Rama - Knowledge

1257: 5447: 1527: 1787: 5276: 2118: 2048: 3218: 1693: 4666: 2037: 2909: 2026: 2059: 2141:, the life of Rama as told in the Indian texts is a masterpiece that offers a framework to represent, conceptualise and comprehend the world and the nature of life. Like major epics and religious stories around the world, it has been of vital relevance because it "tells the culture what it is". Rama's life is more complex than the Western template for the battle between the good and the evil, where there is a clear distinction between immortal powerful gods or heroes and mortal struggling humans. In the Indian traditions, particularly Rama, the story is about a divine human, a mortal god, incorporating both into the exemplar who transcends both humans and gods. 2626: 14883: 1407: 16047: 704: 2070: 1585:, reminds the king that he had promised long ago to comply with one thing she asks, anything. Dasharatha remembers and agrees to do so. She demands that Rama be exiled for fourteen years to Dandaka forest. Dasharatha grieves at her request. Her son Bharata, and other family members become upset at her demand. Rama states that his father should keep his word, adds that he does not crave for earthly or heavenly material pleasures, and seeks neither power nor anything else. He informs of his decision to his wife and tells everyone that time passes quickly. 2081: 4148: 5075: 4650: 3180: 2092: 1566:, Vishvamitra asked Rama to participate in the ceremony with the consent of Janaka, who agreed to offer Sita's hand in marriage to the prince if he could fulfil the requisite task. When the bow was brought before him, Rama seized the centre of the weapon, fastened the string taut, and broke it in two in the process. Witnessing his prowess, Janaka agreed to marry his daughter to Rama and invited Dasharatha to his capital. During the homeward journey to Ayodhya, another avatar of Vishnu, 4588:, Diwali is marked as a special occasion and celebrated with a lot of fanfare. It is observed as a national holiday in this part of the world and some ministers of the Government also take part in the celebrations publicly. Just like Vijayadashmi, Diwali is celebrated by different communities across India to commemorate different events in addition to Rama's return to Ayodhya. For example, many communities celebrate one day of Diwali to celebrate the Victory of Krishna over the demon 5183: 18783: 5395: 5322: 1834: 1608: 98: 17353: 1884: 17363: 18715: 1851:, who specialised in Proto- and Ancient Indian history, find such estimate to be "pure speculation". A few other researchers place Rama to have more plausibly lived around 1250 BCE, based on regnal lists of Kuru and Vrishni leaders which if given more realistic reign lengths would place Bharat and Satwata, contemporaries of Rama, around that period. Sankalia dates various incidents of the Ramayana to have taken place as early as 1,500 BCE. 17342: 18766: 2248: 18800: 3217: 18749: 5345: 4479: 15793: 1875:. This perspective underscores the Ramayana's role as both a religious scripture and a cultural artifact, illustrating how legends like Rama's have shaped India's collective consciousness and ethical frameworks over centuries. Ariel Glucklich about this, quoted: " Rama serve not only as historical narratives but also as moral and spiritual teachings, shaping cultural identity and religious beliefs in profound ways." 17373: 18675: 18732: 14665: 15785: 2229: 2804:

that liberation comes through a spiritual life, one that requires self-effort, and present cosmology and metaphysical theories of existence embedded in stories. These two books are known for emphasising free will and human creative power. The fifth book discusses meditation and its powers in liberating the individual, while the last book describes the state of an enlightened and blissful Rama.

18687: 5382:, a professor at Oxford and Boden scholar of Sanskrit, Rama's ideas as told in the Indian texts are secular in origin, their influence on the life and thought of people having been profound over at least two and a half millennia. Their influence has ranged from being a framework for personal introspection to cultural festivals and community entertainment. His life stories, states 15653: 1803:, Southeast Asia and beyond". The versions vary by region reflecting local preoccupations and histories, and these cannot be called "divergences or different tellings" from the "real" version, rather all the versions of Rama story are real and true in their own meanings to the local cultural tradition, according to scholars such as Richman and Ramanujan. 1635:, a fruit. But every time she gave it to him she first tasted it to ensure that it was sweet and tasty as a testament to her devotion. Rama also understood her devotion and ate all the half-eaten bers given by her. Such was the reciprocation of love and compassion he had for his people. This place is believed in the Hindu tradition to be the same as 10413: 1864:, the original text was likely composed and transmitted orally in more ancient times, and modern scholars have suggested various centuries in the 1st millennium BCE. In Brockington's view, "based on the language, style and content of the work, a date of roughly the fifth century BCE is the most reasonable estimate". 4139:). The text raises every mundane activity of Rama to a spiritual or transcendent level, the story into symbolism, thus instructing the seeker to view his or her own life through the symbolic vision for his soul, where the external life is but a metaphor for the eternal journey of the soul in Advaita terminology. 791:. Born in a royal family, Rama's life is described in the Hindu texts as one challenged by unexpected changes, such as an exile into impoverished and difficult circumstances, and challenges of ethical questions and moral dilemmas. The most notable story involving Rama is the kidnapping of Sita by the demon-king 9589: 1815:

very different versions to how Rama deals with rumours against Sita when they return victorious to Ayodhya, given that the rumours can neither be objectively investigated nor summarily ignored. Similarly the versions vary on many other specific situations and closure such as how Rama, Sita and Lakshmana die.

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was translated from Sanskrit into old Javanese around 860 CE, while the performance arts culture most likely developed from the oral tradition inspired by the Tamil and Bengali versions of Rama-based dance and plays. The earliest evidence of these performance arts are from 243 CE according to Chinese

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combine "reason with emotions" to create a "thinking hearts" approach. Second, he emphasises through what he says and what he does a union of "self-consciousness and action" to create an "ethics of character". Third, Rama's life combines the ethics with the aesthetics of living. The story of Rama and

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Rama's legends vary significantly by the region and across manuscripts. While there is a common foundation, plot, grammar and an essential core of values associated with a battle between good and evil, there is neither a correct version nor a single verifiable ancient one. According to Paula Richman,

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Jain texts tell a very different version of the Rama legend than the Hindu texts such as by Valmiki. According to the Jain version, Lakshmana (Vasudeva) is the one who kills Ravana (Prativasudeva). Rama, after all his participation in the rescue of Sita and preparation for war, he actually does not

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who was a minister of Sugriva. Meanwhile, Ravana harasses Sita to be his wife, queen or goddess. Sita refuses him. Ravana gets enraged and ultimately reaches Lanka, fights in a war that has many ups and downs, but ultimately Rama prevails, kills Ravana and forces of evil, and rescues his wife Sita.

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A large Ramanavami fair, celebrating the birth of Lord Rama, is held in spring with considerable trade in pottery, spices, brass ware, and cotton cloth. A cattle fair held in Sitamarhi is the largest in Bihar state. The town is sacred as the birthplace of the goddess Sita (also called Janaki), the

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text consists of six books. The first book presents Rama's frustration with the nature of life, human suffering and disdain for the world. The second describes, through the figure of Rama, the desire for liberation and the nature of those who seek such liberation. The third and fourth books assert

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combines mythology, philosophy, and religious beliefs into a story of life, a code of ethics, a treatise on universal human values. It debates in its dialogues the human dilemmas, the ideal standards of behaviour, duties to those one loves, and mutual responsibilities. It inspires the audience to

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The variation and inconsistencies are not limited to the texts found in the Hinduism traditions. The Rama story in the Jain tradition also show variation by author and region, in details, in implied ethical prescriptions and even in names – the older versions using the name Padma instead of Rama,

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is faced with the question of appropriate ethical response. In the Indian tradition, states Richman, the social value is that "a warrior must never harm a woman". The details of the response by Rama and Lakshmana, and justifications for it, has numerous versions. Similarly, there are numerous and

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16. ... Ravana is represented as merely requesting that Sita stop thinking of him as an enemy and that she abandon her mistaken notion that he wants her to be his wife. By mentioning his chief queen, he is really saying that he wants Sita to be the chosen goddess of both him and his chief queen,

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Ath Beesvan Ram Avtar Kathan or Ram Avtar is a Composition in the second sacred Granth of Sikhs i.e Dasam Granth, which was written by Guru Gobind Singh, at Anandpur Sahib. Guru Gobind Singh was not a worshiper of Ramchandra, as after describing the whole Avtar he cleared this fact that ਰਾਮ ਰਹੀਮ

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community in modern times. This Rama-inspired movement has championed social reforms, accepting members without discriminating anyone by gender, class, caste or religion since the time of Ramananda who also accepted Muslims wishing to leave Islam. Traditional scholarship holds that his disciples

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and other major texts. However, in some revisions, the story is different and tragic, with Sita dying of sorrow for her husband not trusting her, making Sita a moral heroine and leaving the reader with moral questions about Rama. In these revisions, the death of Sita leads Rama to drown himself.

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and the oral tradition arrived in southeast Asia in the 1st millennium CE. Rama was one of many ideas and cultural themes adopted, others being the Buddha, the Shiva and host of other Brahmanic and Buddhist ideas and stories. In particular, the influence of Rama and other cultural ideas grew in

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river. It is in a temple complex dedicated to Vishnu and dates back to the 7th-century with some restoration work done around 1145 CE based on epigraphical evidence. The temple remains important to Rama devotees in the contemporary times, with devotees and monks gathering there on dates such as

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Kosala is mentioned in many Buddhist texts and travel memoirs. The Buddha idol of Kosala is important in the Theravada Buddhism tradition, and one that is described by the 7th-century Chinese pilgrim Xuanzhang. He states in his memoir that the statue stands in the capital of Kosala then called

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are charismatic art of Bihar, and are mostly based on religion and mythology. In the paintings, Hindu gods like Sita-Rama are in center with their marriage ceremony being one of the primary theme. Rama's exile, Sita's abduction and Lanka war have also been depicted in the

2968:, but has novel and different elements. It mentions that Ayodhya was not the capital in the time of Rama's son named Kusha, but that he later returned to it and made it the capital again. This text is notable because the poetry in the text is exquisite and called a 9811: 9598:, pp. 31, 74–75 with footnotes, Quote: "What is striking about the dohas in the Ramcharitmanas however is that they frequently have a sant-like ring to them, breaking into the very midst of the saguna narrative with a statement of nirguna reality".. 2793:

and contains 6,000 verses. The exact century of its completion is unknown, but has been estimated to be somewhere between the 6th century CE to as late as the 14th century CE, but it is likely that a version of the text existed in the 1st millennium CE.

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Upon Rama's accession as king, rumours emerge that Sita may have gone willingly when she was with Ravana; Sita protests that her capture was forced. Rama responds to public gossip by renouncing his wife and asking her to prove her chastity in front of

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in the Indian tradition, and has attracted many scholarly commentaries. It is also significant because Kalidasa has been dated to between the 4th and 5th century CE, suggesting that the Ramayana legend was well established by the time of Kalidasa.

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kill, thus remains a non-violent person. The Rama of Jainism has numerous wives as does Lakshmana, unlike the virtue of monogamy given to Rama in the Hindu texts. Towards the end of his life, Rama becomes a Jaina monk then successfully attains

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and its capital Ayuttaya was named after the Hindu holy city of Ayodhya, with the official religion of the state being Theravada Buddhism. Thai kings, continuing into the contemporary era, have been called Rama, a name inspired by Rama of

10396: 1574:. When Rama obliged him with success, Parashurama acknowledged the former to be a form of Vishnu and departed to perform penance at the mountain Mahendra. The wedding entourage then reached Ayodhya, entering the city amid great fanfare. 7147: 705: 13399: 13170: 1870:

often highlight that Rama's narrative reflects not only religious beliefs but also societal ideals and moral principles. They explore the possibility of Rama being a composite figure, embodying virtues and qualities valued in ancient

5160:. His first wife Sita becomes a Jaina nun at the end of the story. In the Jain version, Lakshmana and Ravana both go to the hell of Jain cosmology, because Ravana killed many, while Lakshmana killed Ravana to stop Ravana's violence. 1496:. The extant manuscripts of the text describes their education and training as young princes, but this is brief. Rama is portrayed as a polite, self-controlled, virtuous youth always ready to help others. His education included the 1298:(literally deeds of Padma) by Vimalasuri, also mention the details of the early life of Rama. The Jain texts are dated variously, but generally pre-500 CE, most likely sometime within the first five centuries of the common era. 5128:, people continue to be reborn as they evolve in their spiritual qualities, until they reach the Jina state and complete enlightenment. This idea is explained as cyclically reborn triads in its Puranas, called the 5140:. Rama, Lakshmana and evil Ravana are the eighth triad, with Rama being the reborn Baladeva, and Lakshmana as the reborn Vasudeva. Rama is described to have lived long before the 22nd Jain Tirthankara called 15744: The list of the "ten avatars" varies regionally. Two substitutions involve Balarama, Krishna, and Buddha. Krishna is almost always included; in exceptions, he is considered the source of all avatars. 7329: 12807: 6138:

Shravasti, midst ruins of a large monastery. He also states that he brought back to China two replicas of the Buddha, one of the Kosala icon of Udayana and another the Prasenajit icon of Prasenajit.

1357:, and as an important center of pilgrimage for Jains and Buddhists. However, there is a scholarly dispute whether the modern Ayodhya is indeed the same as the Ayodhya and Kosala mentioned in the 1647:, and that Rama roamed through forests, lived a humble simple life, provided protection and relief to ascetics in the forest being harassed and persecuted by demons, as they stayed at different 11009: 6501: 7139: 13162: 11265: 12850: 4517:

The Ramlila festivities were declared by UNESCO as one of the "Intangible Cultural Heritages of Humanity" in 2008. Ramlila is particularly notable in historically important Hindu cities of

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for medieval era Advaita Vedanta scholars. The Yoga Vasistha, according to White, was one of the popular texts on Yoga that dominated the Indian Yoga culture scene before the 12th century.

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Temples dedicated to Rama are found all over India and in places where Indian migrant communities have resided. In most temples, the iconography of Rama is accompanied by that of his wife

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The day is marked by recital of Rama legends in temples, or reading of Rama stories at home. Some Vaishnava Hindus visit a temple, others pray within their home, and some participate in a

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Hindu temples dedicated to Rama were built by the early 5th century, according to copper plate inscription evidence, but these have not survived. The oldest surviving Rama temple is near

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layer of Vedic literature, as well as music and other post-Vedic literature, but in qualifying context of something or someone who is "charming, beautiful, lovely" or "darkness, night".

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people in his life raises questions such as "is it appropriate to use evil to respond to evil?", and then provides a spectrum of views within the framework of Indian beliefs such as on

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discover the kidnapping, worry about Sita's safety, despair at the loss and their lack of resources to take on Ravana. Their struggles now reach new heights. They travel south, meet

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on the border of Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. The region has numerous Rama temples and is an important Vaishnava pilgrimage site. The texts describe nearby hermitages of Vedic

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as a first name appears in the Vedic literature, associated with two patronymic names – Margaveya and Aupatasvini – representing different individuals. A third individual named

9162: 9653: 5301:. The discussion of Rama and Krishna avatars is the most extensive in this section of the secondary Sikh scripture. The name of Rama is mentioned more than 2,500 times in the 11134: 8438: 6107:

Many Indian languages, such as Hindi, delete the terminal 'a' sound in Sanskrit words. Others, such as Tamil and Malayalam, have their own suffixes; -r and -n in this case.

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The Master having ended this discourse, declared the Truths, and identified the Birth (...): 'At that time, the king Suddhodana was king Dasaratha, Mahamaya was the mother,

6339: 1256: 1860:, in its current form is usually dated between 8th and 4th century BCE. According to John Brockington, a professor of Sanskrit at Oxford known for his publications on the 9126: 6960: 14570: 13132: 11715: 8967: 5353:

Few works of literature produced in any place at any time have been as popular, influential, imitated and successful as the great and ancient Sanskrit epic poem, the

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hints at several places in his works, that he had met face to face with Hanuman and Rama. The detailed account of his meetings with Hanuman and Rama are given in the

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The stories vary in details, particularly where the moral question is clear, but the appropriate ethical response is unclear or disputed. For example, when demoness

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literature of Buddhism is generally dated to be from the second half of the 1st millennium BCE, based on the carvings in caves and Buddhist monuments such as the

6307: 12722:, Quote: "The name of the capital city derives from the Hindu holy city Ayodhya in northern India, which is said to be the birthplace of the Hindu god Rama." 14339: 12303: 1658:). One day, a demoness called Shurpanakha saw Rama, became enamored of him, and tried to seduce him. Rama refused her. Shurpanakha retaliated by threatening 798:

The entire life story of Rama, Sita and their companions allegorically discusses duties, rights and social responsibilities of an individual. It illustrates

12799: 12152: 4541:– cities in Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Bihar and Madhya Pradesh. The epic and its dramatic play migrated into southeast Asia in the 1st millennium CE, and 11328: 10952:"if someone says that the "Rama" in "Hare Rama" is Lord Ramacandra and someone else says that the "Rama" in "Hare Rama" is Sri Balarama, both are correct". 7172:

Sītāpaharaṇam: Changing thematic Idioms in Sanskrit and Tamil. In Dirk W. Lonne ed. Tofha-e-Dil: Festschrift Helmut Nespital, Reinbeck, 2 vols., pp. 783–97

4615:(Holy bathing), is performed to the utsava murthy and his consorts on all the three days. On the third day, abhishekam is performed to the idols of Rama, 17975: 11693: 4382:. The community organises charitable events and volunteer meals. The festival is an occasion for moral reflection for many Hindus. Some mark this day by 1909:

pose (thrice bent "S" shape). He is shown black, blue or dark color, typically wearing reddish color clothes. Rama is often accompanied with his brother

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Rama heads outside the Kosala kingdom, crosses Yamuna river and initially stays at Chitrakuta, on the banks of river Mandakini, in the hermitage of sage

2220:, that one must also introspect and never neglect what one's proper duties, appropriate responsibilities, true interests, and legitimate pleasures are. 2183:). He had within him all the desirable virtues that any individual would seek to aspire, and he fulfils all his moral obligations. Rama is considered a 12893: 10918: 10649: 2206:

Rama's life and comments emphasise that one must pursue and live life fully, that all three life aims are equally important: virtue (dharma), desires (

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where it means "support, make still", "witness, make evident". The sense of "dark, black, soot" also appears in other Indo European languages, such as

11202: 13347: 11257: 10679:"Mahārāj Śri Haridās Jī Kī Vaṇī." In Mahārāj Śri Haridās Jī Kī Vaṇī, edited by Swami Mangaldas. Jaipur: Nikhil Bharatiya Niranjani Mahasabha, 1931. 5657: 11036: 4514:(Dasara, Vijayadashami) night festivities where the giant grotesque effigies of Evil such as of demon Ravana are burnt, typically with fireworks. 17409: 12866: 11554: 6423: 3995: 11548: 10532: 9311: 1770:

Through death, he joins her in afterlife. Depiction of Rama dying by drowning himself and then emerging in the sky as a six-armed incarnate of

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The name Rama appears repeatedly in Hindu texts, for many different scholars and kings in mythical stories. The word also appears in ancient

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view their own lives from a spiritual plane, encouraging the virtuous to keep going, and comforting those oppressed with a healing balm.

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After ten years of wandering and struggles, Rama arrives at Panchavati, on the banks of river Godavari. This region had numerous demons (

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he has his clavicle concealed and is known by the people as Rama. He has a voice (deep) like the sound of a kettledrum and glossy skin,

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exist in most major Indian languages; examples that elaborate on the life, deeds and divine philosophies of Rama include the epic poem

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is notable for being the Rama-based play commonly performed every year in autumn, during the weeklong performance arts festival of

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painting, 1775–1800. Rama and Sita on the throne with Rama's brothers behind. Hanuman with Sugriva and Jambavan pay their respects.

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Indian Epic Values: Rāmāyaṇa and Its Impact : Proceedings of the 8th International Rāmāyaạ Conference, Leuven, 6-8 July 1991

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is a compound of "Atma" and "Rama", it literally means "he who finds joy in his own self", according to the French Indologist

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described to be a just and fair rule. It is believed by many that when Rama returned people celebrated their happiness with

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records. Other than the celebration of Rama's life with dance and music, Hindu temples built in southeast Asia such as the

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into symbolism of self study of one's own soul, with metaphors described in Advaita terminology. It influenced the popular

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ceremony at his capital with the condition that she would marry only a prince who would possess the strength to string the

2498:), which seems to indicate that the story of the text was familiar in the Tamil lands even before the 12th century. Tamil 18860: 18703: 17773: 17402: 10945: 8724: 7029: 6484:

The nine-day festival of Navratri leading up to Sri Rama Navami has bhajans, kirtans and discourses in store for devotees

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The legends found about Rama, state Mallory and Adams, have "many of the elements found in the later Welsh tales such as

5765: 5101:, the earliest known version of Rama story is variously dated from the 1st to 5th century CE. This Jain text credited to 4850: 12998: 7530: 5515:(East Java), show extensive reliefs depicting Rama's life. The story of Rama's life has been popular in Southeast Asia. 4665: 18920: 14780: 13717: 12312: 7790: 5935: 5366: 4482:

In Northern, Central and Western states of India, the Ramlila play is enacted during Navratri by rural artists (above).

2986:. The Jainism tradition has extensive literature of Rama as well, but generally refers to him as Padma, such as in the 1895:

Rama iconography shares elements of avatars of Vishnu, but has several distinctive elements. He has two hands, holds a

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Human effort can be used for self-betterment and that there is no such thing as an external fate imposed by the gods.

1692: 821:(commentaries) and extensive secondary literature and inspired performance arts. Two such texts, for example, are the 18890: 18068: 14419: 14244:

Indie w Warszawie: tom upamiętniający 50-lecie powojennej historii indologii na Uniwersytecie Warszawskim (2003/2004)

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Rama Navami day also marks the end of the nine-day spring festival celebrated in Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh called

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in the seventh century CE, is a retelling of the epic that simultaneously illustrates the grammatical examples for

2036: 12652: 12320: 1662:. Lakshmana, the younger brother protective of his family, in turn retaliated by cutting off the nose and ears of 815:, a text historically popular in the South Asian and Southeast Asian cultures. His ancient legends have attracted 18830: 17598: 17258: 16789: 12136: 10867: 5923: 5796: 5704: 4810: 3157:, explains about the worship of Rama, Sita and Lakshmana, and answers the 10 most prominent questions related to 11475:

The History of Sacred Places in India As Reflected in Traditional Literature: Papers on Pilgrimage in South Asia

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The four hundred songs of war and wisdom : an anthology of poems from classical Tamil : the Puṟanāṉūṟu

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Rama's life is remembered and celebrated every year with dramatic plays and fireworks in autumn. This is called

4111:, that primarily worships Rama and Sita. The sampradaya was founded by the 16th-century North-Indian poet-saint 18541: 17661: 17395: 17376: 17087: 13578:. "Ghettoization and Communal Politics: The Dynamics of Inclusion and Exclusion in the Hindutva Landscape". In 11426: 5348:

Rama and Ravana as depicted in Yakshagana, a traditional theater art from Karnataka, a southern state in India.

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Asian Variations in Ramayana: Papers Presented at the International Seminar on 'Variations in Ramayana in Asia

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Asian Variations in Ramayana: Papers Presented at the International Seminar on 'Variations in Ramayana in Asia

5386:, have inspired "painting, film, sculpture, puppet shows, shadow plays, novels, poems, TV serials and plays." 1921:

stands nearby with folded arms. The group can be accompanied with Rama's brothers Bharata and Shatrughna too.

17216: 13317: 13264: 13192: 9213: 6200:, who was the evil king of Pragjyotishapura, near present-day Assam and released 16000 girls held captive by 4884: 4874: 4790: 4459: 2576:(metaphysical reality), mapping all attributes and aspects of Rama to abstract virtues and spiritual ideals. 10911: 9577: 8748: 7936: 2286:, previously existed. The Madhva tradition considers it to have been more authoritative than the version by 1229:, the figure of Rama incorporates more ancient "morphemes of Indian myths", such as the mythical legends of 18845: 18602: 17970: 17793: 17779: 17265: 10439:

Hopkins, S. (2004). "Lovers, Messengers and Beloved Landscapes: Sandeśa Kāvya in Comparative Perspective".

5854: 5036: 5001: 4820: 4760: 4289:– This verse describes the episode of Sita and Rama's marriage and has hymns and prayers dedicated to them. 2530:

also mentions Rama as the avatar of Vishnu, who measured the three worlds and destroyed the city of Lanka.

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is full of glory, square-built, and of well-proportioned limbs and is endowed with a dark-brown complexion.

1757:(fire). She does and passes the test. Rama and Sita live happily together in Ayodhya, have twin sons named 1401: 9325: 8089:

Hess, L. (2001). "Rejecting Sita: Indian Responses to the Ideal Man's Cruel Treatment of His Ideal Wife".

18870: 18631: 18521: 18253: 18141: 17905: 17884: 17280: 15554: 13455: 10274: 8139: 5144:. In the Jain tradition, Neminatha is believed to have been born 84,000 years before the 9th-century BCE 4510:. After the enactment of the legendary war between Good and Evil, the Ramlila celebrations climax in the 1523:, Rama is milder and reserved introvert, rather than the prank-playing extrovert personality of Krishna. 35: 17: 15304: 11026: 2912:

The Rama story is carved into stone as an 8th-century relief artwork in the largest Shiva temple of the

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South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka

6620: 6155:(absorb oneself in remembering the divine name "Rama"). He suggests either vocally repeating the name ( 6147:

For example, like other Hindu poet-saints of the Bhakti movement before the 16th century, Tulsidas in

4995: 4573:

In some parts of India, Rama's return to Ayodhya and his coronation is the main reason for celebrating

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disguises as a woman to seduce Rama, then stalks and harasses Rama's wife Sita after Rama refuses her,

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to seek liberation from Ravana's menace on the Earth (due to powers he had from Brahma's boon to him),

1310:

poem, dated to the second half of the 1st century CE, which pre-dates a similar retelling found in the

385: 4635:. Procession of the consecrated idols are taken in a procession in the evening on all the three days. 2625: 18448: 17708: 17327: 16253: 15767: 14376: 13475:

The Myths and Gods of India: The Classic Work on Hindu Polytheism from the Princeton Bollingen Series

13374:"Sujay Reu plays Maryada Purushottam Prabhu Shri Ram in Sony Entertainment's new show Srimad Ramayan" 11798: 5971: 4293: 4048: 3708: 18378: 15906: 13206: 2010:

He has broad shoulders, mighty arms, a conch-shaped neck, a charming countenance, and coppery eyes;

1410:

Rama is portrayed in Hindu arts and texts as a compassionate person who cares for all living beings.

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which is a sweet drink prepared with jaggery and pepper, a procession and Rama temple decorations.

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The years when Rama grew up are described in much greater detail by later Hindu texts, such as the

17549: 15941: 1406: 18592: 17814: 16957: 16817: 16488: 16028: 15971: 14145: 13549: 12181: 11509: 11369: 11161: 10755: 9351: 8259: 7357: 4961: 4903: 4193:– Greeting or Salutation dedicated to Sita and Rama. The hymns introduces Rama as Sita's husband. 3661: 2840: 39: 16852: 10965: 10124: 8801:, p. 1235 (Volume 2 of Śrīmad Vālmīki-Rāmāyaṇa: With Sanskrit Text and English Translation) 4351:

is a spring festival that celebrates the birthday of Rama. The festival is a part of the spring

18885: 18850: 18269: 18234: 17999: 17554: 17300: 17253: 16463: 16186: 15547: 15490: 15455: 14773: 14348: 12961: 11450: 9998: 9994: 5905: 5028: 4840: 4430: 4218:– The hymn dedicated to Rama, which contains 108 names of Rama, mentioned in the Yaga Kanda of 4152: 2834: 2424: 2376: 1287: 968: 15752: 15378: 14882: 14053: 13982: 13961: 13737: 13678: 13633: 12760: 12106: 12048: 11661: 10690: 10024: 9959: 9866: 9612: 9387: 8993: 8924: 8125: 8016: 7452: 7385: 7254: 7238: 7209: 7113: 7086: 6831: 6523: 6454: 3183:

Idols of Sita (far right), Rama (center), Lakshmana (far left) and Hanuman (below, seated) at

2934: 18895: 18865: 18755: 18636: 18152: 18106: 17865: 17807: 17603: 17574: 17322: 17275: 17248: 17211: 16468: 15469: 14673: 14333: 14186: 14073: 13940: 13873: 13852: 13831: 13800: 13658: 12735:

Transnationalism in Ancient and Medieval Societies: The Role of Cross-Border Trade and Travel

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Surendranath Dasgupta, A History of Indian Philosophy, Volume 2, Cambridge University Press,

8566: 8338: 8213: 7730: 7686: 7659: 7632: 7556: 6792: 6700: 6562: 6483: 5784: 5716: 5692: 5261:, is the earliest known non-textual evidence of Rama story being prevalent in ancient India. 4644: 4301: 3953: 3616: 3137: 2604: 2405: 1678:, his uncle, to disguised himself as a magnificent deer to lure Sita, and kidnaps her to his 253: 43: 16784: 13083: 12852:

A Dictionary English and Maráthí ... commenced by J. T. Molesworth ... completed by T. Candy

8521: 7989: 2190:

According to Rodrick Hindery, Book 2, 6 and 7 are notable for ethical studies. The views of

1570:, challenged Rama to combat, on the condition that he was able to string the bow of Vishnu, 1150:. In some Advaita Vedanta inspired texts, Rama connotes the metaphysical concept of Supreme 18915: 18900: 18738: 18343: 18213: 17800: 17534: 17493: 17418: 17295: 17290: 17285: 17206: 16683: 16176: 16161: 15813: 15760: 15371: 15334: 15122: 15064: 14429: 13984:

A Community of Sentiment: Indo-Fijian Music and Identity Discourse in Fiji and Its Diaspora

13594: 13501: 12316: 11984: 10176: 9793: 8570: 8393: 6172: 5959: 5893: 5370: 5014: 4893: 4073: 4041: 3693: 3199: 2829: 2741:" was inscribed in 2008 by UNESCO as one of the Intangible Cultural Heritages of Humanity. 2612: 828: 723: 337: 147: 76: 31: 9272: 7306: 4281:श्री रामचन्द्र कृपालु भजुमन हरण भवभय दारुणं । नव कञ्ज लोचन कञ्ज मुख कर कञ्ज पद कञ्जारुणं ॥ 3594: 2524:

and figures such as Rama, Sita, the ten-faced demon (Ravana), and monkeys. The Tamil epic

8: 18880: 18559: 18501: 18240: 18048: 17943: 17899: 17763: 17753: 17729: 17724: 17613: 17559: 17544: 17519: 17345: 17312: 17191: 17082: 17017: 16867: 16726: 16606: 16478: 16306: 16243: 16196: 15697: 15483: 15441: 15420: 15399: 15044: 14465: 14212: 13201: 12054: 9174: 8681: 8170: 5410: 5114: 4730: 4716: 3990: 3823: 3184: 2789:. The complete text contains over 29,000 verses. The short version of the text is called 2600: 2321: 1828: 1181: 15995: 15855: 13228: 13106: 12703: 2553: 726:

Hindu traditions, he is considered the Supreme Being. Also considered as the ideal man (

18910: 18621: 18549: 18516: 18473: 18468: 18175: 18015: 17989: 17889: 17870: 17836: 17822: 17628: 17579: 17564: 17539: 17147: 17106: 16398: 16211: 16156: 15350: 14832: 14321: 13918: 12686: 12492: 12254: 12246: 11720: 11634: 11229: 11197: 10983: 10664: 10619: 10611: 10458: 10270:

The Mahabharata, Volume 2: Book 2: The Book of Assembly; Book 3: The Book of the Forest

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A rare 4th-armed Rama with Sita on his lap (left) and Lakshmana is the central icon of

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who happened to love him so much that when Rama asked something to eat she offered her

1489: 1339:

literally implies that she was from Kosala. The kingdom of Kosala is also mentioned in

1142: 1069:(descendant of Raghu, solar dynasty in Hindu cosmology). He is also known as Ram Lalla 780: 547: 30:

This article is about the Hindu god Rama, Râm, Ramachandra, Sriram. For other Ram, see

17876: 17758: 16371: 16346: 13348:"Ramyug first impression: Kunal Kohli's retelling of Lord Ram's story misses the mark" 11617:

Meister, Michael W. (1988). "Prasada as Palace: Kutina Origins of the Nagara Temple".

8547:

Yadav, Ramprasad (2016). "Historical and Cultural Analysis of Ramayana: An Overview".

6208:

is remembered as Naraka Chaturdasi, the day on which Narakasura was killed by Krishna.

4549:

is a part of performance arts culture of Indonesia, particularly the Hindu society of

2678:

framework, wherein the original legends and ideas morph in an expression of spiritual

2557:, and constitutes about a third of it. The text philosophically attempts to reconcile 18691: 18506: 18453: 18398: 18336: 18307: 18248: 18194: 18131: 18121: 18078: 18063: 17948: 17928: 17918: 17787: 17748: 17529: 17511: 17498: 17362: 17356: 17236: 17226: 17092: 17027: 16420: 16361: 16216: 16206: 15434: 15392: 15357: 15258: 15054: 14941: 14766: 14630: 14592: 14505: 14469: 14439: 14415: 14386: 14354: 14313: 14280: 14267: 14248: 14216: 14192: 14171: 14149: 14124: 14091: 14059: 14038: 13992: 13967: 13946: 13925: 13902: 13895: 13879: 13858: 13837: 13818: 13808: 13779: 13757: 13743: 13684: 13664: 13643: 13608: 13598: 13563: 13553: 13505: 13480: 13473: 13037: 12965: 12838:(Second ed.), Calcutta: Susil Gupta (India) Private Ltd. – via archive.org 12766: 12739: 12711: 12690: 12617: 12575: 12543: 12394: 12356: 12299: 12258: 12238: 12185: 12142: 12132: 12112: 12085: 12058: 12027: 11988: 11933: 11891: 11864: 11817: 11752: 11665: 11654: 11597: 11558: 11479: 11373: 11318: 10817: 10696: 10623: 10603: 10593: 10522: 10483: 10462: 10419: 10278: 10248: 10215: 10086: 10041: 10002: 9965: 9872: 9845: 9801: 9762: 9740: 9618: 9420: 9393: 9276: 9116: 9077: 9038: 8999: 8957: 8930: 8900: 8828: 8754: 8705: 8648: 8580: 8576: 8527: 8485: 8397: 8344: 8317: 8269: 8219: 8174: 8143: 8106: 8022: 7995: 7942: 7903: 7871: 7824: 7786: 7736: 7692: 7665: 7638: 7589: 7562: 7522: 7512: 7485: 7458: 7430: 7391: 7361: 7310: 7274: 7215: 7176: 7170: 7119: 7092: 7065: 6990: 6903: 6864: 6837: 6798: 6706: 6685: 6624: 6617: 6568: 6529: 6464: 6367: 6297: 6217:

Richard Gombrich suggests that the Jataka tales were composed by the 3rd century BCE.

6055: 5879: 5728: 5711: 5680: 5675: 5525: 5383: 5362: 5302: 5298: 5213:

discourse, the Buddhist text declares that the Buddha in his prior rebirth was Rama:

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by Vimalasuri. Rama and Sita legend is mentioned in the Jataka tales of Buddhism, as

2900:, the eternal, the liberated, the true, the highest bliss, the one without a second. 2896:

describes Rama as Paramatman, Narayana and supreme Purusha (cosmic man), the ancient

2499: 2325: 2134: 2112: 1903:(bow) in his left. The most recommended icon for him is that he be shown standing in 1544: 1422: 1081: 950: 823: 698: 674: 151: 18789: 16827: 15877: 12833: 12475:

Edward O. Henry (1998). "Maithil Women's Song: Distinctive and Endangered Species".

11772: 7175:. Dr. Inge Wezler, Verlag für Orientalistische Fachpublikationen. pp. 783–797. 2956: 2080: 1211:

This summary is a traditional legendary account, based on literary details from the

18643: 18564: 18554: 18438: 18433: 18312: 18229: 18126: 18088: 17852: 17719: 17654: 17623: 17593: 17470: 17440: 17097: 17007: 16898: 16498: 16493: 16458: 16433: 16319: 16276: 15963: 15823: 15427: 15406: 15385: 15343: 15309: 15004: 14872: 14799: 14303: 13535: 12678: 12484: 12230: 11626: 10729: 10585: 10450: 10240: 10150: 8862: 8820: 8693: 8098: 7381: 6750: 6665: 5861: 5431: 5074: 4951: 4800: 4429:, are taken out at several places. In Ayodhya, many take a dip in the sacred river 3698: 3631: 3584: 3534: 3455: 3179: 2992: 2885: 2777:

is a Sanskrit text structured as a conversation between young Prince Rama and sage

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The Ramayana describes Rama as a charming, well built person of a dark complexion (

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is a Vedic Sanskrit word with two contextual meanings. In one context, as found in

893: 650: 586: 206: 18073: 16281: 9492: 8812: 8734: 7299: 6023:

Rama's life struggles were portrayed in the "Sita-Rama episode" of the 2023 play,

5454:, Cambodia. Large sequences of Ramayana reliefs are also found in Java, Indonesia. 4147: 18679: 18277: 18083: 17913: 17894: 17828: 17608: 17366: 17231: 17184: 17166: 17116: 17050: 17032: 16975: 16925: 16744: 16648: 16521: 16483: 16453: 16291: 16181: 16020: 16013: 15860: 15413: 15364: 15227: 15177: 14936: 14931: 14921: 14911: 14867: 14714: 14586: 14499: 14459: 14372: 14368: 14242: 14206: 14139: 14118: 14032: 14021: 14010: 13963:

Rapt in the Name: The Ramnamis, Ramnam, and Untouchable Religion in Central India

13875:

Rapt in the Name: The Ramnamis, Ramnam, and Untouchable Religion in Central India

13794: 13761: 13588: 13543: 13495: 13031: 12955: 12733: 12705: 12656: 12611: 12569: 12537: 12510: 12418: 12346: 12175: 12021: 11978: 11885: 11591: 11473: 11422: 11363: 10949: 10889: 10573: 10516: 10477: 10328: 10268: 10209: 10180: 10080: 9499: 9414: 9265: 9166: 9071: 9032: 8894: 8890: 8824: 8642: 8479: 8383: 8311: 8263: 8164: 8042: 7897: 7774: 7583: 7479: 7424: 7351: 7268: 7059: 6897: 6858: 6611: 6490: 6045: 6009: 5930: 5801: 5789: 5415: 5270: 5065: 4720: 4649: 4375: 4220: 4069: 3903: 3768: 3578: 3539: 3510: 3395: 3124: 3108: 2675: 2663: 2655: 2566: 2459: 2433: 2357: 2329: 2138: 1762: 1556:

had brought Rama and his brother Lakshmana to the forest for the protection of a

1344: 1268: 1226: 1137: 869: 857: 853: 580: 436: 378: 202: 155: 15946: 13061: 12450: 11837: 10211:

Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition

7429:. Oxford University Press. pp. 160–162, 196, 314 note 14, 318 notes 57–58. 5279:

Sikh woodcut of a battle scene from the Ramayana, Lahore or Amritsar, about 1870

4297:– This devotional song describes the beauty of Rama's face during his childhood. 4204:सीता राम सीता राम सीता राम जय सीता राम। सीता राम सीता राम सीता राम जय सीता राम।। 2470:

The epic is found across India, in different languages and cultural traditions.

18463: 18362: 18224: 18186: 18009: 17846: 17679: 17669: 17648: 17459: 17201: 17137: 16980: 16324: 16201: 16171: 16006: 15692: 15497: 15462: 15278: 14706: 14262: 13539: 13531: 11093: 10569: 10344: 10138: 9761:. Translated by Venkatesananda, S. Albany: State University of New York Press. 9170: 6656:

Dimock Jr, E.C. (1963). "Doctrine and Practice among the Vaisnavas of Bengal".

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Rama and Sita have inspired many forms of performance arts and literary works.

5338: 5333:

Rama's story has had a major socio-cultural and inspirational influence across

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The return of Rama to Ayodhya was celebrated with his coronation. It is called

1435: 1129: 1109: 1089: 833: 749: 451: 392: 18616: 15870: 14308: 13822: 12682: 11499: 10942: 10589: 10454: 8697: 7021: 5637:

Rama has been considered as a source of inspiration and has been described as

4363:. This typically occurs in the Gregorian months of March or April every year. 3171:, is a love poem which describes Rama sending message to Sita through a swan. 18825: 18819: 18418: 18411: 18373: 18136: 18004: 17965: 17953: 17841: 17674: 17633: 17569: 17454: 17317: 17221: 17000: 16774: 16512: 16403: 16314: 16248: 15677: 15314: 15132: 14989: 14688: 14644: 14317: 13988: 13804: 13771: 13639: 12352: 12242: 12234: 11156: 10607: 10311: 10244: 10033: 10029: 9465:

Pradas 2008, p. 878, quoting J. L. Brockington: ... for in his more personal

7875: 6982: 6829: 6460: 6289: 5988: 5954: 5942: 5900: 5631: 5604: 5558: 5538: 5288: 5009: 4724: 3893: 3588: 3544: 3529: 3485: 3371: 3356: 3071: 3065: 3037: 3021: 2799: 2752: 2697:

narrative) were transposed into spiritual terms and abstract rendering of an

2442: 2315: 1991: 1602: 1354: 1349: 1328: 1101: 873: 604: 477: 446: 371: 357: 350: 302: 271: 18383: 13709: 13612: 13567: 11224: 10978: 8854: 8102: 7526: 5438:, mentions about the problems faced by Rama and Sita during their marriage. 2943: 1917:

always on his right, both of golden-yellow complexion. His monkey companion

18648: 18527: 18511: 18302: 18292: 18160: 17933: 16872: 16837: 16734: 16351: 15732: 15667: 15324: 15319: 15299: 15263: 15152: 15019: 14951: 14669: 14495: 14276: 13897:

Authority and meaning in Indian religions: Hinduism and the case of Vālmīki

12829: 12800:"From assertive 'Jai Shri Ram', a reason to move to gentler 'Jai Siya Ram'" 11505: 10333:(in Sanskrit and Hindi) (1st ed.). Prajñā Prakāśana Mañca. p. 12. 8866: 8110: 6070: 5992: 5740: 5627: 5573: 5567: 5293: 5245: 5231:

While the Buddhist Jataka texts co-opt Rama and make him an incarnation of

5182: 5145: 5069: 4750: 4451: 4406: 4179: 4167: 3908: 3853: 3738: 3718: 3598: 3549: 3515: 3077: 3053: 3047: 3027: 2913: 2897: 2865: 2786: 2273: 1097: 963: 878: 865: 364: 343: 249: 245: 112: 72: 10401:(in Hindi) (1st ed.). Kolkata: Bhartiye Bhasha Parishad. p. 430. 5394: 2814:

philosophy. The text, states David Gordon White, served as a reference on

1990:, meaning a person whose middle finger reaches beyond their knee). In the 1439: 1416: 999:

appears in ancient literature in reverential terms for three individuals:

943: 872:, Rama is mentioned as one of twenty-four divine avatars of Vishnu in the 687: 135: 18534: 18393: 18287: 18170: 17960: 17938: 17923: 17488: 17464: 17179: 17012: 16940: 16930: 16842: 16832: 16807: 16448: 16443: 16334: 16128: 16112: 16055: 15990: 15926: 15722: 15707: 15617: 15582: 15511: 15192: 15147: 15137: 15074: 14979: 14946: 14862: 14736: 14729: 14433: 14407: 14163: 14034:

Avatar and Incarnation: The Divine in Human Form in the World's Religions

14006: 13733: 13426:"Nitish dedicates 500-bed hospital named after Lord Ram and goddess Sita" 12023:

Avatar and Incarnation: The Divine in Human Form in the World's Religions

10841: 10373: 9358: 8746: 7934: 7506: 6418: 6083: 6050: 5947: 5912: 5615: 5554: 5326: 5321: 5170: 5165: 4975: 4945: 4706: 4348: 4343: 4184: 4172: 4104: 4017: 3938: 3933: 3928: 3898: 3888: 3858: 3723: 3636: 3554: 3492: 3479: 3331: 3262: 3207: 3158: 3089: 3059: 2978: 2659: 2490: 2299: 2233: 1847:

that their authors estimate existed before about 5000 BCE. Archaeologist

1807: 1739: 1663: 1567: 1553: 1552:. Many princes attempted and failed to string the bow. During this time, 1003: 806: 737: 626: 615: 431: 406: 323: 182: 89: 14325: 12894:"More than 25 lakh devotees take second Shahi Snan at Nashik Kumbh Mela" 12250: 12218: 11887:

Purana Perennis: Reciprocity and Transformation in Hindu and Jaina Texts

9446:, Information & Public Relations Department Kerala State, p. 31 8313:

Purana Perennis: Reciprocity and Transformation in Hindu and Jaina Texts

7713: 6128:. This may be because the concept and legends have deeper ancient roots. 1712:, marshall an army of monkeys, and attract dedicated commanders such as 1674:

to take revenge on behalf of his family, sees Sita, gets attracted, ask

1607: 1057:

The Vishnu avatar named Rama is also known by other names. He is called

979:

adds the sense of "pleasing to the mind, lovely" to the composite word.

97: 18425: 18326: 18282: 17643: 17638: 17387: 17077: 17045: 16990: 16847: 16556: 16393: 16366: 16148: 15921: 15687: 15268: 15127: 15024: 14974: 14842: 14807: 14741: 14699: 14545: 14087: 13767: 13575: 13232: 12649: 11638: 11343: 11193:"Latest News, India News, Breaking News, Today's News Headlines Online" 10518:

India's Agony Over Religion: Confronting Diversity in Teacher Education

10162: 8209: 7763:. Vol. I: Bālakāṇḍa. Princeton University Press. pp. 248–263. 7084: 6762: 6702:

Narrative Sculpture and Literary Traditions in South and Southeast Asia

6677: 6201: 6197: 6065: 6031: 5834: 5760: 5723: 5590: 5504: 5451: 5399: 5334: 5221:'s mother was Sita, Ananda was Bharata, and I myself was Rama-Pandita. 5129: 5110: 4917: 4907: 4897: 4888: 4878: 4868: 4864: 4844: 4834: 4824: 4814: 4794: 4784: 4774: 4764: 4414: 4022: 3985: 3958: 3713: 3703: 3608: 3474: 3469: 3366: 3294: 3128: 3083: 2516: 2510: 2126: 1843: 1833: 1671: 1582: 1539: 1493: 1317: 1264: 861: 784: 760: 553: 506: 399: 192: 119: 18806: 13400:"Darpan theatre festival: Tales of epic love, sacrifice draw applause" 12496: 10615: 10496: 10291: 6899:

Krishna, Lord or Avatara?: the relationship between Krishna and Vishnu

5585:) often use chants like "Jaya Sita Ram" and "Sita Ram". The chants of 5235:

in a previous life, the Hindu texts co-opt the Buddha and make him an

2860:, who states that Rama is identical to the supreme unchanging reality 2272:. The epic had many versions across India's regions. The followers of 2179:

As a person, Rama personifies the characteristics of an ideal person (

1883: 18388: 17684: 17196: 16985: 16935: 16908: 16857: 16822: 16812: 16764: 16663: 16631: 16576: 16473: 16428: 16102: 15727: 15607: 15504: 15294: 15207: 15142: 15014: 14837: 14541: 14382: 14272: 14083: 13003: 12704:

Francis D. K. Ching; Mark M. Jarzombek; Vikramaditya Prakash (2010).

11776: 11445: 11225:"City News, Indian City Headlines, Latest City News, Metro City News" 10979:"City News, Indian City Headlines, Latest City News, Metro City News" 8613: 8507:

Archaeology: Indonesian Perspective : R.P. Soejono's Festschrift

6334: 6088: 6004: 5813: 5747: 5735: 5687: 5508: 5500: 5403: 5141: 5125: 5106: 5102: 5047: 5032: 4979: 4927: 4854: 4734: 4682: 4620: 4589: 4526: 4463: 4422: 4394: 4156: 4133:

nature (ultimate unchanging attributeless virtues and ideals, in the

4083: 4012: 4002: 3963: 3883: 3848: 3803: 3758: 3753: 3733: 3505: 3346: 3341: 3284: 3132: 3121: 2954:

language. Another historically and chronologically important text is

2608: 2504: 2006:, to prove to her that he is indeed a messenger from Rama. He says: 1958: 1910: 1905: 1867: 1811: 1705: 1684: 1624: 1612: 1590: 1485: 1474: 1392:'s boon made him invincible from all, including God, except humans). 1325: 1260: 1047: 1042:

both of whom appear in the legends of Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism.

776: 541: 230: 18721: 15539: 14120:

Many Rāmāyaṇas: The Diversity of a Narrative Tradition in South Asia

11630: 11292: 11258:"Did you know these rituals of Ram Navami celebration in Karnataka?" 10811: 10718:, Sanskrit-English Digital Lexicon, Koeln University, Germany (2011) 10669:(1st revised ed.). Calcutta: Firma KLM Private Ltd. p. 68. 10418:(5th ed.). Lucknow: Uttar Pradesh Hindi Sansthan. p. 612. 10154: 7390:. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited. pp. 491–492. 6916: 6754: 6741:

Schechner, Richard; Hess, Linda (1977). "The Ramlila of Ramnagar ".

6401: 6399: 6397: 6395: 5826:

The following people portrayed Rama in the television adaptation of

5589:

is also common at religious places and gatherings, for example, the

4657:(10th century, restored). A medieval inscription here calls Rama as 3151:. Ramananda through his conversation with disciple Surasurananda in 3112:, which is attributed to their worship and describes them to be the 1314:

of Asvagosa, dated to the beginning of the 2nd century CE or prior.

1282:

that Rama and his brothers were born to Kaushalya and Dasharatha in

18404: 18262: 18165: 18146: 17689: 17524: 17504: 17241: 17060: 17055: 16945: 16882: 16862: 16693: 16529: 16356: 16329: 16296: 16238: 16138: 16133: 16107: 16032: 15916: 15788: 15627: 15448: 15237: 15232: 15202: 15182: 15089: 15049: 15039: 15029: 14999: 14984: 14961: 14812: 14790: 14611: 14536: 14412:

Arrow of the Blue-Skinned God: Retracing the Ramayana Through India

12488: 12081:

Jātaka Stories in Theravāda Buddhism: Narrating the Bodhisatta Path

11280: 11129: 11031: 9789: 8750:

The Ramayana of Valmiki: An Epic of Ancient India : Sundarkand

7938:

The Ramayana of Valmiki: An Epic of Ancient India : Sundarkand

6669: 6450: 6060: 5845: 5752: 5648:). He has been depicted in many films, television shows and plays. 5484: 5480: 5472: 5133: 4701: 4624: 4604: 4562: 4558: 4522: 4511: 4503: 4492: 4455: 4398: 4352: 4087: 4078: 3968: 3873: 3868: 3808: 3763: 3656: 3651: 3499: 3304: 3095: 3042: 2961: 2811: 2778: 2704: 2674:. The popular text is notable for synthesising the epic story in a 2671: 2629: 2589: 2562: 2548: 2544: 2361: 2278: 2247: 2216: 1856: 1571: 1520: 1512: 1480: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1218: 1213: 1154:

who is the eternally blissful spiritual Self (Atman, soul) in whom

1051: 1031: 849: 811: 764: 732: 711: 512: 492: 332: 316: 299: 268: 257: 159: 129: 16070: 13325: 13163:"Prabhas says he was 'frightened' to play Lord Ram in 'Adipurush'" 12219:"The Politics of Sikh Identity: Understanding Religious Exclusion" 11059:"President and PM greet people as India observes Ram Navami today" 10085:. Cambridge University Press (Reprinted: 2014). pp. 325–330. 8239: 8237: 8235: 5344: 4478: 1887:

Rama with Lakshmana (left), Sita (right) and Hanuman at his feet.

1666:. The cycle of violence escalated, ultimately reaching demon king 971:, it means "dark, dark-colored, black" and is related to the term 827:– a spiritual and theological treatise considered foundational by 18331: 18318: 18180: 18058: 17142: 16995: 16913: 16903: 16678: 16668: 16641: 16636: 16626: 16581: 16566: 16561: 16341: 16286: 16271: 16263: 16230: 16097: 16000: 15975: 15951: 15850: 15840: 15632: 15528: 15476: 15217: 15212: 15157: 15112: 15094: 15084: 15034: 15009: 14994: 14906: 14901: 14857: 14822: 14817: 14750: 14531: 13545:

Institutions and Inequalities: Essays in Honour of André Béteille

13497:

Incarnation in Hinduism and Christianity: The Myth of the God-Man

12867:"Chants of 'Jai Shree Ram' fill air as sadhus march for holy dip" 11980:

Incarnation in Hinduism and Christianity: The Myth of the God-Man

8886: 8131: 6607: 6392: 6185: 5978: 5808: 5537:, according to Constance Jones and James Ryan. For example, King 5310: 5250: 5187: 5098: 4686: 4632: 4628: 4554: 4518: 4487: 4426: 4390: 4356: 4306: 4122: 4100: 3863: 3813: 3684: 3671: 3522: 3432: 3415: 3410: 3390: 3376: 3309: 3238: 3188: 3141:

explains the complete procedure to worship Sita-Rama, Tulsidas's

3113: 3016: 2951: 2939: 2889: 2861: 2857: 2782: 2729: 2711: 2573: 2385: 2381: 2287: 2269: 2251: 1995: 1935: 1918: 1718: 1713: 1709: 1697: 1675: 1628: 1578: 1516: 1501: 1283: 1238: 1222: 1151: 1117: 1039: 991: 845: 838: 817: 768: 745: 636: 524: 518: 469: 285: 220: 178: 18772: 15936: 15792: 14926: 12650:

The Abduction of Sitā: Notes on a Stone Relief from Eastern Java

12369: 8519: 8282: 4260:– The hymn dedicated to Rama, mentioned in the Manohar Kanda of 2873: 18093: 17174: 17152: 16965: 16918: 16877: 16759: 16749: 16688: 16596: 16539: 16534: 16388: 16075: 15911: 15897: 15882: 15782: 15712: 15702: 15682: 15672: 15612: 15602: 15592: 15574: 15570: 15222: 15197: 15187: 15117: 15079: 15069: 15059: 14969: 14916: 14893: 14852: 14664: 12407:

from the original on 21 February 2017 – via Google Books.

11958: 9648: 8232: 8135: 7481:

Framing the Jina: Narratives of Icons and Idols in Jain History

7426:

Framing the Jina: Narratives of Icons and Idols in Jain History

7353:

Framing the Jina: Narratives of Icons and Idols in Jain History

6205: 6193: 6189: 5512: 5306: 5284: 5283:

Rama is mentioned as one of twenty four divine incarnations of

5254: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5218: 5157: 5153: 5022: 4989: 4965: 4941: 4931: 4693: 4654: 4585: 4574: 4530: 4371: 4367: 4272:– The devotional poem has prayers dedicated to Rama, including 4230:– The hymn dedicated to Rama, mentioned in the Vilasa Kanda of 4007: 3748: 3612: 3437: 3427: 3383: 3361: 3351: 3289: 3279: 3269: 3234: 3032: 2869: 2679: 2558: 2398: 2200: 1771: 1744: 1667: 1648: 1535: 1460: 1456: 1321: 1245: 1147: 1007: 799: 792: 772: 741: 719: 715: 473: 441: 240: 225: 174: 170: 67: 12277: 10235:

Dalal, Roshen (14 July 2017), "Hinduism and its basic texts",

9586:, pp. 31–32 with footnotes 13 and 16 (by C. Vaudeville).. 8896:

The Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki: An Epic of Ancient India. Araṇyakāṇḍa

7484:. Oxford University Press. pp. 194–200, 318 notes 57–58. 7270:

The Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki: An Epic of Ancient India. Araṇyakāṇḍa

6786: 6784: 6184:

As per another popular tradition, in the Dvapara Yuga period,

5891:

Debargo Sanyal voiced him in the 2008 America animated series

5667:

The following people portrayed Rama in the film adaptation of

5450:

Rama's story is a major part of the artistic reliefs found at

5198:(Tale no. 461) provides a version of the Rama story. It calls 4250:– The hymn dedicated to Rama, mentioned in the Rajya Kanda of 4240:– The hymn dedicated to Rama, mentioned in the Janma Kanda of 4082:

community founded by the 14th-century North-Indian poet-saint

3135:

have their works written about Rama's life. While Ramananda's

2996:(Tale no. 461), but with slightly different spellings such as 2303:, and the following vernacular versions of Rama's life story: 2228: 714:. He is worshipped as the seventh and one of the most popular 18697: 17070: 17065: 16769: 16739: 16673: 16653: 16591: 16571: 16544: 16383: 16085: 15985: 15931: 15887: 15865: 15717: 15642: 15597: 15273: 15104: 12935: 11192: 8819:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 207–233, 8459: 8389: 7115:

Allied Chambers transliterated Hindi-Hindi-English dictionary

6293: 5611: 5562: 5476: 5043: 4804: 4697: 4689:

is also included either near them or in the temple premises.

4534: 4507: 4443: 4402: 4383: 4379: 4118: 4096: 3728: 3464: 3405: 3319: 3274: 2593: 2266: 2211: 2196: 2003: 1872: 1800: 1679: 1640: 1558: 1549: 1263:, the 5-year-old form of Rama, is the principal deity of the 914: 902: 659: 481: 306: 275: 14077: 13942:

The Life of a Text: Performing the Rāmcaritmānas of Tulsidas

12758: 12659:, Boston Museum Bulletin, Vol. 71, No. 363 (1973), pp. 21–35 12511:"Maithili Music of India and Nepal : SAARC Secreteriat" 11088: 10182:

The Vishnu Purana: A system of Hindu mythology and tradition

9565: 9069: 2261:

The primary source of the life of Rama is the Sanskrit epic

2100:

Iconography of Rama during his exile and his war with Ravana

1774:

is found in the Burmese version of Rama's life story called

1169:

which means "stop, stand still, rest, rejoice, be pleased".

17111: 17040: 17022: 16970: 16754: 16698: 16658: 16618: 16601: 16551: 15980: 15892: 14847: 14758: 14584: 14294:

Van Der Molen, Willem (2003). "Rama and Sita in Wonoboyo".

12535: 12026:. Oxford: Oneworld. pp. 19–24, 35–38, 75–78, 130–133. 11386: 6781: 5488: 5468: 5464: 5121:. These features suggest that this text has ancient roots. 4678: 4616: 4550: 3978: 3400: 2815: 2207: 1999: 1952: 1914: 1753: 1659: 1644: 1616: 1586: 1497: 1155: 938: 929: 908: 788: 682: 665: 567: 9256: 8747:

Robert P. Goldman; Sally Sutherland Goldman, eds. (1996),

7935:

Robert P. Goldman; Sally Sutherland Goldman, eds. (1996),

6830:

Peter J. Claus; Sarah Diamond; Margaret Ann Mills (2003).

6797:. National University of Singapore Press. pp. 12–14. 6794:

Between Tongues: Translation And/of/in Performance in Asia

2916:, suggesting its importance to the Indian society by then. 2236:(ten incornations) of Vishnu. Painting by Raja Ravi Varma. 890:

Rama is also known as Ram, Raman, Ramar, and Ramachandra (

795:, followed by Rama and Lakshmana's journey to rescue her. 15784: 15652: 14501:

The Ramayana: A Modern Retelling of the Great Indian Epic

14030: 14023:

A Comparative Study of Kamba Ramayanam and Tulasi Ramayan

12047:

Claus, Peter J.; Diamond, Sarah; Mills, Margarat (2003).

12019: 11751:(1st ed.). Chennai: Techno Book House. p. 138. 10078: 9905: 9903: 8572:

The Ramayana: A Modern Retelling of the Great Indian Epic

8523:

The Other Ramayana Women: Regional Rejection and Response

8337:

Umakant P. Shah (2005). Kodaganallur R.S. Iyengar (ed.).

7266: 7211:

A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged

7189: 6719: 6525:

Human Rights and the World's Major Religions, 2nd Edition

1841:

In some Hindu texts, Rama is stated to have lived in the

1724: 1632: 917: 841:

festival performances during autumn every year in India.

9927: 9034:

Texts in Context: Traditional Hermeneutics in South Asia

9012: 8593: 8316:. State University of New York Press. pp. 216–219. 6811: 5458:

Rama's life story, both in the written form of Sanskrit

2715:

reality). According to Kapoor, Rama's life story in the

1799:

there are hundreds of versions of "the story of Rama in

15845: 13708: 11398: 11298: 9890: 9888: 9505: 9215:

The Smile of Murugan on Tamil Literature of South India

7895: 7581: 4086:. This community has grown to become the largest Hindu 2828:

Rama is the central character in three of the fourteen

1593:

joins them in their exile as the caring close brother.

1180:

is also found in other Indo-European languages such as

13878:. State University of New York Press. pp. 28–32. 12923: 12779: 12671:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

11946: 10786:"6.1 Many Ramayanas: text and tradition - The Ramayan" 9900: 9381: 9379: 9377: 9375: 9373: 8817:

The Sensitive Son and the Feminine Ideal in Literature

8357: 8067: 7954: 6175:

known for her studies on Ramayana and Bhakti movement.

5545:

who succeeded to the throne in 2016 is called Rama X.

4417:. Rathayatras, the chariot processions, also known as 1670:, who was the brother of Shurpanakha. Ravana comes to 18663: 14188:

The Sants: Studies in a Devotional Tradition of India

10838:"Vinay Patrika website, Kashi Hindu Vishwavidhyalaya" 10116:

The Jātaka: Or, Stories of the Buddha's Former Births

9939: 7969: 7273:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 41 with footnote 83. 7207: 4389:

The important celebrations on this day take place at

3099:

is likely more ancient, and it was summarised in the

2920:

Other important historic Hindu texts on Rama include

2810:

is considered one of the most important texts of the

1395: 1024:, as the seventh avatar of Vishnu and of the ancient 920: 896: 809:. He is the central figure of the ancient Hindu epic 12953: 11125:"Hindus around the world celebrate Ram Navami today" 10476:

Raj, Selva J.; Harman, William P. (1 January 2006).

9915: 9885: 9472: 7457:. University of California Press. pp. 157–162. 6823: 5852:

Siraj Mustafa Khan portrayed him in the 1997 series

4450:(ceremonial wedding performed by temple priests) at 1837:

A 4th-century-CE terracotta sculpture depicting Rama

1306:

was already famous before it was recast in the Jain

926: 923: 899: 656: 495:, Ayodhya, Kosala (present-day Uttar Pradesh, India) 17976:

Relations between the Catholic Church and the state

16046: 14563:Jain Rāmāyaṇa of Hemchandra (English translation), 14241:Stasik, Danuta; Trynkowska, Anna (1 January 2006). 14055:

Pluralism and Identity: Studies in Ritual Behaviour

13915: 13854: