966:, in 1864. Jiménez apparently was born in what would later become the Dominican Republic, on July 28, 1842. Her mother's last name, Carlo, rather common in Cabo Rojo, implies that her family had ties to the town. She worked for one of Betances' sisters between 1863 and 1864, and he met her once at his sister's house. Apparently she was infatuated with him strongly enough to appear at his door with a pair of suitcases, asking him to give her shelter, since "no gentleman would leave a woman alone on the street at night." Jiménez then became Betances' common-law wife for thirty-five years, and survived his death in 1898. They would not have any children. Their
1906:
881:, the military leader of the northern pro-independence faction who led the efforts to restore Dominican sovereignty over their country. Betances was also a collaborator of Dominican priest (and later Archbishop of Santo Domingo and one-time president of the country), Fernando Arturo de Meriño, who was the revolt's ideological leader (as well as its delegate in Puerto Rico when he was himself exiled by the restored republican government). These two friendships would prove to be key to Betances' own efforts to achieve Puerto Rican independence later on.
1767:
skepticism, since
Estrada sympathized with the idea of having the United States intervene in the Cuban independence war to have the Spanish evicted from Cuba. They suspected that his weak leadership allowed opportunists to profit from an invasion and even suggest that the United States keep Puerto Rico in exchange for independence for Cuba. Some written evidence points to the truth of their affirmations, at least to the extent of wanting to have the Puerto Rican section of the Cuban Revolutionary Party shut down, which eventually did happen.
52:
4385:
2526:
1730:) offered his services to Betances, sold most of his personal belongings to finance a revolt in Puerto Rico, and volunteered to lead any Puerto Rican troops had such revolt occur. The revolt was deemed unnecessary later in the year, when the Spanish government recalled Palacio from office to investigate charges of abuse of power from his part, but Gómez and Betances established a friendship and logistical relationship that lasted until Betances' death in 1898.
568:
4293:
2305:
1846:
Cánovas as a target instead. There is evidence that
Betances financed Angiolillo's travel to Spain, and used his contacts to have Angiolillo reach and enter Spanish territory under a false identity. Further speculation that Angiolillo used a firearm that Betances himself furnished for him appears to be unfounded (although Betances, who was a fan of firearms himself —he taught a Cuban revolutionary leader on how to use a
955:
1984:
1608:
4327:
396:
2038:, was able to convince the Puerto Rican Legislative Assembly to approve an act that would allow the transfer of the mortal remains of Puerto Rican patriot Ramón Emeterio Betances from Paris, France, to Puerto Rico. Seven years after the act's approval, the Legislative Assembly commissioned one of its delegates, Alfonso Lastra Charriez, to serve as an emissary and bring Betances' remains from France.
858:
776:
2645:, p. 42: "A search of slave registries in Cabo Rojo for the decades of 1840s and 1850s has given us no results. We can assure, however, that by 1869 and following years Dr. Betances is not listed as owning any Negro slaves within the jurisdiction. (...) The only Betances listed as owning a Negro slave in Cabo Rojo, in both the 1869 and 1872 censuses, is Ana Betances Torres (Ramón's half-sister)."
1822:, and since his lungs could not exchange oxygen properly this put extra burden to his heart and kidneys) prevented Betances from performing further diplomatic work from France on behalf of Puerto Rico or Cuba. His illness, which lasted more than a year, prevented him from performing medical work, and forced the Party to approve a stipend for Betances during his long illness, until his death.
1807:
2058:. It took the caravan two days to make the 120-mile (193 km) route. Once Betances' remains reached the city of Mayagüez, 8,000 mourners paid their respects. Betances' remains were laid to rest in Cabo Rojo's municipal cemetery. A few decades later his remains were moved to a monument designed to honor Betances in the town's plaza. There is a bust created by the Italian sculptor
1100:, along with other Puerto Ricans living in the city. After signing a letter that could serve as proof of his intentions of becoming a United States citizen (mainly to prevent his arrest elsewhere) Betances then returned to the Dominican Republic in September 1867, where he attempted to organize an armed expedition that was to invade Puerto Rico. However, under threat of arrest by
370:) classification of families in Cabo Rojo. The process, when successful, entitled the requester to further legal and property rights for him and his family, and was necessary to allow his daughter, Ana María, to marry José Tió, who was a Caucasian. In the case of Betances' father, the process lasted two years, and was formalized in 1840, but not before having to have the family's
1081:
made an offer to purchase what were then the Danish Virgin
Islands, would rather instigate a revolt in Puerto Rico so as to later annex the island—which would make a better military base in the Caribbean—at a lesser economic cost. His fears were not without base, since the then American consul in the island, Alexander Jourdan, suggested precisely this to then Secretary of State
1061:(No one can give others what they don't have for themselves), a phrase that he would constantly use through the rest of his life when referring to Spain's unwillingness to grant Puerto Rico or Cuba any reforms. He would then suggest setting up a revolt and proclaim independence as soon as possible. Many of the meeting's attendants sided with Betances, to the horror of Acosta.
2512:
1512:(1895–98). Spain had promoted political reform in Puerto Rico, and the local political climate was not conducive to a second revolution at the time. Therefore, Betances and the Puerto Rican revolutionaries ceded their caches of firearms hidden in Saint Thomas, Curaçao and Haiti to the Cuban rebels in October 1871, since their struggle was deemed as a priority.
712:, a historian and close friend, later wrote that once Betances returned to Puerto Rico with Lita's body, he suspended all personal activities besides his medical work, spent a considerable amount of time caring for her tomb at the Mayagüez cemetery, and assumed the physical aspect that most people identify Betances with: dark suit, long unkempt beard, and "
2167:
or the recognition that they deserve. But the world is full of ingratitudes, and the disdainful tend to forget that this revolutionary act is precisely the highest struggle of dignity that has been done in Puerto Rico in four centuries of the most opprobrious servitude, engraving in its flag the abolition of slavery and the independence of the island.
1424:'. (...) Let us unite. Let us build a people, a people of true Freemasons, and we then shall raise a temple over foundations so solid that the forces of the Saxon and Spanish races will not shake it, a temple that we will consecrate to Independence, and in whose frontispiece we will engrave this inscription, as imperishable as the Motherland itself:
1017:, a bad economic situation in its colonies, among others. It attempted to appease the growing discontent of the citizens of its remaining colonies in the continent by setting up a board of review that would receive complaints from representatives of the colonies and attempt to adjust legislation that affected them. This board, the
153:
2804:, p. 44. He described an event in one of his writings that happened in a nearby town where a slave, who had bought his own liberty from his owner, was denied his freedom by a Spanish bureaucrat. The slave then proceeded to kill the owner, his wife and son, and when he was arrested, he upbraided the bureaucrat by saying:
756:. Even fierce political enemies such as Spanish pro-monarchy journalist José Pérez Morís regarded Betances as the best surgeon in Puerto Rico at the time. His good reputation in Puerto Rico would survive his stay in the island nation for many years. In 1895, while Betances was living in Paris, the manufacturers of the
2324:) examines various possible causes for the spontaneous death of a fetus and/or its mother, was later used as a textbook on gynecology at some European universities. According to at least one medical practitioner who examined it in 1988, his attempt to explain the theory behind spontaneous contractions leading to
1604:
hopeful that the islanders would assume a more proactive role in seeking their freedom from Spain. With time, Betances became essentially the representative of the liberal governments of the
Dominican Republic for as long as they lasted, and the representative of the Cuban "government in arms", or insurrection.
1746:, who lived in New York City and shared her brother's revolutionary ideals. Martí assisted her financially in her final days, out of admiration for the Betances' family. Betances accepted the assignment out of gratitude towards Martí. Soon after, Martí died in battle in Cuba in 1895, an event that brought
2219:
as a political alternative in the island, the level of cultural and social development of a collective Puerto Rican conscience was almost a direct consequence of the event. To put it simply, if there is any nationalistic sentiment in Puerto Rico in the present day, almost all of it can be traced back
2211:
to the
Spanish Cortes, most of them were defined within the framework of loyalty to Spain as a metropolitan power (and thus subordinate to Spanish rule over Puerto Rico), and many of them were quickly suppressed by the Spanish government, which feared an escalation of nationalistic sentiment that, in
2166:
Those who have judged our Lares revolution with disdain are not aware of the dangers that the movement cost, or what was really done then, or the results obtained since, or the sorrows, the pains, the deaths, the mourning that followed. They are not aware of the sufferings of those who were outlawed,
1856:
Betances sympathized with anarchists like
Angiolillo, and hated monarchists like Cánovas, but this alone would not justify direct action from Betances into taking Cánovas' life. Betances did state at the time, however, that "in Spain there is only one true retrograde and reactionary leader, and he is
1080:
by historians) was unrelated to his revolutionary plans, and that he actually did not mind the troops stationed in Puerto Rico that much, since they would have been ill-prepared for stopping a well-developed pro-independence revolt at the time anyway. Marchesi feared that the United States, which had
1974:
addict (unlikely) by then, and she even wished for her husband to die in tantrums reported by his doctors. Political foes attempted to gain possession of
Betances' intelligence dossiers, as did Spanish intelligence agents in Paris. Betances asked personal friends to keep personal guard of him, which
1354:
to knit a flag for the revolution using the colors and basic design similar to that of the
Dominican Republic (which in turn was almost identical to a French military standard). Betances was also supposed to send reinforcements to the Puerto Rican rebels through the use of a ship purchased by Puerto
542:
At the time, he had his first confrontation with
Spanish authorities, since Betances gave last priority of medical treatment to those Spanish-born military rank and officers who were affected by the disease (they demanded preferential and immediate treatment, and he openly despised them for it). For
2235:
in France through the middle part of the 19th. century. These ideas, considered subversive in the severely restricted Puerto Rico of the era, had nevertheless a considerable impact in the island nation's political and social history. His ideas on race relations alone had a major impact on economics
1814:
Betances, who had collected more money in France for the Party than the plan's potential cost, grew weary of the Cuban revolutionary movement's diminishing support of the Puerto Rico independence cause. By then, some of the Party's followers stationed in France wanted
Betances to be stripped of his
1648:
Luperón would eventually arrive in Paris as a named ambassador, but Betances' connections in the city proved to be key to whatever success Luperón had as a diplomat in France. They would assume this role until political turmoil in the Dominican Republic forced Luperón to return and lead yet another
1075:
In late June 1867 Betances and at least 12 more potential "revolutionaries" were exiled from Puerto Rico by then governor Gen. José María Marchessi y Oleaga as a preventive measure, including Goyco and Ruiz. A battalion of local soldiers had revolted in San Juan earlier, protesting about their poor
1048:
However, beyond abolition, proposals for autonomy were voted down, as were other petitions to limit the unlimited power the governor general would have upon virtually all aspects of life in Puerto Rico. Once the Junta members returned to Puerto Rico, they met with local community leaders in a famed
1044:
could be achieved in Puerto Rico without disrupting the local economy (including its Cuban members, who frowned upon implementing it in Cuba because of its much higher numbers of slave labor). Once he became prime minister in 1870, Castelar did approve an abolition bill, praising the efforts of the
635:
and other members of the society waited next to the baptismal font on Sundays, expecting a master to take a slave family to baptize their child. Before the child was baptized, Betances or his partners gave money to the parents, which they in turn used to buy the child's freedom from his master. The
2089:
Betances' two primary biographers, Paul Estrade and Félix Ojeda Reyes, have announced the publication of a compilation of Betances' complete works, comprising 14 volumes. José Carvajal is the collection's editor. The first two volumes were formally published in Mayagüez on April 8, 2008. The first
1395:
Betances fled to New York City in April 1869, where he again joined Basora in his efforts to organize Puerto Rican revolutionaries into additional activities leading to independence. He joined the Cuban Revolutionary Junta, whose members were more successful at their drive for armed revolution for
1326:
on Ruiz before he left Saint Thomas to bring him some relief from his condition, and that Betances published a medical article in France twenty years later, in 1887, that discussed the condition, out of what he had described as many years of second-guessing what could have been done to save Ruiz's
291:
in records of the day. His mother died in 1837, when he was nine years old, and his father remarried in 1839; the five children he had with María del Carmen Torres Pagán included Ramón's half-brother Felipe Adolfo, who was not involved in politics (according to Ramón) but was nevertheless arrested
2851:
The second volume of Betances' complete works quotes more than a dozen personal letters from Betances, written before and after Lita's death. In one of the letters Betances describes how he had to host Lita's casket in his Mayagüez house for close to two weeks while the city's authorities debated
1845:
Impressed by Betances' credentials, Angiolillo later approached Betances before the incident, and discussed his plans with him, which originally implied killing one or more young members of the Spanish royal family. Betances then dissuaded him from doing this. Angiolillo then apparently suggested
1603:
One of the events that gave Betances great satisfaction was the abolition of slavery in Puerto Rico, which was made official on March 22, 1873. He reminded people that abolition would not have happened without the direct intervention of Puerto Ricans in the Spanish political process, and was thus
1341:
Gregorio Luperón met Betances in Saint Thomas, and offered to assist the Puerto Rican revolution, in exchange for help to overthrow Báez once the right circumstances were met. As a consequence, Betances organized revolutionary cells in Puerto Rico from exile, which would be led by leaders such as
1802:
Through coordination with Betances and local pro-independence leaders in Puerto Rico, a Dominican military leader, Gen. José Morales, made plans to invade Puerto Rico in the late 1890s, to supply local revolutionaries with supplies and mercenaries, and take advantage of the weak Spanish military
1758:
In April 1896 Betances was granted diplomatic credentials on behalf of the revolutionary government of Cuba. He became an active fund raiser and recruiter on behalf of the Cuban pro-independence movement. He also served as press officer and intelligence contact for the Cuban rebels in exile, and
279:
Betances claimed in his lifetime that a relative of his, Pedro Betances, had revolted against the Spanish government of Hispaniola in 1808 and was tortured, executed, and his body burned and shown to the populace to dissuade them from further attempts. Meanwhile, Alacán's father, a sailor, led a
2170:
I'd rather not remember so much pain, so many efforts to illustrate those who pretend to disavow that great redemptive work. But this was the pride of the people, of the entire Puerto Rican people, of everyone who conspired for it and suffered for the future Motherland and the liberty of today.
1841:
Betances' role in the Cánovas assassination is described by Puerto Rican (born in France) author Luis Bonafoux in his biography about Betances (written in 1901), and partially corroborated by later historians. These sources establish that Betances' circle of friends at the time included various
1778:
In 1897, Antonio Mattei Lluveras, a wealthy coffee plantation owner from Yauco, visited the Puerto Rican Revolutionary Committee in New York City. There he met with Ramón Emeterio Betances, Juan de Mata Terreforte and Aurelio Méndez Martínez and together they proceeded to plan a major coup. The
1766:
Betances openly hated Estrada when he first met him in the late 1870s, but grew more tolerant of him with time, and even defended Estrada's actions as leader when he assumed control of the Cuban Revolutionary Party. The Puerto Rican affiliates to the Party viewed Estrada's leadership with great
1665:
were used for agricultural experiments, but were later left unattended). Betances writes in his letters that he had spent the equivalent of US$ 20,000 (in 1880 dollars, roughly equivalent to US$ 400,000 in 2010) on expenditures on behalf of the Dominican diplomatic office. He did not expect the
897:
and be part of a three-way presidency (1866), only to be exiled once again (1868). Whenever Luperón was in the Dominican Republic, Betances could use it as a base of operations for his later political and military objectives, while offering Luperón logistical and financial assistance in return.
2295:
Paul Estrade, Betances' French biographer, assesses his legacy as an Antillean this way: "The Antilles have developed political, social and scientific ideas that have changed the world, and that Europe has used. Not everything has (a European) source. Betances is the maximum expression of this
1523:, and sensed that both philosophies were being used as excuses for American interventions on the continent. When Cuban revolutionaries requested help from the United States for reinforcing their armed struggle against Spain, Betances warned them against giving too much away. He feared American
1660:
once he assumed the presidency. Luperón felt betrayed and went again into exile in Saint Thomas. Eventually he died of cancer, not before visiting Betances in France for a last time and being allowed to return to the Dominican Republic to die, as a gesture of good will from Heureaux. Due to
3750:, p. 359. The New York Herald's European edition of August 21, 1897, which reported Angiolillo's execution, is quoted: "...it was erroneous to attribute any accomplices to him and repeating that he had acted alone, under his own inspiration, and had long premeditated the assassination of
2371:, a society that attempted to research and catalog historical documents about Puerto Rico from firsthand government sources. Betances became the Society's researcher in France. The result of the Society's research was published in an 1854 book, for which Betances contributed. Inspired by
3950:
Ojeda Reyes, Félix, El Desterrado de París, pp. 481–498. In fact, the hardcover's paper jacket features scenes of the funeral at Cabo Rojo. A photograph of Simplicia Jiménez, as well as many photographs of the various funeral events through Puerto Rico, are shown in this chapter of the
850:, sought independence from the Spanish in 1863. Its leaders used Haiti as a guerrilla base, since the Haitian government feared a Spanish takeover and the restoration of slavery in the occupied territories, and was thus sympathetic to their cause. Their stronghold, however, was the
539:, the Mayagüez municipal hospital, which still serves the city). However, the epidemic struck the city soon after; Betances' stepmother and one of his brothers-in-law would die from it. By October 1856 Betances would have to take care of the entire operation on his own temporarily.
498:
While Betances was studying medicine in France, his father died (in August 1854) and his sister Ana María would be forced to take over the Hacienda Carmen's management. By 1857 the heirs were forced to give the operation's output to a holding company headed by Guillermo Schröeder.
2090:
volume features most of Betances' written works about medicine; the second features intimate letters and document excerpts Betances wrote to family and friends over a span of 39 years. A third volume, which compiles some of Betances' literary works, was published in 2009.
3635:, who was serving as a courier for confidential information destined for Washington, D.C. Betances, who had been deported to Venezuela a month earlier, was nevertheless arrested by the Danish authorities. However, even under vehement protests from the Spanish consul in
1661:
Heureaux's protracted presidency and blatant acts of corruption, Betances (who had called Heureaux his "grandson" in letters he had previously written to him) was forced to cut ties to the Dominican Republic for good (two plots of land that he owned both there and in
2190:
The political and sociological consequences of Betances' actions are definite and unequivocal. He was the first openly nationalistic political leader in Puerto Rico, and one of the first pro-independence leaders in the island nation's history (Among Puerto Ricans,
2287:
considered Betances one of his "teachers", or sources of political inspiration, and his diplomatic and intelligence work in France on behalf of the Cuban revolutionary junta greatly aided the cause, before it was directly influenced by the intervention of Gen.
534:
torched and a temporary camp set up for its dwellers. A large field at a corner of the city was set aside for a supplementary cemetery, and Betances set and managed a temporary hospital next to it (which was later housed in a permanent structure and became the
1945:
to the North American government in exchange for independence, and exchanged some privileged intelligence information (about the level of debt Spain had attained while fighting the Cuban insurrection) with the then-ambassador of the United States to France,
1803:
presence in Puerto Rico (there were only 4,500 Spanish soldiers in the island at the time, and 1,000 of them were later redirected to Cuba to fight the Cuban insurrection). However, the Cuban Revolutionary Party rejected the plan as being too expensive.
3302:
that once he had news of the Grito, he "went as quickly as possible where duty was calling", but that, "as soon as I arrived, everything had finished". It is unclear whether Betances had returned to Puerto Rico clandestinely or to some other Caribbean
2335:(Cholera: History, Preventive Measures, Symptoms and Treatments), which he authored and published in Paris in 1884 and expanded in 1890. The book was later used as a public health textbook in dealing with similar cholera epidemics in Latin America.
1953:
Frustrated by what he perceived as the unwillingness of Puerto Ricans to demand their independence from the United States while the island territory was annexed (the event occurred just days before his death), he uttered his final political stance:
2050:
three years earlier. Media reporters of the day were surprised by the size of the crowd, given the fact that Betances had not visited Puerto Rico (at least in the open) for the 31 years before his death, and had been dead over 21 years afterwards.
681:, was born in 1838. She had met Betances when she was 10, and Betances became instantly fond of her. Once he returned to Puerto Rico from his medical studies he requested the necessary ecclesiastical permissions to marry her (due to the degree of
2929:, pp. 310–312. Antonio Vélez Alvarado, a Puerto Rico independence supporter later credited as the "inventor" of the Puerto Rican flag, and whose brother was a sales representative for Scott & Bowne, was responsible for publishing the ads.
901:
Since Betances' exile depended on who was governing Puerto Rico at the time, a change in government allowed him to return to Mayagüez in 1862. However, a few years later, (1868) Luperón and Betances would both end up exiled in Saint Thomas.
554:
Basora and Betances were eventually honored with streets named after each in the city of Mayagüez. The main thoroughfare that crosses the city from north to south is named after Betances; a street that links the center of the city with the
1958:("I don't want a colony status, neither with Spain nor with the United States"). When reminded by de Hostos through a letter of what was happening in the island, he responded, highly frustrated, with a phrase that has become famous since:
1926:, until friends from Puerto Rico persuaded him to accept it as a tribute to Puerto Rico, and not as a personal award. The French Legion of Honor (Légion d'honneur) is the premier order of France, and its award is one of great distinction.
592:, Lamartine and Tapia, but also on personal experience, based on what he saw at his father's farm and in daily Puerto Rican life. Based on his beliefs, he founded a civic organization in 1856, one of many others that were later called the
2244:
Political events in Puerto Rico and Cuba between the late 1860s and 1898 forced a liberalization of Spanish policy towards both territories, and Betances was directly involved as a protagonist in both circumstances. As a firm believer in
2041:
Betances' remains arrived in San Juan, Puerto Rico, on August 5, 1920, and were honored upon arrival by a crowd then estimated at 20,000 mourners. The large crowd, which had assembled near the port of San Juan as early as 4:00 a.m.
673:
from his duties as director of the local hospital and again left Puerto Rico for France, followed by Basora. Soon, his half-sister Clara and her husband, Justine Hénri, would also leave for Paris with his niece, María del Carmen Hénri.
1965:
Betances' last days were chaotic, not only because of the events in the Caribbean, but also because of what happening in his own household. Jiménez' mental state is reported as dubious by then. Some even suggest that she had become an
550:
of 1856, Betances was commended by the city's government. However, when the central government established a Chief Surgeon post for the city, Betances (who was the acting chief surgeon) was passed over, in favor of a Spanish newcomer.
3850:(emphasis added). He also claims that Jiménez kept on insulting Betances' body a half-hour after his death. The latter section describes the speculations about an avowed Jiménez's addiction, based on an editorial on the newspaper
374:
and religious affiliations exposed to the general public, something that embarrassed them all. Betances was considerably annoyed by the entire ordeal, since he was the first to acknowledge that he and his entire family were not
320:
who owned the largest private library in town. His parents' attitude towards religion and civil authority shaped his personal beliefs in both subjects. His father would eventually send him to France, to study at the then-named
4283:
5090:
349:
Betances accompanied the couple in Prévost's return to his country, and would be under their indirect tutelage while boarding at the school. He showed interest in natural and exact sciences early on, and also became a good
2658:, p. 8. Betances is quoted as saying once that he never saw his mother go to any religious service, and that when his father took him to church, he would stand in the back, close to the door, and not pay much attention to
3878:"L'Avenir d'Arcachon : organe des intérêts politiques, industriels et maritimes de la contrée ["puis" Journal des intérêts balnéaires, industriels et maritimes de la contrée. Organe spécial d'ostréiculture]"
1465:
in 1870 at the request of its then-president, Jean Nissage-Saget, who supported Betances' efforts to have a liberal government for the Dominican Republic take power. He later spent some time in the Cibao valley (in both
1408:
successfully against an annexation of the Dominican Republic by the United States, requested in a vote by a majority of voters in a referendum in 1869. He also befriended Venezuelan military leader and former president
945:
his house. However, the Spanish government actively discouraged the founding of secondary education institutions in Puerto Rico (so as not to have "seedlings for revolt" come out of them), and the project was canceled.
2354:
for which the costs were paid for by the local government; another patient he operated upon had a lesion that weighed 26 lb (12 kg) He also wrote an article on urethral obstructions in male patients (see
2346:, called "oscheotomy" at the time. Both books were also based on personal experience: there is evidence about a surgery he performed in Mayagüez on a Spanish government official with an elephantiasis lesion of the
1551:
since he was evicted from Saint Thomas, to ensure her safety), and returned with her to Paris where he continued to fight for Puerto Rico's independence for close to 26 years. He established his medical office at
4083:, pp. 408–409. Many others may be cited, given the historical events between 1868 and 1898, when autonomism became the primary political current supported by natives of Puerto Rico residing in the island nation.
1314:, which killed him soon after. Later speculation that Ruiz had been poisoned or killed has been countered by three facts: that Ruiz's brother, Mariano Ruiz Quiñones (who was the coordinator of the revolution in
1921:
in July 1887, for his work as a diplomat for the Dominican Republic, and for his work as a medical doctor in France. He had been offered the award as early as 1882, but had repeatedly declined the honor out of
3618:
Technically speaking, Betances was once a diplomat for the United States of America. Soon after the Grito de Lares (in early 1869) he was saved from deportation to Puerto Rico by the Danish authorities in
1885:
would come into effect soon after. It allowed the establishment of a new autonomy charter for the island territory, which gave Puerto Rico broader political powers than at any other time before or since.
333:
when he was ten years old. A Franco-Puerto Rican family, Jacques Maurice Prévost and María Cavalliery Bey (who also was a native of Cabo Rojo) were appointed as his tutors. Prévost opened a drug store in
970:, Magdalena Caraguel, was eventually adopted by the couple as their daughter. Little else is documented about Jiménez in history books, and Betances rarely mentions her in his works and correspondence.
884:
The volatility of the Dominican situation was severe at the time: Luperón fought a guerrilla war against the Spanish and Santana and became vice-president of the country (in 1863), only to be exiled to
1877:
The truth is that Puerto Rican liberal interests benefited directly from the Cánovas assassination, since by Cánovas' death a pact made (previous to the event) between the new Spanish prime minister,
1275:
Meanwhile, Ruiz Belvis, who headed the Committee, was supposed to gather financial support for the incoming Puerto Rican revolution through a tour of South America. He had received an invitation from
1718:
When Puerto Rico experienced a period of severe political repression in 1887 by the Spanish governor of the time, Romualdo Palacio (which led to the arrest of many local political leaders, including
704:
Betances was psychologically devastated by Lita's death. Accompanied by his sister, brother-in-law, local friends and a few Puerto Rican friends residing in Paris at the time (which included Basora,
1838:
in 1897 was at least supported or influenced by Betances, and possibly even planned by him (although there is no physical link that can be established that might link Betances to the event itself).
2215:
Although the seeds of both proactive government repression against the Puerto Rican independence movement had been planted before the Grito de Lares, and its aftermath only guaranteed the surge of
1641:
to benefit the Dominican Republic, and also to prevent foreign interests (particularly the United States) from taking over the bay, which was considered a primary strategic geographical feature of
2069:
A marble plaque commemorating Betances was unveiled at his Paris house by a delegation of Puerto Rican, Cuban and French historians on the 100th. anniversary of his death, on September 16, 1998.
4281:
2207:. Nationalistic expressions in Puerto Rico—be they public affirmations, newspaper articles, poems, town meetings or outright revolts—were almost nonexistent before the 1810s election of
1330:
Betances was shaken psychologically by news of Ruiz's death, and by another event soon after; while Betances and his wife were in Saint Thomas on November 18, 1867, they experienced the
1036:
was elected to the Junta representing Mayagüez, something that horrified the then governor general of the island. To the frustration of the Puerto Rican delegates, including its leader,
287:
Betances was the fourth of six children; the oldest of which would die shortly after birth; Betances was the only male among the surviving siblings. The family was described as being of
1842:
Italian anarchists exiled in Paris, Domenico Tosti being one of them. Tosti and his friends would hold regular social events, during one of which Angiolillo was introduced to Betances.
1934:
In 1898 Betances attempted to use his diplomatic contacts to impede a Puerto Rico annexation by the United States, which was deemed imminent by the events following the sinking of the
1235:
If Spain feels capable of granting us, and gives us, those rights and liberties, they may then send us a General Captain, a governor... made of straw, that we will burn in effigy come
654:
As of 2007 the baptismal font has been donated to the Mayagüez Cathedral, Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria, by Doña Elda Del Moral. It had been in conservation from 1963 until donated.
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708:
and another Cabo Rojo native, future political leader Salvador Carbonell), Betances had Lita buried on April 25. Her body was later reburied in Mayagüez, on November 13 of that year.
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in three different fields (medicine, literature and politics), Betances left a legacy that has been considerably understated, and is only being assessed properly in recent times.
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Betances was responsible for numerous proclamations that attempted to arouse Puerto Rican nationalistic sentiment, written between 1861 and his death. The most famous of these is
1674:
Immediately after returning to Paris, Betances became a key contact for the Cuban insurgency in Paris. He made several fund raising efforts, including one that attempted to fund
2007:
of Paris on Monday, September 19. He had requested that no formal ceremony be made for his funeral. His common law-wife Simplicia survived him for over 20 years. A look at his
1815:
posts and assignments. At least two of them insulted him publicly, and even took advantage of Simplicia Jiménez's mental health to have her harass her husband systematically.
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transformed into Betances while the family resided there), and María del Carmen Alacán de Montalvo, a native of Cabo Rojo and of French ancestry. They were married in 1812.
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and Andrés Vizcarrondo—earlier pro-independence leaders for the Latin American revolutions—could not achieve the success Betances had years later within Puerto Rico). The
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1938:. He knew that Puerto Ricans would welcome an American invasion, but was vehement about the possibility of the United States not conceding independence to Puerto Rico.
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Somewhat disillusioned by his experience in New York City (he had philosophical differences with some leaders of the Antillean liberation movements, particularly with
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3844:"Simplicia has killed him, really, by tormenting him, by (drinking) alcohol, and by her jealousy, even of men. He even quotes Betances' last words as: "I'm dying,
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A nephew (Luis) and a second cousin (José) later graduated from the University of Paris' medical school; the former in the late 1880s, and the latter in the 1920s.
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The Puerto Rican delegation was freely elected by those eligible to vote (male Caucasian property owners), in a rare exercise of political openness in the colony.
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from Puerto Rico to countries where slavery had been abolished already; other societies sought to liberate as many slaves as possible by buying out their freedom.
1629:'s diplomatic mission to France, but virtually assumed the role of ambassador. He also became the commercial representative of the Dominican government in Paris,
1175:
We don't want separation, we want peace, the union to Spain; however, it is fair that we also add conditions to the contract. They are rather easy, here they are:
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after his death. There is no evidence of these, although Betances suggests a visit did occur at some time between 1867 and 1869, and perhaps again in the 1880s.
1053:, in early 1865. Betances was invited by Ruiz and did attend. After listening to the Junta members' list of voted-down measures, Betances stood up and retorted:
253:
4348:
Les détracteurs de la Race noire et de la République d'Haïti, réponses à M. Léo Quesnel: précédées de Lettres de M. Schœlcher, Sénateur, et de M. Le Dr Bétancès
1040:, the Junta had a majority of Spanish-born delegates, which would vote down almost every measure they suggested. However, Acosta could convince the Junta that
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and city administrator who became his closest friend and political companion) fled the island before they were apprehended. Both fled to the northern city of
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TBR. This "acquaintance", Ojeda Reyes theorizes, may be a former slave at the Hacienda Carmen, who went on to Cuba to fight on the Cuban War of Independence.
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Angiolillo, in true solidarity with the European anarchist current, sought to avenge the execution and/or torture of those implicated in a bombing against a
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Given the events happening in Cuba at the time, Betances thought that his diplomatic work was more important than ever. However, his failing health (he had
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and turned over to the Spanish authorities, but José remained in jail long after Antonio regained his liberty and fled to New York City. Betances even used
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Before his execution, Angiolillo claimed sole responsibility for the assassination. When asked about his involvement in the Cánovas affair, Betances said:
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in 1878. Betances also used his diplomatic contacts to guarantee humane treatment (and eventually freedom from imprisonment) to José Maceo, the brother of
527:(who became lifelong friends and colleagues from that point on) would alert the city government and press the city managers into taking preventive action.
2395:), and is notable for its indirect praise of Puerto Rican nationhood which, he suggests, was already developed in pre-Columbian Puerto Rico. This type of
1742:
asked Betances to become the leader of Cuban revolutionaries in France. Betances never met Martí personally, but Martí did know Betances' younger sister,
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After returning to Puerto Rico, Betances and Ruiz proposed the establishment of a municipal hospital to take care of the city's poor. The hospital, named
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where these baptisms were performed still exists, and is owned by a local family of merchants, the Del Moral family, who keep it at their Mayagüez house.
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The objective of the particular society Betances founded was to free children who were slaves, taking advantage of their need to receive the sacrament of
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2593:
Ojeda Reyes, Félix, El Desterrado de París: Biografía del Dr. Ramón Emeterio Betances (1827–1898), Ediciones Puerto, San Juan, Puerto Rico, 2001, pp. 2–7
1738:
Years later, due to Betances' experience as a logistics facilitator of armed revolts, a fund raiser for the Cuban independence cause, and as a diplomat,
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2097:
Foundation in Puerto Rico released a series of youth-oriented books named "Voces de la Cultura – Edición Juvenil" that same year; its first title being
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Some of the expelled (such as Carlos Elías Lacroix and José Celis Aguilera) set up camp in Saint Thomas. Betances and Ruiz, on the other hand, left for
973:
While still living in Mayagüez, Betances built a house for himself and his wife, which they only lived in for less than two years; the house, named the
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1021:(Overseas Informative Reform Board) would be formed by representatives of each colony, in proportion to their collective population, and would meet in
1897:("True revolutionaries do what they ought to do"). Betances' ambiguous response blurs the true level of his involvement in the Cánovas assassination.
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After the failed insurrection, Betances did not return to Puerto Rico, except for "secret" visits, according to the obituary written about him by the
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had publicly requested that Betances' wishes to have his ashes returned to Puerto Rico be fulfilled. The Nationalist Association (predecessor of the
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Betances was also one of the first Puerto Rican "writers-in-exile". In 1851, a small group of Puerto Rican university students in Europe formed the
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The Spanish governor of Puerto Rico, Fernando Cotoner, threatened Betances with exile in 1858 because of his abolitionist tactics. Betances took a
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3842:, pp. 474–476, 479–480. Dr. Juan Bautista Ventura is quoted in a letter to Juan Gualberto Gómez. He describes Jiménez's many tantrums, and adds:
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941:, so as to have a local lodge in Mayagüez. Based on his Masonic beliefs, Ruiz also attempted to establish a university in the city, for which he
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1698:, when both Antonio and José were arrested by the Spanish government in 1882. The Maceo brothers both escaped imprisonment, were recaptured in
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303:, and some slaves, who shared their duties with free workers. There is speculation that he later freed his slaves, persuaded by his son Ramón.
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An emergency subscription fund was established by some of the city's wealthiest citizens. Betances and Basora had the city's unsanitary slave
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While in New York, Betances wrote and translated numerous political treatises, proclamations and works that were published in the newspaper
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3316:, pp. 140, 148. Betances had been arrested in Saint Thomas, but used his diplomatic credentials so as to be allowed to move on to New York.
2253:) Betances was also a strong supporter of the sovereignty of the Dominican Republic and Haiti. A Dominican historian and political leader,
3652:, p. 356. Ojeda cites Cuban writer Orestes Ferrara on the matter, stating that Angiolillo solely wanted financial support for his actions.
1611:
Monument to Dr. Betances in Cabo Rojo, 2007. The monument includes inscriptions honoring him on behalf of the Dominican Republic and Cuba.
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1334:. According to a letter he wrote, he and his wife vacated the building just before it collapsed, and were forced to live in a camp while
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2752:, submitted to the Third Betances-Martí Scientific International Conference, Centro de Estudios Martianos, Havana, Cuba, September 2002.
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Expecting to bring some stability to his personal life, Betances had Simplicia Jiménez meet him again in Haiti (she had been living in
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164:(April 8, 1827 – September 16, 1898) was a Puerto Rican independence advocate and medical doctor. He was the primary instigator of the
1474:) where Luperón and Betances attempted to organize another revolt, this time against conservative elements in the Dominican Republic.
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Basora grew tired of the Cuban and Puerto Rican independence struggle, and moved to Jacmel himself, where he eventually died in 1882.
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1653:, installed as president. Betances sought support for Luperón's efforts, and gave him tactical and financial assistance from France.
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1988:
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At the same time, the Spanish government, which ruled over Puerto Rico, attempted to banish Betances for a second time, but he and
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particularly hard. At the time, Betances was one of five doctors that would have to take care of 24,000 residents. Both he and Dr.
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and the Casino de Mayagüez, on separate ceremonies during that day, which coincided with the 181st anniversary of Betances' birth.
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Betances also promoted direct intervention of Puerto Ricans in the Cuban independence struggle, which eventually happened in the
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1863:,' the one who tries to suffocate all efforts that her patriots do to free her, and that man is Antonio Cánovas del Castillo."
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pay, compared to that of their Spanish counterparts living in Puerto Rico. Betances later stated that the revolt (called the
4039:"A R G e N P R e S S . I n f o - Ramón Emeterio Betances en la formación de la nacionalidad puertorriqueña - 13 / 11 / 2007"
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519:
was spreading across the island. The epidemic made its way to Puerto Rico's western coast in July 1856, and hit the city of
439:, earlier that year. His future political views were directly shaped by what he saw and experienced at the time. He himself
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1104:—who saw Betances as siding with his enemies and wanted him executed—Betances took asylum at the United States embassy in
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was to be directed by Betances, organized by Aurelio Mendez Mercado and the armed forces were to be commanded by General
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1485:"El Antillano" (The Antillean One). He was vehement about the need for natives of the Greater Antilles to unite into an
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Ramón Emeterio Betances: Padre de la Patria, Médico de los Pobres, Poeta, Diplomático de Puerto Rico y Cuba en Francia.
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Ramón Emeterio Betances: Padre de la Patria, Médico de los Pobres, Poeta, Diplomático de Puerto Rico y Cuba en Francia.
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1343:
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1726:, who was living in Panama at the time (at the time, he supervised a laborers' brigade during the construction of the
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galvanized a burgeoning nationalist movement among Puerto Ricans, Betances is also considered to be the father of the
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2765:, p. 40. Ojeda Reyes implies that the plantation was later sold, but does not elaborate on the transaction's details.
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precisely the one who confronts Cuba with a policy of '(spending in a war up to) the very last man and the very last
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sided with Betances and the Dominican liberals, and was instrumental in having an annexation plan voted down by the
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basis. He gave many donations to the poor, and because of this he became known as "The Father of the Poor" among "
689:) after an extended delay. Their marriage was supposed to occur on May 5, 1859, in Paris, but Lita fell sick with
4458:
3402:, pp. 194–196. The Puerto Rican revolutionaries had a cannon and over 550 rifles spread over the three locations.
3169:
2375:, the Society's organizer, who had written a novel inspired in Puerto Rican indigenous themes while studying in
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As mentioned above, the main thoroughfare that crosses Mayagüez from north to south is named after Betances. In
1831:
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of Puerto Rico) describe them in their writings. Some of these societies sought the freedom and free passage of
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2469:
2031:
914:, opened on January 18, 1865, with subscription funds and an assignment from the Spanish local government. The
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child, once freed, was baptized minutes after. This action was later described as having the child receive the
3867:, pp. 474–475. Doctors Juan Bautista Ventura and Filiberto Fonst made alternate guards between August 5 and 16
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magazines and newspapers all over New York City and the Caribbean, based on his solid reputation as a doctor.
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A funeral caravan organized by the Nationalist Party transferred the remains from the capital to the town of
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that Betances arranged for two Cuban conspirators to travel to Havana from Spain and blow Weyler up with
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gave him diplomatic credentials. These credentials certified Betances as a citizen of the United States
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4113:"Ramón Emeterio Betances: Renovación historiográfica en los albores del centenario de su fallecimiento"
3722:"Ramón Emeterio Betances: Renovación historiográfica en los albores del centenario de su fallecimiento"
3690:"Ramón Emeterio Betances: Renovación historiográfica en los albores del centenario de su fallecimiento"
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3535:, p. 289. Letters to his nephew Emilio Tió and to Fernando Arturo de Meriño are cited in the reference.
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would later be used by Luperón in a failed invasion of the Dominican Republic, and later sold in 1869.
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1420:
The Antilles now face a moment that they had never faced in history; they now have to decide whether '
934:
807:
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2387:), and publishes it in Toulouse in 1853, with a second edition published in 1857 under the pseudonym
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723:(The Boriquén Virgin), inspired in his love for Lita and her later death, and somewhat influenced by
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3905:"Encuentra aquí información de Ramón Emeterio Betances para tu escuela ¡Entra ya! - Rincón del Vago"
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2004:
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1515:
Betances admired the United States of America for its ideals of freedom and democracy, but despised
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in the Dominican Republic in 1861, where Betances established a close personal friendship with Gen.
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326:
4759:
4601:
3026:"Presencia del ideario masónico en el proyecto revolucionario antillano de Ramón Emeterio Betances"
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1787:. The coup, which was the second and last major revolt against Spanish rule in Puerto Rico failed.
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in 1824 and did arrest some of Cofresí's crew, for which he was honored by the Spanish government.
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4684:
4042:
3602:(Author); Pages: 305–06; Publisher: Sociedad Estatal Quinto Centenario (1992); Language: Spanish;
2391:. This novel would be the first of many literary works by Betances (most of which were written in
2270:
1134:, adopted by France's National Assembly in 1789, which contained the principles that inspired the
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335:
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The young Betances received his primary education from private tutors contracted by his father, a
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Presencia del ideario masónico en el proyecto revolucionario antillano de Ramón Emeterio Betances
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had its second war for independence in 1844, which was successful in obtaining independence from
475:
5035:
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977:(House of the Five Arches), still stands on the street that bears his name near the corner with
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house of Dr. Pierre Lamire, a friend from Betances' medical school days, on April 22, 1859 (the
239:, his political and social activism was deeply influenced by the group's philosophical beliefs.
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2046:) that morning, was the largest ever assembled for a funeral in Puerto Rico since the death of
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1405:
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His father eventually bought the Hacienda Carmen in what would later become the nearby town of
72:
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2369:"Sociedad Recolectora de Documentos Históricos de la Isla de San Juan Bautista de Puerto Rico"
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soon after arrival by the government of the then Danish (later United States) Virgin Islands.
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At the same time he spent a considerable amount of time serving Mayagüez's disadvantaged on a
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in modern times), paid an endorsement fee to Betances to have him appear on advertisements on
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4109:, but that the financing for the attempt was retracted from at the last minute. As quoted in
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as governor and commander of the Spanish forces in Cuba, and by the Maine incident later on.
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2119:
1942:
1874:, which occurred in 1896, and for which Cánovas sought the maximum penalties allowed by law.
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of Free Men), written in exile in Saint Thomas in November 1867. It is directly based on the
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Betances wrote two books and various medical treatises while living in France. His doctoral
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The Spanish government was involved in several conflicts across Latin America: war with the
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by historians. Little is known about them due to their clandestine nature, but Betances and
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administrator, poet, and novelist. He served as representative and contact for Cuba and the
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Betances also wrote several medical articles while in France. One of the articles examines
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and the United States of America. Paul Estrade, Betances' French biographer, likens him to
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383:("blackish", as Betances mocked it in his letters) instead. To him the procedure reeked of
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while in Paris. He was also technically a diplomat for the United States of America once.
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Betances immersed himself in work, but later found time to write a short story in French,
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studies. There is also speculation that Prévost was a Freemason, as was Betances' father.
8:
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893:' wishes to annex the country to the United States (in 1864), to later return, provoke a
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While Ramón was in France, his father sought to move the family's registration from the "
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May the holy day of revolution for the Spanish Antilles come, and I will die satisfied!
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in the affairs of a free Cuba, and vehemently attacked Cuban leaders who suggested the
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in his final days. Betances stayed in New York from April 1869 through February 1870.
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of Cuba by the United States. Some of his fears became reality years later, when the
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Eventually all these factors led the way to the abortive insurrection known as the "
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299:, and became a wealthy landowner. He owned 200 acres (0.8 km) of land, a small
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Latin American and Caribbean Congress in Solidarity with Puerto Rico's Independence
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844:(who attempted to benefit personally from the event), in 1861. A third revolt, the
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Betances' experiences handling the Mayagüez cholera epidemic led to another book,
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later described the story of Lita and Betances in the story La Novia de Betances,
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in both French and Spanish for literary magazines in Paris, chiefly inspired by
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After returning to Puerto Rico in 1859, Betances established a very successful
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2806:"White man, had you given me my liberty this disgrace would not had happened".
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El Desterrado de París: Biografía del Dr. Ramón Emeterio Betances (1827–1898)
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Paul Estrade, Betances' French biographer, lists Cabo Rojo as her birthplace.
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Betances was also a government representative for some of the governments of
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At the time of his arrival in Paris, Betances witnessed the aftermath of the
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while he was the British general consul in Haiti serves as evidence of this.
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A plaque commemorating the event is located at the hospital's main entrance.
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1625:
Soon after his return to France, Betances became the first secretary to the
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and Saint Thomas, struggling to send reinforcements in time for the revolt.
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3028:(in Spanish). Universidad de Puerto Rico recinto de Humacao. Archived from
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2142:
1830:
There is some speculation that the assassination of Spanish prime minister
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20:
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partner on a failed enterprise that attempted to commercialize the use of
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If not, Puerto Ricans – HAVE PATIENCE!, for I swear that you will be free.
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was created from a revision of this article dated 16 April 2008
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attempted to coordinate support for the pro-independence movement in the
1502:
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Pedro Arroyo, Betances performed the first ever surgical procedure under
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236:
76:
3559:] (mp3) (in Spanish). vozdelcentro.org: La Fundacion Voz del Centro.
3205:] (mp3) (in Spanish). vozdelcentro.org: La Fundacion Voz del Centro.
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would become commonplace in Latin America in later years. He also wrote
1962:("And what's wrong with Puerto Ricans that they haven't yet rebelled?")
1929:
840:. Spain reannexed the country at the request of its then-dictator, Gen.
462:. He was the second Puerto Rican to graduate from the University (after
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2343:
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2224:
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2099:"Doctor Ramón Emeterio Betances: Luchador por la libertad y los pobres"
2008:
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451:(sought from Spain by Puerto Rican politicians since 1810) in favor of
338:, but was forced to return to France (particularly to his native town,
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1893:("We don't applaud it, but we don't cry over it, either"), and added:
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193:. His charitable deeds for people in need, earned him the moniker of
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other countries, led to the independence movements of Latin America.
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2333:"El Cólera: Historia, Medidas Profilácticas, Síntomas y Tratamiento"
2122:, named in honor of Betances and Hartford's Puerto Rican community.
1092:—where Basora had previously gone—soon after. They soon founded the
264:). Betances' parents were Felipe Betanzos Ponce, a merchant born in
5128:
4106:
2870:
2249:(the common improvement and unity of the countries that formed the
1971:
1923:
1678:
shipments to the Cuban rebels, to ease their pain when infected by
1370:", whose date had to be brought forward to September 23, 1868. The
1323:
1319:
1236:
799:
547:
531:
516:
448:
417:
343:
330:
273:
217:
121:
2916:
Rodríguez Vázquez, Eduardo, Dr. Ramón Emeterio Betances: el médico
2304:
1025:. The Junta would report to the then Minister of Foreign Affairs,
779:
An 1895 newspaper ad that has Betances endorsing Emulsión de Scott
416:). After an extended vacation in Puerto Rico, he went on to study
4422:
4412:
4224:
3628:
3624:
2852:
whether to grant permission for her burial at the local cemetery.
2459:
2347:
2201:"was the birth of Puerto Rican nationality, with Betances as its
2020:
1806:
1707:
1679:
1675:
1307:
1288:
954:
929:
Ruiz was a Freemason who invited Betances to join his lodge, the
784:
761:
745:
612:
581:
544:
543:
his hard work to save many Puerto Ricans from the ravages of the
513:
459:
413:
363:
351:
205:
24:
2328:
were not very different from modern-day theories on the matter.
1983:
1853:
once— gave at least one as a gift to one of his acquaintances).
1710:(where his family had properties) join an Antillean Federation.
1607:
493:
458:
In 1856, he graduated with the titles of Doctor in Medicine and
4417:
4326:
2400:
2376:
2313:
1819:
1662:
1458:
1404:, just two weeks after the Grito de Lares. He also lobbied the
1303:
1170:
It states that we are bad Spaniards. The government defames us.
1022:
870:
690:
512:
Betances returned to Puerto Rico in April 1856. At the time, a
102:
3225:
St. John Historical Society website, accessed on June 4, 2012.
2494:"Les détracteurs de la race noire et de la République d'Haiti"
937:. They both founded (or revived, depending on the source) the
857:
775:
657:
4382:
2308:
Plaque honoring Betances in front of his Mayagüez house, 2007
2146:
1956:"No quiero colonia, ni con España, ni con los Estados Unidos"
1791:
1494:
1462:
1006:
851:
837:
787:
procedures to Puerto Rico. With the assistance of Venezuelan
229:
2257:, likened Betances' revolutionary work to that performed by
1045:
Puerto Rico members, sincerely moved by Acosta's arguments.
764:
liver oil product that is still sold today, manufactured by
685:
between them), which were granted in Rome (then part of the
640:(waters of liberty). Similar events occurred in the city of
4103:"La sangre de Santa Águeda: Angiolillo, Betances y Cánovas"
3806:
Biografia del Dr.Ramón Emeterio Betances en Rincón del Vago
3195:
Eduardo Rodriguez Vazquez and Angel Collado Suarez (host).
1913:
Betances was awarded the rank of Chévalier (Knight) of the
1630:
1490:
1284:
1014:
1002:
958:
Casa de los Cinco Arcos (Betances' House) in Mayagüez, 2007
2498:
The detractors of the black race and the Republic of Haiti
1960:"¿Y qué les pasa a los puertorriqueños que no se rebelan?"
1615:
4228:
4168:
Acevedo, Ramón Luis (as told to Collado Schwarz, Angel),
3686:
Cuban author Frank Fernandez quotes a Betances source in
2953:
History of the Dominican Republic#Independence from Haiti
2869:
as an influence for his look: Mazzini wore black garb to
2492:
Betances also wrote one of the two prologues of the book
2103:"Doctor R. E. Betances, Fighter for Liberty and the Poor"
1895:"Los revolucionarios verdaderos hacen lo que deben hacer"
1302:
soon after his arrival in the country. He reportedly had
4115:(in Spanish). Universidad de Puerto Rico. Archived from
3724:(in Spanish). Universidad de Puerto Rico. Archived from
3692:(in Spanish). Universidad de Puerto Rico. Archived from
3552:
Betances Como Diplomatico de Puerto Rico y Cuba en Paris
3216:
A Report of the Earthquake of 1867, by Louis van Housel
2721:
Ojeda Reyes, Félix (as told to Collado Schwarz, Ángel),
2563:: All references are in Spanish unless otherwise noted.
2062:
alongside the Grito de Lares revolutionary flag and the
1682:
in the island battlefields. These efforts outlasted the
1670:
Support for Cuba's independence and José Maceo's freedom
820:
History of the Dominican Republic § Second Republic
357:
4018:
Further information on the book series is available at
3496:(in Spanish). Universidad de París VIII. Archived from
2820:, p. 49. The author quotes Salvador Brau on the matter.
2381:"Les Deux Indiens: Épisode de la conquéte de Borinquen"
1706:
as a mediator, and attempted to convince him of having
1318:), died of the same condition soon after (suggesting a
562:
280:
party of volunteers that tried to apprehend the pirate
3557:
Betances as a Puerto Rican and Cuban diplomat in Paris
3059:
1750:
to the leadership of the Cuban insurrection movement.
1620:
734:
4206:. Da Capo Press Inc. New York, United States, 1971. (
3023:
2884:"Leyendas de Puerto Rico : La novia de Betances"
2199:, using an often-quoted phrase that dates from 1868,
1930:
Efforts to counter the U.S. annexation of Puerto Rico
623:. Since buying the freedom of slave children cost 50
3928:
2743:
El doctor Ramón Emeterio Betances, higienista social
2507:
1950:, so as to show goodwill towards the United States.
424:
from 1848 until 1855, with a short interlude at the
2180:Article written in the Cuban revolutionary monthly
2145:linking downtown Ponce and Puerto Rico highway 14,
1753:
1633:and London. At one time Betances attempted to be a
1359:(which was to be shared by both), but the ship was
1132:
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
1115:
4479:Puerto Rico Pro-Independence University Federation
4188:, Ediciones Puerto, San Juan, Puerto Rico, 2001. (
3801:
3799:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3168:, p. 103. The original manuscript is owned by the
2066:in the plaza, which is also named after Betances.
1666:Dominican government to be able to reimburse him.
1085:, but only after the expulsions (September 1867).
1064:
992:
813:
5261:Puerto Rican people of Dominican Republic descent
4227:hosted by Angel Collado Schwarz (all in Spanish,
3902:
3053:
2223:Betances is considered a pioneer of Puerto Rican
1995:Betances died at 10:00 a.m., local time, in
5142:
4110:
4101:Cuban author Frank Fernandez states in his book
3719:
3687:
3627:Virgin Islands) when the American ambassador in
3469:, Primera Hora (online edition), April 14, 2007.
2383:(The Two Indians: an episode of the conquest of
2356:
2125:There is an plaza and mural in the south end of
1999:on Friday, September 16, 1898. His remains were
1322:predisposition to it), that Betances had used a
1010:
4005:Estrade and Ojeda gave conferences at both the
3796:
3448:
2641:Felix Ojeda Reyes speculates this in his book,
1649:revolt, which had another Puerto Plata native,
1248:That way we will be Spanish, and not otherwise.
854:valley in the northeastern part of Hispaniola.
195:El Padre de los Pobres (The Father of the Poor)
191:Padre de la Patria (The Father of the Homeland)
31: and the second or maternal family name is
4238:– with Félix Ojeda Reyes, Betances' biographer
2834:, El Nuevo Día, online edition, March 25, 2007
2026:As early as in February 1913, poet and lawyer
1338:kept shaking the island for close to a month.
1141:
600:(a close friend who later became the official
502:
212:. He had established a successful surgery and
16:Puerto Rican independence advocate (1827–1898)
4368:
4338:Ramón Emeterio Betances – Library of Congress
3715:
3713:
3711:
3064:. Carmenlobo.blogcindario.com. Archived from
2152:
2015:policy payout and two parcels of land in the
1310:obstruction, both of which deteriorated into
1295:to help the Puerto Rican independence cause.
1123:"Los Diez Mandamientos de los hombres libres"
494:Father's death and family's economic problems
216:practice. Betances was also an abolitionist,
3995:(image) (in French). griahal.hypotheses.org.
3285:, p. 128. See note at end of next paragraph.
1713:
905:
428:for specific courses in the summer of 1852.
3660:
3658:
3247:
3245:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3231:
1230:These are the Ten Commandments of Free Men.
1019:"Junta Informativa de Reformas de Ultramar"
507:
447:, he rejected Puerto Rican aspirations for
4375:
4361:
4223:From "La Voz del Centro", a collection of
4164:
4162:
4160:
4069:Historia de la Insurrección de Lares, 1871
3708:
3494:"Pasión dominicana del Doctor Betances..."
3298:, p. 128. Betances claimed in a letter to
2971:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2466:El Partido Liberal, su progreso y porvenir
2239:
2227:. His ideas resulted from his exposure to
1733:
292:following the Grito de Lares years later.
50:
4248:Dr. Ramón Emeterio Betances: el literario
4170:Dr. Ramón Emeterio Betances: el literario
4063:A quote deriding the Grito but using the
3854:, published after her death in June 1923.
3848:Have me incinerated, have my body burned"
3062:"Quién conoce a Simplicia Jiménez Carlo?"
3060:Nicole Cecilia Delgado (August 9, 2006).
2717:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2468:(translation from the French original by
2458:, translation from the Latin original by
1770:
1645:, in both commercial and military terms.
1539:" part of the Cuban constitution (1901).
268:(in the part that would later become the
4469:Hostosian National Independence Movement
4309:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
4292:
3655:
3547:Paris 8 University Vincennes-Saint-Denis
3545:Dr. Paul Estrade, Professor Emeritus of
3491:
3228:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2303:
1982:
1904:
1900:
1805:
1606:
953:
856:
774:
631:if the child had not, Betances, Basora,
584:, inspired not only on written works by
566:
394:
306:
4449:Independence Association of Puerto Rico
4157:
2958:
2113:
1616:Diplomatic and revolutionary activities
1457:), Betances spent a short interlude in
1225:The right to choose our own authorities
889:because of his opposition to president
627:if the child had been baptized, and 25
441:"an old soldier of the French Republic"
5143:
5112:La Borinqueña by Lola Rodríguez de Tío
5056:Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s
4506:Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional
4242:Dr. Ramón Emeterio Betances: el médico
4067:analogy appears in Peres Moris, José,
3460:"Reunirán legado completo de Betances"
3251:Ojeda Reyes, Félix and Estrade, Paul,
2704:
1881:, and Puerto Rican liberals headed by
1096:Revolutionary Committee of Puerto Rico
580:Betances believed in the abolition of
443:. Inspired by the proclamation of the
5081:U.S. Capitol shooting incident (1954)
4356:
4007:University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez
3931:"Obra diseñada y creada por Héctor A"
2568:
2236:and the social makeup of the island.
2149:, which is named "Avenida Betances".
1891:"No aplaudimos pero tampoco lloramos"
1825:
1596:), four streets away from the city's
1355:Rican and Dominican revolutionaries,
1332:Virgin Islands earthquake and tsunami
1165:throws upon us a terrible accusation.
962:Betances met his lifelong companion,
783:Betances introduced new surgical and
739:
557:University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez
282:Roberto Cofresí y Ramírez de Arellano
208:in Puerto Rico, and one of its first
5251:19th-century Puerto Rican physicians
5206:19th-century Puerto Rican historians
4389:Independence movement in Puerto Rico
4218:
3589:
2220:to Betances and his political work.
1941:Betances was willing to accept some
1779:uprising, which became known as the
1185:The right to vote on all impositions
1049:meeting at the Hacienda El Cacao in
981:street, south of the city's center.
949:
621:Roman Catholic Cathedral of Mayagüez
563:Exile from and return to Puerto Rico
311:
256:in the building that now houses the
5241:Puerto Rican independence activists
3954:
3903:rincondelvago.com (June 14, 2005).
2865:, pp. 50–53. Later he would credit
2157:
1694:, the later military leader of the
1621:Diplomat for the Dominican Republic
1542:
988:(Father of the Puerto Rican Nation)
735:Return to Mayagüez and second exile
390:
141:María del Carmen Alacán de Montalvo
13:
5176:People of the Spanish–American War
5171:People from Cabo Rojo, Puerto Rico
4279:
4178:
2545:List of revolutions and rebellions
795:in Puerto Rico, in November 1862.
426:Faculty of Medicine of Montpellier
184:Puerto Rican independence movement
14:
5277:
5256:19th-century Puerto Rican writers
5231:Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
4260:
3549:and Angel Collado Suarez (host).
3346:was an observer of the election;
2132:
2118:There is an elementary school in
2084:
1426:"The Antilles for the Antilleans"
1396:Cuba, which had started with the
1243:that they have sold us until now.
824:History of the Dominican Republic
806:" according to his contemporary,
484:Alfred-Armand-Louis-Marie Velpeau
4383:
4325:
4291:
4244:– with Eduardo Rodríguez Vázquez
2524:
2510:
2161:
1754:Betances and Tomás Estrada Palma
1448:
1415:
1149:
1116:The Ten Commandments of Free Men
262:"Betances' Cradle Masonic Lodge"
162:Ramón Emeterio Betances y Alacán
151:
44:Ramón Emeterio Betances y Alacán
5226:Knights of the Legion of Honour
5186:Military history of Puerto Rico
4459:Puerto Rican Independence Party
4254:Betances, El Grito y St. Thomas
4144:
4131:
4095:
4086:
4073:
4057:
4031:
4012:
3999:
3980:
3944:
3922:
3896:
3870:
3857:
3832:
3811:
3770:
3757:
3740:
3680:
3671:
3642:
3612:
3596:Historia militar de Puerto Rico
3576:
3563:
3538:
3525:
3512:
3485:
3472:
3435:
3422:
3405:
3392:
3383:
3370:
3357:
3332:
3319:
3306:
3288:
3275:
3258:
3209:
3188:
3175:
3170:Puerto Rican Independence Party
3158:
3145:
3132:
3119:
3106:
3093:
3080:
3044:
3017:
2991:
2982:
2977:Betances, El Grito y St. Thomas
2945:
2932:
2919:
2910:
2897:
2876:
2855:
2845:
2832:Cobijo de las aguas de libertad
2823:
2810:
2794:
2781:
2768:
2755:
2736:
2727:
2691:
2077:According to Puerto Ricans and
2003:soon after and entombed at the
1797:
1435:Speech to the Masonic Lodge of
1065:Organizer of the Grito de Lares
1057:Nadie puede dar lo que no tiene
993:Seeds for revolt in Puerto Rico
964:Simplicia Isolina Jiménez Carlo
814:Exile in the Dominican Republic
617:Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria
575:
403:In 1846, Betances obtained his
5211:Puerto Rican military officers
4995:Teófilo Villavicencio Marxuach
4627:José "Aguila Blanca" Maldonado
4464:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
3415:, p. 184. A letter written to
2678:
2665:
2648:
2635:
2622:
2609:
2596:
2587:
2414:
2342:; another deals with surgical
2129:, named in honor of Betances.
2032:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
1390:
379:("whitish", a legal term) but
342:) for not having finished his
242:
1:
5181:Puerto Rican ophthalmologists
5161:Lycée Pierre-de-Fermat alumni
5016:Ducoudray Holstein Expedition
4930:Pedro "Davilita" Ortiz Dávila
4690:Gilberto Concepción de Gracia
4542:María de las Mercedes Barbudo
3929:Proyecto Salón Hogar (1999).
3846:take this fiend away from me!
3430:Cuba: The pursuit for freedom
2555:
2379:, Betances writes his novel:
1987:Tomb of Dr. Betances next to
1239:time, as to remember all the
594:Secret Abolitionist Societies
5076:Truman assassination attempt
4454:Liberal Party of Puerto Rico
4204:Cuba: The pursuit of freedom
3780:. NY Boricua. Archived from
2581:Dávila del Valle. Oscar G.,
2318:"Des Causes de l'ávortement"
2108:
1832:Antonio Cánovas del Castillo
1656:Heureaux, however, became a
1264:Ten Commandments of Free Men
1220:Inviolability of the citizen
677:María del Carmen, nicknamed
422:Faculty of Medicine of Paris
23:, the first or paternal
7:
5066:San Juan Nationalist revolt
4675:Marie Haydée Beltrán Torres
3966:Encyclopedia of Puerto Rico
3024:Oscar G. Davila Del Valle.
2503:
2362:
2034:), under the presidency of
861:Dr. Ramón Emeterio Betances
571:Dr. Ramón Emeterio Betances
559:is named after Dr. Basora.
503:First return to Puerto Rico
358:Legal "whitening" of family
247:
10:
5282:
5201:Puerto Rican abolitionists
4444:Union Party of Puerto Rico
4025:February 12, 2009, at the
3172:, which bought it in 1985.
2299:
2153:Political and sociological
2019:, Betances died almost in
1989:San Miguel Arcángel Church
1720:Román Baldorioty de Castro
1468:Santiago de los Caballeros
1068:
817:
18:
5246:19th-century male writers
5216:Puerto Rican nationalists
5120:
5099:
5008:
4798:
4770:María de Lourdes Santiago
4765:Manuel Rodríguez Orellana
4640:
4607:Antonio Valero de Bernabé
4514:
4487:
4436:
4395:
4250:– with Ramón Luis Acevedo
3962:"Ramón Emeterio Betances"
2470:Édouard René de Laboulaye
2193:Antonio Valero de Bernabé
2072:
1714:Betances and Máximo Gómez
1696:Cuban War of Independence
1554:6(bis), Rue de Châteaudun
1510:Cuban War of Independence
906:Second return to Mayagüez
828:Dominican Restoration War
453:Puerto Rican independence
150:
145:
135:
127:
109:
83:
58:
49:
42:
5266:19th-century journalists
5196:Puerto Rican journalists
4602:Arturo Alfonso Schomburg
4572:Francisco Ramírez Medina
4562:Rosendo Matienzo Cintrón
4256:– with Francisco Moscoso
2373:Alejandro Tapia y Rivera
2011:implies that, besides a
1978:
1975:they did until he died.
1870:religious procession in
1277:Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna
1180:The abolition of slavery
508:Cholera epidemic of 1856
399:A younger Ramon Betances
258:"Logia Cuna de Betances"
5221:Puerto Rican scientists
5191:Puerto Rican columnists
5166:Puerto Rican Freemasons
5086:Cerro Maravilla murders
5031:Levantamiento de Ciales
4990:Carlos Vélez Rieckehoff
4910:Tomás López de Victoria
4895:Andres Figueroa Cordero
4885:Carmelo Delgado Delgado
4705:José M. Dávila Monsanto
4567:Antonio Mattei Lluberas
4557:Francisco Gonzalo Marín
4552:Eugenio María de Hostos
4522:Ramón Emeterio Betances
4437:Political organizations
4343:Ramón Emeterio Betances
4332:Ramón Emeterio Betances
3221:April 25, 2013, at the
2839:August 5, 2010, at the
2436:Las cortesanas en París
2397:"indigenist literature"
2240:In the Greater Antilles
1734:Betances and José Martí
1587:Betances medical office
1487:Antillean Confederation
1455:Eugenio María de Hostos
1374:found Betances between
1161:The government of Mme.
975:Casa de los Cinco Arcos
808:Eugenio María de Hostos
476:Jean-Baptiste Bouillaud
131:Simplicia Jiménez Carlo
4985:Antonio Vélez Alvarado
4880:Isabel Freire de Matos
4870:Juan Antonio Corretjer
4820:Margot Arce de Vázquez
4650:Antonio Rafael Barceló
4577:José Gualberto Padilla
4515:19th century activists
4495:Cadets of the Republic
4488:Militant organizations
4287:
4267:Listen to this article
4152:El Desterrado de París
4139:El Desterrado de París
4111:José M. García Leduc.
4081:El Desterrado de París
3909:html.rincondelvago.com
3865:El Desterrado de París
3840:El Desterrado de París
3765:El Desterrado de París
3748:El Desterrado de París
3720:José M. García Leduc.
3688:José M. García Leduc.
3666:El Desterrado de París
3650:El Desterrado de París
3584:El Desterrado de París
3573:, pp. 324–326, 330–332
3571:El Desterrado de París
3533:El Desterrado de París
3520:El Desterrado de París
3480:El Desterrado de París
3465:March 4, 2016, at the
3445:, pp. 265–298, 328–333
3443:El Desterrado de París
3432:. p. 277. (in English)
3413:El Desterrado de París
3400:El Desterrado de París
3378:El Desterrado de París
3365:El Desterrado de París
3340:El Desterrado de París
3327:El Desterrado de París
3314:El Desterrado de París
3296:El Desterrado de París
3283:El Desterrado de París
3266:El Desterrado de París
3253:El Anciano Maravilloso
3183:El Desterrado de París
3166:El Desterrado de París
3153:El Desterrado de París
3140:El Desterrado de París
3127:El Desterrado de París
3114:El Desterrado de París
3101:El Desterrado de París
3088:El Desterrado de París
2940:El Desterrado de París
2927:El Desterrado de París
2905:El Desterrado de París
2863:El Desterrado de París
2818:El Desterrado de París
2802:El Desterrado de París
2789:El Desterrado de París
2776:El Desterrado de París
2763:El Desterrado de París
2748:April 1, 2007, at the
2699:El Desterrado de París
2686:El Desterrado de París
2673:El Desterrado de París
2656:El Desterrado de París
2643:El Desterrado de París
2630:El Desterrado de París
2617:El Desterrado de París
2604:El Desterrado de París
2486:Los viajes de Scaldado
2442:La Vierge de Borinquén
2309:
2255:Manuel Rodríguez Objío
2005:Père Lachaise Cemetery
1992:
1910:
1909:French Legion of Honor
1879:Práxedes Mateo Sagasta
1811:
1612:
1576:48.875814°N 2.341636°E
1406:United States Congress
1350:. Betances instructed
1298:However, Ruiz died in
959:
926:hospital in the city.
862:
780:
572:
435:and its backlash, the
400:
327:Lycée Pierre-de-Fermat
4945:Helen Rodríguez Trías
4925:Francisco Matos Paoli
4890:Raimundo Díaz Pacheco
4850:Rafael Cancel Miranda
4785:Carlos Alberto Torres
4685:Cayetano Coll y Cuchí
4641:20th and 21st century
4582:Lola Rodríguez de Tió
4396:Indigenous resistance
4286:
3600:Héctor Andrés Negroni
3068:on September 30, 2007
3032:on September 30, 2007
2830:Hechavarría, Mónica,
2540:List of Puerto Ricans
2430:Un premio de Luis XIV
2405:Alphonse de Lamartine
2307:
2271:Antonio José de Sucre
2127:Boston, Massachusetts
2120:Hartford, Connecticut
1986:
1970:(probably) or even a
1943:political concessions
1908:
1901:Legion of Honor award
1834:by Italian anarchist
1809:
1610:
1210:The right to assembly
1078:"Motín de Artilleros"
1051:Carolina, Puerto Rico
957:
860:
778:
729:Cayetano Coll y Toste
721:La Vierge de Boriquén
659:La vierge de Boriquén
570:
525:José Francisco Basora
468:Charles-Adolphe Wurtz
398:
336:Mayagüez, Puerto Rico
307:First years in France
254:Cabo Rojo Puerto Rico
252:Betances was born in
139:Felipe Betanzos Ponce
5036:Río Piedras massacre
4740:Filiberto Ojeda Ríos
4720:Víctor Manuel Gerena
4655:Félix Benítez Rexach
4500:Boricua Popular Army
4334:at Wikimedia Commons
4318:More spoken articles
4184:Ojeda Reyes, Félix,
4150:Ojeda Reyes, Félix,
4137:Ojeda Reyes, Félix,
4079:Ojeda Reyes, Félix,
4045:on November 14, 2007
3763:Ojeda Reyes, Félix,
3746:Ojeda Reyes, Félix,
3664:Ojeda Reyes, Félix,
3648:Ojeda Reyes, Félix,
3582:Ojeda Reyes, Félix,
3569:Ojeda Reyes, Félix,
3531:Ojeda Reyes, Félix,
3518:Ojeda Reyes, Félix,
3478:Ojeda Reyes, Félix,
3441:Ojeda Reyes, Félix,
3352:United States Senate
3203:Betances as a doctor
3198:Betances como médico
3164:Ojeda Reyes, Félix,
3151:Ojeda Reyes, Félix,
3138:Ojeda Reyes, Félix,
3125:Ojeda Reyes, Félix,
3112:Ojeda Reyes, Félix,
3099:Ojeda Reyes, Félix,
3086:Ojeda Reyes, Félix,
2975:Moscoso, Francisco,
2938:Ojeda Reyes, Félix,
2925:Ojeda Reyes, Félix,
2903:Ojeda Reyes, Félix,
2861:Ojeda Reyes, Félix,
2816:Ojeda Reyes, Félix,
2800:Ojeda Reyes, Félix,
2787:Ojeda Reyes, Félix,
2774:Ojeda Reyes, Félix,
2761:Ojeda Reyes, Félix,
2697:Ojeda Reyes, Félix,
2684:Ojeda Reyes, Félix,
2671:Ojeda Reyes, Félix,
2654:Ojeda Reyes, Félix,
2628:Ojeda Reyes, Félix,
2615:Ojeda Reyes, Félix,
2602:Ojeda Reyes, Félix,
2422:Toussaint Louverture
2209:Ramón Power y Giralt
2114:In the United States
1200:Freedom of the press
1013:), slave revolts in
986:"Padre de la Patria"
916:Hospital San Antonio
912:Hospital San Antonio
615:at the town church,
537:Hospital San Antonio
464:Pedro Gerónimo Goyco
200:Betances was also a
171:and designer of the
5236:Puerto Rican exiles
5107:Grito de Lares flag
5000:Olga Viscal Garriga
4975:Clemente Soto Vélez
4965:Vidal Santiago Díaz
4875:José Ferrer Canales
4810:Pedro Albizu Campos
4760:Ángel Rivero Méndez
4745:Antonio S. Pedreira
4730:Luis Lloréns Torres
4725:Edwin Irizarry Mora
4597:Segundo Ruiz Belvis
2999:"Masoneria en PR 2"
2476:Washington Haitiano
2028:Luis Lloréns Torres
1748:Tomás Estrada Palma
1581:48.875814; 2.341636
1571: /
1422:to be, or not to be
1281:Chincha Islands War
1190:Freedom of religion
1034:Segundo Ruiz Belvis
931:Logia Unión Germana
867:Segundo Ruiz Belvis
638:"aguas de libertad"
633:Segundo Ruiz Belvis
619:, which is now the
5026:Intentona de Yauco
4980:Griselio Torresola
4935:Ruth Mary Reynolds
4830:Casimiro Berenguer
4780:Alejandrina Torres
4735:Oscar López Rivera
4700:Pedro Ortiz Dávila
4617:Fernando Fernandez
4612:Manuel Zeno Gandía
4288:
4119:on August 10, 2007
3968:. October 17, 2021
3728:on August 10, 2007
3696:on August 10, 2007
3500:on August 13, 2007
3344:Frederick Douglass
2550:Revolutionary wave
2532:Puerto Rico portal
2424:, Les Deux Indiéns
2310:
2279:José de San Martín
2275:Bernardo O'Higgins
2259:Tadeusz Kościuszko
2184:, August 25, 1894
2017:Dominican Republic
1993:
1911:
1836:Michele Angiolillo
1826:The Cánovas Affair
1812:
1810:Betances at age 40
1781:Intentona de Yauco
1773:Intentona de Yauco
1686:, which ended the
1627:Dominican Republic
1613:
1499:Dominican Republic
1215:Right to bear arms
1038:José Julián Acosta
999:Dominican Republic
960:
863:
847:War of Restoration
834:Dominican Republic
781:
740:Doctor and surgeon
727:'s writing style.
573:
437:June Days Uprising
401:
366:" to the "white" (
270:Dominican Republic
226:Dominican Republic
87:September 16, 1898
5138:
5137:
5050:Ley de la Mordaza
4940:Germán Rieckehoff
4855:José Coll y Cuchí
4802:Nationalist Party
4715:Leopoldo Figueroa
4665:Americo Boschetti
4330:Media related to
4284:
4219:Secondary sources
4194:978-0-942347-47-0
3884:. October 2, 1898
3608:978-84-7844-138-9
2188:
2187:
2079:French historians
2064:Puerto Rican flag
2048:Luis Muñoz Rivera
2036:José Coll y Cuchí
1997:Neuilly-sur-Seine
1919:French government
1883:Luis Muñoz Rivera
1446:
1445:
1411:José Antonio Páez
1312:Fournier gangrene
1300:Valparaíso, Chile
1273:
1272:
1195:Freedom of speech
1146:and its aftermath
1136:French Revolution
1108:, and headed for
1102:Buenaventura Báez
1083:William H. Seward
979:Luis Muñoz Rivera
950:Simplicia Jiménez
891:Buenaventura Báez
758:Emulsión de Scott
325:(later named the
312:Primary education
210:social hygienists
159:
158:
95:Neuilly-sur-Seine
5273:
4592:Juan Ríus Rivera
4527:Mariana Bracetti
4387:
4377:
4370:
4363:
4354:
4353:
4329:
4308:
4306:
4295:
4294:
4285:
4275:
4273:
4268:
4172:
4166:
4155:
4148:
4142:
4135:
4129:
4128:
4126:
4124:
4099:
4093:
4090:
4084:
4077:
4071:
4061:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4050:
4041:. Archived from
4035:
4029:
4016:
4010:
4003:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3984:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3973:
3958:
3952:
3948:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3937:
3926:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3900:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3889:
3874:
3868:
3861:
3855:
3836:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3825:
3815:
3809:
3803:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3789:
3774:
3768:
3761:
3755:
3744:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3733:
3717:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3684:
3678:
3675:
3669:
3662:
3653:
3646:
3640:
3637:Charlotte Amalie
3616:
3610:
3593:
3587:
3580:
3574:
3567:
3561:
3560:
3542:
3536:
3529:
3523:
3516:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3489:
3483:
3476:
3470:
3457:
3446:
3439:
3433:
3426:
3420:
3417:Spenser St. John
3409:
3403:
3396:
3390:
3387:
3381:
3374:
3368:
3361:
3355:
3336:
3330:
3323:
3317:
3310:
3304:
3292:
3286:
3279:
3273:
3268:, pp. 145, 149.
3262:
3256:
3249:
3226:
3213:
3207:
3206:
3192:
3186:
3179:
3173:
3162:
3156:
3149:
3143:
3136:
3130:
3123:
3117:
3110:
3104:
3097:
3091:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3057:
3051:
3048:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3021:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3010:
3001:. Archived from
2995:
2989:
2986:
2980:
2973:
2956:
2949:
2943:
2936:
2930:
2923:
2917:
2914:
2908:
2901:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2880:
2874:
2873:for his country.
2867:Giuseppe Mazzini
2859:
2853:
2849:
2843:
2827:
2821:
2814:
2808:
2798:
2792:
2785:
2779:
2772:
2766:
2759:
2753:
2740:
2734:
2731:
2725:
2719:
2702:
2695:
2689:
2682:
2676:
2669:
2663:
2652:
2646:
2639:
2633:
2626:
2620:
2613:
2607:
2600:
2594:
2591:
2585:
2579:
2534:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2520:
2518:Biography portal
2515:
2514:
2513:
2480:Alexandre Pétion
2320:(The Causes for
2290:Valeriano Weyler
2251:Greater Antilles
2162:
1785:Juan Ríus Rivera
1595:
1594:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1583:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1543:Return to France
1517:Manifest Destiny
1416:
1352:Mariana Bracetti
1205:Freedom of trade
1150:
1128:Ten Commandments
1110:Charlotte Amalie
879:Gregorio Luperón
789:anesthesiologist
770:Spanish language
693:and died at the
671:leave of absence
586:Victor Schœlcher
480:Armand Trousseau
472:Jean Cruveilhier
391:Medicine studies
155:
90:
68:
66:
54:
40:
39:
5281:
5280:
5276:
5275:
5274:
5272:
5271:
5270:
5141:
5140:
5139:
5134:
5116:
5095:
5071:Utuado Uprising
5061:Jayuya Uprising
5004:
4845:Nemesio Canales
4835:Julia de Burgos
4825:Elías Beauchamp
4815:José S. Alegría
4801:
4794:
4755:Miguel Poventud
4642:
4636:
4537:Roberto Cofresí
4532:Mathias Brugman
4510:
4483:
4474:Socialist Front
4432:
4391:
4381:
4322:
4321:
4310:
4304:
4302:
4299:This audio file
4296:
4289:
4280:
4277:
4271:
4270:
4266:
4263:
4221:
4181:
4179:Primary sources
4176:
4175:
4167:
4158:
4149:
4145:
4136:
4132:
4122:
4120:
4100:
4096:
4091:
4087:
4078:
4074:
4062:
4058:
4048:
4046:
4037:
4036:
4032:
4027:Wayback Machine
4017:
4013:
4004:
4000:
3992:
3989:Plaque Betances
3986:
3985:
3981:
3971:
3969:
3960:
3959:
3955:
3949:
3945:
3935:
3933:
3927:
3923:
3913:
3911:
3901:
3897:
3887:
3885:
3876:
3875:
3871:
3862:
3858:
3837:
3833:
3823:
3821:
3817:
3816:
3812:
3804:
3797:
3787:
3785:
3784:on July 8, 2007
3776:
3775:
3771:
3762:
3758:
3745:
3741:
3731:
3729:
3718:
3709:
3699:
3697:
3685:
3681:
3676:
3672:
3663:
3656:
3647:
3643:
3617:
3613:
3594:
3590:
3581:
3577:
3568:
3564:
3544:
3543:
3539:
3530:
3526:
3517:
3513:
3503:
3501:
3490:
3486:
3477:
3473:
3467:Wayback Machine
3458:
3449:
3440:
3436:
3427:
3423:
3410:
3406:
3397:
3393:
3388:
3384:
3375:
3371:
3362:
3358:
3337:
3333:
3324:
3320:
3311:
3307:
3293:
3289:
3280:
3276:
3263:
3259:
3250:
3229:
3223:Wayback Machine
3214:
3210:
3194:
3193:
3189:
3180:
3176:
3163:
3159:
3150:
3146:
3137:
3133:
3124:
3120:
3111:
3107:
3098:
3094:
3085:
3081:
3071:
3069:
3058:
3054:
3049:
3045:
3035:
3033:
3022:
3018:
3008:
3006:
3005:on May 13, 2007
2997:
2996:
2992:
2987:
2983:
2974:
2959:
2950:
2946:
2937:
2933:
2924:
2920:
2915:
2911:
2902:
2898:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2860:
2856:
2850:
2846:
2841:Wayback Machine
2828:
2824:
2815:
2811:
2799:
2795:
2786:
2782:
2773:
2769:
2760:
2756:
2750:Wayback Machine
2741:
2737:
2732:
2728:
2720:
2705:
2701:, pp. 20, 29–30
2696:
2692:
2688:, pp. 14–17, 20
2683:
2679:
2670:
2666:
2653:
2649:
2640:
2636:
2627:
2623:
2614:
2610:
2601:
2597:
2592:
2588:
2580:
2569:
2558:
2530:
2525:
2523:
2516:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2417:
2389:"Louis Raymond"
2365:
2302:
2242:
2233:social activism
2160:
2155:
2135:
2116:
2111:
2087:
2075:
1981:
1932:
1915:Legion of Honor
1903:
1828:
1800:
1776:
1756:
1736:
1716:
1672:
1651:Ulises Heureaux
1635:venture capital
1623:
1618:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1557:
1545:
1533:Platt Amendment
1525:interventionism
1521:Monroe Doctrine
1479:"La Revolución"
1451:
1393:
1384:New York Herald
1348:Mathias Brugman
1148:
1118:
1073:
1067:
1027:Emilio Castelar
995:
990:
952:
908:
830:
816:
766:GlaxoSmithKline
742:
737:
725:Edgar Allan Poe
706:Francisco Oller
701:of that year).
667:
578:
565:
510:
505:
496:
488:Auguste Nélaton
433:1848 Revolution
393:
360:
323:"Collège Royal"
314:
309:
250:
245:
235:An adherent of
140:
105:
92:
88:
79:
70:
64:
62:
45:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5279:
5269:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5136:
5135:
5133:
5132:
5124:
5122:
5118:
5117:
5115:
5114:
5109:
5103:
5101:
5097:
5096:
5094:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5043:
5041:Ponce massacre
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5021:Grito de Lares
5018:
5012:
5010:
5006:
5005:
5003:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4960:Isolina Rondón
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4840:Blanca Canales
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4806:
4804:
4796:
4795:
4793:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4710:Elizam Escobar
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4670:Juan Mari Brás
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4646:
4644:
4638:
4637:
4635:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4518:
4516:
4512:
4511:
4509:
4508:
4503:
4497:
4491:
4489:
4485:
4484:
4482:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4440:
4438:
4434:
4433:
4431:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4399:
4397:
4393:
4392:
4380:
4379:
4372:
4365:
4357:
4351:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4311:
4297:
4290:
4278:
4265:
4264:
4262:
4261:External links
4259:
4258:
4257:
4251:
4245:
4239:
4220:
4217:
4216:
4215:
4197:
4180:
4177:
4174:
4173:
4156:
4143:
4130:
4094:
4085:
4072:
4056:
4030:
4011:
3998:
3979:
3953:
3943:
3921:
3895:
3869:
3856:
3831:
3819:"PHVX: Photos"
3810:
3795:
3778:"ISH's Barrio"
3769:
3756:
3739:
3707:
3679:
3670:
3654:
3641:
3611:
3588:
3575:
3562:
3537:
3524:
3511:
3492:Paul Estrade.
3484:
3471:
3447:
3434:
3428:Thomas, Hugh.
3421:
3404:
3391:
3382:
3369:
3356:
3348:Charles Sumner
3331:
3318:
3305:
3300:Julio J. Henna
3287:
3274:
3257:
3227:
3208:
3187:
3174:
3157:
3144:
3131:
3118:
3105:
3092:
3079:
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3016:
2990:
2981:
2957:
2944:
2931:
2918:
2909:
2896:
2875:
2854:
2844:
2822:
2809:
2793:
2780:
2767:
2754:
2735:
2726:
2703:
2690:
2677:
2675:, pp. 8, 17–19
2664:
2647:
2634:
2621:
2608:
2595:
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2557:
2554:
2553:
2552:
2547:
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2536:
2535:
2521:
2505:
2502:
2490:
2489:
2483:
2473:
2463:
2445:
2439:
2433:
2427:
2416:
2413:
2364:
2361:
2350:the size of a
2301:
2298:
2247:"Antillanismo"
2241:
2238:
2197:Grito de Lares
2186:
2185:
2177:
2176:
2159:
2158:In Puerto Rico
2156:
2154:
2151:
2134:
2133:In Puerto Rico
2131:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2095:Voz del Centro
2086:
2085:Complete works
2083:
2074:
2071:
2013:life insurance
1980:
1977:
1931:
1928:
1902:
1899:
1868:Roman Catholic
1827:
1824:
1799:
1796:
1775:
1769:
1755:
1752:
1735:
1732:
1715:
1712:
1704:Lord Gladstone
1688:Ten Years' War
1684:Pact of Zanjón
1671:
1668:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1598:Palais Garnier
1544:
1541:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1437:Port-au-Prince
1430:
1429:
1392:
1389:
1368:Grito de Lares
1357:"El Telégrafo"
1271:
1270:
1258:
1257:
1147:
1140:
1117:
1114:
1071:Grito de Lares
1066:
1063:
994:
991:
989:
983:
951:
948:
907:
904:
815:
812:
741:
738:
736:
733:
666:
656:
649:baptismal font
577:
574:
564:
561:
509:
506:
504:
501:
495:
492:
392:
389:
359:
356:
313:
310:
308:
305:
272:; the surname
249:
246:
244:
241:
202:medical doctor
174:Grito de Lares
167:Grito de Lares
157:
156:
148:
147:
143:
142:
137:
133:
132:
129:
125:
124:
111:
107:
106:
99:Hauts-de-Seine
93:
91:(aged 71)
85:
81:
80:
71:
60:
56:
55:
47:
46:
43:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5278:
5267:
5264:
5262:
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5019:
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5007:
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4998:
4996:
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4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4970:Daniel Santos
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4955:Isabel Rosado
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4915:Hugo Margenat
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4905:Lolita Lebrón
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
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4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
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4876:
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4860:Oscar Collazo
4858:
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4683:
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4660:Rubén Berríos
4658:
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4651:
4648:
4647:
4645:
4639:
4633:
4632:Marcos Xiorro
4630:
4628:
4625:
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4622:Agustín Stahl
4620:
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4608:
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4547:José de Diego
4545:
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4255:
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4226:
4213:
4212:0-306-80827-7
4209:
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4015:
4008:
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3957:
3947:
3932:
3925:
3910:
3906:
3899:
3883:
3879:
3873:
3866:
3863:Ojeda Reyes,
3860:
3853:
3852:La Democracia
3849:
3847:
3841:
3838:Ojeda Reyes,
3835:
3820:
3814:
3807:
3802:
3800:
3783:
3779:
3773:
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3727:
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3695:
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3683:
3674:
3667:
3661:
3659:
3651:
3645:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3623:(in the then
3622:
3615:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3592:
3586:, pp. 371–376
3585:
3579:
3572:
3566:
3558:
3554:
3553:
3548:
3541:
3534:
3528:
3522:, pp. 288–289
3521:
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3499:
3495:
3488:
3481:
3475:
3468:
3464:
3461:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3444:
3438:
3431:
3425:
3418:
3414:
3411:Ojeda Reyes,
3408:
3401:
3398:Ojeda Reyes,
3395:
3386:
3380:, pp. 192–193
3379:
3376:Ojeda Reyes,
3373:
3366:
3363:Ojeda Reyes,
3360:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3338:Ojeda Reyes,
3335:
3328:
3325:Ojeda Reyes,
3322:
3315:
3312:Ojeda Reyes,
3309:
3301:
3297:
3294:Ojeda Reyes,
3291:
3284:
3281:Ojeda Reyes,
3278:
3271:
3267:
3264:Ojeda Reyes,
3261:
3254:
3248:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3224:
3220:
3217:
3212:
3204:
3200:
3199:
3191:
3184:
3181:Ojeda Reyes,
3178:
3171:
3167:
3161:
3154:
3148:
3141:
3135:
3128:
3122:
3115:
3109:
3102:
3096:
3089:
3083:
3067:
3063:
3056:
3047:
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3020:
3004:
3000:
2994:
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2978:
2972:
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2968:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2954:
2948:
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2928:
2922:
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2879:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2858:
2848:
2842:
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2826:
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2807:
2803:
2797:
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2777:
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2758:
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2747:
2744:
2739:
2730:
2724:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2712:
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2700:
2694:
2687:
2681:
2674:
2668:
2661:
2657:
2651:
2644:
2638:
2631:
2625:
2619:, pp. 131–132
2618:
2612:
2605:
2599:
2590:
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2578:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2567:
2564:
2562:
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2537:
2533:
2522:
2519:
2508:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2478:(essay about
2477:
2474:
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2467:
2464:
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2457:
2456:
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2446:
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2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2360:
2358:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2340:elephantiasis
2336:
2334:
2329:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2306:
2297:
2293:
2291:
2286:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2267:Simón Bolívar
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2237:
2234:
2230:
2229:republicanism
2226:
2221:
2218:
2213:
2210:
2206:
2204:
2198:
2194:
2183:
2179:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2163:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2130:
2128:
2123:
2121:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2091:
2082:
2080:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2060:Diego Montano
2057:
2052:
2049:
2045:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1990:
1985:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1951:
1949:
1948:Horace Porter
1944:
1939:
1937:
1927:
1925:
1920:
1916:
1907:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1887:
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1869:
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1854:
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1741:
1731:
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1725:
1721:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1692:Antonio Maceo
1689:
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1664:
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1496:
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1469:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1449:In Hispaniola
1442:
1440:
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1432:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1418:
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1313:
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1301:
1296:
1294:
1290:
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1282:
1278:
1269:
1268:November 1867
1267:
1266:(translated),
1265:
1260:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1249:
1245:
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1242:
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1182:
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1177:
1176:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1166:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1156:Puerto Ricans
1152:
1151:
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1139:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1124:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1106:Santo Domingo
1103:
1099:
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1079:
1072:
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1020:
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896:
892:
888:
882:
880:
876:
872:
868:
859:
855:
853:
849:
848:
843:
842:Pedro Santana
839:
835:
829:
825:
821:
811:
809:
805:
801:
796:
794:
790:
786:
777:
773:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
750:ophthalmology
747:
732:
730:
726:
722:
717:
715:
711:
710:Salvador Brau
707:
702:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
683:consanguinity
680:
675:
672:
664:
660:
655:
652:
650:
645:
643:
639:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
609:
607:
603:
599:
598:Salvador Brau
595:
591:
587:
583:
569:
560:
558:
552:
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285:
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271:
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263:
259:
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240:
238:
233:
231:
227:
223:
222:public health
219:
215:
214:ophthalmology
211:
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203:
198:
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192:
189:
185:
181:
177:
175:
170:
168:
163:
154:
149:
144:
138:
134:
130:
126:
123:
119:
115:
112:
110:Occupation(s)
108:
104:
100:
96:
86:
82:
78:
74:
69:April 8, 1827
61:
57:
53:
48:
41:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
5127:
5049:
4950:Hiram Rosado
4920:René Marqués
4900:Irvin Flores
4865:Rosa Collazo
4800:Puerto Rican
4750:Pedro Pietri
4587:Manuel Rojas
4521:
4502:(Macheteros)
4408:Agüeybaná II
4222:
4203:
4200:Thomas, Hugh
4185:
4151:
4146:
4138:
4133:
4121:. Retrieved
4117:the original
4102:
4097:
4088:
4080:
4075:
4059:
4047:. Retrieved
4043:the original
4033:
4020:this website
4014:
4001:
3988:
3982:
3970:. Retrieved
3965:
3956:
3946:
3934:. Retrieved
3924:
3912:. Retrieved
3908:
3898:
3886:. Retrieved
3881:
3872:
3864:
3859:
3851:
3845:
3843:
3839:
3834:
3822:. Retrieved
3813:
3786:. Retrieved
3782:the original
3772:
3764:
3759:
3751:
3747:
3742:
3730:. Retrieved
3726:the original
3698:. Retrieved
3694:the original
3682:
3673:
3665:
3649:
3644:
3632:
3621:Saint Thomas
3614:
3595:
3591:
3583:
3578:
3570:
3565:
3556:
3551:
3540:
3532:
3527:
3519:
3514:
3502:. Retrieved
3498:the original
3487:
3479:
3474:
3442:
3437:
3429:
3424:
3412:
3407:
3399:
3394:
3385:
3377:
3372:
3364:
3359:
3339:
3334:
3326:
3321:
3313:
3308:
3295:
3290:
3282:
3277:
3270:El Telégrafo
3269:
3265:
3260:
3252:
3211:
3202:
3197:
3190:
3182:
3177:
3165:
3160:
3155:, pp. 94–104
3152:
3147:
3139:
3134:
3126:
3121:
3113:
3108:
3100:
3095:
3087:
3082:
3070:. Retrieved
3066:the original
3055:
3046:
3034:. Retrieved
3030:the original
3019:
3007:. Retrieved
3003:the original
2993:
2984:
2947:
2939:
2934:
2926:
2921:
2912:
2904:
2899:
2887:. Retrieved
2878:
2862:
2857:
2847:
2831:
2825:
2817:
2812:
2805:
2801:
2796:
2788:
2783:
2775:
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2729:
2698:
2693:
2685:
2680:
2672:
2667:
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2642:
2637:
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2624:
2616:
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2603:
2598:
2589:
2560:
2559:
2497:
2493:
2491:
2485:
2475:
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2449:La botijuela
2448:
2441:
2435:
2429:
2420:
2396:
2388:
2380:
2368:
2366:
2337:
2332:
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2317:
2311:
2294:
2283:
2261:for Poland,
2246:
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2222:
2214:
2203:obstetrician
2200:
2196:
2189:
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2169:
2165:
2143:thoroughfare
2136:
2124:
2117:
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2098:
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2088:
2076:
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2025:
1994:
1964:
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1955:
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1933:
1912:
1894:
1890:
1888:
1876:
1865:
1858:
1855:
1844:
1840:
1829:
1817:
1813:
1801:
1798:Morales Plan
1789:
1777:
1772:
1765:
1757:
1743:
1737:
1728:Panama Canal
1724:Máximo Gómez
1717:
1673:
1655:
1647:
1624:
1602:
1553:
1546:
1536:
1514:
1507:
1486:
1481:, under the
1478:
1476:
1472:Puerto Plata
1452:
1434:
1433:
1425:
1419:
1397:
1394:
1382:
1380:
1371:
1367:
1365:
1356:
1344:Manuel Rojas
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1329:
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1234:
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1122:
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1112:soon after.
1093:
1087:
1077:
1074:
1054:
1047:
1031:
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961:
939:Logia Yagüez
938:
930:
928:
915:
911:
909:
900:
887:Saint Thomas
883:
875:Puerto Plata
864:
845:
831:
804:Mayagüezanos
803:
797:
782:
757:
752:practice in
743:
720:
718:
703:
687:Papal States
678:
676:
668:
662:
658:
653:
646:
637:
628:
624:
616:
610:
593:
579:
576:Abolitionist
553:
541:
536:
529:
511:
497:
457:
445:2 République
440:
430:
406:baccalauréat
404:
402:
381:"prietuzcos"
380:
377:"blancuzcos"
376:
361:
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315:
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286:
278:
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251:
234:
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194:
190:
187:
179:
178:. Since the
173:
166:
161:
160:
89:(1898-09-16)
37:
32:
28:
21:Spanish name
5156:1898 deaths
5151:1827 births
4790:Iris Zavala
4775:Piri Thomas
4695:Juan Dalmau
4403:Agüeybaná I
4154:, pp. 63–64
3888:January 14,
3824:January 14,
3142:, pp. 88–90
3129:, pp. 87–88
3116:, pp. 84–86
3103:, pp. 80–84
2889:January 14,
2791:, pp. 35–36
2778:, pp. 33–35
2632:, pp. 8, 12
2606:, pp. 6, 14
2415:Major works
2409:Victor Hugo
2322:Miscarriage
2141:there is a
1851:machine gun
1761:Philippines
1579: /
1503:Puerto Rico
1391:In New York
1361:confiscated
1336:aftershocks
1163:Isabella II
895:coup d'état
699:Good Friday
411:high school
297:Hormigueros
243:Early years
237:Freemasonry
77:Puerto Rico
5145:Categories
4314:Audio help
4305:2008-04-16
4065:childbirth
3342:, p. 150.
3072:August 31,
2556:References
2352:grapefruit
2344:castration
2326:childbirth
2296:reality."
2285:José Martí
2225:liberalism
2217:autonomism
1740:José Martí
1643:Hispaniola
1639:Samaná Bay
1585: (
1563:48°52′33″N
1535:became a "
1529:annexation
1398:"Grito de
1069:See also:
935:San Germán
933:in nearby
924:pediatrics
920:obstetrics
918:is now an
818:See also:
793:chloroform
714:Quaker hat
590:John Brown
364:mixed race
301:sugar mill
289:mixed race
266:Hispaniola
114:Politician
65:1827-04-08
4680:Roy Brown
4643:activists
4231:format):
4123:August 2,
4049:April 16,
3972:March 24,
3788:August 2,
3767:, pp. 359
3754:Cánovas."
3732:August 2,
3700:August 2,
3504:August 2,
3303:location.
3036:August 2,
2455:Aulularia
2385:Borinquen
2263:Lithuania
2109:Landmarks
2056:Cabo Rojo
1968:alcoholic
1936:USS Maine
1872:Barcelona
1848:Remington
1700:Gibraltar
1566:2°20′30″E
1549:St. Croix
1483:pseudonym
1293:Venezuela
1042:abolition
943:mortgaged
602:Historian
385:hypocrisy
368:Caucasian
340:Grisolles
318:Freemason
146:Signature
136:Parent(s)
118:physician
73:Cabo Rojo
5129:Claridad
4316: ·
4225:podcasts
4107:dynamite
4023:Archived
3936:April 3,
3914:April 3,
3668:, p. 356
3482:, p. 289
3463:Archived
3367:, p. 162
3329:, p. 134
3219:Archived
3185:, p. 105
3009:April 4,
2837:Archived
2746:Archived
2504:See also
2500:, 1882)
2452:(a.k.a.
2363:Literary
2001:cremated
1972:morphine
1924:humility
1744:Eduviges
1537:de facto
1519:and the
1324:catheter
1308:urethral
1237:Carnival
1090:New York
968:godchild
800:pro bono
754:Mayagüez
663:Boriquén
548:epidemic
532:barracks
521:Mayagüez
517:epidemic
449:autonomy
418:medicine
344:pharmacy
331:Toulouse
274:Betanzos
248:Ancestry
218:diplomat
186:and the
122:diplomat
29:Betances
19:In this
5100:Symbols
5046:Gag Law
4428:Urayoán
4423:Jumacao
4413:Arasibo
4303: (
4274:minutes
4141:, p. 30
3882:Gallica
3629:Caracas
3090:, p. 79
2942:, p. 63
2907:, p. 60
2482:, 1871)
2472:, 1869)
2462:, 1863)
2460:Plautus
2348:scrotum
2300:Medical
2021:poverty
1917:by the
1708:Jamaica
1680:malaria
1676:quinine
1376:Curaçao
1320:genetic
1316:Curaçao
1289:Ecuador
1241:Judases
785:aseptic
762:codfish
746:surgery
695:Mennecy
665:Virgin)
613:Baptism
606:maroons
582:slavery
545:cholera
514:cholera
460:Surgeon
420:at the
414:diploma
372:lineage
206:surgeon
128:Partner
25:surname
5009:Events
4418:Hayuya
4210:
4192:
3625:Danish
3606:
2488:(1890)
2444:(1859)
2438:(1853)
2432:(1853)
2426:(1852)
2401:poetry
2393:French
2377:Madrid
2314:thesis
2182:Patria
2073:Legacy
1991:, 2007
1860:peseta
1820:uremia
1663:Panama
1658:despot
1497:, the
1459:Jacmel
1327:life.
1306:and a
1304:uremia
1023:Madrid
871:lawyer
826:, and
691:typhus
352:fencer
169:revolt
103:France
33:Alacán
5121:Media
3993:(jpg)
3951:book.
3752:Señor
3633:(sic)
3555:[
3255:, TBR
3201:[
2871:mourn
2357:above
2147:PR-14
2139:Ponce
1979:Death
1792:Haiti
1495:Haiti
1463:Haiti
1372:Grito
1144:Grito
1126:(The
1011:below
1009:(see
1007:Chile
852:Cibao
838:Haiti
661:(The
642:Ponce
629:pesos
625:pesos
329:) in
230:Paris
180:Grito
4208:ISBN
4190:ISBN
4125:2007
4051:2007
3974:2023
3938:2018
3916:2018
3890:2015
3826:2015
3808:.com
3790:2007
3734:2007
3702:2007
3604:ISBN
3506:2007
3074:2007
3038:2007
3011:2007
2951:See
2891:2015
2660:Mass
2561:Note
2407:and
2277:and
2231:and
2093:The
2009:will
1771:The
1631:Bern
1501:and
1491:Cuba
1470:and
1441:1872
1400:Yara
1346:and
1291:and
1285:Peru
1142:The
1015:Cuba
1005:and
1003:Peru
922:and
832:The
748:and
679:Lita
647:The
486:and
204:and
176:flag
84:Died
59:Born
4229:MP3
4092:TBR
3598:by
2359:).
2105:).
2044:AST
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