945:
654:Overview of the New Horizons Science Payload
1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
869:
867:
214:Lisa Hardaway Infrared Mapping Spectrometer
38:is a science instrument aboard the robotic
2011:
1997:
1395:
1381:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1041:"What Pluto and California Have in Common"
20:Composite image from Ralph-MVIC of Jupiter
1088:
1012:
1010:
619:
617:
2290:
1145:
1118:
1116:
864:
481:
473:
465:
457:
314:
306:
298:
269:
257:
182:
65:from 1.25 to 2.5 micrometers. MVIC is a
23:
15:
1364:Compares the fields of view of various
1237:
1127:
623:
242:
3820:
1016:
1007:
952:Gipson, Lillian, ed. (June 23, 2017).
951:
926:
647:
645:
614:
1992:
1376:
1113:
1038:
860:New Horizons explores the Kuiper Belt
548:(Ultraviolet imaging spectrometer on
1368:instruments including Ralph channels
676:
375:Command and data handling (C&DH)
210:Linear Etalon Imaging Spectral Array
51:Linear Etalon Imaging Spectral Array
47:Multispectral Visible Imaging Camera
3802:Venetia Burney Student Dust Counter
1720:Venetia Burney Student Dust Counter
1316:"First color image of Ultima Thule"
642:
282:In 2018 it was announced, based on
266:image of dwarf planet Pluto (right)
13:
491:
435:Navigation channel / framing array
208:LEISA's acronym was retitled from
14:
3844:
1344:
666:FEATURED IMAGE: A Look From LEISA
327:Mass: 10.5 kilograms (23 lb)
294:
160:A version of Ralph is carried on
1975:
1974:
1700:Long Range Reconnaissance Imager
1669:
1402:
518:
509:
500:
138:and past Pluto. Observations of
3771:International Lunar Observatory
2582:(TRMM, Terra, Aura, Suomi NPP,
1280:
1256:
1231:
1220:
1178:
1057:
1032:
982:
968:
920:
891:
853:
588:
378:Low voltage power supply (LVPS)
1238:Talbert, Tricia (2015-10-15).
1017:Gipson, Lillian (2017-06-23).
927:Gipson, Lillian (2017-06-23).
787:
762:
737:
713:
689:
670:
659:
624:Talbert, Tricia (2015-03-25).
556:Jovian Infrared Auroral Mapper
432:methane band (860–910 nm)
220:was an aerospace engineer and
126:were used to characterize the
1:
3717:High Resolution Stereo Camera
1214:"PDS: Instrument Information"
1186:"PDS: Instrument Information"
1075:(7075): 378–9. January 2006.
607:
1793:Southwest Research Institute
1039:Koren, Marina (2018-05-31).
626:"Spacecraft and Instruments"
7:
2648:Radiation Budget Instrument
1778:Goddard Space Flight Center
1264:"Catalog Page for PIA20726"
539:
149:Ralph took color images of
84:
77:, near-infrared (NIR), and
10:
3849:
2974:Infrared Space Observatory
1768:Applied Physics Laboratory
1321:Applied Physics Laboratory
1065:"A brief history of Pluto"
903:Encyclopedia of Television
837:"NASA – A Look From LEISA"
801:. George Diller : KSC
372:Detector electronics (DE)
369:Electronic control boards
3784:
3761:
3740:
3709:
3678:
3643:
3634:
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3454:
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3314:
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3205:
3196:
3154:
3145:
3072:
3063:
2941:
2900:
2891:
2871:
2864:
2857:
2819:
2812:
2684:
2538:
2531:
2478:
2299:
2281:
2109:
2024:
1972:
1937:
1881:
1811:
1783:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
1760:
1753:
1733:
1685:
1678:
1667:
1606:
1484:
1453:
1446:
1412:
1268:photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov
449:
178:
3797:Inertial Stellar Compass
3162:Raman Laser Spectrometer
581:
330:Max power use: 7.1 watts
166:, which is visiting six
3792:Deep Space Atomic Clock
3051:Venus Emissivity Mapper
774:www.nasaspaceflight.com
345:Three-mirror anastigmat
3833:Spacecraft instruments
1945:Hubble Space Telescope
1803:University of Colorado
818:: CS1 maint: others (
795:"NASA – Jupiter Ahoy!"
488:
479:
471:
463:
401:time-delay integration
320:
312:
304:
279:
267:
240:
237:principal investigator
188:
32:
21:
3807:Plasma Wave Subsystem
2918:Multispectral Scanner
2242:Pioneer Venus Orbiter
2046:Pioneer Venus Orbiter
1437:New Frontiers program
1190:Planetary Data System
558:(Infrared imaging on
485:
477:
469:
461:
318:
310:
302:
273:
261:
227:
197:, along with another
186:
27:
19:
2775:Mars Climate Orbiter
2417:RM-08 and MTVZA-OK (
1963:Pluto Kuiper Express
1423:Exploration of Pluto
351:Aperture 75 mm
243:Methane observations
55:imaging spectrometer
3732:Mars Orbiter Camera
1798:Stanford University
1354:Instrurments (NASA)
1081:2006Natur.439..378.
899:"Honeymooners, The"
128:atmosphere of Pluto
118:surface temperature
115:surface composition
53:and is an infrared
3710:Imagers/telescopes
2858:Spectrophotometers
1929:Deep Space Network
1314:(1 January 2019).
978:. 26 January 2017.
701:airandspace.si.edu
600:on 1 January 2019.
489:
480:
472:
464:
321:
313:
305:
280:
268:
189:
33:
22:
3815:
3814:
3752:Rosalind Franklin
3674:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3661:Rosalind Franklin
3636:Mass spectrometer
3630:
3629:
3566:Rosalind Franklin
3540:
3539:
3450:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3399:
3398:
3307:Triaxial fluxgate
3192:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3166:Rosalind Franklin
3141:
3140:
3065:UV-visible (UVVS)
3059:
3058:
2955:Rosalind Franklin
2893:Visible-IR (VIRS)
2887:
2886:
2853:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2808:
2807:
2527:
2526:
2339:DMSP 5D-2/F13-F15
1986:
1985:
1924:
1914:
1904:
1894:
1877:
1876:
1749:
1748:
1665:
1664:
1328:on 2 January 2019
996:. 26 January 2017
776:. 19 January 2015
423:(540–700 nm)
417:(400–550 nm)
333:Telescope design
67:pushbroom scanner
3840:
3653:(Europa Clipper)
3641:
3640:
3602:(on ExoMars TGO)
3552:
3551:
3546:Neutral particle
3468:
3467:
3461:
3460:
3410:
3409:
3312:
3311:
3298:(Europa Clipper)
3203:
3202:
3152:
3151:
3070:
3069:
2898:
2897:
2869:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2817:
2816:
2813:Ultraviolet (UV)
2536:
2535:
2532:Infrared-visible
2297:
2296:
2288:
2287:
2013:
2006:
1999:
1990:
1989:
1978:
1977:
1922:
1912:
1902:
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1622:
1620:
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1599:
1597:
1596:
1587:
1585:
1584:
1580:(556416) 2014 OE
1575:
1573:
1572:
1568:(516977) 2012 HZ
1563:
1561:
1560:
1556:(307261) 2002 MS
1521:
1519:
1518:
1509:
1507:
1506:
1451:
1450:
1397:
1390:
1383:
1374:
1373:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1324:. Archived from
1308:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1298:
1292:pluto.jhuapl.edu
1284:
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711:
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693:
687:
686:
677:Stockton, Nick.
674:
668:
663:
657:
652:Weaver, et al –
649:
640:
639:
637:
636:
621:
601:
592:
552:Jupiter orbiter)
522:
513:
504:
445:
323:Specifications:
276:infrared spectra
238:
194:The Honeymooners
105:geology of Pluto
3848:
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3839:
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3626:
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3437:Cassini–Huygens
3424:
3395:
3339:Cassini–Huygens
3326:
3301:
3235:
3184:
3137:
3085:Mariner 6 and 7
3055:
3001:Mariner 6 and 7
2937:
2883:
2865:Long wavelength
2845:
2804:
2733:Mariner 6 and 7
2680:
2609:MESSR and VTIR
2523:
2493:Electra (radio)
2487:Cassini-Huygens
2474:
2277:
2127:Cassini–Huygens
2105:
2033:Cassini–Huygens
2020:
2017:
1987:
1982:
1968:
1933:
1873:
1819:Frances Bagenal
1807:
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1566:
1558:
1557:
1554:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1480:
1476:486958 Arrokoth
1442:
1441:
1408:
1401:
1347:
1342:
1341:
1331:
1329:
1309:
1305:
1296:
1294:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1272:
1270:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1248:
1246:
1236:
1232:
1225:
1221:
1212:
1211:
1204:
1195:
1193:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1170:
1168:
1160:
1159:
1146:
1139:
1128:
1121:
1114:
1090:10.1038/439378b
1063:
1062:
1058:
1049:
1047:
1037:
1033:
1024:
1022:
1015:
1008:
999:
997:
988:
987:
983:
974:
973:
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959:
957:
950:
946:
937:
935:
925:
921:
912:
910:
897:
896:
892:
883:
881:
873:
872:
865:
858:
854:
845:
843:
835:
834:
827:
811:
810:
804:
802:
793:
792:
788:
779:
777:
768:
767:
763:
754:
752:
743:
742:
738:
729:
727:
719:
718:
714:
705:
703:
695:
694:
690:
675:
671:
664:
660:
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589:
584:
542:
537:
536:
535:
534:
525:
524:
523:
515:
514:
506:
505:
494:
492:486958 Arrokoth
452:
443:
297:
245:
239:
233:
181:
168:Jupiter trojans
87:
12:
11:
5:
3846:
3836:
3835:
3830:
3813:
3812:
3810:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3788:
3786:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3778:
3773:
3767:
3765:
3759:
3758:
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3744:
3742:
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3724:
3719:
3713:
3711:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3696:
3689:
3682:
3680:
3676:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3664:
3654:
3647:
3645:
3644:Interplanetary
3638:
3632:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3617:
3610:
3603:
3597:
3587:
3578:
3569:
3558:
3556:
3555:Interplanetary
3549:
3542:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3534:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3506:
3504:
3503:Interplanetary
3500:
3499:
3497:
3496:
3495:
3494:
3480:
3474:
3472:
3465:
3458:
3452:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3440:
3432:
3430:
3429:Interplanetary
3426:
3425:
3423:
3422:
3416:
3414:
3407:
3401:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3393:
3386:
3379:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3334:
3332:
3331:Interplanetary
3328:
3327:
3325:
3324:
3318:
3316:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3289:
3277:
3270:
3263:
3256:
3249:
3243:
3241:
3240:Interplanetary
3237:
3236:
3234:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3221:
3215:
3209:
3207:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3169:
3158:
3156:
3155:Interplanetary
3149:
3143:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3128:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3094:
3087:
3082:
3076:
3074:
3073:Interplanetary
3067:
3061:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3030:Europa Clipper
3015:
3010:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2987:
2976:
2971:
2970:
2969:
2964:
2951:
2945:
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2942:Interplanetary
2939:
2938:
2936:
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2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2904:
2902:
2895:
2889:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2875:
2873:
2872:Interplanetary
2866:
2859:
2855:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2842:
2841:
2831:
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2752:
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2735:
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2718:
2708:
2698:
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2685:Interplanetary
2682:
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2657:
2650:
2645:
2638:
2631:
2625:
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2597:
2592:
2587:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2548:
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2533:
2529:
2528:
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2524:
2522:
2521:
2514:
2502:
2495:
2490:
2482:
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2479:Interplanetary
2476:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
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2437:
2432:
2427:
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2356:
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2346:
2341:
2336:
2329:
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2301:
2294:
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2279:
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2276:
2275:
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2261:
2256:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2232:
2225:
2220:
2213:
2206:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2140:
2138:ExoMars lander
2135:
2130:
2123:
2115:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2036:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2021:
2016:
2015:
2008:
2001:
1993:
1984:
1983:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1959:
1956:New Horizons 2
1952:
1947:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1916:
1906:
1896:
1893:launch vehicle
1885:
1883:
1879:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1859:Mark Showalter
1856:
1854:Daniel Sarokon
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1824:Richard Binzel
1821:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1773:Ball Aerospace
1770:
1764:
1762:
1755:
1751:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1743:
1737:
1735:
1731:
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1668:
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1532:
1527:
1522:
1510:
1498:
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1473:
1468:
1463:
1457:
1455:
1448:
1444:
1443:
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1439:
1434:
1425:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1400:
1399:
1392:
1385:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1361:
1356:
1346:
1345:External links
1343:
1340:
1339:
1303:
1288:"New Horizons"
1279:
1255:
1230:
1219:
1202:
1177:
1144:
1126:
1112:
1056:
1031:
1006:
981:
967:
944:
919:
890:
863:
852:
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761:
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712:
688:
669:
658:
641:
612:
611:
609:
606:
603:
602:
586:
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563:
553:
541:
538:
527:
526:
517:
516:
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499:
498:
497:
496:
495:
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412:
397:
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379:
376:
373:
367:
366:
365:
358:
349:
348:
347:
342:
337:
331:
328:
296:
295:Specifications
293:
255:on the right:
244:
241:
231:
180:
177:
120:
119:
116:
113:
110:
107:
86:
83:
63:infrared light
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3845:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3783:
3777:
3774:
3772:
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3768:
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3760:
3753:
3749:
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3743:
3739:
3733:
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3715:
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3712:
3708:
3702:
3701:
3697:
3695:
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3690:
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3684:
3683:
3681:
3677:
3662:
3658:
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3649:
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3642:
3639:
3637:
3633:
3623:
3622:
3618:
3615:
3611:
3609:
3608:
3604:
3601:
3598:
3595:
3591:
3588:
3585:
3584:
3583:Venus Express
3580:ASPERA-4 (on
3579:
3576:
3575:
3571:ASPERA-3 (on
3570:
3567:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3553:
3550:
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3543:
3533:
3532:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
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3513:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3501:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3488:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3469:
3466:
3464:Ion detectors
3462:
3459:
3453:
3439:
3438:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3427:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3411:
3408:
3406:
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3392:
3391:
3390:Venus Express
3387:
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3333:
3329:
3323:
3320:
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3297:
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3287:
3286:
3281:
3278:
3276:
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3262:
3261:
3257:
3255:
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3227:
3226:
3225:
3222:
3219:
3216:
3214:
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3210:
3208:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3195:
3180:
3178:
3173:
3170:
3167:
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3160:
3159:
3157:
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3150:
3148:
3144:
3134:
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3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
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3019:
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2658:
2655:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2639:
2636:
2632:
2630:(Terra, Aqua)
2629:
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2608:
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2602:
2598:
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2347:
2345:
2344:DMSP 5D-2/F16
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2330:
2327:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2310:
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2255:
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2253:Venus Express
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2146:
2145:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2122:
2121:
2117:
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2114:
2112:
2111:Radio science
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2023:
2014:
2009:
2007:
2002:
2000:
1995:
1994:
1991:
1981:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1958:
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1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
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1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1839:Lisa Hardaway
1837:
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1814:
1810:
1804:
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1352:New Horizons'
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909:on 2014-10-06
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427:Near infrared
425:
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37:
31:
26:
18:
3828:New Horizons
3762:Astronomical
3751:
3748:MicrOmega-IR
3698:
3691:
3688:(on InSight)
3679:Seismometers
3660:
3619:
3605:
3593:
3581:
3574:Mars Express
3572:
3565:
3529:
3435:
3405:Helium vapor
3388:
3381:
3374:
3337:
3283:
3272:
3265:
3258:
3251:
3198:Magnetometer
3177:Perseverance
3176:
3165:
3130:
3123:
3096:
3089:
3035:
3005:
2983:
2979:
2954:
2797:
2790:
2766:
2759:
2737:
2694:Schiaparelli
2692:
2691:COMARS+ (on
2606:Kanopus-V-IK
2516:
2508:
2497:
2485:
2270:
2263:
2251:
2234:
2227:
2215:
2208:
2203:Mars Express
2201:
2159:
2142:
2125:
2118:
2038:
2031:
1961:
1954:
1829:Alice Bowman
1761:Institutions
1709:
1485:Observations
1430:New Horizons
1429:
1405:New Horizons
1403:
1366:New Horizons
1365:
1359:NASA – Ralph
1351:
1330:. Retrieved
1326:the original
1319:
1306:
1295:. Retrieved
1291:
1282:
1271:. Retrieved
1267:
1258:
1247:. Retrieved
1243:
1233:
1222:
1194:. Retrieved
1189:
1180:
1169:. Retrieved
1165:
1072:
1068:
1059:
1048:. Retrieved
1045:The Atlantic
1044:
1034:
1023:. Retrieved
998:. Retrieved
994:Daily Camera
993:
984:
970:
958:. Retrieved
947:
936:. Retrieved
932:
922:
911:. Retrieved
907:the original
902:
893:
882:. Retrieved
878:
855:
844:. Retrieved
841:www.nasa.gov
840:
803:. Retrieved
799:www.nasa.gov
798:
789:
778:. Retrieved
773:
764:
753:. Retrieved
751:. 2015-07-11
748:
739:
728:. Retrieved
724:
715:
704:. Retrieved
700:
691:
682:
672:
661:
653:
633:. Retrieved
629:
597:New Horizons
595:
590:
574:New Horizons
573:
559:
549:
453:
440:
438:
406:
398:
386:beamsplitter
383:
362:focal length
322:
284:New Horizons
283:
281:
246:
235:New Horizons
234:
228:
222:New Horizons
221:
213:
209:
207:
201:instrument,
199:New Horizons
198:
192:
190:
162:
159:
155:New Horizons
154:
148:
144:New Horizons
143:
136:Solar System
121:
99:
91:New Horizons
90:
88:
50:
46:
41:New Horizons
39:
35:
34:
3764:instruments
3741:Microscopes
2407:Meteor-M2-1
2396:Meteor-3M-1
1950:Kuiper belt
1923:launch site
1903:upper stage
1849:Cathy Olkin
1687:Instruments
1530:28978 Ixion
1525:15810 Arawn
441:New Horizon
364:658 mm
153:during the
59:wavelengths
3822:Categories
3471:Near-Earth
3413:Near-Earth
3383:Pioneer 11
3315:Near-Earth
3253:Pioneer 10
3206:Near-Earth
3091:Mariner 10
2901:Near-Earth
2820:Near-Earth
2773:PMIRR (on
2761:Pioneer 10
2739:Mariner 10
2661:Sentinel-3
2539:Near-Earth
2430:Sentinel-3
2401:MTVZA-GYa
2364:Kanopus-ST
2313:Sentinel-6
2300:Near-Earth
2283:Radiometer
2133:Europa-UVS
1869:Hal Weaver
1864:Alan Stern
1734:Subsystems
1679:Spacecraft
1461:132524 APL
1297:2018-10-24
1273:2018-10-24
1249:2018-10-24
1196:2018-12-19
1171:2018-10-18
1050:2018-10-18
1025:2018-12-19
1000:2018-12-19
938:2018-10-11
913:2018-10-11
884:2018-12-19
846:2018-10-11
805:2018-10-11
780:2018-10-11
755:2018-10-11
730:2018-10-11
706:2018-10-11
635:2018-10-11
608:References
360:Effective
336:Unobscured
122:Ralph and
3776:MoonLIGHT
3614:Mariner 2
3594:Curiosity
3520:Mariner 2
3457:detectors
3376:MESSENGER
3355:Mariner 2
3267:Voyager 1
3125:Voyager 1
3098:MESSENGER
3007:MESSENGER
2992:(on Juno)
2980:Voyager 1
2923:SCIAMACHY
2792:Voyager 1
2755:2M No.522
2750:2M No.521
2671:Suomi NPP
2499:Mariner 2
2404:Meteor-M2
2391:, MOS-1b)
2292:Microwave
2265:Voyager 1
2223:Pioneer 7
2210:MESSENGER
2167:Mariner 2
1913:3rd stage
1882:Logistics
1844:Brian May
1834:Marc Buie
1754:Personnel
1332:2 January
1099:0028-0836
725:Space.com
112:structure
97:in 2015.
3693:Viking 1
3612:SPS (on
3562:ADRON-RM
3548:detector
3515:ASPERA-4
3510:ASPERA-3
3455:Particle
3218:QuakeSat
3018:E-THEMIS
2781:Venera 9
2623:Meteor-2
2601:ADEOS II
2413:Nimbus 7
2359:GPM Core
2326:ADEOS II
2259:Venera 9
2247:Sakigake
2161:Magellan
2120:Akatsuki
2071:Venera 4
2040:Magellan
1980:Category
1909:Star 48B
1741:GPHS-RTG
1607:Rejected
1550:Makemake
1428:List of
1418:Timeline
1166:DPReview
1107:16437073
960:June 27,
879:phys.org
814:cite web
572:List of
562:orbiter)
540:See also
340:Off-axis
232:—
172:asteroid
151:Arrokoth
85:Overview
3621:Ulysses
3531:Ulysses
3492:Proba-2
3478:DEMETER
3229:Proba-2
3220:1 and 2
3172:SHERLOC
2962:MA-MISS
2839:Proba-2
2745:Mars 96
2728:Luna 13
2715:InSight
2701:Diviner
2675:NOAA-21
2659:SLSTR (
2584:NOAA-20
2575:AVNIR-2
2518:Rosetta
2470:Zond-PP
2419:Sich-1M
2394:MTVZA (
2354:Envisat
2333:Shizuku
2331:AMSR2 (
2311:AMR-C (
2150:InSight
2144:Galileo
1938:Related
1899:Centaur
1889:Atlas V
1651:2014 PN
1639:2014 OS
1627:2014 MT
1615:2011 HM
1592:2012 HE
1514:2011 KW
1502:2011 JY
1492:Neptune
1466:Jupiter
1447:Targets
1077:Bibcode
249:methane
170:and an
140:Jupiter
132:Jupiter
79:methane
3754:rover)
3722:HiRISE
3663:rover)
3651:MASPEX
3607:Nozomi
3568:rover)
3350:Magsat
3345:FIELDS
3292:ICEMAG
3247:FIELDS
3168:rover)
3114:SPICAV
3109:SPICAM
3046:SPICAV
3041:SPICAM
2978:IRIS (
2828:EURECA
2654:GCOM-C
2652:SGLI (
2642:EURECA
2635:JERS-1
2425:Seasat
2378:MOPITT
2324:AMSR (
2321:(AQUA)
2319:AMSR-E
2217:Nozomi
2155:Kaguya
2101:WISDOM
2066:MARSIS
2061:SHARAD
2056:SELENE
2051:REASON
1812:People
1788:KinetX
1705:PEPSSI
1540:Haumea
1535:Quaoar
1496:Triton
1454:Flybys
1432:topics
1192:. NASA
1105:
1097:
1069:Nature
1021:. NASA
956:. NASA
576:topics
533:image.
487:across
450:Images
179:Naming
3727:LORRI
3600:FREND
3420:Swarm
3322:Swarm
3179:rover
3147:Raman
3104:NOMAD
3080:Alice
3036:Ralph
3013:MERIS
2990:JIRAM
2957:rover
2949:AKARI
2826:ORI (
2667:VIIRS
2640:ORI (
2633:OPS (
2628:MODIS
2613:MOS-1
2599:GLI (
2580:CERES
2570:AVNIR
2559:Terra
2551:ASTER
2546:AVHRR
2465:WSF-M
2455:SSMIS
2450:SSM/I
2389:MOS-1
2387:MSR (
2382:Terra
2369:MIRAS
2025:Radar
1710:Ralph
1695:Alice
1471:Pluto
683:Wired
582:Notes
531:LORRI
444:'
289:Titan
264:LORRI
253:LORRI
203:Alice
187:Ralph
124:Alice
95:Pluto
36:Ralph
3785:Misc
3686:SEIS
3657:MOMA
3592:(on
3487:DSLP
3485:and
3483:TPMU
3296:PIMS
3294:and
3285:Juno
3224:SGVM
3213:GOES
3028:(on
3026:SUDA
3022:MISE
2982:and
2967:ISEM
2933:TRMM
2913:MOMS
2908:CASE
2834:LYRA
2723:IRIS
2713:(on
2703:(on
2595:ERSS
2590:ERBS
2565:AIRS
2555:MISR
2510:Juno
2460:TRMM
2445:SMOS
2440:SMMR
2435:SMAP
2374:MISR
2349:ERSS
2307:AQUA
2187:6, 7
1725:SWAP
1545:Eris
1494:and
1334:2019
1244:NASA
1103:PMID
1095:ISSN
962:2017
933:NASA
820:link
630:NASA
560:Juno
550:Juno
415:Blue
357:/8.7
163:Lucy
109:form
75:blue
3590:DAN
3525:SPS
3280:MAG
3119:UVS
2928:TES
2879:ISO
2711:HP3
2705:LRO
2505:MWR
1715:REX
1642:393
1618:102
1583:394
1085:doi
1073:439
546:UVS
421:Red
212:to
71:red
61:of
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3260:11
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3020:,
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2236:11
2229:10
2197:10
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