599:
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472:
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1753:
535:, Bard argued that Japan should receive two or three days' "preliminary warning" before the bomb was used. "The position of the United States as a great humanitarian nation and the fair play attitude of our people generally is responsible in the main for this feeling," Bard wrote, adding that he felt "that the Japanese government may be searching for some opportunity which they could use as a medium of surrender." The memorandum also suggested that Japan be informed of "Russia's position," i.e., the likely entry of the
33:
408:
British-Dutch rubber cartel will be revived after the war to threaten this new industry. We hope that we can enlist the support of the masses of Latin
America and our own Negroes, without having to do too much toward solving the agrarian problems of our neighbors to the south or the economic problems of our fellow-Americans. And we hope that the Russians will whip the Nazis, but not be too unreasonable about spreading their uncomfortable doctrines outside of Russia.
270:
488:
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Administrative Office, and the
Management Engineer's Office. He instituted a sweeping industrial relations program, covering such areas as training, classification, safety, labor relations, recruiting, and efficient use of manpower, and established a Personnel Relations Division in every major naval activity. Thanks to his efforts, there was no strike or work stoppage at any Navy activity during
1132:
716:
United States of
America, Bureau of the Census. Twelfth Census of the United States, 1900; Census Place: Chicago Ward 32, Cook, Illinois; Roll: 287; Page: 16A; Enumeration District: 1032. Lists children Francis N. (age 18); Ralph A. (age 15); and Roy E. (age 12). Source: Ancestry.com. 1900 United
589:
Bard submitted his resignation as Under
Secretary at about the time the Interim Committee made its recommendation to Truman on the use of the bomb. He left his post a month later. There is no evidence that he resigned in disagreement with the recommendation or because his own recommendations to
407:
We are whistling in a graveyard to keep from facing reality. We prate about our unity of purpose. Then we retire to the woodshed with a sharp pencil and a clean shingle, to figure out whether the agricultural or the petroleum interests will grab the synthetic rubber business, and whether the
380:
who had once held the same post. As
Assistant Secretary, Bard was responsible for all matters relating to civilian personnel and the general administration of the Navy Department. Divisions under his control included Shore Establishments, Transportation, Supervision and Management, the
389:, established by President Roosevelt to balance the wartime labor needs of the civilian and military sectors of the U.S. economy. Upon becoming Under Secretary on June 24, 1944, Bard added responsibility for all Navy uniformed personnel to his other duties. Bard also served as acting
527:
on the use of the atomic bomb. Although Bard joined in the committee's unanimous recommendation that the bomb should be used in combat as soon as possible and without warning, he developed second thoughts. In a memorandum dated June 27, 1945, to
951:
569:
without the warning that Bard recommended, inflicting approximately 70,000 deaths, including 20,000 Japanese combatants and 20,000 Korean slave laborers. On August 8, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan and launched the
939:
437:
448:, that enlistment of African Americans would be given consideration. Under pressure from President Roosevelt, the Navy announced in 1942 a new policy of accepting African American volunteers (but not
344:
in
Chicago, eventually becoming head of his own firm. He married Mary Hancock Spear (1886–1949) in 1909. They had four children. Bard was active in civic organizations in the Chicago area, including
1136:
2126:
2116:
2111:
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582:, killing approximately 35,000 people, including 27,778 Japanese munitions employees, 2,000 Korean slave laborers, and 150 Japanese combatants. On August 15, the Emperor announced the
321:
2121:
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411:
And all the time we have a dusty standard in the attic around which we could all rally if we would but break it out and understand its dynamic implications.
2256:
887:
Biographical Note, Papers of
Assistant Secretary of the Navy Ralph A. Bard, USN, Operational Archives Branch, Naval Historical Center, Washington, D.C.
966:, who acted as the Interim Committee's secretary. A facsimile copy of Bard's memorandum and of Harrison's covering memorandum to Stimson is found at
1041:
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254:
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848:
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argued for allowing enlistment of a small number of
African Americans for general duty on an experimental basis; and Bard himself promised
414:
I mean the standard of democratic idealism, which means tolerance, humility, sacrifice and understanding of the meaning of human dignity.
312:
on a strategic city. He was "the only person known to have formally dissented from the use of the atomic bomb without advance warning."
2241:
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Papers of
Assistant Secretary of the Navy Ralph A. Bard, USN, Operational Archives Branch, Naval Historical Center, Washington, D.C.
500:
419:— Ralph Austin Bard, Speech to the Industrial Union of Marine and Shipbuilding Workers of America, New York City, September 24, 1942
2221:
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2231:
1985:
1813:
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741:
Barton J. Bernstein, "The Debate on
Industrial Reconversion: The Protection of Oligopoly and Military Control of the Economy,"
436:
and its consequences. As a member of a committee appointed to investigate the Navy's racial policies, Bard's special assistant
332:, Bard was the second of three children born to George Morris Bard (1852–1932) and Helen Norwood Bard (1858–1947). He went to
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that killed at least 350,000 civilians desensitized U.S. authorities, and the Japanese government did not respond to the
445:
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432:". Although Bard's duties as Assistant Secretary did not extend to uniformed personnel, his office often dealt with
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Records of Military Agencies Relating to African Americans from the Post-World War I Period to the Korean War
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Nuke-Rebuke: Writers & Artists Against Nuclear Energy & Weapons (The Contemporary anthology series)
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and the treatment of the Japanese nation following unconditional surrender." However, the extensive
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Film footage of Assistant Secretary of the Navy Ralph A. Bard speaking at launch of battleship USS
930:, National Archives and Records Administration, Reference Information Paper 105, 2006, pp. 101-102.
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the United States Armed Services. In 1944, the Navy began the training of African Americans as
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in baseball, basketball and football. After graduating in 1906, he embarked on a career as an
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declined it, but Bard also declined. By the time he changed his mind, the job had gone to
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753:"Historical Sketch" in "Indiana Automobile Advertisements, 1916–1996, Collection Guide"
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from enlisting for "general duty" (combat) roles, restricting them to service as "
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1178:, "Was A-Bomb on Japan a Mistake?", August 15, 1960; pp. 62–76, 115–116.
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On August 6, 1945, the first atomic bomb was dropped on the Japanese city of
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93:
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The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb and the Architecture of an American Myth
32:
1970:
1938:
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855:. Knox wanted to appoint Bard to the post of Under Secretary in 1940 after
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382:
717:
States Federal Census . Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2004.
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The Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb: Hiroshima and Nagasaki: August 1945
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units, a practice that continued until 1948 when President Truman issued
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from April 28, 1944, to May 19, 1944, following the death of Secretary
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775:, v. 6 (1974-1976), Chicago: Marquis Who's Who, 1978, p. 20, col. 3.
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Ralph Austin Bard visiting a wounded U.S. Marine in San Diego in 1944
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793:"Long Pursuit of Rose Franken Won Katharine Bard Two Coveted Roles"
614:. He was honorary chair of the committee that brought the captured
579:
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in 1945 urging that Japan be given a warning before the use of the
424:
When Bard became Assistant Secretary, Navy policy was to prohibit
372:, Bard was appointed Assistant Secretary of the Navy by President
320:
1205:
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into the war, and that "assurances" be given "with regard to the
1154:"Behind the Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb: Chicago 1944–1945"
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to the job, but decided on Bard based on the recommendation of
1008:. The Spirit That Moves Us Press. May 1, 1984. pp. 22–29.
952:
Notes of the Interim Committee Meeting, June 1, 1945, pp. 8-9.
832:
Roosevelt was Assistant Secretary, 1913-1920, under President
578:. On August 9, a second bomb was used on the Japanese city of
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and the Wahl Company (1939), which made Eversharp pens. (See
301:, 1944–1945. He is noted for a memorandum he wrote to
2262:
Recipients of the Navy Distinguished Civilian Service Award
1312:
1024:, Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2004, p. 70.]
836:. Roosevelt considered appointing his political adviser
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Companies in which Bard became an investor included the
16:
American financier and government official (1884–1975)
915:, U.S. Army Military History Center, 1985, Chapter 3.
867:
Driven Patriot: The Life and Times of James Forrestal
989:
400:
1194:(BB-64). Philadelphia Navy Yard, December 7, 1943"
519:In 1945, Bard became one of eight members of the
363:
315:
2183:
633:, on April 5, 1975, at age 91. He is buried in
610:. In his later years, he made his residence in
2252:United States Assistant Secretaries of the Navy
558:in late July 1945 outlining the conditions for
479:
1298:
2217:United States Navy civilians of World War II
645:Bard's papers (1941–1944) are housed at the
285:(July 29, 1884 – April 5, 1975) was a
2257:United States Under Secretaries of the Navy
1087:, Naval Institute Press, 2005, pp. 110-11.
1021:Weapons for Victory: The Hiroshima Decision
962:The memorandum was sent to Stimson through
745:, Vol. 26, No. 2 (April, 1967), pp. 159-172
743:American Journal of Economics and Sociology
700:(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1995), p. 225.
496:has original text related to this article:
1305:
1291:
912:Integration of the Armed Forces, 1940-1965
629:in 1954, and he died in a nursing home in
113:February 24, 1941 – June 24, 1944
31:
259:Navy Distinguished Civilian Service Award
751:(1919). See Indiana Historical Society,
597:
470:
319:
2184:
2127:Research, Development and Acquisitions
1042:"Ralph A. Bard, 90, Navy Leader, dies"
940:Notes of the Interim Committee Meeting
869:, Naval Institute Press, 2000, p. 129.
865:Townsend Hoopes and Douglas Brinkley,
730:, "Chicago Buyers," September 16, 1929
574:which decimated the already-weakening
57:June 24, 1944 – June 30, 1945
2117:Energy, Installations and Environment
1314:United States Secretaries of the Navy
1286:
356:. One of Bard's children was actress
2202:20th-century American businesspeople
2112:Financial Management and Comptroller
1162:, September 1958, pp. 288–312.
817:"Ralph Bard dies;fought A-bombing,"
627:Distinguished Civilian Service Award
602:Bard's grave at Lake Forest Cemetery
444:, who chaired President Roosevelt's
898:Vital Speeches of the Day, Vol. VII
625:in Chicago. He received the Navy's
446:Fair Employment Practices Committee
13:
1146:
1141:Naval History and Heritage Command
1139:from websites or documents of the
983:
606:In 1946, Bard received the Navy's
14:
2273:
2242:People from Lake Forest, Illinois
2207:20th-century American politicians
2160:Research, Engineering and Systems
1182:
1159:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
968:The George Washington University.
785:
501:Memorandum on the Use of S-1 Bomb
1758:
1751:
1744:
1242:24 February 1941 – 24 June 1944
1135: This article incorporates
1130:
857:William J. ("Wild Bill") Donovan
799:. February 15, 1948. p. 8-A
486:
452:) for general duty positions in
401:Bard and integration of the Navy
385:. Bard was also a member of the
268:
255:Navy Distinguished Service Medal
2222:Burials at Lake Forest Cemetery
1238:Assistant Secretary of the Navy
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101:Assistant Secretary of the Navy
1196:. CriticalPast. April 25, 2014
1168:10.1080/00963402.1958.11453876
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666:"Hall of Valor: Ralph A. Bard"
658:
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623:Museum of Science and Industry
523:appointed to advise President
364:Service at the Navy Department
316:Early life and business career
1:
2232:Businesspeople from Cleveland
652:
593:
2122:Manpower and Reserve Affairs
1269:24 June 1944 – 30 June 1945
1175:U.S. News & World Report
994:. Enigma Books. p. 128.
990:Dennis D. Wainstock (2011).
838:Thomas ("The Cork") Corcoran
510:We Are Still Losing This War
480:Bard's memorandum to Stimson
7:
2247:Princeton University alumni
2227:Businesspeople from Chicago
2145:Installations and Logistics
2132:General Counsel of the Navy
1265:Under Secretary of the Navy
608:Distinguished Service Medal
590:Stimson were not followed.
352:. He was also a trustee of
45:Under Secretary of the Navy
10:
2278:
2165:Shipbuilding and Logistics
909:Morris J. MacGregor, Jr.,
368:Although he was an active
297:, 1941–1944, and as
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1963:
1952:
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749:Auburn Automobile Company
324:Ralph Austin Bard in 1922
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39:
30:
23:
2155:Research and Development
1084:U-505: The Final Journey
942:, May 31, 1945, pp. 1-3.
823:, April 7, 1975, p. E10.
289:financier who served as
797:The Boston Sunday Globe
647:Naval Historical Center
576:Manchukuo Imperial Army
560:unconditional surrender
387:War Manpower Commission
354:Northwestern University
1137:public domain material
1067:Who Was Who in America
773:Who Was Who in America
603:
476:
416:
325:
1152:Alice Kimball Smith,
1018:Robert James Maddox,
674:Sightline Media Group
612:Lake Forest, Illinois
601:
572:invasion of Manchuria
474:
466:commissioned officers
434:racial discrimination
405:
391:Secretary of the Navy
374:Franklin D. Roosevelt
346:Boy Scouts of America
323:
122:Franklin D. Roosevelt
66:Franklin D. Roosevelt
2237:Illinois Republicans
849:"Back-Seat Driver,"
763:, October 21, 1946.)
649:in Washington, D.C.
635:Lake Forest Cemetery
458:Executive Order 9981
334:Princeton University
237:Princeton University
2212:American financiers
1223:Government offices
853:, February 24, 1941
631:Deerfield, Illinois
556:Potsdam Declaration
291:Assistant Secretary
195:Deerfield, Illinois
1258:James V. Forrestal
1190:"Launching of USS
1046:The New York Times
964:George L. Harrison
861:James V. Forrestal
604:
584:surrender of Japan
548:on Japanese cities
477:
350:American Red Cross
326:
215:Mary Hancock Spear
2179:
2178:
2175:
2174:
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1739:
1281:
1280:
1272:Succeeded by
1245:Succeeded by
1107:, April 7, 1975,
757:"The $ 64 Answer"
670:militarytimes.com
616:German submarine
521:Interim Committee
426:African Americans
342:investment banker
283:Ralph Austin Bard
280:
279:
25:Ralph Austin Bard
2269:
2036:T. Roosevelt Jr.
1991:T. Roosevelt Sr.
1961:
1960:
1762:
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1748:
1747:
1584:Dept. of Defense
1327:
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1307:
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1283:
1255:Preceded by
1248:H. Struve Hensel
1228:Preceded by
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545:incendiary raids
541:Emperor of Japan
533:Henry L. Stimson
530:Secretary of War
490:
420:
306:Henry L. Stimson
303:Secretary of War
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156:Personal details
146:H. Struve Hensel
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1147:Further reading
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1105:Chicago Tribune
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1081:James E. Wise,
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1048:. April 7, 1975
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174:Cleveland, Ohio
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82:James Forrestal
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2192:1884 births
2031:G. Woodbury
1956:Secretaries
1919:Livingstone
1771:Secretaries
1727:Braithwaite
1379:L. Woodbury
1322:Secretaries
1128:Attribution
900:, pp. 21–23
641:Bard papers
462:integrating
336:, where he
310:atomic bomb
129:Preceded by
77:Preceded by
2186:Categories
1864:Middendorf
1657:Middendorf
1469:R Thompson
1364:S Thompson
845:Frank Knox
653:References
594:Later life
494:Wikisource
454:segregated
395:Frank Knox
370:Republican
243:Occupation
232:Alma mater
206:Republican
188:1975-04-06
168:1884-07-29
2136:defunct:
2105:Post–1954
2016:Satterlee
1954:Assistant
1874:Macdonald
1809:Whitehair
1779:Forrestal
1574:Forrestal
1519:Bonaparte
1384:Dickerson
1212:Wisconsin
1192:Wisconsin
567:Hiroshima
460:racially
265:Signature
246:financier
192:(aged 91)
118:President
109:In office
62:President
53:In office
2150:Material
2041:Robinson
2021:Winthrop
2011:Newberry
1964:Pre–1954
1934:Davidson
1889:Goodrich
1819:T. Gates
1794:Sullivan
1789:A. Gates
1732:Del Toro
1642:Ignatius
1627:Connally
1617:T. Gates
1607:Anderson
1597:Matthews
1592:Sullivan
1529:Newberry
1484:Chandler
1419:Bancroft
1389:Paulding
1369:Southard
1349:Hamilton
1339:Stoddert
803:April 4,
580:Nagasaki
450:draftees
378:Democrat
348:and the
338:lettered
328:Born in
220:Children
2086:Koehler
2081:Andrews
2061:Compton
2046:Jahncke
2006:Darling
2001:Hackett
1894:Garrett
1879:Woolsey
1859:Sanders
1844:Baldwin
1804:Kimball
1722:Spencer
1707:England
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1602:Kimball
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1524:Metcalf
1499:Herbert
1489:Whitney
1464:Robeson
1439:Kennedy
1429:Preston
1404:Henshaw
1206:YouTube
621:to the
430:messmen
293:of the
287:Chicago
186: (
166: (
2096:Fogler
2091:Askins
2076:Kenney
2071:Hensel
2056:Edison
1986:McAdoo
1924:Aviles
1909:Hultin
1904:Danzig
1899:Howard
1884:Murray
1869:Potter
1854:Warner
1839:BeLieu
1824:Franke
1814:Thomas
1799:Kenney
1712:Winter
1702:Danzig
1697:Dalton
1672:Lehman
1652:Warner
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1622:Franke
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1564:Edison
1549:Wilbur
1514:Morton
1454:Welles
1449:Toucey
1444:Dobbin
1434:Graham
1409:Gilmer
1399:Upshur
1394:Badger
1374:Branch
1109:supra.
1091:
1071:supra.
1028:
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847:. See
779:
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251:Awards
212:Spouse
1996:Allen
1981:Soley
1976:Faxon
1944:Raven
1939:Modly
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1829:Bantz
1769:Under
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1637:Nitze
1632:Korth
1554:Adams
1544:Denby
1534:Meyer
1509:Moody
1494:Tracy
1459:Borie
1424:Mason
1414:Mason
1354:Jones
1344:Smith
618:U-505
2066:Bard
1929:Work
1784:Bard
1682:Ball
1677:Webb
1569:Knox
1504:Long
1479:Hunt
1474:Goff
1202:2017
1089:ISBN
1054:2017
1026:ISBN
872:ISBN
805:2023
777:ISBN
702:ISBN
681:2017
376:, a
295:Navy
197:, US
181:Died
176:, US
161:Born
2140:Air
1971:Fox
1834:Fay
1164:doi
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170:)
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