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States was involved in organizing the coup," but are "divided in their interpretations of
American foreign policy." Bryan R. Gibson, writes that although "t is accepted among scholars that the CIA ... assisted the Baâth Party in its overthrow of regime," that "barring the release of new information, the preponderance of evidence substantiates the conclusion that the CIA was not behind the February 1963 Ba'thist coup." Peter Hahn argues that "eclassified U.S. government documents offer no evidence to support" suggestions of direct U.S. involvement. On the other hand, Brandon Wolfe-Hunnicutt cites "compelling evidence of an American role," and that publicly declassified documents "largely substantiate the plausibility" of CIA involvement in the coup. Eric Jacobsen, citing the testimony of contemporary prominent Ba'athists and U.S. government officials, states that "here is ample evidence that the CIA not only had contacts with the Iraqi Ba'th in the early sixties, but also assisted in the planning of the coup." Nathan J. Citino writes that "Washington backed the movement by military officers linked to the pan-Arab Baâth Party that overthrew Qasim," but that "the extent of U.S. responsibility cannot be fully established on the basis of available documents," and that "lthough the United States did not initiate the 14 Ramadan coup, at best it condoned and at worst it contributed to the violence that followed."
1388:. Also, Citino and Wolfe-Hunnicutt note that two officials in the U.S. embassy in BaghdadâWilliam Lakeland and James E. Akinsâ"used coverage of the July 1962 Moscow Conference for Disarmament and Peace in Iraq's leftist press to compile lists of Iraqi communists and their supporters ... Those listed included merchants, students, members of professional societies, and journalists, although university professors constituted the largest single group." Wolfe-Hunnicutt comments that "itâs not unreasonable to suspect list â or ones like it â would have been shared with the Baâath." Lakeland, a former SCI participant, "personally maintained contact following the coup with a National Guard interrogator," and may have been influenced by his prior interaction with then-Major Hasan Mustafa al-Naqib, the Iraqi military attachĂ© in the U.S. who defected to the Ba'ath Party after Qasim "upheld Mahdawi's death sentences" against nationalists involved in the
1156:'s relations with some of his fellow members of Al-Ahrar worsened, and his relationship with the unionist and nationalist currents, which had played an active role in supporting the 1958 movement, became strained. As for conflicting currents in the ICP, they were aspiring for a coalition with General Qasim and had long been extending their relationship with him. Qasim thought that some of his allies in the Communist party were coming close to leapfrogging the proposition, especially after the increasing influence of the Communist party in the use of the slogan, proclaimed by many Communists and government supporters during marches: "Long live leader Abd al-Karim and the Communist Party in governing great demand!" Qasim began to minimize the Communist movement, which was poised to overthrow the government. He ordered the party to be disarmed and most of the party leaders to be arrested. However, the party retained Air Commander
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Ba'athists as having cultivated a "profoundly unsavory image" by "acts of wanton brutality" on a scale without prior precedent in Iraq, including "some of the most terrible scenes of violence hitherto experienced in the postwar Middle East." "As almost every family in
Baghdad was affectedâand both men and women were equally maltreatedâthe Ba'athists' activities aroused a degree of intense loathing for them that has persisted to this day among many Iraqis of that generation." More broadly, the Slugletts state, "Qasim's failings, serious as they were, can scarcely be discussed in the same terms as the venality, savagery and wanton brutality characteristic of the regimes which followed his own." Batatu recounts:
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murder" and a list of suspected
Guatemalan Communists to be targeted for "executive action." In the 1960s, the Kennedy administration made this rather ad hoc practice into a science. According to its special warfare doctrines, covertly armed and trained "Hunter-Killer teams" were a highly effective instrument in the root-and-branch eradication of Communist threats in developing nations. In what became known as the "Jakarta Method"ânamed for the systematic CIA-backed purge of Indonesian Communists in 1965âthe CIA was involved in countless campaigns of mass murder in the name of anti-Communism.
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1359:. Permit me to tell you that I know for a certainty that what happened in Iraq on 8 February had the support of American Intelligence. Some of those who now rule in Baghdad do not know of this thing but I am aware of the truth. Numerous meetings were held between the Ba'ath party and American Intelligence, the more important in Kuwait. Do you know that ... on 8 February a secret radio beamed to Iraq was supplying the men who pulled the coup with the names and addresses of the Communists there so that they could be arrested and executed? ... Yet
311:
1341:(UN) General Assembly. In its ascension to power, the Ba'athists "methodically hunted down Communists" thanks to "mimeographed lists complete with home addresses and auto license plate numbers." While it is unlikely that the Ba'athists would've needed assistance in identifying Iraqi communists, it is widely believed that the CIA provided the National Guard with lists of communists and other leftists, who were then arrested or killed under al-Wanadawi's and al-Sa'di's direction. This claim first originated in a September 27, 1963
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counterinsurgency doctrine, notes that assertions of CIA involvement in the Ba'athist purge campaign "would be consistent with
American special warfare doctrine" regarding U.S. covert support to anti-communist "Hunter-Killer" teams "seeking the violent overthrow of a communist dominated and supported government", and "speaks to a larger pattern in American foreign policy," drawing parallels to other instances where the CIA compiled lists of suspected communists targeted for execution, such as
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1455:, or other senior Iraqi officials. Ultimately, the Ba'ath Party leadership reneged on that part of the agreement, fearing that handing over the tank to the U.S. would irrevocably harm Iraq's reputation. Shibib subsequently recounted that the incident damaged Iraq's relations with both the U.S. and the Soviet Union: "On the one side Iraq would lose the Soviets as a source of intelligence. On the other the United States would see us as a bunch of kid swindlers."
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1232:(RCC) "to annihilate anyone who disturbs the peace," detained, tortured, or executed thousands of suspected Qasim loyalists. Furthermore, the National Guard, which developed from a core group of perhaps 5,000 civilian Ba'athist partisans but increased to 34,000 members by August 1963, who were identified by their green armbands, was poorly-disciplined, as militiamen engaged in extensive infighting and created a widespread perception of chaos and disorder.
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working from lists supplied to them. Precisely how these lists had been compiled is a matter of conjecture, but it is certain that some of the Ba'th leaders were in touch with
American intelligence networks, and it is also undeniable that a variety of different groups in Iraq and elsewhere in the Middle East had a strong vested interest in breaking what was probably the strongest and most popular communist party in the region.
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all the Ba'ath Party leaders and I liked them," he told me. "The CIA were definitely involved in that coup. We saw the rise of the Ba'athists as a way of replacing a pro-Soviet government with a pro-American one and you don't get that chance very often. "Sure, some people were rounded up and shot but these were mostly communists so that didn't bother us".
2939:
groups and advised that, "Pinpointing of enemy concentrations and hideouts can permit effective use of 'HunterâKiller' teams." Given the
Embassy's concern with the immediate suppression of Baghdad's sarifa population, it seems likely that American intelligence services would be interested in providing support to the Ba'thist "'HunterâKiller' teams."
1283:, whose arrest on February 4 served as the coup's catalyst, and Hazim Jawad, "responsible for clandestine printing and propaganda distribution operations"âas "assets." Ammash was described as "Western-oriented, anti-British, and anti-Communist," and known to be "friendly to the service attaches of the US Embassy in Baghdad," while future
1375:, would state that "the Iraqi Foreign Ministry had information of complicity between the Ba'ath and the CIA. In many cases the CIA supplied the Ba'ath with the names of individual communists, some of whom were taken from their homes and murdered." Gibson emphasizes that the Ba'athists compiled their own lists, citing
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Although individual leftists had been murdered intermittently over the previous years, the scale on which the killings and arrests took place in the spring and summer of 1963 indicates a closely coordinated campaign, and it is almost certain that those who carried out the raid on suspects' homes were
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Conversely, according to Gibson, the CIA official working to instigate a military coup against Qasim, and who later became the head of the CIA's operations in Iraq and Syria, has "denied any involvement in the Ba'ath Party's actions," stating instead that the CIA's efforts against Qasim were still in
1188:
radio station. A bitter two-day struggle unfolded with heavy fighting between the Ba'athist conspirators and pro-Qasim forces. Qasim took refuge in the
Ministry of Defence, where fighting became particularly heavy. Communist sympathisers took to the streets to resist the coup, which added to the high
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The coup that brought the Ba'ath Party to power in 1963 was celebrated by the United States. The CIA had a hand in it. They had funded the Ba'ath Party - of which Saddam
Hussein was a young member - when it was in opposition. US diplomat James Akins served in the Baghdad Embassy at the time. "I knew
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Although Qasim was regarded as an adversary by the West, having nationalized the Iraq
Petroleum Company, which had joint Anglo-American ownership, no plans had been made to depose him, principally because of the absence of a plausible successor. Nevertheless, the CIA pursued other schemes to prevent
2027:
While scholars and journalists have long suspected that the CIA was involved in the 1963 coup, as yet, there is very little archival analysis of the question. The most comprehensive study put forward thus far finds "mounting evidence of U.S. involvement" but ultimately runs up against the problem of
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over the question of unification with Syria and the extremist and uncontrollable behavior of al-Sa'di's
National Guard. President Arif, with the overwhelming support of the Iraqi military, purged Ba'athists from the government and ordered the National Guard to stand down and disarm. Although al-Bakr
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While it's still early, the Iraqi revolution seems to have succeeded. It is almost certainly a net gain for our side. ... We will make informal friendly noises as soon as we can find out whom to talk with, and ought to recognize as soon as we're sure these guys are firmly in the saddle. CIA had
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On 9 February, Qasim eventually offered his surrender in return for safe passage out of the country. His request was refused, and in the afternoon, he was executed on the orders of the newly formed National Council of the Revolutionary Command (NCRC). Qasim was given a mock trial over Baghdad radio
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One study from 1961 or 1962 included a section on "the capability of the U.S. Government to provide support to friendly groups, not in power, who are seeking the violent overthrow of a communist dominated and supported government." The study went on to discuss providing "covert assistance" to such
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In the cellars of al-Nihayyah Palace, which the Bureau used as its headquarters, were found all sorts of loathsome instruments of torture, including electric wires with pincers, pointed iron stakes on which prisoners were made to sit, and a machine which still bore traces of chopped-off fingers.
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It has long been suspected that the Ba'ath Party collaborated with the CIA in planning and carrying out the coup. Pertinent contemporary documents relating to the CIA's operations in Iraq have remained classified and as of 2021, "cholars are only beginning to uncover the extent to which the United
2279:
Working with Nasser, the Ba'ath Party, and other opposition elements, including some in the Iraqi army, the CIA by 1963 was well positioned to help assemble the coalition that overthrew Qasim in February of that year. It is not clear whether Qasim's assassination, as Said Aburish has written, was
1769:
Administration officials viewed the Iraqi Ba'th Party in 1963 as an agent of counterinsurgency directed against Iraqi communists, and they cultivated supportive relationships with Ba'thist officials, police commanders, and members of the Ba'th Party militia. The American relationship with militia
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The attacks on the people's freedoms carried out by the ... bloodthirsty members of the National Guard, their violation of things sacred, their disregard of the law, the injuries they have done to the state and the people, and finally their armed rebellion on November 13, 1963, has led to an
1405:
The attacks on the people's freedoms carried out by the ... bloodthirsty members of the National Guard, their violation of things sacred, their disregard of the law, the injuries they have done to the state and the people, and finally their armed rebellion on November 13, 1963, has led to an
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Washington wanted to see Qasim and his Communist supporters removed, but that is a far cry from Batatu's inference that the U.S. had somehow engineered the coup. The U.S. lacked the operational capability to organize and carry out the coup, but certainly after it had occurred the U.S. government
1576:
After the November coup, mounting evidence of Ba'athist atrocities emerged, which Lakeland predicted "will have a more or less permanent effect on the political developments in the countryâparticularly on the prospects of a Ba'athi revival." Marion Farouk-Sluglett and Peter Sluglett describe the
2252:
Such self-serving denials notwithstanding, the CIA actually appears to have had a great deal to do with the bloody Ba'athist coup that toppled Qassim in February 1963. Deeply troubled by Qassim's steady drift to the left, by his threats to invade Kuwait, and by his attempt to cancel Western oil
1176:
Qasim's removal took place on 8 February 1963, the fourteenth day of Ramadan, and so the coup was called the 14 Ramadan Coup. It had been in its planning stages since 1962, and several attempts had been planned, only to be abandoned for fear of discovery. The coup had been initially planned for
2971:
The CIA had long employed the method of targeted assassination in its global crusade against Communism. In 1954, a CIA team involved in the overthrow of Guatemalan leader Jacobo Arbenz compiled a veritable "Handbook of Assassination," replete with precise instructions for committing "political
1303:
that same yearâwould tell Malik Mufti that the Iraqi Ba'athists, in conversations with their Syrian counterparts, argued "that their cooperation with the CIA and the US to overthrow Abd al-Karim Qasim and take over power" was comparable "to how Lenin arrived in a German train to carry out his
2109:
Archival sources on the U.S. relationship with this regime are highly restricted. Many records of the Central Intelligence Agency's operations and the Department of Defense from this period remain classified, and some declassified records have not been transferred to the National Archives or
1320:
The revolution was of course supported by the U.S. in money and equipment as well. I don't think the equipment was terribly important, but the money was to the Ba'ath Party leaders who took over the revolution. It wasn't talked about openlyâthat we were behind itâbut an awful lot of people
1528:
notes, that took place without the fundamental disagreement over immediate or "considered" reunification having been resolved. The Ba'ath moved to consolidate its power within the new government by purging Nasserist officers in April. Subsequent disturbances led to the fall of the al-Bitar
1379:
reports stating that " party members rounded up on the basis of lists prepared by the now-dominant Ba'th Party" and that the ICP had "exposed virtually all its assets" whom the Ba'athists had "carefully spotted and listed." On the other hand, Wolfe-Hunnicutt, citing contemporary U.S.
1291:, would refer to Jawad as "one of our boys." According to a March 1964 State Department memorandum, U.S. "officers assiduously cultivated" a "Baathi student organization, which triggered the revolution of February 8, 1963 by sponsoring a successful student strike at the
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Iraq from coming under Soviet influence, and one such target was an unidentified colonel, thought to have been Qasim's cousin, the notorious Fadhil Abbas al-Mahdawi who was appointed military prosecutor to try members of the previous Hashemite monarchy.
1550:
intolerable situation which is fraught with grave dangers to the future of this people which is an integral part of the Arab nation. We have endured all we could. ... The army has answered the call of the people to rid them from this terror.
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intolerable situation which is fraught with grave dangers to the future of this people which is an integral part of the Arab nation. We have endured all we could. ... The army has answered the call of the people to rid them from this terror.
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2327:
Batatu infers on pp. 985-86 that the CIA was involved in the coup of 1963 (which brought the Ba'ath briefly to power): Even if the evidence here is somewhat circumstantial, there can be no question about the Ba'ath's fervent
2056:
What really happened in Iraq in February 1963 remains shrouded behind a veil of official secrecy. Many of the most relevant documents remain classified. Others were destroyed. And still others were never created in the first
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1392:. Furthermore, "Weldon C. Mathews has meticulously established that National Guard leaders who participated in human rights abuses had been trained in the United States as part of a police program run by the
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casualties: "An estimated eighty Ba'thists and between 300 and 5,000 communist sympathizers were killed in the two days of fighting to control Baghdad's streets," as recounted by Ariel Ira Ahram.
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to lead a rebellion against the new government. To counter that sentiment and to terrorize his supporters, Qasim's dead body was displayed on television in a five-minute propaganda video,
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as head of a "national front" government. The Ba'ath participated in the government, along with the Arab Nationalist Movement, the United Arab Front, and the Socialist Unity Movement.
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1316:, who worked in the Baghdad Embassy's political section from 1961 to 1964, would state that he personally witnessed contacts between Ba'ath Party members and CIA officials, and that:
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2314:"The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq: A Study of Iraq's Old Landed and Commercial Classes and of its Communists, Ba'thists and Free Officers (Review)"
1224:
new leader of Iraq and had more authority in reality than al-Bakr or Arif. The nine-month rule of al-Sa'di and his civilian branch of the Ba'ath Party has been described as "a
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The U.S. provided $ 120,000 in "police assistance" to Iraq during 1963â1965, considerably less than the $ 832,000 in assistance that it provided to Iran during those years.
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Ba'athist leaders maintained supportive relationships with U.S. officials before, during, and after the coup. According to Wolfe-Hunnicutt, declassified documents at the
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members and senior police commanders had begun even before the February coup, and Ba'thist police commanders involved in the coup had been trained in the United States.
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The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq: A Study of Iraq's Old Landed and Commercial Classes and of its Communists, Ba'thists and Free Officers
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The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq: A Study of Iraq's Old Landed and Commercial Classes and of its Communists, Ba'thists and Free Officers
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U.S. officials were undoubtedly pleased with the coup's outcome, ultimately approving a $ 55 million arms deal with Iraq and urging America's Arab allies to oppose a
1309:
1106:, who controlled the National Guard militia and organized a massacre of hundredsâif not thousandsâof suspected communists and other dissidents following the coup.
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2280:'one of the most elaborate CIA operations in the history of the Middle East.' That judgment remains to be proven. But the trail linking the CIA is suggestive.
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tank in Iraq's possession to the U.S. embassy in Baghdad for inspection became something of a "scandal" as Bayati's offer had not been approved by al-Bakr,
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1149:(ICP), which opposed unity, tried to discount cooperation with the UAR in economics, culture, and science rather than political and military agreements.
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Qasim was killed three years later in a coup welcomed and possibly aided by the CIA, which brought to power the Ba'ath, the party of Saddam Hussein.
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January 18, but was moved to 25 January and then 8 February after Qasim gained knowledge of the proposed attempt and arrested some of the plotters.
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Prolonged conflicts are listed in the decade when initiated; ongoing conflicts are marked italic, and conflicts with +100,000 killed with bold.
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concessions, U.S. intelligence made contact with anticommunist Ba'ath activists both inside and outside the Iraqi army during the early 1960s.
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Throughout 1963, the Soviet Union actively worked to undermine the Ba'athist government, supporting Kurdish rebels under the leadership of
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1205:, which included close-up views of his bullet wounds amid disrespectful treatment of his corpse, which is spat on in the final scene.
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and the weapons were provided, but an offer by Iraqi general Hasan Sabri al-Bayati to reciprocate this gesture by sending a Soviet
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the planning stages at the time: "I was still engaged in contacting people who could play a role in a coup attempt against ."
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was named Prime Minister. The most powerful leader of the new government was the secretary general of the Iraqi Ba'ath Party,
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with propaganda and a "small monthly stipend for Barzani," suspending military shipments to Iraq in May, convincing its ally
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suggest that the Kennedy administration viewed two prominent Ba'athist officialsâBa'ath Party Army Bureau head, Lt. Col.
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revolution, saying they had arrived in an American train." Similarly, then secretary general of the Iraqi Ba'ath Party,
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preferred the Nasserists and Ba'athists in power, and provided encouragement and probably some peripheral assistance.
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Osgood, Kenneth (2009). "Eisenhower and regime change in Iraq: the United States and the Iraqi Revolution of 1958".
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1212:, who was not a Ba'athist, was given the largely-ceremonial title of President, and the prominent Ba'athist General
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Small heaps of blooded clothing were scattered about, and there were pools on the floor and stains over the walls.
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1098:, who was not a Ba'athist, was given the largely ceremonial title of President, while prominent Ba'athist general
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had conspired with Arif to remove al-Sa'di, on 5 January 1964, Arif removed al-Bakr from his new position as
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1517:. A National Revolutionary Command Council took control, assigned itself legislative power, and appointed
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9669:
9647:
9547:
9213:
9044:
8853:
8666:
6917:
6793:
6738:
6558:
5546:
5253:
4814:
4426:
4343:
3910:
3531:
3525:
2956:
2216:
Ba'thist forces and army officers overthrew Qasim on February 8, 1963, in collaboration with the CIA.
1837:
1470:
9701:
8964:
8815:
7930:
7865:
7715:
7415:
6979:
6543:
6110:
5373:
5263:
5017:
4561:
3981:
3569:
3326:
3297:
2690:
2568:
2508:
1998:
1702:
955:
6283:
1440:
weapons. President Kennedy approved the arms sale in part on the recommendation of senior adviser
1253:
excellent reports on the plotting, but I doubt either they or UK should claim much credit for it.
10478:
10354:
10273:
10058:
9461:
8969:
8773:
8473:
8350:
8040:
7725:
7695:
7073:
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5773:
5718:
5703:
5643:
5451:
5431:
5191:
4868:
4473:
3905:
3900:
3478:
3348:
2453:
2406:
772:
547:
339:
4676:
2151:
9781:
8999:
8805:
8335:
8315:
8305:
8255:
8060:
8035:
7970:
7875:
7810:
7755:
7710:
7410:
7315:
6563:
6067:
5461:
5135:
4611:
4371:
4366:
4159:
4002:
3986:
3852:
3177:
2223:
1570:
1241:
1109:
The government lasted approximately nine months, until Arif disarmed the National Guard in the
1087:
531:
451:
6773:
3196:
2694:
2684:
2569:"Embracing Regime Change in Iraq: American Foreign Policy and the 1963 Coup d'etat in Baghdad"
1999:"Embracing Regime Change in Iraq: American Foreign Policy and the 1963 Coup d'etat in Baghdad"
10448:
10339:
10073:
10068:
9945:
9925:
9736:
9706:
8591:
8478:
8330:
8280:
8055:
7850:
7830:
7653:
7603:
7464:
7395:
7233:
7099:
6798:
6082:
6077:
5844:
5733:
5688:
5648:
5583:
5527:
5446:
5228:
5042:
4920:
4838:
4746:
4711:
4621:
4566:
4463:
4304:
3842:
3655:
3394:
3258:
3041:
2342:
1937:
1801:
1518:
1305:
1292:
1217:
1146:
1103:
793:
541:
406:
294:
270:
227:
3165:
1180:
The coup began in the early morning of 8 February 1963, when the communist air force chief,
10374:
10344:
10304:
10299:
10203:
10078:
9915:
9456:
9312:
8240:
8153:
8005:
7950:
7820:
7745:
7598:
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6338:
6105:
5960:
5914:
5829:
5824:
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5471:
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5358:
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5268:
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5012:
4962:
4890:
4804:
4654:
4256:
4235:
4103:
3917:
3890:
3795:
3773:
3731:
3415:
1213:
1142:
1099:
436:
238:
2192:
For additional sources that agree or sympathize with assertions of U.S. involvement, see:
8:
10364:
9721:
9654:
9503:
9379:
9342:
9337:
8650:
8355:
8198:
8065:
8020:
7990:
7975:
7815:
7805:
7795:
7780:
7125:
6783:
6698:
6693:
6593:
6456:
6253:
6137:
6052:
5940:
5793:
5788:
5768:
5753:
5663:
5658:
5563:
5496:
5486:
5398:
5393:
5383:
5283:
5223:
5196:
5022:
5007:
4977:
4955:
4741:
4731:
4458:
4381:
4351:
4335:
4097:
3957:
3862:
3790:
3609:
3599:
3517:
3505:
3495:
3389:
1592:
1389:
5638:
5551:
2376:
The Greater Middle East and the Cold War: US Foreign Policy Under Eisenhower and Kennedy
10369:
10349:
10309:
10225:
10208:
10183:
9990:
9801:
9791:
9771:
9716:
9404:
9347:
8979:
8924:
8635:
8320:
8295:
8183:
8015:
7920:
7730:
7700:
7583:
7517:
7337:
7176:
7120:
6971:
6937:
6733:
6718:
6643:
6623:
6618:
6603:
6450:
6198:
5950:
5834:
5588:
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5476:
5388:
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5353:
5348:
5113:
5067:
4982:
4967:
4726:
4649:
4525:
4416:
4406:
3895:
3778:
3747:
3693:
3604:
3440:
3331:
2660:
2509:"A Coincidence of Interests: Kennedy, U.S. Assistance, and the 1963 Iraqi Ba'th Regime"
2175:
2100:
1760:
1615:
1597:
1308:, is quoted as saying that the Iraqi Ba'athists "came to power on a CIA train." Former
1280:
1153:
1126:
516:
284:
198:
121:
83:
9985:
6633:
6462:
2357:
The agency finally backed a successful coup in Iraq in the name of American influence.
1436:
on June 10, after which Iraq requested additional emergency U.S. assistance including
10329:
10020:
9955:
9870:
9850:
9414:
8810:
8345:
8310:
8250:
8080:
7895:
7860:
7790:
7785:
7765:
7720:
7563:
7347:
7181:
6950:
6803:
6748:
6723:
6678:
6608:
6583:
6548:
6538:
6507:
6394:
6278:
6248:
5985:
5975:
5889:
5783:
5628:
5343:
5140:
4997:
4950:
4848:
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4773:
4751:
4591:
4571:
4515:
4503:
4317:
4152:
3817:
3364:
3270:
3241:
3181:
3166:
3045:
3030:
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2909:
2876:
2826:
2793:
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2664:
2652:
2611:
2588:
2528:
2482:
2457:
2410:
2383:
2346:
2295:
2268:
2243:
2239:
2205:
2179:
2127:
2104:
2092:
2045:
2018:
1941:
1930:
1891:
1841:
1805:
1790:
1764:
1752:
1675:
1642:
1619:
1348:
1091:
919:
521:
501:
6927:
6598:
10483:
10263:
9970:
9935:
9905:
9900:
9875:
9684:
9570:
9508:
9098:
9088:
8848:
8325:
8075:
8070:
7960:
7940:
7925:
7735:
7705:
7623:
7593:
7588:
7507:
7320:
7238:
7145:
6713:
6638:
6568:
6553:
6533:
6480:
6263:
6258:
6238:
6188:
6178:
6005:
5970:
5955:
5904:
5633:
5573:
5413:
5072:
5052:
4761:
4703:
4697:
4664:
4644:
4634:
4483:
4284:
4276:
4030:
4013:
3974:
3649:
3584:
3579:
3551:
3450:
3410:
2644:
2580:
2520:
2235:
2167:
2084:
2010:
1744:
1556:
1488:
1464:
1412:
1288:
1209:
1134:
1095:
1025:
982:
586:
249:
2754:
2171:
1573:
for fear of allowing the Ba'ath Party to retain a foothold inside his government.
1197:
supporters believed that he had merely gone into hiding and would appear like the
10314:
10283:
10278:
10123:
10063:
10010:
9940:
9920:
9895:
9885:
9786:
9664:
9317:
9292:
9186:
8723:
8713:
8640:
8586:
8208:
8188:
8085:
8050:
8045:
8030:
7995:
7915:
7905:
7845:
7760:
7663:
7658:
7648:
7613:
7573:
7527:
7502:
7432:
7390:
7357:
7002:
6932:
6788:
6778:
6763:
6743:
6728:
6703:
6648:
6413:
6381:
6273:
6233:
5995:
5990:
5930:
5871:
5603:
5481:
5308:
5273:
5181:
5176:
4900:
4794:
4468:
4401:
4391:
4356:
4312:
4299:
4251:
3726:
3703:
3420:
3379:
2633:"The Kennedy Administration, Counterinsurgency, and Iraq's First Ba'thist Regime"
2071:"The Kennedy Administration, Counterinsurgency, and Iraq's First Ba'thist Regime"
1731:"The Kennedy Administration, Counterinsurgency, and Iraq's First Ba'thist Regime"
1476:
1452:
1296:
1263:
1225:
1181:
1157:
1083:
1018:
446:
416:
411:
349:
4895:
3141:"The End of the Concessionary Regime: Oil and American Power in Iraq, 1958-1972"
3092:"The End of the Concessionary Regime: Oil and American Power in Iraq, 1958-1972"
3067:"The End of the Concessionary Regime: Oil and American Power in Iraq, 1958-1972"
2931:"The End of the Concessionary Regime: Oil and American Power in Iraq, 1958-1972"
2851:"The End of the Concessionary Regime: Oil and American Power in Iraq, 1958-1972"
2720:"The End of the Concessionary Regime: Oil and American Power in Iraq, 1958-1972"
1691:"The End of the Concessionary Regime: Oil and American Power in Iraq, 1958-1972"
1172:
Soldier in the ruins of the Ministry of Defence, where Qasim made his last stand
10319:
10158:
10053:
10048:
10015:
10005:
9995:
9965:
9890:
9880:
9761:
9689:
9584:
9267:
9247:
9180:
9103:
8733:
8365:
8300:
8245:
8193:
8158:
8100:
8095:
7910:
7900:
7825:
7775:
7643:
7578:
7568:
7522:
7442:
7405:
7385:
7342:
7310:
7228:
7223:
7155:
7063:
6758:
6683:
6673:
6668:
6528:
6268:
6057:
5980:
5708:
5613:
5363:
5303:
4935:
4853:
4756:
4716:
4686:
4586:
4541:
4117:
3698:
3681:
3676:
3546:
3500:
1428:
The Kennedy administration officially advocated a diplomatic settlement to the
1338:
1313:
987:
481:
441:
431:
421:
396:
329:
2648:
2224:"Mission Impossible: The CIA and the Cult of Covert Action in the Middle East"
2198:
Government and Politics of the Contemporary Middle East: Continuity and Change
2088:
1890:
Monsour, Ahmed and Aaraf Abd Alrazaq. 2002. Interview. "Witnessing the Age."
1748:
1216:
was named Prime Minister. However, the secretary general of the Ba'ath Party,
1094:
in 1963. It took place between 8 and 10 February 1963. Qasim's former deputy,
10407:
10324:
9950:
9930:
9865:
9817:
9731:
9205:
9123:
9118:
8738:
8290:
8285:
8178:
8110:
8090:
8010:
7965:
7955:
7855:
7770:
7633:
7618:
7512:
6922:
6768:
6663:
6628:
6613:
6573:
6115:
5945:
5683:
5593:
5456:
5436:
5323:
5084:
5062:
5027:
4606:
4601:
4556:
4478:
4438:
4187:
4070:
3768:
2797:
2656:
2592:
2532:
2247:
2096:
2022:
1756:
203:
160:
32:
2989:
10359:
10000:
9860:
9855:
9711:
9637:
9589:
9282:
9108:
9093:
8581:
8524:
7935:
7638:
7558:
7480:
7437:
7305:
7289:
7284:
7094:
6708:
6658:
6588:
6578:
6432:
6420:
6407:
6213:
6040:
5541:
4789:
4639:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4194:
3467:
3369:
3025:
2814:
1973:
1925:
1785:
1663:
1525:
1441:
1372:
1330:
1259:
798:
401:
302:
2953:
The Paranoid Style in American Diplomacy: Oil and Arab Nationalism in Iraq
2608:
The Paranoid Style in American Diplomacy: Oil and Arab Nationalism in Iraq
2479:
The Paranoid Style in American Diplomacy: Oil and Arab Nationalism in Iraq
2124:
The Paranoid Style in American Diplomacy: Oil and Arab Nationalism in Iraq
2042:
The Paranoid Style in American Diplomacy: Oil and Arab Nationalism in Iraq
1635:
Envisioning the Arab Future: Modernization in US-Arab Relations, 1945â1967
9975:
9832:
9679:
9674:
9620:
9599:
9138:
9113:
8743:
8360:
8105:
8025:
8000:
7985:
7980:
7945:
7870:
7628:
7608:
7485:
7459:
6753:
6358:
6328:
6183:
6173:
6072:
5935:
5728:
5217:
5047:
5032:
4843:
4691:
4659:
4546:
4361:
4266:
4205:
4131:
3589:
3541:
3536:
3265:
3247:
3173:
2905:
2872:
2379:
2370:
For additional sources that dispute assertions of U.S. involvement, see:
2321:
1530:
1130:
997:
426:
2584:
2524:
2014:
9910:
9827:
9822:
9751:
9133:
8340:
7740:
6512:
6223:
6193:
6147:
6062:
6030:
6022:
5965:
5653:
5368:
5057:
4945:
4551:
2539:
2334:
1194:
1185:
5166:
2686:
Sovereign Creations: Pan-Arabism and Political Order in Syria and Iraq
2152:"Oil Sovereignty, American Foreign Policy, and the 1968 Coups in Iraq"
1333:-sponsored diplomatic offensive accusing Iraq of genocide against its
9594:
9128:
7198:
6808:
6653:
6502:
6475:
6288:
6243:
6152:
6120:
6100:
6092:
5421:
5211:
2264:
2201:
2163:
1510:
1445:
1145:(UAR). In an attempt to create a state of political equilibrium, the
1002:
992:
279:
2450:
Missions Accomplished?: The United States and Iraq Since World War I
1125:, or "Al-Ahrar" ("The Free") succeeded in toppling the monarchy and
10334:
10043:
9539:
8884:
6387:
6228:
6125:
6000:
5819:
5723:
4863:
4721:
4175:
3944:
3884:
2742:
2261:
America and Iraq: Policy-making, Intervention and Regional Politics
1343:
536:
526:
28:
5507:
Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union
6333:
6218:
6208:
6157:
5698:
4443:
2196:
Ismael, Tareq Y.; Ismael, Jacqueline S.; Perry, Glenn E. (2016).
4134:
and later conflicts (after 1914) of at least 100 fatalities each
1533:âs failed Nasserist coup in July, the Ba'ath monopolized power.
1363:
am the one accused of being an agent of America and imperialism!
6401:
6203:
6142:
5077:
3226:
3108:
2766:
2429:
1437:
3032:
Republic of Fear: The Politics of Modern Iraq, Updated Edition
1932:
Republic of Fear: The Politics of Modern Iraq, Updated Edition
1792:
Republic of Fear: The Politics of Modern Iraq, Updated Edition
1612:
Sold Out? US Foreign Policy, Iraq, the Kurds, and the Cold War
10138:
6886:
6842:
American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation
6348:
6131:
4210:
3275:
1874:
1872:
1834:
Proxy Warriors: The Rise and Fall of State-Sponsored Militias
1506:
1334:
1198:
269:
1,500â5,000 alleged civilian supporters of Qasim and/or the
9493:
9486:
9481:
9426:
9419:
9369:
9362:
9297:
9272:
6426:
6308:
4200:
4144:
1869:
1513:
and independent officers to make common cause with it and
6881:
6861:
6856:
2977:
1127:
transforming the Iraqi government into a republic in 1958
1113:, which was followed by a purge of Ba'ath Party members.
45:
A sign with the image of Qasim taken down during the coup
10459:
History of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party â Iraq Region
7001:
3120:
3163:
2899:
2866:
2145:
2143:
1703:"U.S. Foreign Policy, Iraq, and the Cold War 1958-1975"
1859:
1857:
1355:
You tell me that American Intelligence was behind the
3001:
1954:
1915:
Marr, Phebe; "The Modern History of Iraq", p. 184-185
2140:
1897:
1854:
1515:
successfully carried out a military coup on 8 March
1160:and Lt. Col. Fadhil Abbas Mahdawi, Qasim's cousin.
10149:General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries
8729:General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries
3029:
2288:Rule of Experts: Egypt, Techno-Politics, Modernity
1929:
1789:
1423:
9529:2020 Kurdish protests in Sulaymaniyah Governorate
3912:Islamic insurgency in Saudi Arabia (2000âpresent)
3164:FaroukâSluglett, Marion; Sluglett, Peter (2001).
2900:FaroukâSluglett, Marion; Sluglett, Peter (2001).
2867:FaroukâSluglett, Marion; Sluglett, Peter (2001).
2195:
1505:The same year, the party's military committee in
273:killed during a three day "house-to-house search"
10405:
7214:Ba'athist Arabization campaigns in northern Iraq
6827:List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States
3168:Iraq Since 1958: From Revolution to Dictatorship
2902:Iraq Since 1958: From Revolution to Dictatorship
2893:
2869:Iraq Since 1958: From Revolution to Dictatorship
1827:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1633:Citino, Nathan J. (2017). "The People's Court".
1483:to make charges of genocide against Iraq at the
1184:, was assassinated, and tank units occupied the
5264:North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972
4671:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences
4065:Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017âpresent)
3138:
3089:
3064:
3020:
3018:
3016:
2950:
2928:
2848:
2717:
2605:
2566:
2476:
2149:
2121:
2039:
1996:
1724:
1722:
1688:
1299:âa cabinet member of the Ba'athist regime that
1228:" as the National Guard, under orders from the
9235:
7141:National Council for the Revolutionary Command
1780:
1778:
10179:Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
9626:Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine
9555:
9221:
8905:National Alliance for the Liberation of Syria
6987:
4160:
3375:Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine
3212:
1818:
1047:
8692:
6903:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War
4454:Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council
3013:
2763:, pp. xxi, 45, 49, 55, 57â58, 121, 200.
2637:International Journal of Middle East Studies
2076:International Journal of Middle East Studies
1736:International Journal of Middle East Studies
1719:
5764:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
3228:List of modern conflicts in the Middle East
1936:. University of California Press. pp.
1775:
9562:
9548:
9228:
9214:
6994:
6980:
6867:United States involvement in regime change
4422:1947â1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine
4167:
4153:
3219:
3205:
2610:. Stanford University Press. p. 119.
2481:. Stanford University Press. p. 264.
2126:. Stanford University Press. p. 110.
2044:. Stanford University Press. p. 117.
1141:called for immediate unification with the
1054:
1040:
8786:Arab Socialist Revolutionary Ba'ath Party
2809:
2807:
1487:from July to September, and sponsoring a
910:Arab Socialist Revolutionary Ba'ath Party
10259:Coat of arms of the United Arab Republic
10189:Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation
10154:Independence Party (Mandatory Palestine)
8749:Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation
4111:IsraelâHezbollah conflict (2023âpresent)
2631:Matthews, Weldon C. (11 November 2011).
2630:
2599:
2506:
2403:Encyclopedia of Political Assassinations
2068:
1728:
1394:International Cooperation Administration
1167:
278:
10134:Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)
10119:Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order
8890:Front of Patriotic and National Parties
8869:Palestinian National and Islamic Forces
8719:Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order
4993:Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)
3784:Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution
3139:Wolfe-Hunnicutt, Brandon (March 2011).
3090:Wolfe-Hunnicutt, Brandon (March 2011).
3065:Wolfe-Hunnicutt, Brandon (March 2011).
2929:Wolfe-Hunnicutt, Brandon (March 2011).
2849:Wolfe-Hunnicutt, Brandon (March 2011).
2718:Wolfe-Hunnicutt, Brandon (March 2011).
2373:
2339:Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA
2285:
2069:Matthews, Weldon C. (9 November 2011).
1729:Matthews, Weldon C. (9 November 2011).
1689:Wolfe-Hunnicutt, Brandon (March 2011).
1489:failed communist coup attempt on July 3
10406:
10129:Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)
8801:Democratic Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party
6837:Russian espionage in the United States
5109:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
3126:
3114:
3024:
3007:
2998:, pp. 201â202, 206â207, 220, 222.
2995:
2983:
2813:
2804:
2772:
2760:
2735:
2545:
2435:
2333:
2258:
2221:
1960:
1924:
1903:
1878:
1863:
1784:
1700:
1662:
1632:
1609:
943:Democratic Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party
10499:IraqâUnited States military relations
9543:
9209:
9070:
8691:
8398:
7259:
7041:
6975:
6832:Soviet espionage in the United States
4988:Indonesian mass killings of 1965â1966
4767:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution
4432:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight
4148:
3200:
2844:
2842:
2682:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2502:
2500:
2498:
1978:"Secret Memorandum for the President"
1972:
1831:
1494:
176:
10454:1960s coups d'Ă©tat and coup attempts
9569:
9452:1983â1986 Kurdish rebellions in Iraq
8920:Palestinian National Salvation Front
6908:Soviet UnionâUnited States relations
5259:1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China
2447:
2400:
2311:
1529:government, and in the aftermath of
1398:Agency for International Development
1078:in Iraq, was a military coup by the
16:1963 Ba'athist military coup in Iraq
10169:National Liberation Front (Algeria)
8990:Socialist Democratic Unionist Party
8955:Democratic Socialist Unionist Party
6872:Soviet involvement in regime change
1377:Bureau of Intelligence and Research
1235:
13:
10109:Arab Socialist Union Party (Syria)
9631:1936â1939 Arab revolt in Palestine
9040:General Federation of Trade Unions
8900:Lebanese National Resistance Front
8613:National Progressive Front (Syria)
6913:Soviet UnionâUnited States summits
4387:1947 Polish parliamentary election
4272:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states
4021:Insurgency in Egypt (2013âpresent)
3446:1936â1939 Arab revolt in Palestine
2839:
2671:
2567:Wolfe-Hunnicutt, B. (2015-01-01).
2551:
2495:
1997:Wolfe-Hunnicutt, B. (2015-01-01).
1656:
1458:
482:The Genius of Arabic in Its Tongue
14:
10520:
10174:Palestine Liberation Organization
9071:
8864:Palestine Liberation Organization
8608:National Progressive Front (Iraq)
8261:Ahmad Husayn Khudayir as-Samarrai
7691:Humam Abd al-Khaliq Abd al-Ghafur
5674:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
5609:United States invasion of Grenada
4879:Guinea-Bissau War of Independence
4820:Expulsion of Soviets from Albania
3858:1987 Sharjawi coup d'Ă©tat attempt
2951:Wolfe-Hunnicutt, Brandon (2021).
2786:"Iraq: Green Armbands, Red Blood"
2606:Wolfe-Hunnicutt, Brandon (2021).
2548:, pp. 182â183, 218â219, 222.
2477:Wolfe-Hunnicutt, Brandon (2021).
2150:Wolfe-Hunnicutt, Brandon (2017).
2122:Wolfe-Hunnicutt, Brandon (2021).
2040:Wolfe-Hunnicutt, Brandon (2021).
10388:
10387:
10114:Arabian Peninsula People's Union
9797:IranâSaudi Arabia proxy conflict
9492:
9485:
9425:
9418:
9368:
9361:
9296:
9271:
9246:
8769:Arab Revolutionary Workers Party
8399:
7673:Members of the Regional Commands
5749:United States invasion of Panama
5599:1982 EthiopianâSomali Border War
5239:1971 Turkish military memorandum
5202:Communist insurgency in Thailand
5172:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
5104:Communist insurgency in Malaysia
4931:Assassination of John F. Kennedy
4859:IndonesiaâMalaysia confrontation
4377:Restatement of Policy on Germany
3896:Terror campaign in Egypt (1990s)
2240:10.1111/j.1467-7709.2004.00446.x
930:Arab Revolutionary Workers Party
309:
243:
232:
221:
209:
202:
192:
166:
153:
131:
108:
39:
9757:November 1963 Iraqi coup d'Ă©tat
9447:1979â1980 Shia uprising in Iraq
9390:November 1963 Iraqi coup d'Ă©tat
9017:Syrian Social Nationalist Party
7151:November 1963 Iraqi coup d'Ă©tat
6469:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
5850:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
5779:Fall of the inner German border
5679:1988 Black Sea bumping incident
5329:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
5319:Spanish transition to democracy
5279:1972â1975 Bangladesh insurgency
4906:Communist insurgency in Sarawak
4412:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947â1948
4293:Occupation of the Baltic states
4078:Yemeni civil war (2014âpresent)
4047:Syrian War spillover in Lebanon
3801:1979â1980 Shia uprising in Iraq
3157:
3132:
3083:
3058:
2944:
2922:
2860:
2778:
2729:
2711:
2624:
2470:
2441:
2364:
2186:
2115:
2062:
2033:
1990:
1966:
1701:Gibson, Bryan R. (April 2013).
1603:
1543:November 1963 Iraqi coup d'Ă©tat
1310:U.S. Ambassador to Saudi Arabia
1123:Homeland Officers' Organization
1111:November 1963 Iraqi coup d'Ă©tat
10199:Union of Arab Republics (1972)
9961:Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz
9467:1996 Iraqi coup d'Ă©tat attempt
9400:1966 Iraqi coup d'Ă©tat attempt
9395:1965 Iraqi coup d'Ă©tat attempt
9313:1931â1932 Ahmed Barzani revolt
8839:Alliance of Palestinian Forces
7260:
5249:Four Power Agreement on Berlin
4884:Mozambican War of Independence
4323:Indonesian National Revolution
3038:University of California Press
2292:University of California Press
2222:Little, Douglas (2004-10-14).
1918:
1909:
1884:
1798:University of California Press
1:
10444:Political violence in Baghdad
9482:Republic of Iraq (since 2003)
9050:General Union of Syrian Women
8960:Kurdistan Revolutionary Party
8915:Palestinian National Alliance
7187:Revolutionary Command Council
7079:Syrian Committee to Help Iraq
6847:CIA and the Cultural Cold War
5862:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
5815:Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident
5537:1984 Summer Olympics boycotts
5502:Seven Days to the River Rhine
5234:Corrective Revolution (Egypt)
4521:March 1949 Syrian coup d'Ă©tat
4449:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'Ă©tat
3848:1986 Egyptian conscripts riot
3489:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
2172:10.1080/09592296.2017.1309882
1713:
1230:Revolutionary Command Council
1193:and then killed. Many of his
1116:
553:Syrian Committee to Help Iraq
10469:February 1963 events in Asia
10144:Federation of Arab Republics
10104:Arab Socialist Union (Libya)
10094:Arab Socialist Union (Egypt)
9695:IsraeliâPalestinian conflict
9643:Arab separatism in Khuzestan
9415:Republic of Iraq (1968â2003)
9323:1935â1936 Iraqi Shia revolts
8859:National Democratic Alliance
8844:Forces of Freedom and Change
7841:Abdullah Sallum al-Samarra'i
7801:Muhyi Abdul-Hussein Mashhadi
7751:Adil Abdullah Mahdi Al-Douri
5840:Fall of communism in Albania
5810:Mongolian Revolution of 1990
5759:Polish Round Table Agreement
5099:1968 Polish political crisis
4916:Eritrean War of Independence
4682:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
4577:East German uprising of 1953
4509:Chinese Communist Revolution
4174:
4052:Iraqi insurgency (2011â2013)
4039:Turkish involvement in Syria
3923:al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen
3754:Political violence in Turkey
3688:IsraeliâPalestinian conflict
3595:YemeniâAdenese clan violence
3474:Italian bombing of Palestine
3436:1935â1936 Iraqi Shia revolts
3385:Arab separatism in Khuzestan
3097:. pp. 117â119, 128, 275
2738:"Saddam's parallel universe"
2736:Little, Allan (2003-01-26).
1536:
1246:IraqâUnited States relations
577:Syrian occupation of Lebanon
7:
10504:IraqâSoviet Union relations
10424:Arab nationalist rebellions
10269:Flag of the Arab Federation
10099:Arab Socialist Union (Iraq)
10089:Arab Socialist Action Party
9308:1922 Mahmud Barzanji revolt
9293:Kingdom of Iraq (1921â1958)
9258:1919 Mahmud Barzanji revolt
8985:Social Democratic Unionists
8950:Arab Democratic Union Party
8646:National Defense Battalions
7042:
7004:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party
5714:Korean Air Lines Flight 007
5442:Korean Air Lines Flight 902
5187:Corrective Movement (Syria)
5151:New People's Army rebellion
5146:Sino-Soviet border conflict
4874:Angolan War of Independence
4737:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis
4617:1954 Guatemalan coup d'Ă©tat
4262:Jamaican political conflict
3304:Turkish War of Independence
3288:Unification of Saudi Arabia
2507:Jacobsen, E. (2013-11-01).
1586:
582:Assadist-Saddamist conflict
10:
10525:
10240:On the Way of Resurrection
10233:The Battle for One Destiny
10164:Lebanese National Movement
9605:Third International Theory
9472:1999 Shia uprising in Iraq
9442:1977 Shia uprising in Iraq
9358:Iraqi Republic (1958â1968)
9268:Mandatory Iraq (1920â1932)
9236:Protests and coups in Iraq
9163:On the Way of Resurrection
9156:The Battle for One Destiny
8945:Arab Socialist Union Party
8895:Lebanese National Movement
8125:Ali Ahmad Nasser al-Dhahab
7836:Abd al-Khaliq al-Samarra'i
5910:Sino-Indian border dispute
5739:First Nagorno-Karabakh War
5669:1987â1989 JVP insurrection
5427:1976 Argentine coup d'Ă©tat
5339:Turkish invasion of Cyprus
5289:1973 Uruguayan coup d'Ă©tat
4973:1964 Brazilian coup d'Ă©tat
4941:Cyprus crisis of 1963â1964
4630:First Taiwan Strait Crisis
4397:Asian Relations Conference
3969:IranâIsrael proxy conflict
3963:Houthi insurgency in Yemen
3952:Balochi insurgency in Iran
3928:1999 Shia uprising in Iraq
3764:1977 Shia uprising in Iraq
3759:Islamist uprising in Syria
3737:Turkish invasion of Cyprus
3626:Cyprus crisis of 1963â1964
3512:Kurdish separatism in Iran
3431:Goharshad Mosque rebellion
2823:Princeton University Press
2156:Diplomacy & Statecraft
1672:Princeton University Press
1639:Cambridge University Press
1566:collapsed in November 1963
1540:
1498:
1468:
1462:
1239:
1133:nationalist forces led by
1070:, also referred to as the
476:The Battle for One Destiny
471:On the Way of Resurrection
10383:
10292:
10249:
10217:
10194:Unified Political Command
10084:Arab Nationalist Movement
10029:
9981:Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi
9841:
9810:
9777:1969 Sudanese coup d'Ă©tat
9648:1979 Khuzestan insurgency
9613:
9577:
9480:
9413:
9405:17 July Revolution (1968)
9385:Ramadan Revolution (1963)
9356:
9348:14 July Revolution (1958)
9291:
9266:
9241:
9172:
9147:
9081:
9077:
9066:
9045:General Union of Peasants
9032:
8937:
8877:
8854:National Consensus Forces
8831:
8824:
8757:
8706:
8702:
8687:
8667:Revolutionary Youth Union
8659:
8628:
8621:
8600:
8574:
8502:
8424:
8413:
8409:
8394:
8379:
8269:
8229:
8222:
8167:
8142:
8135:
8119:
7884:
7679:
7672:
7541:
7495:
7473:
7452:
7425:
7378:
7371:
7330:
7298:
7277:
7270:
7266:
7255:
7169:
7108:
7087:
7056:
7052:
7037:
7011:
6946:
6895:
6817:
6794:William Appleman Williams
6739:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.
6521:
6493:
6442:
6374:
6367:
6301:
6166:
6091:
6021:
6014:
5923:
5870:
5802:
5515:
5254:Bangladesh Liberation War
5244:1971 Sudanese coup d'Ă©tat
5159:
5131:1969 Sudanese coup d'Ă©tat
5119:1968 Peruvian coup d'Ă©tat
4782:
4557:Arab Cold War (1952â1979)
4534:
4244:
4182:
4127:
4090:
3995:
3936:
3876:
3809:
3727:Black September in Jordan
3719:
3618:
3562:
3459:
3403:
3357:
3234:
3117:, pp. 69â71, 76, 80.
2957:Stanford University Press
2775:, pp. 60â61, 72, 80.
2649:10.1017/S0020743811000882
2438:, pp. xvii, 58, 200.
2374:Barrett, Roby C. (2007).
2286:Mitchel, Timothy (2002).
2089:10.1017/S0020743811000882
1838:Stanford University Press
1832:Ahram, Ariel Ira (2011).
1749:10.1017/S0020743811000882
1610:Gibson, Bryan R. (2015).
1564:The Ba'athist government
1076:February 1963 coup d'Ă©tat
954:
941:
928:
918:
908:
870:
849:
828:
807:
786:
765:
749:
728:
712:
691:
670:
649:
628:
607:
512:November 1963 coup d'Ă©tat
368:
358:
348:
338:
328:
268:
255:
185:
101:
49:
38:
26:
21:
10464:Arab nationalism in Iraq
10414:20th-century revolutions
9702:1952 Egyptian revolution
9524:2019â2021 Iraqi protests
9519:2015â2018 Iraqi protests
9514:2012â2013 Iraqi protests
9437:Second IraqiâKurdish War
9343:1948 Al-Wathbah uprising
8995:Socialist Unionist Party
8965:Libyan National Movement
8791:Arabic Toilers' Movement
8695:Associated organizations
8555:National Security Bureau
8503:Syrian-dominated faction
7931:Mohammed Saeed Bekheitan
7866:Yahya Abdallah al-Ubaydi
7716:Mohammed Younis al-Ahmed
7416:Mohammed Younis al-Ahmed
7331:Syrian-dominated faction
7027:Syrian-dominated faction
5569:1980 Turkish coup d'Ă©tat
5404:CambodianâVietnamese War
5374:1978 Somali coup attempt
5334:Second IraqiâKurdish War
5299:1973 Chilean coup d'Ă©tat
5124:Revolutionary Government
5018:South African Border War
4810:1960 Turkish coup d'Ă©tat
4727:Iraqi 14 July Revolution
4582:1953 Iranian coup d'Ă©tat
4562:1952 Egyptian revolution
3829:KurdishâTurkish conflict
3824:1980 Turkish coup d'Ă©tat
3643:Second IraqiâKurdish War
3575:1953 Iranian coup d'Ă©tat
3570:1952 Egyptian revolution
3298:1919 Egyptian revolution
3281:Mount Lebanon starvation
2691:Cornell University Press
2407:Rowman & Littlefield
2028:available documentation.
1509:succeeded in persuading
1203:The End of the Criminals
370:Baath Party (pro-Syrian)
10429:Arab rebellions in Iraq
10355:Palestinian nationalism
10274:Flag of the Arab Revolt
9767:1966 Syrian coup d'Ă©tat
9747:1963 Syrian coup d'Ă©tat
9727:1961 Syrian coup d'Ă©tat
9462:Iraqi Kurdish Civil War
8970:National Covenant Party
8774:Arab Socialist Movement
8425:Iraqi-dominated faction
8351:Omar Ibrahim Ghalawanji
8041:Mohammad Jihad al-Laham
7726:Huda Salih Mahdi Ammash
7696:Muhammad Zimam al-Sadun
7299:Iraqi-dominated faction
7219:1979 Ba'ath Party Purge
7209:Union of Arab Republics
7161:1966 Syrian coup d'Ă©tat
7136:1963 Syrian coup d'Ă©tat
7116:1954 Syrian coup d'Ă©tat
7074:Arab Socialist Movement
7018:Iraqi-dominated faction
5774:Fall of the Berlin Wall
5719:People Power Revolution
5704:Central American crisis
5644:1986 Black Sea incident
5294:1973 Afghan coup d'Ă©tat
5192:Western Sahara conflict
5003:1966 Syrian coup d'Ă©tat
4926:1963 Syrian coup d'Ă©tat
4869:Portuguese Colonial War
4832:First IraqiâKurdish War
4597:1954 Syrian coup d'Ă©tat
4474:Annexation of Hyderabad
4417:1947â1949 Palestine war
4058:War in Iraq (2013â2017)
3906:Iraqi Kurdish Civil War
3901:Yemeni Civil War (1994)
3711:1966 Syrian coup d'Ă©tat
3638:First IraqiâKurdish War
3479:Allied invasion of Iraq
3426:SaudiâYemeni War (1934)
3349:Mahmud Barzanji revolts
2454:Oxford University Press
1501:1963 Syrian coup d'Ă©tat
1430:First IraqiâKurdish War
1369:former foreign minister
1285:U.S. Ambassador to Iraq
1208:Qasim's former deputy,
1163:
572:Intervention in Lebanon
360:Baath Party (pro-Iraqi)
10509:Military coups in Iraq
10419:Anti-communism in Iraq
9782:1969 Libyan revolution
9660:1941 Iraqi coup d'Ă©tat
9333:1941 Iraqi coup d'Ă©tat
9328:1936 Iraqi coup d'Ă©tat
9000:Syrian Communist Party
8806:Palestinian Arab Front
8336:Muhammad Naji al-Otari
8316:Muhammad Ali al-Halabi
8306:Abdul Rahman Khleifawi
8256:Mohammed Hamza Zubeidi
8061:Muhammad Naji al-Otari
8036:Abdul Rahman Khleifawi
7971:Muhammad Ali al-Halabi
7876:Mohammed Hamza Zubeidi
7811:Ghazi Hamoud Al-Obaidi
7756:Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri
7711:Jamal Mustafa Abdullah
7411:Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri
7316:Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri
6068:Neoclassical economics
5579:Gulf of Sidra incident
5136:1969 Libyan revolution
4827:IraqiâKurdish conflict
4612:1954 Geneva Conference
4372:Turkish straits crisis
4367:Corfu Channel incident
4003:2011 Bahraini uprising
3987:South Yemen insurgency
3868:Abu Nidal's executions
3853:1986 Damascus bombings
3632:IraqiâKurdish conflict
3484:SyriaâLebanon campaign
3254:Middle Eastern theatre
1584:
1552:
1408:
1365:
1323:
1255:
1242:CIA activities in Iraq
1173:
1088:Prime Minister of Iraq
600:Regional organisations
452:Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri
287:
186:Commanders and leaders
10494:Socialist revolutions
10340:Jordanian nationalism
10074:Arab Islamic Republic
10069:Arab Higher Committee
9946:Rashid Ali al-Gaylani
9926:Salah al-Din al-Bitar
9737:North Yemen civil war
9670:ArabâIsraeli conflict
9283:1920 Iraqi Revolution
8816:Sudanese Ba'ath Party
8331:Muhammad Mustafa Mero
8281:Salah al-Din al-Bitar
8056:Muhammad Mustafa Mero
7851:Nayef Shindakh Thamer
7604:Salah al-Din al-Bitar
7465:Abd al-Majid al-Rafei
7100:Salah al-Din al-Bitar
6918:RussiaâNATO relations
6799:Jonathan Reed Winkler
6083:Democratic capitalism
6078:Supply-side economics
6046:American conservatism
5845:Breakup of Yugoslavia
5734:Bougainville conflict
5649:South Yemen civil war
5584:Martial law in Poland
5447:Nicaraguan Revolution
5422:Dirty War (Argentina)
5229:1971 JVP insurrection
5043:Years of Lead (Italy)
4921:North Yemen civil war
4839:Berlin Crisis of 1961
4815:AlbanianâSoviet split
4747:1959 Tibetan uprising
4712:Syrian Crisis of 1957
4567:Iraqi Intifada (1952)
4427:1948 ArabâIsraeli War
3843:South Yemen civil war
3742:Shatt al-Arab clashes
3667:Mar. 1963 Syrian coup
3656:North Yemen civil war
3605:1958 Iraqi revolution
3532:1948 ArabâIsraeli War
3526:ArabâIsraeli conflict
3395:Sheikh Said rebellion
3259:Battle of Robat Karim
2683:Mufti, Malik (1996).
1881:, pp. 59â60, 77.
1579:
1547:
1519:Salah al-Din al-Bitar
1471:IraqâRussia relations
1424:Soviet tank "scandal"
1403:
1357:1957 events in Jordan
1353:
1318:
1293:University of Baghdad
1250:
1171:
1147:Iraqi Communist Party
1072:8 February Revolution
956:Sudanese Ba'ath Party
567:Corrective Revolution
407:Salah al-Din al-Bitar
282:
271:Iraqi Communist Party
256:Casualties and losses
10375:Tunisian nationalism
10345:Lebanese nationalism
10305:Egyptian nationalism
10300:Algerian nationalism
10204:United Arab Republic
10079:Arab Liberation Army
10059:Arab Ba'ath Movement
9916:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
9457:1991 Iraqi uprisings
9318:1933 Simele massacre
8910:National Union Front
8241:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
8199:Abdul Halim Khaddam
8154:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
8006:Abdul-Karim al-Jundi
7951:Fahd Jassem al-Freij
7821:Fawzi Mutlaq al-Rawi
7746:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
7599:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
7401:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
7372:Regional Secretaries
7069:Arab Ba'ath Movement
6339:Non-Aligned Movement
5961:Peaceful coexistence
5915:North Borneo dispute
5830:German reunification
5825:Min Ping Yu No. 5202
5523:Salvadoran Civil War
5472:Grand Mosque seizure
5467:Yemenite War of 1979
5359:Mozambican Civil War
5314:Carnation Revolution
5269:Yemenite War of 1972
5207:1970 Polish protests
5038:1967 Hong Kong riots
5013:Argentine Revolution
4963:Guatemalan Civil War
4891:Cuban Missile Crisis
4805:Bay of Pigs Invasion
4677:1956 PoznaĆ protests
4655:Geneva Summit (1955)
4257:Hukbalahap Rebellion
4236:Non-Aligned Movement
3982:FatahâHamas conflict
3918:Operation Desert Fox
3891:1991 Iraqi uprisings
3885:Gulf War (1990â1991)
3796:Grand Mosque seizure
3774:Yemenite War of 1979
3732:Yemenite War of 1972
3672:Nov. 1963 Iraqi coup
3662:Feb. 1963 Iraqi coup
3416:Ahmed Barzani revolt
3327:TurkishâArmenian War
2959:. pp. 111â112.
2825:. pp. 985â987.
2448:Hahn, Peter (2011).
2401:West, Nigel (2017).
1386:Indonesia in 1965-66
1347:interview with King
1214:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
1143:United Arab Republic
1121:Some time after the
1100:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
1086:which overthrew the
437:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
340:Arab Ba'ath Movement
239:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
90:Ba'athist government
10474:Revolutions in Iraq
10365:Sahrawi nationalism
9722:1959 Mosul uprising
9655:Great Syrian Revolt
9504:2011 Iraqi protests
9380:1959 Mosul uprising
9338:1943 Barzani revolt
9033:Other organizations
8975:Popular Unity Party
8825:Political alliances
8356:Wael Nader al-Halqi
8223:Heads of government
8066:Abdul Qadir Qaddura
8021:Abdul Halim Khaddam
7991:Mohammad al-Hussein
7976:Wael Nader al-Halqi
7816:Taha Yassin Ramadan
7806:Aziz Saleh Al-Numan
7796:Ali Hassan al-Majid
7781:Latif Nassif Jassim
7271:General Secretaries
7204:Corrective Movement
7126:1959 Mosul uprising
6784:Alex von Tunzelmann
6774:Vladimir TismÄneanu
6699:Thomas J. McCormick
6694:Jack F. Matlock Jr.
6594:Robert Hugh Ferrell
6457:Crusade for Freedom
6254:Illiberal democracy
6138:Ho Chi Minh Thought
5941:Eisenhower Doctrine
5794:Peaceful Revolution
5789:Romanian Revolution
5769:Revolutions of 1989
5754:1988 Polish strikes
5664:Operation INFEKTION
5659:1987 Lieyu massacre
5564:Eritrean Civil Wars
5547:Peruvian Revolution
5497:1979 Herat uprising
5487:Sino-Vietnamese War
5452:UgandaâTanzania War
5432:EgyptianâLibyan War
5399:Third Indochina War
5394:Sino-Albanian split
5384:Ethiopian Civil War
5284:Eritrean Civil Wars
5224:Ping-pong diplomacy
5197:Cambodian Civil War
5023:Korean DMZ Conflict
5008:Cultural Revolution
4978:Dominican Civil War
4956:Tlatelolco massacre
4742:1959 Mosul uprising
4732:1958 Lebanon crisis
4459:Al-Wathbah uprising
4382:First Indochina War
4352:Iran crisis of 1946
4130:This list includes
4098:2021 Beirut clashes
3958:2004 Qamishli riots
3835:TurkeyâPKK conflict
3791:1979 Qatif Uprising
3610:1959 Mosul uprising
3600:1958 Lebanon crisis
3547:1973 Yom Kippur War
3518:Iran crisis of 1946
3506:Al-Wathbah uprising
3496:1943 Barzani revolt
3390:Great Syrian Revolt
3370:Iraqi Revolt (1920)
3293:Simko Shikak revolt
2986:, pp. 220â221.
1593:1959 Mosul uprising
1485:UN General Assembly
1390:1959 Mosul uprising
1367:Similarly, Qasim's
1301:took power in Syria
1266:, February 8, 1963.
10434:Rebellions in Iraq
10370:Syrian nationalism
10350:Libyan nationalism
10310:Greater Mauritania
10226:The Arab Awakening
10209:United Arab States
10184:Rejectionist Front
9991:Gamal Abdel Nasser
9802:Yemeni unification
9792:Lebanese Civil War
9772:17 July Revolution
9742:Ramadan Revolution
9717:14 July Revolution
8925:Rejectionist Front
8321:Abdul Rauf al-Kasm
8296:Nureddin al-Atassi
8184:Nureddin al-Atassi
8016:Abdul Rauf al-Kasm
7921:Nureddin al-Atassi
7831:Ali Salih al-Sa'di
7731:Salih Mahdi Ammash
7701:Ghanim Abdul-Jalil
7654:Ali Salih al-Sa'di
7584:Nureddin al-Atassi
7518:Nureddin al-Atassi
7396:Ali Salih al-Sa'di
7348:Abdullah al-Ahmar
7338:Nureddin al-Atassi
7234:De-Ba'athification
7177:17 July Revolution
7131:Ramadan Revolution
7121:14 July Revolution
6938:Russian Revolution
6734:Mary Elise Sarotte
6719:William B. Pickett
6644:Patrick J. Hearden
6624:Gabriel Gorodetsky
6619:Timothy Garton Ash
6604:Anneli Ute Gabanyi
6199:Ethnic nationalism
5951:Hallstein Doctrine
5835:Yemeni unification
5624:1985 Geneva Summit
5589:Casamance conflict
5492:New Jewel Movement
5477:Iranian Revolution
5462:ChadianâLibyan War
5409:Cambodian conflict
5389:Lebanese Civil War
5379:Western Sahara War
5354:June 1976 protests
5349:Cambodian genocide
5114:17 July Revolution
5068:Nigerian Civil War
4983:Rhodesian Bush War
4968:Colombian conflict
4911:Ramadan Revolution
4650:Bandung Conference
4526:Operation Valuable
4407:Partition of India
3779:Iranian Revolution
3748:Lebanese Civil War
3694:1948 Palestine war
3441:1935 Yazidi revolt
3332:Franco-Turkish War
3146:. pp. 138â139
3129:, pp. 77, 85.
2936:. pp. 84â85.
2573:Diplomatic History
2513:Diplomatic History
2267:. pp. 26â27.
2228:Diplomatic History
2003:Diplomatic History
1840:. pp. 75â77.
1616:Palgrave Macmillan
1598:17 July Revolution
1495:Influence on Syria
1306:Ali Salih al-Sa'di
1281:Salih Mahdi Ammash
1218:Ali Salih al-Sa'di
1174:
1154:Abd al-Karim Qasim
1104:Ali Salih al-Sa'di
1068:Ramadan Revolution
914:1960–1962/63
542:De-Ba'athification
517:17 July Revolution
507:Ramadan Revolution
288:
285:Abd al-Karim Qasim
228:Ali Salih al-Sa'di
199:Abd al-Karim Qasim
84:Abd al-Karim Qasim
57:8â10 February 1963
22:Ramadan Revolution
10439:Conflicts in 1963
10401:
10400:
10330:Iraqi nationalism
10021:Constantin Zureiq
9871:Abdul Rahman Arif
9851:Butrus al-Bustani
9537:
9536:
9203:
9202:
9199:
9198:
9195:
9194:
9062:
9061:
9058:
9057:
8938:Political parties
8933:
8932:
8811:Socialist Lebanon
8683:
8682:
8679:
8678:
8675:
8674:
8570:
8569:
8416:Regional branches
8390:
8389:
8386:
8385:
8375:
8374:
8346:Riyad Farid Hijab
8311:Mahmoud al-Ayyubi
8218:
8217:
8204:
8131:
8130:
8081:Hikmat al-Shihabi
7896:Abdullah al-Ahmar
7861:Hardan al-Tikriti
7791:Adnan Khayr Allah
7786:Rashid Taan Kazim
7721:Salah Omar al-Ali
7564:Abdullah al-Ahmar
7537:
7536:
7367:
7366:
7353:
7251:
7250:
7247:
7246:
6969:
6968:
6956:List of conflicts
6804:Rudolph Winnacker
6749:Giles Scott-Smith
6724:Ronald E. Powaski
6679:Melvyn P. Leffler
6609:John Lewis Gaddis
6584:Robert D. English
6549:Warren H. Carroll
6539:Michael Beschloss
6508:Nuclear arms race
6489:
6488:
6395:Neues Deutschland
6297:
6296:
6279:White nationalism
6249:Liberal democracy
5986:Ulbricht Doctrine
5976:Brezhnev Doctrine
5784:Velvet Revolution
5528:SovietâAfghan War
5344:Angolan Civil War
5141:Goulash Communism
4998:ASEAN Declaration
4951:Mexican Dirty War
4849:Annexation of Goa
4800:1960 U-2 incident
4774:Sino-Soviet split
4752:Laotian Civil War
4592:Bricker Amendment
4572:Mau Mau rebellion
4516:Malayan Emergency
4504:Chinese Civil War
4464:TitoâStalin split
4318:Division of Korea
4142:
4141:
3365:Franco-Syrian War
3322:Greco-Turkish War
3310:Anglo-Turkish War
3276:Assyrian genocide
3271:Armenian genocide
3242:Italo-Turkish War
2966:978-1-5036-1382-9
2856:. pp. 84â85.
2617:978-1-5036-1382-9
2585:10.1093/dh/dht121
2525:10.1093/dh/dht049
2488:978-1-5036-1382-9
2312:Sluglett, Peter.
2211:978-1-317-66282-2
2133:978-1-5036-1382-9
2051:978-1-5036-1382-9
2015:10.1093/dh/dht121
1625:978-1-137-48711-7
1382:Guatemala in 1954
1349:Hussein of Jordan
1092:Abdul-Karim Qasim
1064:
1063:
967:
966:
920:Socialist Lebanon
891:
890:
562:1966 coup d'Ă©tats
381:
380:
277:
276:
97:
96:
88:Establishment of
10516:
10489:1960s in Baghdad
10391:
10390:
10264:Eagle of Saladin
9971:Amin al-Husseini
9936:Faisal I of Iraq
9906:Sultan al-Atrash
9901:Mansur al-Atrash
9876:Abdul Salam Arif
9685:War of Attrition
9571:Arab nationalism
9564:
9557:
9550:
9541:
9540:
9509:2011 Duhok riots
9497:
9496:
9490:
9489:
9430:
9429:
9423:
9422:
9373:
9372:
9366:
9365:
9301:
9300:
9276:
9275:
9251:
9250:
9243:OETA (1918â1920)
9230:
9223:
9216:
9207:
9206:
9099:Arab nationalism
9089:Anti-imperialism
9079:
9078:
9068:
9067:
8849:March 8 Alliance
8829:
8828:
8761:
8760:Breakaway groups
8704:
8703:
8696:
8689:
8688:
8626:
8625:
8452:Regional Command
8422:
8421:
8417:
8411:
8410:
8403:
8396:
8395:
8326:Mahmoud Al-Zoubi
8273:
8233:
8227:
8226:
8200:
8171:
8146:
8140:
8139:
8076:Farouk al-Sharaa
8071:Hammouda Sabbagh
7961:Ibrahim al-Hadid
7941:Mahdi Dakhlallah
7926:Shibli al-Aysami
7888:
7736:Hussein Al-Awadi
7706:Saad Abdul-Majid
7683:
7677:
7676:
7624:Akram al-Hawrani
7594:Shibli al-Aysami
7589:Mansur al-Atrash
7551:
7550:National Command
7545:
7508:Shibli al-Aysami
7376:
7375:
7349:
7321:Salah Al-Mukhtar
7275:
7274:
7268:
7267:
7257:
7256:
7239:Syrian civil war
7146:Ar-Rashid revolt
7054:
7053:
7046:
7039:
7038:
7028:
7019:
7005:
6996:
6989:
6982:
6973:
6972:
6714:David S. Painter
6639:John Earl Haynes
6569:Nicholas J. Cull
6554:Adrian Cioroianu
6534:Thomas A. Bailey
6481:Voice of America
6372:
6371:
6284:White separatism
6264:Social democracy
6259:Guided democracy
6239:Authoritarianism
6189:Ultranationalism
6179:Anti-imperialism
6106:MarxismâLeninism
6019:
6018:
6006:Kinmen Agreement
5971:Johnson Doctrine
5956:Kennedy Doctrine
5872:Frozen conflicts
5855:1991 August Coup
5744:Afghan Civil War
5639:ReykjavĂk Summit
5634:Somali Rebellion
5574:Ugandan Bush War
5552:GdaĆsk Agreement
5073:Protests of 1968
5053:War of Attrition
4762:Cuban Revolution
4698:We will bury you
4665:Cyprus Emergency
4645:Kashmir Princess
4635:Jebel Akhdar War
4484:Western betrayal
4169:
4162:
4155:
4146:
4145:
4104:IsraelâHamas war
4031:Syrian civil war
4014:Sinai insurgency
3975:2006 Lebanon War
3650:Dhofar Rebellion
3585:Cyprus Emergency
3580:Jebel Akhdar War
3552:1982 Lebanon War
3542:1967 Six-Day War
3451:Dersim rebellion
3411:Ararat rebellion
3315:Al-Jazeera Front
3221:
3214:
3207:
3198:
3197:
3192:
3191:
3171:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3145:
3136:
3130:
3124:
3118:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3096:
3087:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3077:
3071:
3062:
3056:
3055:
3035:
3022:
3011:
3005:
2999:
2993:
2987:
2981:
2975:
2974:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2935:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2846:
2837:
2836:
2811:
2802:
2801:
2782:
2776:
2770:
2764:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2680:
2669:
2668:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2564:
2549:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2519:(5): 1029â1059.
2504:
2493:
2492:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2445:
2439:
2433:
2427:
2424:
2397:
2368:
2362:
2359:
2330:
2318:
2308:
2282:
2255:
2218:
2200:(2nd ed.).
2190:
2184:
2183:
2147:
2138:
2137:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2037:
2031:
2030:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1984:
1970:
1964:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1935:
1922:
1916:
1913:
1907:
1901:
1895:
1888:
1882:
1876:
1867:
1861:
1852:
1851:
1829:
1816:
1815:
1795:
1782:
1773:
1772:
1726:
1709:
1707:
1697:
1695:
1685:
1652:
1629:
1560:
1557:Abdul Salam Arif
1465:Ar-Rashid revolt
1450:Foreign Minister
1416:
1413:Abdul Salam Arif
1351:, who declared:
1337:minority at the
1289:Robert C. Strong
1267:
1236:U.S. involvement
1210:Abdul Salam Arif
1135:Abdul Salam Arif
1096:Abdul Salam Arif
1056:
1049:
1042:
1028:
1026:Socialism portal
1021:
983:Arab nationalism
963:
950:
937:
906:
905:
605:
604:
587:Syrian civil war
377:
326:
325:
313:
290:
289:
250:Abdul Salam Arif
248:
247:
246:
237:
236:
235:
226:
225:
224:
214:
213:
212:
206:
197:
196:
195:
171:
170:
169:
159:
157:
156:
136:
135:
134:
115:Iraqi Government
113:
112:
111:
78:Coup successful
67:Republic of Iraq
51:
50:
43:
19:
18:
10524:
10523:
10519:
10518:
10517:
10515:
10514:
10513:
10404:
10403:
10402:
10397:
10379:
10315:Greater Morocco
10288:
10284:Pan-Arab colors
10279:Hawk of Quraish
10245:
10213:
10064:Arab Federation
10025:
10011:Abdullah Rimawi
9986:Mostéfa Merarda
9941:Muammar Gaddafi
9921:Ahmed Ben Bella
9896:Jamal al-Atassi
9886:Bashar al-Assad
9837:
9806:
9787:Black September
9665:Anglo-Iraqi War
9609:
9573:
9568:
9538:
9533:
9491:
9484:
9476:
9424:
9417:
9409:
9367:
9360:
9352:
9295:
9287:
9270:
9262:
9245:
9237:
9234:
9204:
9191:
9187:Pan-Arab colors
9181:Aráž ul-FurÄtayn
9168:
9143:
9073:
9054:
9028:
8929:
8873:
8820:
8779:Damascus branch
8759:
8753:
8724:Free Iraqi Army
8714:Al-Abud Network
8698:
8694:
8671:
8655:
8641:Fedayeen Saddam
8636:Ba'ath Brigades
8617:
8596:
8587:Sawt al-Jamahir
8566:
8545:Central Command
8498:
8415:
8405:
8401:
8382:
8371:
8271:
8265:
8231:
8214:
8209:Bashar al-Assad
8189:Ahmad al-Khatib
8169:
8163:
8144:
8127:
8115:
8086:Hammud al-Shufi
8051:Zuhair Masharqa
8046:Ibrahim Makhous
8031:Ahmad al-Khatib
7996:Hisham Ikhtiyar
7916:Rifaat al-Assad
7906:Bashar al-Assad
7886:
7880:
7846:Talib El-Shibib
7761:Saadoun Ghaidan
7681:
7668:
7664:Khaled Yashruti
7659:Talib El-Shibib
7649:Abdullah Rimawi
7614:Wahib al-Ghanim
7574:Bashar al-Assad
7549:
7543:
7533:
7528:Bashar al-Assad
7503:Hammud al-Shufi
7491:
7469:
7448:
7433:Abdullah Rimawi
7421:
7391:Talib El-Shibib
7363:
7358:Bashar al-Assad
7326:
7294:
7262:
7243:
7165:
7104:
7083:
7048:
7044:
7033:
7026:
7017:
7007:
7003:
7000:
6970:
6965:
6942:
6933:Second Cold War
6891:
6819:
6813:
6789:Odd Arne Westad
6779:Patrick Vaughan
6764:Athan Theoharis
6744:Ellen Schrecker
6729:Yakov M. Rabkin
6704:Timothy Naftali
6649:Tvrtko Jakovina
6634:Jussi HanhimÀki
6517:
6495:
6485:
6463:Paix et Liberté
6438:
6382:Active measures
6363:
6293:
6274:White supremacy
6234:Totalitarianism
6162:
6087:
6010:
5996:Reagan Doctrine
5991:Carter Doctrine
5931:Truman Doctrine
5919:
5866:
5798:
5693:Soviet reaction
5604:Ndogboyosoi War
5511:
5482:Saur Revolution
5309:1973 oil crisis
5274:Munich massacre
5182:Alcora Exercise
5177:Black September
5155:
4901:Sino-Indian War
4795:Simba rebellion
4778:
4622:Capture of the
4530:
4469:Berlin Blockade
4402:May 1947 crises
4392:Truman Doctrine
4357:Greek Civil War
4346:Blacklist Forty
4313:Gouzenko Affair
4300:Cursed soldiers
4252:Morgenthau Plan
4240:
4178:
4173:
4143:
4138:
4136:
4123:
4086:
4008:Egyptian Crisis
3991:
3932:
3872:
3805:
3715:
3704:Second Intifada
3614:
3558:
3455:
3421:Simele massacre
3399:
3380:Adwan Rebellion
3353:
3230:
3225:
3195:
3188:
3162:
3158:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3137:
3133:
3125:
3121:
3113:
3109:
3100:
3098:
3094:
3088:
3084:
3075:
3073:
3069:
3063:
3059:
3052:
3023:
3014:
3006:
3002:
2994:
2990:
2982:
2978:
2967:
2949:
2945:
2933:
2927:
2923:
2916:
2908:. p. 327.
2898:
2894:
2883:
2865:
2861:
2853:
2847:
2840:
2833:
2812:
2805:
2784:
2783:
2779:
2771:
2767:
2759:
2755:
2734:
2730:
2722:
2716:
2712:
2705:
2681:
2672:
2629:
2625:
2618:
2604:
2600:
2565:
2552:
2544:
2540:
2505:
2496:
2489:
2475:
2471:
2464:
2446:
2442:
2434:
2430:
2417:
2409:. p. 205.
2390:
2382:. p. 451.
2369:
2365:
2353:
2345:. p. 163.
2328:anti-communism.
2316:
2302:
2294:. p. 149.
2275:
2212:
2204:. p. 240.
2191:
2187:
2148:
2141:
2134:
2120:
2116:
2067:
2063:
2052:
2038:
2034:
1995:
1991:
1982:
1980:
1971:
1967:
1959:
1955:
1948:
1923:
1919:
1914:
1910:
1902:
1898:
1889:
1885:
1877:
1870:
1862:
1855:
1848:
1830:
1819:
1812:
1783:
1776:
1727:
1720:
1716:
1705:
1693:
1682:
1659:
1657:Further reading
1649:
1626:
1606:
1589:
1562:
1554:
1545:
1539:
1503:
1497:
1477:Mustafa Barzani
1473:
1467:
1461:
1459:Soviet reaction
1453:Talib El-Shibib
1426:
1418:
1410:
1297:Jamal al-Atassi
1277:Kennedy Library
1269:
1264:John F. Kennedy
1257:
1248:
1238:
1226:reign of terror
1182:Jalal al-Awqati
1166:
1158:Jalal al-Awqati
1119:
1060:
1031:
1024:
1019:Politics portal
1017:
1009:
1008:
1007:
977:
969:
968:
961:
948:
935:
924:1965–1970
903:
901:Splinter groups
893:
892:
887:
866:
845:
824:
803:
782:
761:
745:
724:
708:
687:
666:
645:
624:
602:
592:
591:
551:
505:
496:
488:
487:
484:
466:
458:
457:
456:
447:Bashar al-Assad
417:Wahib al-Ghanim
412:Abdullah Rimawi
391:
383:
382:
375:
364:1968–2003
354:1947–1966
344:1940–1947
334:1940–1947
323:
244:
242:
241:
233:
231:
230:
222:
220:
210:
208:
207:
193:
191:
167:
165:
154:
152:
151:
147:
140:
132:
130:
127:
117:
109:
107:
69:
44:
17:
12:
11:
5:
10522:
10512:
10511:
10506:
10501:
10496:
10491:
10486:
10481:
10479:1960s in Islam
10476:
10471:
10466:
10461:
10456:
10451:
10446:
10441:
10436:
10431:
10426:
10421:
10416:
10399:
10398:
10396:
10395:
10384:
10381:
10380:
10378:
10377:
10372:
10367:
10362:
10357:
10352:
10347:
10342:
10337:
10332:
10327:
10322:
10317:
10312:
10307:
10302:
10296:
10294:
10293:Related topics
10290:
10289:
10287:
10286:
10281:
10276:
10271:
10266:
10261:
10255:
10253:
10247:
10246:
10244:
10243:
10236:
10229:
10221:
10219:
10215:
10214:
10212:
10211:
10206:
10201:
10196:
10191:
10186:
10181:
10176:
10171:
10166:
10161:
10159:Islamic Legion
10156:
10151:
10146:
10141:
10136:
10131:
10126:
10121:
10116:
10111:
10106:
10101:
10096:
10091:
10086:
10081:
10076:
10071:
10066:
10061:
10056:
10051:
10049:Al-Mourabitoun
10046:
10041:
10035:
10033:
10027:
10026:
10024:
10023:
10018:
10016:Hamdeen Sabahi
10013:
10008:
10006:Fuad al-Rikabi
10003:
9998:
9996:Adnan Pachachi
9993:
9988:
9983:
9978:
9973:
9968:
9966:Saddam Hussein
9963:
9958:
9956:Sati' al-Husri
9953:
9948:
9943:
9938:
9933:
9928:
9923:
9918:
9913:
9908:
9903:
9898:
9893:
9891:Hafez al-Assad
9888:
9883:
9881:Zaki al-Arsuzi
9878:
9873:
9868:
9863:
9858:
9853:
9847:
9845:
9839:
9838:
9836:
9835:
9830:
9825:
9820:
9814:
9812:
9808:
9807:
9805:
9804:
9799:
9794:
9789:
9784:
9779:
9774:
9769:
9764:
9762:Aden Emergency
9759:
9754:
9749:
9744:
9739:
9734:
9729:
9724:
9719:
9714:
9709:
9707:Iraqi Intifada
9704:
9699:
9698:
9697:
9692:
9690:Yom Kippur War
9687:
9682:
9677:
9667:
9662:
9657:
9652:
9651:
9650:
9640:
9635:
9634:
9633:
9623:
9617:
9615:
9611:
9610:
9608:
9607:
9602:
9597:
9592:
9587:
9585:Arab socialism
9581:
9579:
9575:
9574:
9567:
9566:
9559:
9552:
9544:
9535:
9534:
9532:
9531:
9526:
9521:
9516:
9511:
9506:
9500:
9498:
9478:
9477:
9475:
9474:
9469:
9464:
9459:
9454:
9449:
9444:
9439:
9433:
9431:
9411:
9410:
9408:
9407:
9402:
9397:
9392:
9387:
9382:
9376:
9374:
9354:
9353:
9351:
9350:
9345:
9340:
9335:
9330:
9325:
9320:
9315:
9310:
9304:
9302:
9289:
9288:
9286:
9285:
9279:
9277:
9264:
9263:
9261:
9260:
9254:
9252:
9239:
9238:
9233:
9232:
9225:
9218:
9210:
9201:
9200:
9197:
9196:
9193:
9192:
9190:
9189:
9184:
9176:
9174:
9170:
9169:
9167:
9166:
9159:
9151:
9149:
9145:
9144:
9142:
9141:
9136:
9131:
9126:
9121:
9116:
9111:
9106:
9104:Arab socialism
9101:
9096:
9091:
9085:
9083:
9075:
9074:
9064:
9063:
9060:
9059:
9056:
9055:
9053:
9052:
9047:
9042:
9036:
9034:
9030:
9029:
9027:
9026:
9025:
9024:
9014:
9013:
9012:
9007:
8997:
8992:
8987:
8982:
8977:
8972:
8967:
8962:
8957:
8952:
8947:
8941:
8939:
8935:
8934:
8931:
8930:
8928:
8927:
8922:
8917:
8912:
8907:
8902:
8897:
8892:
8887:
8881:
8879:
8875:
8874:
8872:
8871:
8866:
8861:
8856:
8851:
8846:
8841:
8835:
8833:
8826:
8822:
8821:
8819:
8818:
8813:
8808:
8803:
8798:
8793:
8788:
8783:
8782:
8781:
8771:
8765:
8763:
8755:
8754:
8752:
8751:
8746:
8741:
8736:
8734:Jeish Muhammad
8731:
8726:
8721:
8716:
8710:
8708:
8700:
8699:
8685:
8684:
8681:
8680:
8677:
8676:
8673:
8672:
8670:
8669:
8663:
8661:
8657:
8656:
8654:
8653:
8648:
8643:
8638:
8632:
8630:
8623:
8619:
8618:
8616:
8615:
8610:
8604:
8602:
8601:Popular fronts
8598:
8597:
8595:
8594:
8589:
8584:
8578:
8576:
8572:
8571:
8568:
8567:
8565:
8564:
8559:
8558:
8557:
8552:
8547:
8537:
8532:
8527:
8522:
8517:
8512:
8506:
8504:
8500:
8499:
8497:
8496:
8491:
8486:
8481:
8476:
8471:
8466:
8461:
8456:
8455:
8454:
8444:
8439:
8434:
8428:
8426:
8419:
8407:
8406:
8392:
8391:
8388:
8387:
8384:
8383:
8380:
8377:
8376:
8373:
8372:
8370:
8369:
8366:Hussein Arnous
8363:
8358:
8353:
8348:
8343:
8338:
8333:
8328:
8323:
8318:
8313:
8308:
8303:
8301:Hafez al-Assad
8298:
8293:
8288:
8283:
8277:
8275:
8267:
8266:
8264:
8263:
8258:
8253:
8251:Sa'dun Hammadi
8248:
8246:Saddam Hussein
8243:
8237:
8235:
8224:
8220:
8219:
8216:
8215:
8213:
8212:
8206:
8196:
8194:Hafez al-Assad
8191:
8186:
8181:
8175:
8173:
8165:
8164:
8162:
8161:
8159:Saddam Hussein
8156:
8150:
8148:
8137:
8136:Heads of state
8133:
8132:
8129:
8128:
8123:
8121:
8117:
8116:
8114:
8113:
8108:
8103:
8101:Muhammad Umran
8098:
8096:Hasan Turkmani
8093:
8088:
8083:
8078:
8073:
8068:
8063:
8058:
8053:
8048:
8043:
8038:
8033:
8028:
8023:
8018:
8013:
8008:
8003:
7998:
7993:
7988:
7983:
7978:
7973:
7968:
7963:
7958:
7953:
7948:
7943:
7938:
7933:
7928:
7923:
7918:
7913:
7911:Hafez al-Assad
7908:
7903:
7901:Hussein Arnous
7898:
7892:
7890:
7882:
7881:
7879:
7878:
7873:
7868:
7863:
7858:
7853:
7848:
7843:
7838:
7833:
7828:
7826:Fuad al-Rikabi
7823:
7818:
7813:
7808:
7803:
7798:
7793:
7788:
7783:
7778:
7776:Saddam Hussein
7773:
7768:
7766:Sa'dun Hammadi
7763:
7758:
7753:
7748:
7743:
7738:
7733:
7728:
7723:
7718:
7713:
7708:
7703:
7698:
7693:
7687:
7685:
7674:
7670:
7669:
7667:
7666:
7661:
7656:
7651:
7646:
7644:Fuad al-Rikabi
7641:
7636:
7631:
7626:
7621:
7616:
7611:
7606:
7601:
7596:
7591:
7586:
7581:
7579:Hafez al-Assad
7576:
7571:
7569:Zaki al-Arsuzi
7566:
7561:
7555:
7553:
7539:
7538:
7535:
7534:
7532:
7531:
7525:
7523:Hafez al-Assad
7520:
7515:
7510:
7505:
7499:
7497:
7493:
7492:
7490:
7489:
7483:
7477:
7475:
7471:
7470:
7468:
7467:
7462:
7456:
7454:
7450:
7449:
7447:
7446:
7443:Akram al-Homsi
7440:
7435:
7429:
7427:
7423:
7422:
7420:
7419:
7413:
7408:
7406:Saddam Hussein
7403:
7398:
7393:
7388:
7386:Fuad al-Rikabi
7382:
7380:
7373:
7369:
7368:
7365:
7364:
7362:
7361:
7355:
7345:
7343:Hafez al-Assad
7340:
7334:
7332:
7328:
7327:
7325:
7324:
7318:
7313:
7311:Saddam Hussein
7308:
7302:
7300:
7296:
7295:
7293:
7292:
7287:
7281:
7279:
7272:
7264:
7263:
7253:
7252:
7249:
7248:
7245:
7244:
7242:
7241:
7236:
7231:
7229:Iraqi conflict
7226:
7224:Faith Campaign
7221:
7216:
7211:
7206:
7201:
7196:
7195:
7194:
7184:
7182:Ba'athist Iraq
7179:
7173:
7171:
7167:
7166:
7164:
7163:
7158:
7156:1964 Hama riot
7153:
7148:
7143:
7138:
7133:
7128:
7123:
7118:
7112:
7110:
7106:
7105:
7103:
7102:
7097:
7091:
7089:
7085:
7084:
7082:
7081:
7076:
7071:
7066:
7060:
7058:
7050:
7049:
7035:
7034:
7032:
7031:
7022:
7012:
7009:
7008:
6999:
6998:
6991:
6984:
6976:
6967:
6966:
6964:
6963:
6958:
6953:
6947:
6944:
6943:
6941:
6940:
6935:
6930:
6925:
6920:
6915:
6910:
6905:
6899:
6897:
6893:
6892:
6890:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6869:
6864:
6859:
6854:
6849:
6844:
6839:
6834:
6829:
6823:
6821:
6815:
6814:
6812:
6811:
6806:
6801:
6796:
6791:
6786:
6781:
6776:
6771:
6766:
6761:
6759:Timothy Snyder
6756:
6751:
6746:
6741:
6736:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6689:Vojtech Mastny
6686:
6684:Geir Lundestad
6681:
6676:
6674:Walter Laqueur
6671:
6669:Walter LaFeber
6666:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6636:
6631:
6626:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6601:
6599:André Fontaine
6596:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6556:
6551:
6546:
6541:
6536:
6531:
6529:Gar Alperovitz
6525:
6523:
6519:
6518:
6516:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6499:
6497:
6491:
6490:
6487:
6486:
6484:
6483:
6478:
6472:
6471:
6466:
6459:
6454:
6446:
6444:
6440:
6439:
6437:
6436:
6429:
6424:
6417:
6410:
6405:
6398:
6391:
6384:
6378:
6376:
6369:
6365:
6364:
6362:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6311:
6305:
6303:
6299:
6298:
6295:
6294:
6292:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6269:Third-Worldism
6266:
6261:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6170:
6168:
6164:
6163:
6161:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6097:
6095:
6089:
6088:
6086:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6058:Libertarianism
6055:
6050:
6049:
6048:
6038:
6036:Chicago school
6033:
6027:
6025:
6016:
6012:
6011:
6009:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5981:Nixon Doctrine
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5927:
5925:
5924:Foreign policy
5921:
5920:
5918:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5876:
5874:
5868:
5867:
5865:
5864:
5859:
5858:
5857:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5806:
5804:
5800:
5799:
5797:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5709:Operation RYAN
5706:
5701:
5696:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5614:Able Archer 83
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5560:
5559:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5530:
5525:
5519:
5517:
5513:
5512:
5510:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5364:Oromo conflict
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5304:Yom Kippur War
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5163:
5161:
5157:
5156:
5154:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5127:
5126:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5087:
5082:
5081:
5080:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4959:
4958:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4936:Aden Emergency
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4887:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4854:Papua conflict
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4835:
4834:
4824:
4823:
4822:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4786:
4784:
4780:
4779:
4777:
4776:
4771:
4770:
4769:
4759:
4757:Kitchen Debate
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4717:Sputnik crisis
4714:
4709:
4701:
4694:
4689:
4687:Polish October
4684:
4679:
4674:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4587:Pact of Madrid
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4542:Bamboo Curtain
4538:
4536:
4532:
4531:
4529:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4512:
4511:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4435:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4341:
4333:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4302:
4297:
4296:
4295:
4290:
4282:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4248:
4246:
4242:
4241:
4239:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4191:
4183:
4180:
4179:
4172:
4171:
4164:
4157:
4149:
4140:
4139:
4128:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4121:
4118:Red Sea crisis
4114:
4107:
4100:
4094:
4092:
4088:
4087:
4085:
4084:
4083:
4082:
4068:
4061:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4043:
4042:
4026:
4025:
4024:
4017:
4005:
3999:
3997:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3978:
3977:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3948:
3940:
3938:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3880:
3878:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3870:
3865:
3863:Mecca massacre
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3826:
3821:
3813:
3811:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3787:
3786:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3723:
3721:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3713:
3708:
3707:
3706:
3701:
3699:First Intifada
3696:
3684:
3682:1964 Hama riot
3679:
3677:Aden Emergency
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3652:
3647:
3646:
3645:
3640:
3628:
3622:
3620:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3566:
3564:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3556:
3555:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3522:
3521:
3520:
3508:
3503:
3501:Al-Waziri coup
3498:
3493:
3492:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3463:
3461:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3407:
3405:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3361:
3359:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3318:
3317:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3244:
3238:
3236:
3232:
3231:
3224:
3223:
3216:
3209:
3201:
3194:
3193:
3186:
3156:
3131:
3119:
3107:
3082:
3057:
3050:
3012:
3010:, p. 222.
3000:
2988:
2976:
2965:
2943:
2921:
2914:
2892:
2881:
2875:. p. 86.
2859:
2838:
2832:978-0863565205
2831:
2803:
2792:. 1963-02-22.
2777:
2765:
2753:
2728:
2710:
2703:
2670:
2643:(4): 635â653.
2623:
2616:
2598:
2550:
2538:
2494:
2487:
2469:
2462:
2456:. p. 48.
2440:
2428:
2426:
2425:
2415:
2398:
2388:
2363:
2361:
2360:
2351:
2331:
2309:
2300:
2283:
2273:
2256:
2234:(5): 663â701.
2219:
2210:
2185:
2139:
2132:
2114:
2083:(4): 635â653.
2061:
2050:
2032:
1989:
1976:(1963-02-08).
1965:
1963:, p. 221.
1953:
1946:
1917:
1908:
1906:, p. 218.
1896:
1883:
1868:
1853:
1846:
1817:
1810:
1774:
1743:(4): 635â653.
1717:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1710:
1698:
1686:
1681:978-0863565205
1680:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1647:
1630:
1624:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1595:
1588:
1585:
1571:Vice President
1546:
1541:Main article:
1538:
1535:
1499:Main article:
1496:
1493:
1463:Main article:
1460:
1457:
1434:Kurdish rebels
1425:
1422:
1402:
1339:United Nations
1314:James E. Akins
1249:
1237:
1234:
1165:
1162:
1118:
1115:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1058:
1051:
1044:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1029:
1022:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1006:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
988:Arab socialism
985:
979:
978:
976:Related topics
975:
974:
971:
970:
965:
964:
958:
952:
951:
945:
939:
938:
932:
926:
925:
922:
916:
915:
912:
904:
899:
898:
895:
894:
889:
888:
886:
885:
880:
874:
872:
868:
867:
865:
864:
859:
853:
851:
847:
846:
844:
843:
838:
832:
830:
826:
825:
823:
822:
817:
811:
809:
805:
804:
802:
801:
796:
790:
788:
784:
783:
781:
780:
775:
769:
767:
763:
762:
760:
759:
753:
751:
747:
746:
744:
743:
738:
732:
730:
726:
725:
723:
722:
716:
714:
710:
709:
707:
706:
701:
695:
693:
689:
688:
686:
685:
680:
674:
672:
668:
667:
665:
664:
659:
653:
651:
647:
646:
644:
643:
638:
632:
630:
626:
625:
623:
622:
617:
611:
609:
603:
598:
597:
594:
593:
590:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
555:
548:Baathist Syria
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
502:Ba'athist Iraq
497:
494:
493:
490:
489:
486:
485:
480:
478:
473:
467:
464:
463:
460:
459:
455:
454:
449:
444:
442:Saddam Hussein
439:
434:
432:Hafez al-Assad
429:
424:
422:Fuad al-Rikabi
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
397:Zaki al-Arsuzi
393:
392:
389:
388:
385:
384:
379:
378:
372:
366:
365:
362:
356:
355:
352:
346:
345:
342:
336:
335:
332:
324:
319:
318:
315:
314:
306:
305:
299:
298:
283:The corpse of
275:
274:
266:
265:
262:
258:
257:
253:
252:
218:
216:Muhammad Najib
188:
187:
183:
182:
181:
180:
146:
145:
144:National Guard
141:
128:
126:
125:
118:
104:
103:
99:
98:
95:
94:
93:
92:
86:
75:
71:
70:
65:
63:
59:
58:
55:
47:
46:
36:
35:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10521:
10510:
10507:
10505:
10502:
10500:
10497:
10495:
10492:
10490:
10487:
10485:
10482:
10480:
10477:
10475:
10472:
10470:
10467:
10465:
10462:
10460:
10457:
10455:
10452:
10450:
10447:
10445:
10442:
10440:
10437:
10435:
10432:
10430:
10427:
10425:
10422:
10420:
10417:
10415:
10412:
10411:
10409:
10394:
10386:
10385:
10382:
10376:
10373:
10371:
10368:
10366:
10363:
10361:
10358:
10356:
10353:
10351:
10348:
10346:
10343:
10341:
10338:
10336:
10333:
10331:
10328:
10326:
10325:Greater Yemen
10323:
10321:
10320:Greater Syria
10318:
10316:
10313:
10311:
10308:
10306:
10303:
10301:
10298:
10297:
10295:
10291:
10285:
10282:
10280:
10277:
10275:
10272:
10270:
10267:
10265:
10262:
10260:
10257:
10256:
10254:
10252:
10248:
10242:
10241:
10237:
10235:
10234:
10230:
10228:
10227:
10223:
10222:
10220:
10216:
10210:
10207:
10205:
10202:
10200:
10197:
10195:
10192:
10190:
10187:
10185:
10182:
10180:
10177:
10175:
10172:
10170:
10167:
10165:
10162:
10160:
10157:
10155:
10152:
10150:
10147:
10145:
10142:
10140:
10137:
10135:
10132:
10130:
10127:
10125:
10122:
10120:
10117:
10115:
10112:
10110:
10107:
10105:
10102:
10100:
10097:
10095:
10092:
10090:
10087:
10085:
10082:
10080:
10077:
10075:
10072:
10070:
10067:
10065:
10062:
10060:
10057:
10055:
10052:
10050:
10047:
10045:
10042:
10040:
10037:
10036:
10034:
10032:
10031:Organizations
10028:
10022:
10019:
10017:
10014:
10012:
10009:
10007:
10004:
10002:
9999:
9997:
9994:
9992:
9989:
9987:
9984:
9982:
9979:
9977:
9974:
9972:
9969:
9967:
9964:
9962:
9959:
9957:
9954:
9952:
9951:George Habash
9949:
9947:
9944:
9942:
9939:
9937:
9934:
9932:
9931:Izzat Darwaza
9929:
9927:
9924:
9922:
9919:
9917:
9914:
9912:
9909:
9907:
9904:
9902:
9899:
9897:
9894:
9892:
9889:
9887:
9884:
9882:
9879:
9877:
9874:
9872:
9869:
9867:
9866:Yasser Arafat
9864:
9862:
9859:
9857:
9854:
9852:
9849:
9848:
9846:
9844:
9843:Personalities
9840:
9834:
9831:
9829:
9826:
9824:
9821:
9819:
9818:Arab identity
9816:
9815:
9813:
9809:
9803:
9800:
9798:
9795:
9793:
9790:
9788:
9785:
9783:
9780:
9778:
9775:
9773:
9770:
9768:
9765:
9763:
9760:
9758:
9755:
9753:
9750:
9748:
9745:
9743:
9740:
9738:
9735:
9733:
9732:Arab Cold War
9730:
9728:
9725:
9723:
9720:
9718:
9715:
9713:
9710:
9708:
9705:
9703:
9700:
9696:
9693:
9691:
9688:
9686:
9683:
9681:
9678:
9676:
9673:
9672:
9671:
9668:
9666:
9663:
9661:
9658:
9656:
9653:
9649:
9646:
9645:
9644:
9641:
9639:
9636:
9632:
9629:
9628:
9627:
9624:
9622:
9619:
9618:
9616:
9612:
9606:
9603:
9601:
9598:
9596:
9593:
9591:
9588:
9586:
9583:
9582:
9580:
9576:
9572:
9565:
9560:
9558:
9553:
9551:
9546:
9545:
9542:
9530:
9527:
9525:
9522:
9520:
9517:
9515:
9512:
9510:
9507:
9505:
9502:
9501:
9499:
9495:
9488:
9483:
9479:
9473:
9470:
9468:
9465:
9463:
9460:
9458:
9455:
9453:
9450:
9448:
9445:
9443:
9440:
9438:
9435:
9434:
9432:
9428:
9421:
9416:
9412:
9406:
9403:
9401:
9398:
9396:
9393:
9391:
9388:
9386:
9383:
9381:
9378:
9377:
9375:
9371:
9364:
9359:
9355:
9349:
9346:
9344:
9341:
9339:
9336:
9334:
9331:
9329:
9326:
9324:
9321:
9319:
9316:
9314:
9311:
9309:
9306:
9305:
9303:
9299:
9294:
9290:
9284:
9281:
9280:
9278:
9274:
9269:
9265:
9259:
9256:
9255:
9253:
9249:
9244:
9240:
9231:
9226:
9224:
9219:
9217:
9212:
9211:
9208:
9188:
9185:
9183:
9182:
9178:
9177:
9175:
9171:
9165:
9164:
9160:
9158:
9157:
9153:
9152:
9150:
9146:
9140:
9137:
9135:
9132:
9130:
9127:
9125:
9124:Republicanism
9122:
9120:
9119:Progressivism
9117:
9115:
9112:
9110:
9107:
9105:
9102:
9100:
9097:
9095:
9092:
9090:
9087:
9086:
9084:
9080:
9076:
9072:Miscellaneous
9069:
9065:
9051:
9048:
9046:
9043:
9041:
9038:
9037:
9035:
9031:
9023:
9020:
9019:
9018:
9015:
9011:
9008:
9006:
9003:
9002:
9001:
8998:
8996:
8993:
8991:
8988:
8986:
8983:
8981:
8978:
8976:
8973:
8971:
8968:
8966:
8963:
8961:
8958:
8956:
8953:
8951:
8948:
8946:
8943:
8942:
8940:
8936:
8926:
8923:
8921:
8918:
8916:
8913:
8911:
8908:
8906:
8903:
8901:
8898:
8896:
8893:
8891:
8888:
8886:
8883:
8882:
8880:
8876:
8870:
8867:
8865:
8862:
8860:
8857:
8855:
8852:
8850:
8847:
8845:
8842:
8840:
8837:
8836:
8834:
8830:
8827:
8823:
8817:
8814:
8812:
8809:
8807:
8804:
8802:
8799:
8797:
8794:
8792:
8789:
8787:
8784:
8780:
8777:
8776:
8775:
8772:
8770:
8767:
8766:
8764:
8762:
8756:
8750:
8747:
8745:
8742:
8740:
8739:Rejectionists
8737:
8735:
8732:
8730:
8727:
8725:
8722:
8720:
8717:
8715:
8712:
8711:
8709:
8705:
8701:
8697:
8690:
8686:
8668:
8665:
8664:
8662:
8658:
8652:
8649:
8647:
8644:
8642:
8639:
8637:
8634:
8633:
8631:
8627:
8624:
8620:
8614:
8611:
8609:
8606:
8605:
8603:
8599:
8593:
8590:
8588:
8585:
8583:
8580:
8579:
8577:
8573:
8563:
8560:
8556:
8553:
8551:
8548:
8546:
8543:
8542:
8541:
8538:
8536:
8533:
8531:
8528:
8526:
8523:
8521:
8518:
8516:
8513:
8511:
8508:
8507:
8505:
8501:
8495:
8492:
8490:
8487:
8485:
8482:
8480:
8477:
8475:
8472:
8470:
8467:
8465:
8462:
8460:
8457:
8453:
8450:
8449:
8448:
8445:
8443:
8440:
8438:
8435:
8433:
8430:
8429:
8427:
8423:
8420:
8418:
8412:
8408:
8404:
8397:
8393:
8381:* = incumbent
8378:
8367:
8364:
8362:
8359:
8357:
8354:
8352:
8349:
8347:
8344:
8342:
8339:
8337:
8334:
8332:
8329:
8327:
8324:
8322:
8319:
8317:
8314:
8312:
8309:
8307:
8304:
8302:
8299:
8297:
8294:
8292:
8291:Yusuf Zuayyin
8289:
8287:
8286:Amin al-Hafiz
8284:
8282:
8279:
8278:
8276:
8274:
8268:
8262:
8259:
8257:
8254:
8252:
8249:
8247:
8244:
8242:
8239:
8238:
8236:
8234:
8228:
8225:
8221:
8210:
8207:
8205:
8203:
8197:
8195:
8192:
8190:
8187:
8185:
8182:
8180:
8179:Amin al-Hafiz
8177:
8176:
8174:
8172:
8166:
8160:
8157:
8155:
8152:
8151:
8149:
8147:
8141:
8138:
8134:
8126:
8122:
8118:
8112:
8111:Yusuf Zuayyin
8109:
8107:
8104:
8102:
8099:
8097:
8094:
8092:
8091:Mustafa Tlass
8089:
8087:
8084:
8082:
8079:
8077:
8074:
8072:
8069:
8067:
8064:
8062:
8059:
8057:
8054:
8052:
8049:
8047:
8044:
8042:
8039:
8037:
8034:
8032:
8029:
8027:
8024:
8022:
8019:
8017:
8014:
8012:
8011:Sami al-Jundi
8009:
8007:
8004:
8002:
7999:
7997:
7994:
7992:
7989:
7987:
7984:
7982:
7979:
7977:
7974:
7972:
7969:
7967:
7966:Amin al-Hafiz
7964:
7962:
7959:
7957:
7956:Marwan Habash
7954:
7952:
7949:
7947:
7944:
7942:
7939:
7937:
7934:
7932:
7929:
7927:
7924:
7922:
7919:
7917:
7914:
7912:
7909:
7907:
7904:
7902:
7899:
7897:
7894:
7893:
7891:
7889:
7883:
7877:
7874:
7872:
7869:
7867:
7864:
7862:
7859:
7857:
7856:Khamis Sirhan
7854:
7852:
7849:
7847:
7844:
7842:
7839:
7837:
7834:
7832:
7829:
7827:
7824:
7822:
7819:
7817:
7814:
7812:
7809:
7807:
7804:
7802:
7799:
7797:
7794:
7792:
7789:
7787:
7784:
7782:
7779:
7777:
7774:
7772:
7771:Qusay Hussein
7769:
7767:
7764:
7762:
7759:
7757:
7754:
7752:
7749:
7747:
7744:
7742:
7739:
7737:
7734:
7732:
7729:
7727:
7724:
7722:
7719:
7717:
7714:
7712:
7709:
7707:
7704:
7702:
7699:
7697:
7694:
7692:
7689:
7688:
7686:
7684:
7678:
7675:
7671:
7665:
7662:
7660:
7657:
7655:
7652:
7650:
7647:
7645:
7642:
7640:
7637:
7635:
7634:Zuheir Mohsen
7632:
7630:
7627:
7625:
7622:
7620:
7619:Amin al-Hafiz
7617:
7615:
7612:
7610:
7607:
7605:
7602:
7600:
7597:
7595:
7592:
7590:
7587:
7585:
7582:
7580:
7577:
7575:
7572:
7570:
7567:
7565:
7562:
7560:
7557:
7556:
7554:
7552:
7546:
7540:
7529:
7526:
7524:
7521:
7519:
7516:
7514:
7513:Amin al-Hafiz
7511:
7509:
7506:
7504:
7501:
7500:
7498:
7494:
7487:
7484:
7482:
7479:
7478:
7476:
7472:
7466:
7463:
7461:
7458:
7457:
7455:
7451:
7444:
7441:
7439:
7436:
7434:
7431:
7430:
7428:
7424:
7417:
7414:
7412:
7409:
7407:
7404:
7402:
7399:
7397:
7394:
7392:
7389:
7387:
7384:
7383:
7381:
7377:
7374:
7370:
7359:
7356:
7354:
7352:
7346:
7344:
7341:
7339:
7336:
7335:
7333:
7329:
7322:
7319:
7317:
7314:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7303:
7301:
7297:
7291:
7288:
7286:
7283:
7282:
7280:
7276:
7273:
7269:
7265:
7258:
7254:
7240:
7237:
7235:
7232:
7230:
7227:
7225:
7222:
7220:
7217:
7215:
7212:
7210:
7207:
7205:
7202:
7200:
7197:
7193:
7190:
7189:
7188:
7185:
7183:
7180:
7178:
7175:
7174:
7172:
7168:
7162:
7159:
7157:
7154:
7152:
7149:
7147:
7144:
7142:
7139:
7137:
7134:
7132:
7129:
7127:
7124:
7122:
7119:
7117:
7114:
7113:
7111:
7107:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7092:
7090:
7086:
7080:
7077:
7075:
7072:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7062:
7061:
7059:
7055:
7051:
7047:
7040:
7036:
7030:
7029:
7023:
7021:
7020:
7014:
7013:
7010:
7006:
6997:
6992:
6990:
6985:
6983:
6978:
6977:
6974:
6962:
6959:
6957:
6954:
6952:
6949:
6948:
6945:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6923:War on terror
6921:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6900:
6898:
6894:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6824:
6822:
6818:Espionage and
6816:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6769:Andrew Thorpe
6767:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6747:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6664:Gabriel Kolko
6662:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6629:Fred Halliday
6627:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6614:Lloyd Gardner
6612:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6574:Norman Davies
6572:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6559:John Costello
6557:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6526:
6524:
6520:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6500:
6498:
6494:Technological
6492:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6473:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6464:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6452:
6448:
6447:
6445:
6441:
6435:
6434:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6422:
6418:
6416:
6415:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6403:
6399:
6397:
6396:
6392:
6390:
6389:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6379:
6377:
6375:Pro-communist
6373:
6370:
6366:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6306:
6304:
6302:Organizations
6300:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6171:
6169:
6165:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6133:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6116:Eurocommunism
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6098:
6096:
6094:
6090:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6047:
6044:
6043:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6028:
6026:
6024:
6020:
6017:
6013:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5946:Domino theory
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5928:
5926:
5922:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5900:South Ossetia
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5877:
5875:
5873:
5869:
5863:
5860:
5856:
5853:
5852:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5807:
5805:
5801:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5694:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5684:8888 Uprising
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5629:IranâIraq War
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5594:Falklands War
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5558:
5555:
5554:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5520:
5518:
5514:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5457:NDF Rebellion
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5437:German Autumn
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5417:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5324:Metapolitefsi
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5219:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5164:
5162:
5158:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5125:
5122:
5121:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5093:
5088:
5086:
5085:Prague Spring
5083:
5079:
5076:
5075:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5063:Al-Wadiah War
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5028:12-3 incident
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4957:
4954:
4953:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4871:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4833:
4830:
4829:
4828:
4825:
4821:
4818:
4817:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4787:
4785:
4781:
4775:
4772:
4768:
4765:
4764:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4707:
4702:
4699:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4672:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4625:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4607:Domino theory
4605:
4603:
4602:Petrov Affair
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4539:
4537:
4533:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4510:
4507:
4506:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4479:Madiun Affair
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4439:Marshall Plan
4437:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4419:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4347:
4342:
4340:
4339:
4334:
4332:
4331:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4308:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4288:
4283:
4281:
4280:
4275:
4274:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4243:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4196:
4192:
4190:
4189:
4188:United States
4185:
4184:
4181:
4177:
4170:
4165:
4163:
4158:
4156:
4151:
4150:
4147:
4135:
4133:
4126:
4120:
4119:
4115:
4113:
4112:
4108:
4106:
4105:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4089:
4081:
4080:
4079:
4074:
4073:
4072:
4071:Yemeni crisis
4069:
4067:
4066:
4062:
4060:
4059:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4041:
4040:
4036:
4035:
4034:
4033:
4032:
4027:
4023:
4022:
4018:
4016:
4015:
4011:
4010:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3994:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3976:
3973:
3972:
3971:
3970:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3953:
3949:
3947:
3946:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3935:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3913:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3886:
3882:
3881:
3879:
3875:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3837:
3836:
3832:
3831:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3819:
3818:IranâIraq War
3815:
3814:
3812:
3808:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3785:
3782:
3781:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3769:NDF Rebellion
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3749:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3718:
3712:
3709:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3690:
3689:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3657:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3634:
3633:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3617:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3561:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3528:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3514:
3513:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3458:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3402:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3356:
3350:
3347:
3343:
3342:United States
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3250:
3249:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3233:
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3208:
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3199:
3189:
3187:9780857713735
3183:
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3128:
3123:
3116:
3111:
3093:
3086:
3072:. p. 116
3068:
3061:
3053:
3051:9780520921245
3047:
3043:
3039:
3034:
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3027:
3026:Makiya, Kanan
3021:
3019:
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3009:
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2915:9780857713735
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2815:Batatu, Hanna
2810:
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2769:
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2750:
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2739:
2732:
2725:. p. 87.
2721:
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2704:9780801431685
2700:
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2579:(1): 98â125.
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2463:9780195333381
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2416:9781538102398
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2389:9780857713087
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2352:9780307455628
2348:
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2325:. p. 9.
2324:
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2301:9780520928251
2297:
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2053:
2047:
2043:
2036:
2029:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2009:(1): 98â125.
2008:
2004:
2000:
1993:
1979:
1975:
1974:Komer, Robert
1969:
1962:
1957:
1949:
1947:9780520921245
1943:
1939:
1934:
1933:
1927:
1926:Makiya, Kanan
1921:
1912:
1905:
1900:
1893:
1887:
1880:
1875:
1873:
1866:, p. 59.
1865:
1860:
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1849:
1847:9780804773591
1843:
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1828:
1826:
1824:
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1811:9780520921245
1807:
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1786:Makiya, Kanan
1781:
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1664:Batatu, Hanna
1661:
1660:
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1648:9781108107556
1644:
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1262:to President
1261:
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550:
549:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
522:IranâIraq War
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
504:
503:
499:
498:
492:
491:
483:
479:
477:
474:
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371:
367:
363:
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347:
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341:
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333:
331:
327:
322:
321:Organisations
317:
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308:
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301:
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296:
292:
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286:
281:
272:
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229:
219:
217:
205:
200:
190:
189:
184:
178:
174:
164:
163:
162:
161:United States
150:
149:Supported by:
143:
142:
139:
129:
123:
120:
119:
116:
106:
105:
100:
91:
87:
85:
82:Overthrow of
81:
80:
79:
76:
73:
72:
68:
64:
61:
60:
56:
53:
52:
48:
42:
37:
34:
33:Arab Cold War
30:
25:
20:
10449:1963 in Iraq
10360:Pan-Islamism
10238:
10231:
10224:
10124:Ba'ath Party
10001:Ameen Rihani
9861:Jassem Alwan
9856:Michel Aflaq
9741:
9712:Algerian War
9638:Iraqi Revolt
9384:
9179:
9161:
9154:
9094:Anti-Zionism
8707:Armed groups
8651:Popular Army
8629:Paramilitary
8402:Organization
8201:
7936:Muhsen Bilal
7639:Munif Razzaz
7559:Michel Aflaq
7481:Isam al-Qadi
7438:Munif Razzaz
7350:
7306:Michel Aflaq
7290:Munif Razzaz
7285:Michel Aflaq
7130:
7095:Michel Aflaq
7057:Predecessors
7024:
7015:
6928:Brinkmanship
6820:intelligence
6709:Marius Oprea
6659:Harvey Klehr
6589:Herbert Feis
6579:Willem Drees
6544:Archie Brown
6461:
6449:
6431:
6421:Trybuna Ludu
6419:
6412:
6408:Radio Moscow
6400:
6393:
6386:
6214:Anti-Zionism
6130:
6053:Keynesianism
6041:Conservatism
5905:Transnistria
5885:China-Taiwan
5542:Gera Demands
5415:
5216:
5091:
4910:
4896:El Porteñazo
4790:Congo Crisis
4705:
4640:Algerian War
4623:
4499:Western Bloc
4494:Eastern Bloc
4489:Iron Curtain
4345:
4337:
4329:
4306:
4286:
4278:
4195:Soviet Union
4193:
4186:
4129:
4116:
4109:
4102:
4076:
4075:
4063:
4056:
4037:
4029:
4028:
4019:
4012:
3967:
3950:
3943:
3911:
3883:
3833:
3816:
3746:
3686:
3661:
3654:
3630:
3524:
3510:
3468:World War II
3466:
3302:
3246:
3167:
3159:
3148:. Retrieved
3134:
3122:
3110:
3099:. Retrieved
3085:
3074:. Retrieved
3060:
3031:
3003:
2991:
2979:
2970:
2952:
2946:
2937:
2924:
2901:
2895:
2886:
2868:
2862:
2818:
2789:
2780:
2768:
2756:
2747:
2741:
2731:
2713:
2685:
2640:
2636:
2626:
2607:
2601:
2576:
2572:
2541:
2516:
2512:
2478:
2472:
2449:
2443:
2431:
2420:
2402:
2393:
2375:
2366:
2356:
2338:
2326:
2320:
2305:
2287:
2278:
2260:
2251:
2231:
2227:
2215:
2197:
2188:
2159:
2155:
2123:
2117:
2108:
2080:
2074:
2064:
2055:
2041:
2035:
2026:
2006:
2002:
1992:
1981:. Retrieved
1968:
1956:
1931:
1920:
1911:
1899:
1886:
1833:
1791:
1768:
1740:
1734:
1667:
1634:
1611:
1604:Bibliography
1580:
1575:
1563:
1553:
1548:
1526:Hanna Batatu
1523:
1504:
1474:
1442:Robert Komer
1427:
1419:
1409:
1404:
1373:Hashim Jawad
1366:
1360:
1354:
1342:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1274:
1270:
1260:Robert Komer
1256:
1251:
1221:
1207:
1202:
1191:
1179:
1175:
1151:
1139:Ba'ath Party
1120:
1108:
1084:Ba'ath Party
1080:Iraqi branch
1075:
1071:
1067:
1065:
560: /
546:
532:UN sanctions
506:
500:
402:Michel Aflaq
350:Ba'ath Party
148:
138:Ba'ath Party
102:Belligerents
77:
27:Part of the
10054:Arab Ba'ath
9976:Salah Jadid
9833:Arabization
9680:Six-Day War
9675:Suez Crisis
9621:Arab Revolt
9600:Pan-Arabism
9139:Vanguardism
9114:Pan-Arabism
8744:Snake Party
8530:South Yemen
8361:Imad Khamis
8106:Salim Yasin
8026:Imad Khamis
8001:Salah Jadid
7986:Hilal Hilal
7981:Salim Hatum
7946:Ahmad Diyab
7871:Tahir Yahya
7629:Salah Jadid
7609:Elias Farah
7486:Rakad Salem
7460:Assem Qanso
7064:Arab Ba'ath
6754:Shen Zhihua
6564:Michael Cox
6496:competition
6443:Pro-Western
6433:Soviet Life
6359:Safari Club
6329:Warsaw Pact
6184:Nationalism
6174:Imperialism
6073:Reaganomics
5936:Containment
5729:Perestroika
5218:Realpolitik
5048:Six-Day War
5033:Greek junta
4844:Berlin Wall
4692:Suez Crisis
4660:Vietnam War
4547:McCarthyism
4362:Baruch Plan
4307:Unthinkable
4267:Dekemvriana
4206:Warsaw Pact
4132:World War I
3590:Suez Crisis
3537:Suez Crisis
3266:Arab Revolt
3248:World War I
3176:. pp.
3174:I.B. Tauris
3127:Gibson 2015
3115:Gibson 2015
3008:Citino 2017
2996:Citino 2017
2984:Citino 2017
2906:I.B. Tauris
2873:I.B. Tauris
2773:Gibson 2015
2761:Gibson 2015
2546:Citino 2017
2436:Gibson 2015
2380:I.B. Tauris
2335:Weiner, Tim
2322:Democratiya
2166:: 235â253.
1961:Citino 2017
1904:Citino 2017
1894:Television.
1879:Gibson 2015
1864:Gibson 2015
1555:âPresident
1531:Jasim Alwan
1411:âPresident
1152:Gradually,
998:Pan-Arabism
960:2002–
947:1970–
934:1966–
427:Salah Jadid
374:1966–
330:Arab Ba'ath
10408:Categories
10218:Literature
9911:Tariq Aziz
9828:Arab world
9823:Arab Union
9752:Dhofar War
9148:Literature
9134:Secularism
9022:in Lebanon
8575:Newspapers
8520:Mauritania
8474:Mauritania
8341:Adel Safar
7741:Tariq Aziz
7351:(de facto)
7261:Leadership
7170:Post-split
6522:Historians
6513:Space Race
6414:Rudé pråvo
6368:Propaganda
6224:Neo-Nazism
6194:Chauvinism
6148:Trotskyism
6063:Monetarism
6031:Liberalism
6023:Capitalism
6015:Ideologies
5966:Ostpolitik
5689:Solidarity
5654:Toyota War
5557:Solidarity
5414:Operation
5369:Ogaden War
5058:Dhofar War
4946:Shifta War
4704:Operation
4552:Korean War
4344:Operation
4336:Operation
4328:Operation
4305:Operation
4285:Operation
4277:Operation
3150:2017-07-10
3101:2020-05-29
3076:2020-05-29
3040:. p.
2693:. p.
2110:cataloged.
1983:2017-05-01
1892:Al-Jazeera
1800:. p.
1714:References
1469:See also:
1240:See also:
1186:Abu Ghraib
1117:Background
766:Mauritania
465:Literature
261:100 killed
10251:Symbolism
9595:Nasserism
9590:Ba'athism
9173:Symbolism
9129:Saddamism
9109:Ba'athism
8592:Al-Thawra
8582:Al-Ba'ath
8525:Palestine
8479:Palestine
8202:(interim)
7474:Palestine
7278:Pre-split
7199:Arab Belt
7109:Pre-split
6809:Ken Young
6654:Tony Judt
6503:Arms race
6476:Red Scare
6344:NN States
6289:Apartheid
6244:Autocracy
6153:Stalinism
6121:Guevarism
6111:Castroism
6101:Communism
6093:Socialism
5619:Star Wars
5212:Koza riot
4338:Beleaguer
4330:Masterdom
3180:, 85â87.
2798:0040-781X
2665:159490612
2657:1471-6380
2593:0145-2096
2533:0145-2096
2343:Doubleday
2265:Routledge
2248:1467-7709
2202:Routledge
2180:157328042
2164:Routledge
2105:159490612
2097:1471-6380
2023:0145-2096
1765:159490612
1757:0020-7438
1537:Aftermath
1511:Nasserist
1003:Saddamism
993:Nasserism
883:pro-Syria
862:pro-Syria
841:pro-Syria
820:pro-Syria
799:pro-Syria
787:Palestine
778:pro-Syria
741:pro-Syria
704:pro-Syria
683:pro-Syria
662:pro-Syria
641:pro-Syria
620:pro-Syria
303:Ba'athism
264:80 killed
124:loyalists
10393:Category
10335:Islamism
10044:Al-Fatat
9811:Concepts
9578:Ideology
9082:Ideology
8885:Ahd Bloc
7088:Founders
6961:Timeline
6951:Category
6896:See also
6388:Izvestia
6229:Islamism
6126:Hoxhaism
6001:Rollback
5880:Abkhazia
5820:Gulf War
5724:Glasnost
5094:incident
4864:Sand War
4722:Ifni War
4231:Rio Pact
4176:Cold War
3945:Iraq War
3028:(1998).
2817:(1978).
2743:BBC News
2337:(2008).
1928:(1998).
1788:(1998).
1666:(1978).
1587:See also
1481:Mongolia
1344:Al-Ahram
1222:de facto
1137:and the
1131:Pan-Arab
1074:and the
878:pro-Iraq
857:pro-Iraq
836:pro-Iraq
815:pro-Iraq
794:pro-Iraq
773:pro-Iraq
757:pro-Iraq
736:pro-Iraq
720:pro-Iraq
699:pro-Iraq
678:pro-Iraq
657:pro-Iraq
636:pro-Iraq
615:pro-Iraq
537:Iraq War
527:Gulf War
295:a series
293:Part of
62:Location
31:and the
29:Cold War
10484:Ramadan
10039:Al-Awda
9614:History
9010:Unified
9005:Bakdash
8832:Current
8796:Al-Awda
8550:History
8515:Lebanon
8489:Tunisia
8464:Lebanon
8437:Bahrain
8432:Algeria
7547:of the
7544:Members
7453:Lebanon
7192:Members
7045:History
6451:Amerika
6334:Comecon
6219:Fascism
6209:Zionism
6158:Titoism
5699:Contras
5167:DĂ©tente
4444:Comecon
3337:Revolts
1559:, 1963.
1415:, 1963.
1335:Kurdish
1195:Shi'ite
1082:of the
962:present
949:present
936:present
850:Tunisia
729:Lebanon
629:Bahrain
608:Algeria
495:History
376:present
177:alleged
8878:Former
8510:Jordan
8459:Jordan
7426:Jordan
6402:Pravda
6204:Racism
6143:Maoism
5895:Kosovo
5416:Condor
5092:Pueblo
5078:May 68
4706:Gladio
4624:Tuapse
4287:Jungle
4279:Priboi
3184:
3048:
2963:
2912:
2879:
2829:
2796:
2701:
2663:
2655:
2614:
2591:
2531:
2485:
2460:
2413:
2386:
2349:
2298:
2271:
2246:
2208:
2178:
2130:
2103:
2095:
2057:place.
2048:
2021:
1944:
1844:
1808:
1763:
1755:
1678:
1645:
1622:
1438:napalm
1331:Soviet
713:Kuwait
692:Jordan
390:People
201:
158:
74:Result
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