584:, a bridge described as "of wonderful workmanship." He cleared and levelled the Palace Green in Durham between the castle and the cathedral. While the chroniclers mainly condemned Ranulf for his morals, his own cathedral chapter held him in high esteem because of his building activities and his defence of the rights of Durham. Although he usurped some of the income of the cathedral chapter, the money from those rights was used to complete the cathedral rebuilding, and later restored the income to the monks as well as increasing the endowment. At his death, the cathedral walls were complete up to "the covering", which probably means the vault instead of the roof.
255:
192:
542:
3625:
494:. After Robert's defeat by Henry at Tinchebray in 1106, the bishop was among the first to make his peace with Henry, and returned to Durham. He retired from political life. Henry had already replaced him with Roger of Salisbury an able financier who was infinitely more acceptable to the nation. Although some historians have theorised that Ranulf's time in Normandy was as an agent of Henry, it appears that Ranulf was mainly looking out for his own interests and those of his family.
447:
3757:
599:
Thomas of
Lisieux, who also held the see of Lisieux, right after his uncle. Like his uncle, he may have been appointed as a placeholder to allow his father to appropriate the revenues of Lisieux. Ranulf's mistress was an Englishwoman named Alveva or Ælfgifu, who was the mother of at least two of his sons. Alveva's sons were Ranulf, who was an archdeacon, and Elias. When Ranulf became bishop, he married her to a
3767:
458:
to escape from it. According to
Orderic, friends smuggled to Ranulf a rope in a flagon of wine, he gave the drink to his guards, and after they were drunk and asleep, climbed down the rope to escape. His friends had arranged a ship to transport Ranulf, some of the bishop's treasure, and the bishop's elderly mother to Normandy. He took refuge across the
241:, whom he had formerly served in the chancery. Some sources call him "almost illiterate", but this probably meant he was not formally educated in the liberal arts. His work in the chancery and as an administrator would have required knowledge of Latin. He also served as the keeper of the king's seal from about 1085. Once, while he was travelling in the
628:
While he was efficient in collecting the royal revenues, he was generous to his own men and, later in life, gave liberally to the poor. His crozier and signet ring were found in his grave, and they were rather plain. An oddity of his grave was that he was buried on top of a layer of charcoal that was laid over alternating layers of lime and dirt.
179:. Ranulf became a leading advisor to Robert, and assisted in his unsuccessful invasion of England, an attempt to oust Henry from the throne. The brothers reconciled, but although Ranulf was restored to office he spent the next few years in Normandy, returning only after Henry had defeated Robert at the
457:
At the succession of King Henry I, the new king imprisoned Ranulf in the Tower of London on 15 August 1100 on charges of embezzlement. His custodian, William de
Mandeville, allowed the bishop to escape on 3 February 1101. Flambard was not only the first inmate at the castle, but also the first person
307:
At
Christchurch, Ranulf reduced the number of canons serving the church from 25 to 13 by not replacing clerks who died. Ranulf kept the revenues that would have gone to the missing canons and used them to rebuild the church. Some medieval sources claim that in rebuilding the church at Twynham, he not
598:
One of Ranulf's brothers was
Fulcher, who was Bishop of Lisieux in 1101. Another brother was Osbern, who was a royal clerk for Rufus, and the last brother was Geoffrey. Fulcher may have been appointed bishop to enable Ranulf to exploit the see while Ranulf was in exile in Normandy. Ranulf had a son,
232:
Ranulf acquired the reputation of an able financier and administrator and helped to increase the royal revenues. He appears to have played an important part in the compilation of the
Domesday survey, perhaps even the main orchestrator of the project. Domesday Book gives his profession as a clerk and
631:
Ranulf's reputation has suffered because of the hostility of the monastic chroniclers to both himself and to Rufus. Many chroniclers decried his financial ruthlessness and his lax morals. Orderic described Ranulf's career as "addicted to feasts and carousals and lusts; cruel and ambitious, prodigal
486:
on 2 August 1101 to renounce his claim to the
English throne. Although no chronicler mentions Ranulf being present at Alton, he probably was there. Ranulf was pardoned in the treaty and restored to his bishopric, but he chose to stay with Robert for five more years. Some historians, including C. W.
365:
and judging court cases. William of
Malmesbury, in describing Ranulf's financial efforts, said that he "skinned the rich, ground the down the poor, and swept other men's inheritances into his net." Orderic said that Ranulf planned to revise the survey of England, almost certainly Domesday Book, and
311:
As chief financial administrator, Ranulf bore the brunt of the chronicler's condemnations for extortion and efforts to increase royal revenues. Besides attempts to increase the efficiency of collection and the rate of taxation, Ranulf created new methods of raising money. One of his new measures in
245:
estuary with the seal, he was captured by pirates. He prevented the capture of the seal by throwing it into the sea. Although he served
William the Conqueror, he does not attest a single genuine charter or writ of William's, which implies he was not a leading servant. When King William died and his
623:
helped to hold the diocese of Durham loyal to
Stephen. Other nephews were Osbert, who was sheriff of Durham, and Robert, Richard, and William who held fiefs. Unrelated to Ranulf, William of Corbeil became one of Ranulf's household clerks and was eventually elected Archbishop of Canterbury in 1123.
353:
for the bishopric. He was given ecclesiastical jurisdiction over Carlisle and Cumbria because his predecessors had done so as bishops of Lindisfarne, but he only exercised this for a short time, as after the accession of Henry I jurisdiction over these areas was transferred to the diocese of York.
627:
Ranulf died on 5 September 1128. He was buried in his chapter house in Durham, where his tomb was opened in 1874. His skeleton is still extant, and examination of it reveals that he would have been about 5 ft 9 in (1.75 m) tall. He was fond of clothes and was always richly dressed.
151:
Under Rufus, Ranulf continued to hold the king's seal, and also became involved in the financial administration of the kingdom, where he quickly made a name for himself by his novel methods of raising revenue. He was given custody of a number of vacant ecclesiastical offices, administering at one
481:
says that Ranulf "had to provide the strategic vision and energy that Duke Robert lacked", and other historians have agreed that Ranulf's arrival was the catalyst to Curthose's ability to mount an invasion. Ranulf was in charge of organising transport for the duke's invasion of England, and also
437:
are still surviving. He started building the church at Christchurch at Twynham, which he had been granted by Rufus. After Rufus' death, the church was confiscated from Ranulf, and building work ceased. The crypts and transepts of the current church, however, date from Ranulf's construction work.
501:
over whether or not Thomas should profess obedience to Anselm. Because Anselm refused to consecrate Thomas without a profession, and Thomas refused to profess, Thomas was unable to consecrate bishops himself. Ranulf wrote to Anselm, asking that he might act as Thomas' surrogate and consecrate
533:, the papal legate to England, visited Durham to investigate charges against the bishop. Medieval chroniclers told the story that the legate was much taken with Ranulf's niece, and after sleeping with the girl, took no action on the charges against Ranulf. The story is unlikely to be true.
611:, and Christina is said to have rebuffed the bishop's attempts to seduce her in 1114. Alveva and Ranulf's son Elias held a prebend at London and was a royal clerk under Henry I. Ranulf's son Ralf was parson of Middleham and held a prebend at London too. He was a member of Archbishop
215:
of King William I, Odo's half-brother. He stood out amongst the other clerks for his intelligence and his good looks. His nickname, Flambard, means torch-bearer, incendiary or devouring flame; and may have been given to him for his high-spirited personality.
325:. Another innovation was the attempt to collect a relief, much like the relief due from vassals at the death of an overlord, from the under-tenants of church lands when the church office changed hands. This attempt came at the death of
636:, while Ranulf was in exile, describing Ranulf as "a rent collector of the worst possible reputation." William of Malmesbury said that Flambard was a "plunderer of the rich, destroyer of the poor". Victorian historians, including
487:
Hollister, see the treaty as mainly Ranulf's work, as mainly an attempt to salvage his ecclesiastical career in England, along with a displacement of Ranulf from being the chief councillor of Curthose to merely being one of many.
510:. In September 1108, Anselm wrote to Ranulf forbidding anyone but Thomas or Anselm himself to consecrate Thurgot or any other bishops. Later, Ranulf tried to bribe King Henry to take Thomas' side. Thurgot had been prior of the
336:
for himself in May 1099, being consecrated on 5 June 1099. He had been the custodian of the see since the death of the previous bishop in early 1096. At his consecration, he managed to avoid giving a profession of obedience to
320:
that each man had been given by their district for maintenance. Ranulf then spent the money on mercenaries. Ranulf also actively pressed lawsuits, including bringing suit against Anselm on the day of Anselm's consecration as
228:
told the pope that the nickname came from Ranulf's cruelty, which Anselm likened to a consuming flame. Orderic went on to claim that Ranulf was "educated from boyhood with base parasites among the hangers-on of the court".
316:, or English militia, was assembled to fight in Normandy against the king's brother Robert Curthose. When all the men had assembled, instead of sending them to Normandy, Ranulf dismissed them, after collecting the 10
426:. There are also signs during Ranulf's administration of resident justices in the counties who held courts for the king. Itinerant justices were probably also used to hear pleas that were reserved to the crown.
171:. Ranulf was a convenient scapegoat for the financial extortions of Rufus's reign. He became the first prisoner to escape from the Tower and went into exile in Normandy with Rufus's and Henry's older brother
183:. Ranulf subsequently retired from political life, with only occasional appearances in public. He remained active in ecclesiastical affairs, attending councils and working to defend the rights of his see.
429:
While administering England for Rufus, Ranulf also supervised construction projects. Under his management, the first stone bridge in London was constructed. Ranulf also built a wall around the
357:
It has been suggested that Ranulf may have been the first Justiciar of all England (or chief justiciar), although he never held the title and it is not clear if his power was as extensive as
576:; and endowed the collegiate church of Christchurch, Hampshire. He built or expanded other churches, including the one at Christchurch in Hampshire which he had endowed, and St. Martin's in
3249:
332:
Ranulf administered for the king a large proportion of the vacant ecclesiastical offices. He personally managed sixteen abbeys or bishoprics. Eventually he obtained the wealthy
246:
lands were split between his elder son Robert Curthose, who received Normandy, and the third son, William Rufus, who received England, Ranulf chose to serve Rufus in England.
2826:
Turner, Ralph V. (April 1990). "Changing Perceptions of the New Administrative Class in Anglo-Norman and Angevin England: The Curiales and Their Conservative Critics".
482:
secured the defection of some of Henry's ships, thus allowing the fleet to land safely. Robert invaded England in July 1101 along with Ranulf, but Robert agreed at the
644:
in 1933. The historian David Bates felt that he, along with his successor Roger of Salisbury, "were essentially the chief managers of the king's finance and justice".
3284:
587:
Ranulf attracted scholars to his household and reformed the administration of the diocese by dividing it into archdeaconries. Ranulf oversaw the translation of
3647:
3314:
3148:
3670:
3344:
3289:
329:
in 1095, when the king sent writs to the free tenants of the bishop, setting the amount of relief owed to the king. This attempt was not repeated, however.
156:
of England. During Rufus's reign, Ranulf supervised the construction of the first stone bridge in London and oversaw the construction of the king's hall at
4478:
4473:
3203:
521:, the archbishop-elect of York, as a priest in 1115, although Thurstan had to wait for consecration as bishop for another four years. Ranulf attended the
366:
that he planned to use that revised survey to confiscate all excess holdings over a certain amount. If this was really planned, it was never carried out.
3319:
3279:
3213:
3153:
3128:
3123:
640:, vilified Ranulf, and Freeman especially held that Ranulf was a "malignant genius". Modern historians have embraced a more moderate view, starting with
4518:
3269:
3223:
3188:
3183:
3163:
3143:
3664:
3339:
3299:
3274:
3742:
3304:
3133:
3078:
140:, Normandy, and his nickname Flambard means incendiary or torch-bearer, and may have referred to his personality. He started his career under King
148:
of 1086, as well as being the keeper of the king's seal. On the death of William I, Ranulf chose to serve the new king of England, William Rufus.
3198:
607:, but remained on good terms with both Alveva and her spouse, often staying with them when he travelled away from Durham. Alveva was the aunt of
3309:
2774:. British Archaeological Association Conference Transactions for the year 1977. Leeds, UK: British Archaeological Association. pp. 20–36.
2263:. British Archaeological Association Conference Transactions for the year 1977. Leeds, UK: British Archaeological Association. pp. 11–19.
632:
to his own adherents, but rapacious in seizing the goods of other men". Besides the chroniclers, Archbishop Anselm of Canterbury wrote to Pope
3676:
4503:
2679:
462:
with Henry's brother Robert Curthose, where he became one of the duke's principal advisors. King Henry dispossessed Ranulf of his lands at
3803:
497:
In 1108, Ranulf was dragged into the middle of the ongoing dispute between Archbishop Anselm and the newly appointed Archbishop of York,
224:
gave the nickname to Ranulf, because Robert resented the fact that Ranulf, though of low birth, ordered the nobility around. Archbishop
4528:
4483:
3693:
4498:
3770:
3110:
361:
in the following reign. He ran the government of England while Rufus was fighting in Normandy, not only raising money, but issuing
290:
and was a prebendary of London and Lincoln. He was still keeper of the king's seal, and also may have been in charge of the royal
2529:
The Monastic Order in England: A History of its Development from the Times of St. Dunstan to the Fourth Lateran Council, 940–1216
2337:
Dawtry, Anne (1982). "The Benedictine Revival in the North: The Last Bulwark of Anglo-Saxon Monasticism". In Mews, Stuart (ed.).
619:, who was one of Ranulf's clerks. One of Ranulf's nephews, Ralf, was archdeacon of Northumberland and during the reign of King
2327:
3071:
3874:
514:
at Durham, but had disagreed with Ranulf, who arranged for him to be elected to St Andrew's as a solution to the quarrel.
4250:
470:
deposed him from his bishopric. The Archbishop of Canterbury, Anselm arranged for Flambard's trial in a papal court for
3168:
3960:
3193:
2919:
2896:
2874:
2760:
2669:
2647:
2628:
2574:
2555:
2536:
2514:
2495:
2473:
2454:
2377:
2358:
2288:
2237:
2215:
2193:
2171:
2149:
2127:
411:
204:
3796:
3760:
3064:
2619:
Moore, R. I. (2001). "Ranulf Flambard and Christina of Markyate". In Gameson, Richard; Leyser, Henrietta (eds.).
234:
4508:
3999:
4523:
4299:
3582:
326:
3994:
434:
4118:
3730:
2924:
2770:
Snape, M. G. (1980). "Documentary Evidence for the Building of Durham Cathedral and its Monastic Buildings".
2413:
477:
As Robert's advisor, Ranulf pressed the duke to dispute Henry's claim to the crown of England. The historian
433:
in London, enclosing the inner ward. A new hall at Westminster was also built, of which the outside walls of
430:
207:. Ranulf was probably born about 1060, as he was close to 70 when he died in 1128. Originally he worked for
4463:
3703:
490:
Robert rewarded Ranulf for his advice during the invasion by entrusting him with the administration of the
254:
4488:
2203:
467:
233:
records him holding land in a number of counties. Before the death of the old king he became chaplain to
4493:
3789:
3708:
3173:
2828:
2789:
212:
2395:. Vol. 2: Monastic Cathedrals (Northern and Southern Provinces). Institute of Historical Research
152:
point sixteen vacant bishoprics or abbeys. His many duties have led to him being considered the first
4513:
4425:
4240:
4013:
2722:
2488:
Domesday People: A Prosopography of Persons Occurring in English Documents, 1066–1166: Domesday Book
4309:
3894:
3572:
3567:
3547:
3390:
3349:
3259:
2884:
2346:
2315:
2181:
2159:
2137:
507:
478:
322:
3836:
296:. He is usually described as the chaplain of Rufus, but he is also called treasurer and sometimes
4395:
4329:
4319:
4304:
4287:
4245:
4184:
4174:
3930:
3879:
3869:
3864:
3725:
3557:
3532:
3522:
3506:
2524:
2225:
637:
588:
4420:
4365:
4280:
4260:
4220:
4189:
4078:
4048:
3955:
3950:
3925:
3909:
3904:
3884:
3552:
3087:
4324:
4159:
4113:
3945:
3935:
3899:
3889:
3736:
3577:
3476:
3416:
2483:
608:
346:
157:
133:
270:(figures), dating from about 1808. The walls date to Ranulf's construction work at the site.
4468:
4440:
4380:
4028:
3831:
3826:
3496:
3456:
3334:
3218:
3158:
3095:
3031:
2969:
Prestwich, J. O. (1994). "The Career of Ranulf Flambard". In Rollason; et al. (eds.).
2915:
2867:
Anselm of Bec and Robert of Meulan: The Innocence of the Dove and the Wisdom of the Serpent
580:. The first stone bridge at Durham was completed by his instruction in 1120, the so-called
561:
399:
287:
279:
225:
180:
141:
49:
8:
4339:
3841:
3587:
3527:
3400:
3228:
2442:
2408:
581:
2426:
2388:
698:
Thurstan also refused to profess obedience to the Archbishop of Canterbury, who was now
615:
of Canterbury's household after 1138. Some of Ranulf's sons were educated at Laon under
4093:
3718:
3562:
3491:
3006:
2998:
2941:
2853:
2845:
2814:
2806:
2739:
2430:
699:
620:
616:
592:
423:
358:
342:
168:
2787:
Spear, David S. (Spring 1982). "The Norman Empire and the Secular Clergy, 1066–1204".
4235:
4144:
4103:
3598:
3542:
3178:
3010:
2892:
2870:
2857:
2818:
2775:
2756:
2743:
2708:
2665:
2657:
2643:
2624:
2570:
2551:
2532:
2510:
2491:
2469:
2450:
2373:
2354:
2323:
2303:
2284:
2276:
2264:
2233:
2211:
2189:
2167:
2145:
2123:
526:
511:
498:
491:
388:
267:
4334:
4270:
4215:
4108:
4098:
4058:
3984:
3812:
3698:
3537:
3466:
3451:
3441:
3411:
3365:
3264:
3038:
2990:
2978:
2933:
2837:
2798:
2731:
2593:
2422:
641:
557:
522:
451:
407:
380:
338:
333:
259:
238:
221:
176:
129:
106:
31:
2611:
4405:
4375:
4360:
4154:
4149:
4073:
3989:
3848:
3610:
3471:
3436:
3431:
3380:
3294:
3138:
3022:
633:
612:
600:
591:'s relics to a new tomb in a lavish ceremony. He was also a patron to the hermit
483:
459:
370:
283:
217:
172:
164:
4400:
4390:
4370:
4255:
4225:
4179:
4169:
4164:
4139:
4053:
4038:
3854:
3713:
3592:
3461:
3421:
3395:
3329:
3324:
3056:
3048:
2953:
2259:
Carver, M. O. H. (1980). "Early Medieval Durham: the Archaeological Evidence".
712:
396:
350:
263:
191:
59:
2735:
2621:
Belief and Culture in the Middle Ages: Studies Presented to Henry Mayr-Harting
2597:
308:
only demolished the church he was replacing but nine others that were nearby.
4457:
4385:
4355:
4314:
4265:
4230:
4088:
4063:
4043:
3653:
3624:
3501:
3486:
3481:
3233:
3208:
2937:
2585:
2307:
2247:
569:
565:
546:
541:
530:
392:
208:
196:
145:
110:
2779:
2367:
2268:
122:
87:
4435:
4430:
4415:
4194:
4083:
4068:
3641:
3446:
3375:
3254:
2700:
550:
415:
384:
242:
2712:
4275:
3385:
573:
446:
313:
292:
711:
This was probably a timber and earth castle and was rebuilt in stone by
4410:
4294:
3605:
3426:
3370:
3002:
2956:(1930). "A Contemporary Record of the Pontificate of Ranulf Flambard".
604:
275:
2945:
2849:
2810:
2531:(Second reprint ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
2434:
2228:(1981). "The Origins of the Justiciarship". In Brown, R. Allen (ed.).
304:. William of Malmesbury calls him the "manager of the whole kingdom".
2705:
The Governance of Mediaeval England: From the Conquest to Magna Carta
2372:(Third revised ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
375:
153:
3781:
2994:
2720:
Rose, R. K. (1982). "Cumbrian Society and the Anglo-Norman Church".
383:
in carrying out royal judgements. On one occasion, they, along with
203:
Ranulf was a Norman and the son of Thurstin, a parish priest in the
3859:
2841:
2802:
518:
422:. These men are sometimes considered by historians to be the first
403:
317:
2300:
An Introduction to the Administrative History of Mediaeval England
2142:
The English Church 1066–1154: A History of the Anglo-Norman Church
4023:
2981:(1933). "Ranulf Flambard and Early Anglo-Norman Administration".
1003:: Volume 2: Monastic Cathedrals (Northern and Southern Provinces)
503:
463:
126:
402:
to see that the abbey of Fecamp received custody of a church at
3965:
3940:
2230:
Proceedings of the Battle Conference on Anglo-Norman Studies IV
471:
137:
2698:
680:
The second son, Richard, had died about 1075 without children.
2753:
The Delimma of Arnulf of Lisieux: New Ideas versus Old Ideals
577:
395:
for taxes. On another occasion, they were ordered along with
2339:
Studies in Church History 18: Religion and National Identity
1054:
Quoted in Moore "Ranulf Flambard and Christina of Markyate"
163:
On the death of Rufus in 1100, Ranulf was imprisoned in the
2368:
Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (1996).
362:
2252:
Church, Kingship, and Lay Investiture in England 1089–1135
2623:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 231–235.
2232:. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. pp. 1–12, 167–171.
274:
Before the death of William the Conqueror, Ranulf held a
2750:
349:, a medieval chronicler, accused Ranulf of paying 1,000
160:. In 1099 he was rewarded with the bishopric of Durham.
2117:
689:
Among which were Chertsey, Canterbury, and New Minster.
2548:
A Constitutional and Legal History of Medieval England
2504:
2482:
2208:
England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings: 1075–1225
282:. Early in the reign of Rufus he held the offices of
2441:
1868:
Quoted in Dawtry "Benedictine Revival in the North"
16:
Bishop of Durham and royal official (c. 1060 – 1128)
2202:
724:
Fulcher's name has sometimes been given as William.
2656:
2411:(April 1973). "The Anglo-Norman Civil War: 1101".
2386:
2275:
545:Modern view from Durham Cathedral looking towards
2772:Medieval Art and Architecture at Durham Cathedral
2463:
2261:Medieval Art and Architecture at Durham Cathedral
2246:
564:, had begun; fortified Durham with a wall around
4455:
3086:
2968:
2869:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
2864:
2825:
2664:(Second ed.). Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.
2637:
2545:
2407:
2258:
2188:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
474:, and a papal decree was issued against Ranulf.
2977:
2952:
2786:
2583:
2302:(Third ed.). Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell.
132:and an influential government official of King
2973:. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. pp. 299–310.
2523:
2345:
2341:. Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell. pp. 87–98.
2297:
1967:
1965:
1183:
1181:
136:of England. Ranulf was the son of a priest of
3797:
3743:Surveyor of the Fabric of St Paul's Cathedral
3072:
2914:
2883:
2755:. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
2314:
2180:
2158:
2136:
1951:
1949:
1913:Spear "Norman Empire and the Secular Clergy"
125:1060 – 5 September 1128) was a medieval
2983:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
2769:
2662:From Domesday Book to Magna Carta, 1087–1216
2618:
2336:
2254:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
2224:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1425:
1423:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1285:
4479:12th-century English Roman Catholic bishops
4474:11th-century English Roman Catholic bishops
2719:
2564:
2122:(Third ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw Hill.
2069:
1991:
1962:
1893:
1891:
1864:
1862:
1833:
1794:
1781:
1742:
1703:
1555:
1518:
1516:
1220:
1178:
1113:
1061:
1011:
1009:
982:
980:
978:
920:
907:
881:
857:
855:
810:
808:
806:
804:
802:
788:
406:. Others who often worked with Ranulf were
3804:
3790:
3079:
3065:
2283:. Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell Publishers.
1973:England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings
1946:
1846:
1841:England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings
1802:England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings
1750:England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings
1724:England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings
1500:
1436:
1394:
1272:
1228:England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings
1139:
1087:
1074:
1043:Introduction to the Administrative History
868:
786:
784:
782:
780:
778:
776:
774:
772:
770:
768:
754:
752:
312:revenue collection came in 1094, when the
300:. Other times his role is given the title
4519:Escapees from England and Wales detention
2707:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
2056:
2043:
2017:
1909:
1907:
1755:
1729:
1690:
1677:
1651:
1638:
1594:
1581:
1568:
1542:
1529:
1487:
1462:
1420:
1407:
1368:
1350:
1298:
1259:
1207:
1152:
1035:
993:
828:
826:
824:
2449:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
2353:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
2094:
2030:
2004:
1933:
1888:
1859:
1820:
1768:
1664:
1625:
1612:
1513:
1449:
1246:
1194:
1126:
1100:
1048:
1006:
975:
861:Quoted in Turner "Changing Perceptions"
852:
799:
736:
540:
466:in 1101, and the new Archbishop of York
445:
253:
190:
4207:rulers of the County Palatine of Durham
4131:rulers of the County Palatine of Durham
2590:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2164:The Feudal Kingdom of England 1042–1216
2102:Proceedings of the Battle Conference IV
2090:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1875:
1337:
1324:
1311:
1233:
1022:
962:
958:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
894:
839:
765:
749:
4456:
2166:(Fourth ed.). New York: Longman.
1904:
1381:
952:
950:
948:
946:
944:
942:
940:
938:
936:
821:
220:, a medieval chronicler, records that
3811:
3785:
3060:
2550:(Second ed.). New York: Norton.
2320:The Normans: The History of a Dynasty
2100:Bates "Origins of the Justiciarship"
2082:
1978:
1415:Church, Kingship, and Lay Investiture
1108:Church, Kingship, and Lay Investiture
144:, probably in the compilation of the
3766:
2640:English Castles: A Guide by Counties
2393:Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300
1481:"Ranulf Flambard, Bishop of Durham"
1001:Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300
369:Ranulf often worked in concert with
345:, just as his predecessor had done.
4504:Recipients of English royal pardons
2889:The English and the Norman Conquest
2680:"Ranulf Flambard, Bishop of Durham"
2445:(2001). Frost, Amanda Clark (ed.).
2088:Quoted in Mason "Flambard, Ranulf"
2049:Hollister "Anglo-Norman Civil War"
1670:Hollister "Anglo-Norman Civil War"
1631:Hollister "Anglo-Norman Civil War"
1618:Hollister "Anglo-Norman Civil War"
1522:Hollister "Anglo-Norman Civil War"
933:
536:
249:
13:
2907:
2507:A Guide to Norman Sites in Britain
2351:Anglo-Saxon Art: A New Perspective
2322:. London: Hambledon & London.
2077:Anselm of Bec and Robert of Meulan
1698:Anselm of Bec and Robert of Meulan
1685:Anselm of Bec and Robert of Meulan
1646:Anselm of Bec and Robert of Meulan
1576:Anselm of Bec and Robert of Meulan
1550:Anselm of Bec and Robert of Meulan
1431:Anselm of Bec and Robert of Meulan
1215:Anselm of Bec and Robert of Meulan
14:
4540:
4529:Escapees from the Tower of London
4484:People from Calvados (department)
2751:Schriber, Carolyn Poling (1990).
2427:10.1093/ehr/LXXXVIII.CCCXLVII.315
4499:Prisoners in the Tower of London
3765:
3756:
3755:
3623:
2586:"Flambard, Ranulf (c.1060–1128)"
2505:Kerr, Mary; Kerr, Nigel (1984).
2118:Adams, Laurie Schneider (2001).
1345:Constitutional and Legal History
1332:Constitutional and Legal History
1030:Constitutional and Legal History
441:
199:, which Ranulf was involved with
3975:High Medieval Bishops of Durham
2567:William II: Rufus, the Red King
2210:. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.
2036:Carver "Early Medieval Durham"
1999:Governance of Mediaeval England
1920:
1807:
1716:
1475:
1267:Governance of Mediaeval England
1165:
718:
705:
692:
683:
674:
3250:Arnald Frangerius de Cantilupo
2920:"Ranulf Flambard and his Sons"
2490:. Ipswich, UK: Boydell Press.
2370:Handbook of British Chronology
2281:Anglo-Norman England 1066–1166
1189:Handbook of British Chronology
653:
556:Ranulf worked to complete the
1:
3169:William of Sainte-Mère-Église
2971:Anglo-Norman Durham 1093–1193
2925:The English Historical Review
2414:The English Historical Review
2110:
2038:Medieval Art and Architecture
1883:Medieval Art and Architecture
1881:Snape "Documentary Evidence"
327:Wulfstan, Bishop of Worcester
258:A drawing of the interior of
186:
3919:Bishops of Chester-le-Street
2612:UK public library membership
1957:Dilemma of Arnulf of Lisieux
1928:Dilemma of Arnulf of Lisieux
1870:Studies in Church History 18
1828:Domesday Book to Magna Carta
1457:Domesday Book to Magna Carta
760:Domesday Book to Magna Carta
730:
7:
2642:. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell.
2592:. Oxford University Press.
2468:. London: Pearson/Longman.
2387:Greenway, Diana E. (1971).
1069:English and Norman Conquest
999:Greenway "Durham: Bishops"
517:It was Ranulf who ordained
10:
4545:
3731:St Paul's Cathedral School
2891:. Ipswich: Boydell Press.
2829:Journal of British Studies
2790:Journal of British Studies
2464:Huscroft, Richard (2005).
1915:Journal of British Studies
863:Journal of British Studies
391:, reassessed the lands of
211:, but he soon entered the
4348:
4203:
4127:
4014:County Palatine of Durham
4008:
3974:
3918:
3819:
3751:
3686:
3632:
3621:
3515:
3358:
3242:
3103:
3094:
3045:
3036:
3028:
3021:
2865:Vaughn, Sally N. (1987).
2736:10.1017/S0424208400016089
2723:Studies in Church History
2638:Pettifer, Adrian (1995).
2546:Lyon, Bryce Dale (1980).
2051:English Historical Review
2025:Feudal Kingdom of England
1672:English Historical Review
1633:English Historical Review
1620:English Historical Review
1607:Feudal Kingdom of England
1524:English Historical Review
1363:Feudal Kingdom of England
1241:Studies in Church History
956:Mason "Flambard, Ranulf"
816:Feudal Kingdom of England
744:Feudal Kingdom of England
102:
94:
83:
78:
70:
65:
55:
45:
37:
30:
23:
3548:Henry Longueville Mansel
2686:. Historic Royal Palaces
2584:Mason, J. F. A. (2004).
2466:Ruling England 1042–1217
2120:A History of Western Art
2064:English Church 1066–1154
1899:English Church 1066–1154
1737:English Church 1066–1154
1472:pp. 116–117, pp. 133–134
1239:Rose "Cumbrian Society"
647:
323:Archbishop of Canterbury
3709:Old St Paul's Cathedral
3673:(Priest Vicar Chaplain)
3667:(Minor Canon Succentor)
3523:George Pretyman Tomline
2298:Chrimes, S. B. (1966).
560:which his predecessor,
424:Barons of the Exchequer
298:capitalis justicaiarius
4366:Henry Montagu Villiers
4286:Episcopacy abolished (
4221:Christopher Bainbridge
4049:William of St. Barbara
3820:Bishops of Lindisfarne
3553:Richard William Church
3023:Catholic Church titles
2938:10.1093/ehr/II.V.103-b
2569:. Stroud, UK: Tempus.
1997:Richardson and Sayles
1776:History of Western Art
1265:Richardson and Sayles
595:, whom he befriended.
553:
454:
271:
200:
4524:William II of England
4128:Late Medieval Bishops
4114:Robert of Holy Island
4009:High Medieval Bishops
3726:St Paul's Churchyard
3285:Richard de Kilvington
2598:10.1093/ref:odnb/9667
2484:Keats-Rohan, K. S. B.
2144:. New York: Longman.
609:Christina of Markyate
544:
525:in 1119 held by Pope
508:Bishop of St Andrew's
449:
347:William of Malmesbury
257:
194:
4381:Brooke Foss Westcott
4376:J. B. Lightfoot
4204:Early modern Bishops
4029:William de St-Calais
3497:Frederick Cornwallis
3457:Edward Stillingfleet
3219:Thomas Ingoldsthorpe
3159:Martin de Pattishall
3149:Gervase de Howbridge
3032:William de St-Calais
2958:Archaeologia Aeliana
2565:Mason, Emma (2005).
2443:Hollister, C. Warren
1854:Anglo-Norman England
1444:Anglo-Norman England
928:Anglo-Norman England
915:Anglo-Norman England
889:Anglo-Norman England
876:Anglo-Norman England
659:Sometimes known as
562:William de St-Calais
400:Bishop of Chichester
379:, or seneschal, and
280:diocese of Salisbury
226:Anselm of Canterbury
181:Battle of Tinchebray
167:by Rufus' successor
142:William I of England
50:William de St-Calais
4464:11th-century births
4349:Late modern Bishops
4340:William Van Mildert
3528:William Van Mildert
3345:Thomas Wynterbourne
3290:Walter de Alderbury
3229:William de Montfort
3088:St Paul's Cathedral
2699:Richardson, H. G.;
2509:. London: Granada.
2204:Bartlett, Robert C.
1378:caption to plate 22
1291:Quoted in Huscroft
582:Framwellgate Bridge
572:to help defend the
286:of Christchurch in
266:(architecture) and
222:Robert fitzThurstin
4509:Deans of St Paul's
4489:Normans in England
4094:Thomas de Melsonby
3737:St Paul's Survives
3644:(Canon Chancellor)
3563:William Ralph Inge
3204:Geoffrey de Fering
2658:Poole, Austin Lane
2277:Chibnall, Marjorie
1217:p. 329 footnote 83
1056:Belief and Culture
669:Ranulf Passiflamme
617:William de Corbeil
554:
455:
359:Roger of Salisbury
343:Archbishop of York
288:Twynham, Hampshire
272:
201:
169:Henry I of England
4494:Bishops of Durham
4449:
4448:
4431:N. T. Wright
4236:Cuthbert Tunstall
4145:Lewis de Beaumont
4104:Walter of Kirkham
3813:Bishops of Durham
3779:
3778:
3662:(Canon Treasurer)
3650:(Canon Precentor)
3619:
3618:
3599:Michael Colclough
3543:Henry Hart Milman
3320:Reginald Kentwood
3280:Gilbert de Bruera
3214:Hervey de Boreham
3179:Walter de Saleron
3174:Henry de Cornhill
3154:Robert de Watford
3129:Ralph de Langford
3124:William de Mareni
3055:
3054:
3046:Succeeded by
2985:. Fourth Series.
2960:. Fourth series.
2610:(subscription or
2389:"Durham: Bishops"
2329:978-1-85285-595-6
2248:Cantor, Norman F.
2075:Quoted in Vaughn
1561:Quoted in Crouch
715:, a later bishop.
512:cathedral chapter
389:Bishop of Lincoln
268:Thomas Rowlandson
205:diocese of Bayeux
116:
115:
4536:
4514:English escapees
4426:Michael Turnbull
4335:Shute Barrington
4271:George Montaigne
4241:James Pilkington
4216:William Senhouse
4208:
4132:
4109:Robert Stitchill
4099:Nicholas Farnham
4059:Philip of Poitou
4016:
3806:
3799:
3792:
3783:
3782:
3769:
3768:
3759:
3758:
3699:Christopher Wren
3671:Helen O'Sullivan
3627:
3538:Edward Copleston
3467:William Sherlock
3452:William Sancroft
3442:Matthew Nicholas
3412:Alexander Nowell
3366:Robert Sherborne
3270:Vitalis de Testa
3265:Roger Northburgh
3224:Roger de La Legh
3189:Peter de Newport
3184:Robert de Barton
3164:Geoffrey de Lucy
3144:Alard de Burnham
3101:
3100:
3081:
3074:
3067:
3058:
3057:
3039:Bishop of Durham
3029:Preceded by
3019:
3018:
3014:
2974:
2965:
2949:
2918:(January 1887).
2902:
2880:
2861:
2822:
2783:
2766:
2747:
2716:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2675:
2653:
2634:
2615:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2580:
2561:
2542:
2520:
2501:
2479:
2460:
2438:
2421:(347): 315–334.
2409:Hollister, C. W.
2404:
2402:
2400:
2383:
2364:
2342:
2333:
2311:
2294:
2272:
2255:
2243:
2221:
2199:
2177:
2155:
2133:
2105:
2098:
2092:
2086:
2080:
2073:
2067:
2060:
2054:
2047:
2041:
2034:
2028:
2021:
2015:
2008:
2002:
2001:p. 159 footnote7
1995:
1989:
1982:
1976:
1969:
1960:
1953:
1944:
1937:
1931:
1924:
1918:
1911:
1902:
1895:
1886:
1879:
1873:
1866:
1857:
1850:
1844:
1837:
1831:
1824:
1818:
1811:
1805:
1798:
1792:
1785:
1779:
1772:
1766:
1759:
1753:
1746:
1740:
1733:
1727:
1720:
1714:
1707:
1701:
1694:
1688:
1681:
1675:
1668:
1662:
1655:
1649:
1642:
1636:
1629:
1623:
1616:
1610:
1603:
1592:
1585:
1579:
1572:
1566:
1559:
1553:
1546:
1540:
1533:
1527:
1520:
1511:
1504:
1498:
1491:
1485:
1479:
1473:
1466:
1460:
1453:
1447:
1440:
1434:
1427:
1418:
1411:
1405:
1398:
1392:
1385:
1379:
1372:
1366:
1359:
1348:
1341:
1335:
1328:
1322:
1315:
1309:
1302:
1296:
1289:
1283:
1276:
1270:
1263:
1257:
1250:
1244:
1237:
1231:
1224:
1218:
1211:
1205:
1198:
1192:
1185:
1176:
1175:p. 613 footnote3
1169:
1163:
1156:
1150:
1143:
1137:
1130:
1124:
1117:
1111:
1104:
1098:
1091:
1085:
1078:
1072:
1065:
1059:
1052:
1046:
1039:
1033:
1026:
1020:
1013:
1004:
997:
991:
984:
973:
966:
960:
954:
931:
924:
918:
911:
905:
898:
892:
885:
879:
872:
866:
859:
850:
843:
837:
830:
819:
812:
797:
790:
763:
756:
747:
740:
725:
722:
716:
709:
703:
696:
690:
687:
681:
678:
672:
665:Ranulph Flambard
657:
642:Richard Southern
537:Death and legacy
523:Council of Reims
452:Durham Cathedral
435:Westminster Hall
408:Robert FitzHaimo
260:Westminster Hall
250:Work under Rufus
239:Bishop of London
177:Duke of Normandy
130:Bishop of Durham
107:Durham Cathedral
98:5 September 1128
79:Personal details
32:Bishop of Durham
21:
20:
4544:
4543:
4539:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4534:
4533:
4454:
4453:
4450:
4445:
4406:Maurice Harland
4361:Charles Longley
4344:
4310:Edward Chandler
4209:
4206:
4205:
4199:
4155:Thomas Hatfield
4150:Richard de Bury
4133:
4130:
4129:
4123:
4034:Ranulf Flambard
4017:
4011:
4010:
4004:
3970:
3914:
3815:
3810:
3780:
3775:
3747:
3719:St Paul's Cross
3682:
3665:Rosemary Morton
3663:
3634:
3628:
3615:
3611:Andrew Tremlett
3573:Martin Sullivan
3568:Walter Matthews
3511:
3472:Henry Godolphin
3437:Richard Steward
3432:Thomas Winniffe
3381:Richard Sampson
3354:
3350:William Worsley
3340:Roger Radclyffe
3300:John de Appleby
3295:Thomas Trilleck
3275:John de Everdon
3260:Richard Newport
3238:
3139:Ralph de Diceto
3116:Ranulf Flambard
3090:
3085:
3051:
3042:
3034:
3017:
2995:10.2307/3678666
2979:Southern, R. W.
2954:Craster, Edmund
2910:
2908:Further reading
2905:
2899:
2877:
2763:
2689:
2687:
2684:Tower of London
2678:
2672:
2650:
2631:
2609:
2602:
2600:
2577:
2558:
2539:
2517:
2498:
2476:
2457:
2398:
2396:
2380:
2361:
2330:
2291:
2240:
2218:
2196:
2174:
2152:
2130:
2113:
2108:
2099:
2095:
2087:
2083:
2074:
2070:
2061:
2057:
2048:
2044:
2035:
2031:
2022:
2018:
2009:
2005:
1996:
1992:
1986:Domesday People
1983:
1979:
1970:
1963:
1954:
1947:
1938:
1934:
1925:
1921:
1912:
1905:
1896:
1889:
1880:
1876:
1867:
1860:
1851:
1847:
1838:
1834:
1825:
1821:
1812:
1808:
1799:
1795:
1789:English Castles
1786:
1782:
1773:
1769:
1760:
1756:
1747:
1743:
1734:
1730:
1721:
1717:
1708:
1704:
1695:
1691:
1682:
1678:
1669:
1665:
1656:
1652:
1643:
1639:
1630:
1626:
1617:
1613:
1604:
1595:
1586:
1582:
1573:
1569:
1560:
1556:
1547:
1543:
1534:
1530:
1521:
1514:
1505:
1501:
1492:
1488:
1483:Tower of London
1480:
1476:
1467:
1463:
1454:
1450:
1441:
1437:
1428:
1421:
1412:
1408:
1399:
1395:
1386:
1382:
1373:
1369:
1360:
1351:
1342:
1338:
1329:
1325:
1316:
1312:
1306:English Justice
1303:
1299:
1290:
1286:
1277:
1273:
1264:
1260:
1251:
1247:
1238:
1234:
1225:
1221:
1212:
1208:
1199:
1195:
1186:
1179:
1170:
1166:
1157:
1153:
1144:
1140:
1131:
1127:
1118:
1114:
1105:
1101:
1092:
1088:
1082:Anglo-Saxon Art
1079:
1075:
1066:
1062:
1053:
1049:
1040:
1036:
1027:
1023:
1014:
1007:
998:
994:
985:
976:
967:
963:
955:
934:
925:
921:
912:
908:
899:
895:
886:
882:
873:
869:
860:
853:
844:
840:
831:
822:
813:
800:
791:
766:
757:
750:
741:
737:
733:
728:
723:
719:
710:
706:
700:Ralph d'Escures
697:
693:
688:
684:
679:
675:
658:
654:
650:
539:
484:Treaty of Alton
460:English Channel
444:
252:
218:Orderic Vitalis
189:
173:Robert Curthose
165:Tower of London
154:Chief Justiciar
119:Ranulf Flambard
26:
25:Ranulf Flambard
17:
12:
11:
5:
4542:
4532:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4401:Michael Ramsey
4398:
4396:Alwyn Williams
4393:
4391:Hensley Henson
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4371:Charles Baring
4368:
4363:
4358:
4352:
4350:
4346:
4345:
4343:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4330:Thomas Thurlow
4327:
4322:
4320:Richard Trevor
4317:
4312:
4307:
4305:William Talbot
4302:
4300:Nathaniel Crew
4297:
4292:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4256:Tobias Matthew
4253:
4251:Matthew Hutton
4248:
4246:Richard Barnes
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4226:Thomas Ruthall
4223:
4218:
4212:
4210:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4185:William Dudley
4182:
4180:Lawrence Booth
4177:
4175:Robert Neville
4172:
4170:Thomas Langley
4167:
4165:Walter Skirlaw
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4140:Richard Kellaw
4136:
4134:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4054:Hugh de Puiset
4051:
4046:
4041:
4039:Geoffrey Rufus
4036:
4031:
4026:
4020:
4018:
4012:rulers of the
4006:
4005:
4003:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3978:
3976:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3922:
3920:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3823:
3821:
3817:
3816:
3809:
3808:
3801:
3794:
3786:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3773:
3763:
3752:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3745:
3740:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3722:
3721:
3716:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3690:
3688:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3680:
3674:
3668:
3657:
3656:(Canon Pastor)
3651:
3645:
3638:
3636:
3630:
3629:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3595:
3593:Graeme Knowles
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3558:Robert Gregory
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3533:Charles Sumner
3530:
3525:
3519:
3517:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3509:
3507:Thomas Thurlow
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3462:John Tillotson
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3422:Valentine Cary
3419:
3414:
3409:
3403:
3398:
3396:John Feckenham
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3362:
3360:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3330:Lawrence Booth
3327:
3325:Thomas Lisieux
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3305:Thomas de Eure
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3246:
3244:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3194:Richard Talbot
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3134:Hugh de Mareni
3131:
3126:
3121:
3113:
3107:
3105:
3098:
3092:
3091:
3084:
3083:
3076:
3069:
3061:
3053:
3052:
3049:Geoffrey Rufus
3047:
3044:
3035:
3030:
3026:
3025:
3016:
3015:
2975:
2966:
2950:
2932:(5): 103–112.
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2897:
2881:
2875:
2862:
2842:10.1086/385952
2823:
2803:10.1086/385787
2784:
2767:
2761:
2748:
2717:
2696:
2676:
2670:
2654:
2648:
2635:
2629:
2616:
2581:
2575:
2562:
2556:
2543:
2537:
2525:Knowles, David
2521:
2515:
2502:
2496:
2480:
2474:
2461:
2455:
2439:
2405:
2384:
2378:
2365:
2359:
2347:Dodwell, C. R.
2343:
2334:
2328:
2312:
2295:
2289:
2273:
2256:
2244:
2238:
2222:
2216:
2200:
2194:
2178:
2172:
2156:
2150:
2134:
2128:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2106:
2093:
2081:
2068:
2055:
2042:
2029:
2016:
2003:
1990:
1977:
1961:
1945:
1932:
1919:
1903:
1887:
1874:
1858:
1845:
1832:
1819:
1806:
1793:
1780:
1767:
1754:
1741:
1728:
1715:
1711:Monastic Order
1702:
1689:
1676:
1663:
1650:
1637:
1624:
1611:
1593:
1580:
1567:
1554:
1541:
1528:
1512:
1508:Ruling England
1499:
1486:
1474:
1461:
1448:
1435:
1419:
1406:
1402:Ruling England
1393:
1380:
1367:
1349:
1336:
1323:
1310:
1297:
1293:Ruling England
1284:
1280:Ruling England
1271:
1258:
1245:
1232:
1219:
1206:
1193:
1187:Fryde, et al.
1177:
1173:Monastic Order
1164:
1151:
1147:Ruling England
1138:
1125:
1121:Monastic Order
1112:
1099:
1095:Ruling England
1086:
1073:
1060:
1047:
1034:
1021:
1005:
992:
974:
961:
932:
919:
906:
893:
880:
867:
851:
838:
820:
798:
764:
748:
734:
732:
729:
727:
726:
717:
713:Hugh de Puiset
704:
691:
682:
673:
661:Ralph Flambard
651:
649:
646:
589:Saint Cuthbert
538:
535:
492:see of Lisieux
443:
440:
397:Ralph de Luffa
264:Augustus Pugin
251:
248:
188:
185:
114:
113:
104:
100:
99:
96:
92:
91:
85:
81:
80:
76:
75:
72:
68:
67:
63:
62:
60:Geoffrey Rufus
57:
53:
52:
47:
43:
42:
39:
35:
34:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4541:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4459:
4452:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4421:David Jenkins
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4386:Handley Moule
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4356:Edward Maltby
4354:
4353:
4351:
4347:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4315:Joseph Butler
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4289:
4284:
4282:
4281:Thomas Morton
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4266:Richard Neile
4264:
4262:
4261:William James
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4231:Thomas Wolsey
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4213:
4211:
4202:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4190:John Sherwood
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4137:
4135:
4126:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4089:Richard Poore
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4079:Richard Marsh
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4064:Richard Poore
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4044:William Cumin
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4015:
4007:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3973:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3917:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3850:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3807:
3802:
3800:
3795:
3793:
3788:
3787:
3784:
3772:
3764:
3762:
3754:
3753:
3750:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3711:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3685:
3679:(Minor Canon)
3678:
3675:
3672:
3669:
3666:
3661:
3658:
3655:
3654:Tricia Hillas
3652:
3649:
3646:
3643:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3631:
3626:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3514:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3502:Thomas Newton
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3487:Thomas Secker
3485:
3483:
3482:Joseph Butler
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3357:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3243:Late Medieval
3241:
3235:
3234:Ralph Baldock
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3209:John Chishull
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3199:John de Ebulo
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3104:High Medieval
3102:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3082:
3077:
3075:
3070:
3068:
3063:
3062:
3059:
3050:
3041:
3040:
3033:
3027:
3024:
3020:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2926:
2921:
2917:
2916:Archer, T. A.
2913:
2912:
2900:
2898:0-85115-708-4
2894:
2890:
2886:
2885:Williams, Ann
2882:
2878:
2876:0-520-05674-4
2872:
2868:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2836:(2): 93–117.
2835:
2831:
2830:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2791:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2768:
2764:
2762:0-253-35097-2
2758:
2754:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2724:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2701:Sayles, G. O.
2697:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2671:0-19-821707-2
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2649:0-85115-782-3
2645:
2641:
2636:
2632:
2630:0-19-820801-4
2626:
2622:
2617:
2613:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2582:
2578:
2576:0-7524-3528-0
2572:
2568:
2563:
2559:
2557:0-393-95132-4
2553:
2549:
2544:
2540:
2538:0-521-05479-6
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2516:0-246-11976-4
2512:
2508:
2503:
2499:
2497:0-85115-722-X
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2475:0-582-84882-2
2471:
2467:
2462:
2458:
2456:0-300-08858-2
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2415:
2410:
2406:
2394:
2390:
2385:
2381:
2379:0-521-56350-X
2375:
2371:
2366:
2362:
2360:0-8014-9300-5
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2335:
2331:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2316:Crouch, David
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2296:
2292:
2290:0-631-15439-6
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2239:0-85115-161-2
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2217:0-19-822741-8
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2195:0-520-04936-5
2191:
2187:
2186:William Rufus
2183:
2182:Barlow, Frank
2179:
2175:
2173:0-582-49504-0
2169:
2165:
2161:
2160:Barlow, Frank
2157:
2153:
2151:0-582-50236-5
2147:
2143:
2139:
2138:Barlow, Frank
2135:
2131:
2129:0-07-231717-5
2125:
2121:
2116:
2115:
2103:
2097:
2091:
2085:
2078:
2072:
2065:
2059:
2052:
2046:
2039:
2033:
2026:
2020:
2013:
2007:
2000:
1994:
1987:
1981:
1974:
1968:
1966:
1958:
1952:
1950:
1942:
1941:William Rufus
1936:
1929:
1923:
1916:
1910:
1908:
1900:
1894:
1892:
1884:
1878:
1871:
1865:
1863:
1855:
1849:
1842:
1836:
1829:
1823:
1816:
1810:
1803:
1797:
1790:
1784:
1777:
1771:
1764:
1758:
1751:
1745:
1738:
1732:
1725:
1719:
1712:
1706:
1699:
1693:
1686:
1680:
1673:
1667:
1660:
1654:
1647:
1641:
1634:
1628:
1621:
1615:
1608:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1590:
1584:
1577:
1571:
1564:
1558:
1551:
1545:
1538:
1532:
1525:
1519:
1517:
1509:
1503:
1496:
1490:
1484:
1478:
1471:
1465:
1458:
1452:
1445:
1439:
1432:
1426:
1424:
1416:
1410:
1403:
1397:
1390:
1384:
1377:
1371:
1364:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1346:
1340:
1333:
1327:
1320:
1314:
1307:
1301:
1294:
1288:
1281:
1275:
1268:
1262:
1255:
1254:William Rufus
1249:
1242:
1236:
1229:
1223:
1216:
1210:
1203:
1202:William Rufus
1197:
1190:
1184:
1182:
1174:
1168:
1161:
1155:
1148:
1142:
1135:
1129:
1122:
1116:
1109:
1103:
1096:
1090:
1083:
1077:
1070:
1064:
1057:
1051:
1044:
1038:
1031:
1025:
1018:
1017:William Rufus
1012:
1010:
1002:
996:
989:
983:
981:
979:
971:
965:
959:
953:
951:
949:
947:
945:
943:
941:
939:
937:
929:
923:
916:
910:
903:
897:
890:
884:
877:
871:
864:
858:
856:
848:
847:William Rufus
842:
835:
829:
827:
825:
817:
811:
809:
807:
805:
803:
795:
794:William Rufus
789:
787:
785:
783:
781:
779:
777:
775:
773:
771:
769:
761:
755:
753:
745:
739:
735:
721:
714:
708:
701:
695:
686:
677:
670:
666:
662:
656:
652:
645:
643:
639:
638:E. A. Freeman
635:
629:
625:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
596:
594:
590:
585:
583:
579:
575:
571:
570:Norham Castle
567:
566:Durham Castle
563:
559:
552:
548:
547:Durham Castle
543:
534:
532:
531:John of Crema
528:
524:
520:
515:
513:
509:
505:
500:
495:
493:
488:
485:
480:
475:
473:
469:
465:
461:
453:
448:
442:Under Henry I
439:
436:
432:
427:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
398:
394:
393:Thorney Abbey
390:
386:
382:
381:Urse d'Abetot
378:
377:
372:
367:
364:
360:
355:
352:
348:
344:
340:
335:
334:see of Durham
330:
328:
324:
319:
315:
309:
305:
303:
299:
295:
294:
289:
285:
281:
277:
269:
265:
261:
256:
247:
244:
240:
236:
230:
227:
223:
219:
214:
210:
209:Odo of Bayeux
206:
198:
197:Domesday Book
193:
184:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
161:
159:
155:
149:
147:
146:Domesday Book
143:
139:
135:
134:William Rufus
131:
128:
124:
120:
112:
111:chapter house
108:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
86:
82:
77:
73:
69:
64:
61:
58:
54:
51:
48:
44:
40:
36:
33:
29:
22:
19:
4451:
4436:Justin Welby
4416:John Habgood
4325:John Egerton
4288:Commonwealth
4285:
4195:Richard Foxe
4160:John Fordham
4084:William Scot
4069:John de Gray
4033:
3846:
3735:
3704:Minor Canons
3659:
3642:Paula Gooder
3597:
3578:Alan Webster
3477:Francis Hare
3447:John Barwick
3417:John Overall
3406:
3405:William May
3376:Richard Pace
3359:Early modern
3310:Thomas Stowe
3255:John Sandale
3118:
3115:
3037:
2986:
2982:
2970:
2961:
2957:
2929:
2923:
2888:
2866:
2833:
2827:
2794:
2788:
2771:
2752:
2727:
2721:
2704:
2688:. Retrieved
2683:
2661:
2639:
2620:
2601:. Retrieved
2589:
2566:
2547:
2528:
2506:
2487:
2465:
2446:
2418:
2412:
2397:. Retrieved
2392:
2369:
2350:
2338:
2319:
2299:
2280:
2260:
2251:
2229:
2226:Bates, David
2207:
2185:
2163:
2141:
2119:
2101:
2096:
2089:
2084:
2076:
2071:
2063:
2058:
2050:
2045:
2037:
2032:
2024:
2019:
2011:
2006:
1998:
1993:
1985:
1984:Keats-Rohan
1980:
1972:
1956:
1940:
1935:
1927:
1922:
1914:
1898:
1882:
1877:
1869:
1853:
1848:
1840:
1835:
1827:
1822:
1815:Norman Sites
1814:
1809:
1801:
1796:
1788:
1783:
1775:
1770:
1762:
1757:
1749:
1744:
1736:
1731:
1723:
1718:
1710:
1705:
1697:
1692:
1684:
1679:
1671:
1666:
1658:
1653:
1645:
1640:
1632:
1627:
1619:
1614:
1606:
1588:
1583:
1575:
1570:
1562:
1557:
1549:
1544:
1536:
1531:
1523:
1507:
1502:
1494:
1489:
1482:
1477:
1469:
1464:
1456:
1451:
1443:
1438:
1430:
1414:
1409:
1401:
1396:
1389:Norman Sites
1388:
1383:
1375:
1370:
1362:
1344:
1339:
1331:
1326:
1318:
1313:
1305:
1300:
1292:
1287:
1279:
1274:
1266:
1261:
1253:
1248:
1240:
1235:
1227:
1222:
1214:
1209:
1201:
1196:
1188:
1172:
1167:
1159:
1154:
1146:
1141:
1133:
1128:
1120:
1115:
1107:
1102:
1094:
1089:
1081:
1076:
1068:
1063:
1055:
1050:
1042:
1037:
1029:
1024:
1016:
1000:
995:
987:
969:
964:
957:
927:
922:
914:
909:
901:
896:
888:
883:
875:
870:
862:
846:
841:
833:
815:
793:
759:
743:
738:
720:
707:
694:
685:
676:
668:
664:
660:
655:
630:
626:
597:
593:Saint Godric
586:
555:
551:Palace Green
527:Callixtus II
516:
496:
489:
479:David Crouch
476:
456:
450:Entrance to
428:
419:
385:Robert Bloet
374:
368:
356:
331:
310:
306:
301:
297:
291:
273:
231:
202:
195:A page from
162:
150:
118:
117:
71:Consecration
18:
4469:1128 deaths
4441:Paul Butler
4276:John Howson
3714:Paul's walk
3677:Rachel Weir
3648:James Milne
3516:Late modern
3391:William May
3386:John Incent
3335:William Say
3315:Thomas More
2797:(2): 1–10.
2730:: 119–135.
2053:pp. 321–322
1700:pp. 347–348
1609:pp. 174–175
1526:pp. 323–324
1365:pp. 167–168
1347:pp. 190–191
1334:pp. 168–169
1295:pp. 125–123
1123:pp. 612–613
990:pp. 178–179
818:pp. 150–151
796:pp. 193–205
762:pp. 170–171
574:Tweed River
431:White Tower
412:Roger Bigod
293:scriptorium
158:Westminster
74:5 June 1099
46:Predecessor
4458:Categories
4411:Ian Ramsey
4295:John Cosin
4119:Antony Bek
3847:United to
3606:David Ison
3588:John Moses
3583:Eric Evans
3427:John Donne
3401:Henry Cole
3371:John Colet
3119:(disputed)
3043:1099–1128
2989:: 95–128.
2111:References
2010:Hollister
1761:Hollister
1535:Hollister
1468:Hollister
1319:William II
1158:Hollister
1134:William II
988:William II
970:William II
902:William II
834:William II
634:Paschal II
605:Huntingdon
529:. In 1125
302:procurator
187:Early life
4000:Æthelwine
3895:Heathwred
3875:Æthelwold
3635:(current)
3492:John Hume
3011:159539164
2858:145551379
2819:153511298
2744:183905987
2614:required)
2308:270094959
1971:Bartlett
1959:pp. 26–27
1955:Schriber
1926:Schriber
1901:pp. 73–74
1852:Chibnall
1839:Bartlett
1800:Bartlett
1787:Pettifer
1748:Bartlett
1722:Bartlett
1506:Huscroft
1442:Chibnall
1400:Huscroft
1308:pp. 58–59
1278:Huscroft
1226:Bartlett
1145:Huscroft
1093:Huscroft
1067:Williams
926:Chibnall
913:Chibnall
904:pp. 85–86
887:Chibnall
874:Chibnall
731:Citations
558:cathedral
318:shillings
56:Successor
38:Appointed
3995:Æthelric
3931:Cutheard
3880:Cynewulf
3870:Eadfrith
3865:Eadberht
3860:Cuthbert
3761:Category
3601:(acting)
2964:: 33–56.
2887:(2000).
2780:13464190
2703:(1963).
2690:11 March
2660:(1955).
2603:10 March
2527:(1976).
2486:(1999).
2399:10 March
2349:(1985).
2318:(2007).
2279:(1986).
2269:13464190
2250:(1958).
2206:(2000).
2184:(1983).
2162:(1988).
2140:(1979).
1709:Knowles
1304:Stenton
1171:Knowles
1119:Knowles
1080:Dodwell
1041:Chrimes
613:Theobald
568:, built
519:Thurstan
404:Steyning
213:chancery
41:May 1099
4024:Walcher
3961:Ælfsige
3956:Ealdred
3951:Sexhelm
3926:Eardulf
3910:Eardulf
3905:Eanbert
3885:Higbald
3771:Commons
3694:Burials
3687:Related
3407:(again)
3003:3678666
2447:Henry I
2062:Barlow
2023:Barlow
2012:Henry I
1939:Barlow
1897:Barlow
1763:Henry I
1735:Barlow
1696:Vaughn
1683:Vaughn
1659:Normans
1657:Crouch
1644:Vaughn
1605:Barlow
1589:Normans
1587:Crouch
1574:Vaughn
1563:Normans
1548:Vaughn
1537:Henry I
1495:Normans
1493:Crouch
1470:Henry I
1429:Vaughn
1413:Cantor
1376:Normans
1374:Crouch
1361:Barlow
1252:Barlow
1213:Vaughn
1200:Barlow
1160:Henry I
1106:Cantor
1015:Barlow
845:Barlow
814:Barlow
792:Barlow
742:Barlow
621:Stephen
601:burgess
549:across
504:Thurgot
464:Whitsun
420:dapifer
376:dapifer
278:in the
276:prebend
235:Maurice
109:in the
4074:Morgan
3990:Eadred
3985:Edmund
3981:Aldhun
3966:Aldhun
3946:Uhtred
3941:Wigred
3936:Tilred
3900:Ecgred
3890:Egbert
3837:Colmán
3660:Vacant
3633:Clergy
3111:Wulman
3009:
3001:
2946:546835
2944:
2895:
2873:
2856:
2850:175584
2848:
2817:
2811:175531
2809:
2778:
2759:
2742:
2713:504298
2711:
2668:
2646:
2627:
2573:
2554:
2535:
2513:
2494:
2472:
2453:
2435:564288
2433:
2376:
2357:
2326:
2306:
2287:
2267:
2236:
2214:
2192:
2170:
2148:
2126:
2079:p. 239
2027:p. 221
1988:p. 354
1975:p. 567
1943:p. 150
1843:p. 364
1830:p. 260
1826:Poole
1817:p. 174
1804:p. 281
1791:p. 193
1778:p. 200
1774:Adams
1765:p. 307
1752:p. 555
1739:p. 111
1726:p. 394
1713:p. 629
1687:p. 337
1674:p. 333
1661:p. 179
1648:p. 269
1635:p. 327
1622:p. 329
1591:p. 171
1578:p. 231
1565:p. 165
1552:p. 234
1539:p. 136
1497:p. 170
1459:p. 115
1455:Poole
1433:p. 229
1417:p. 134
1317:Mason
1269:p. 159
1256:p. 202
1243:p. 124
1230:p. 407
1204:p. 359
1191:p. 241
1162:p. 381
1136:p. 137
1132:Mason
1084:p. 233
1071:p. 128
1058:p. 231
1032:p. 153
1019:p. 147
986:Mason
968:Mason
930:p. 133
917:p. 127
900:Mason
891:p. 114
878:p. 115
865:p. 107
849:p. 141
832:Mason
758:Poole
746:p. 147
499:Thomas
472:simony
468:Gerard
414:, and
351:pounds
339:Thomas
243:Thames
175:, the
138:Bayeux
127:Norman
103:Buried
66:Orders
3832:Finan
3827:Aidan
3096:Deans
3007:S2CID
2999:JSTOR
2942:JSTOR
2854:S2CID
2846:JSTOR
2815:S2CID
2807:JSTOR
2740:S2CID
2431:JSTOR
2104:p. 11
2066:p. 72
2040:p. 13
2014:p. 23
1930:p. 26
1885:p. 22
1872:p. 91
1856:p. 71
1813:Kerr
1510:p. 69
1446:p. 75
1404:p. 68
1391:p. 28
1387:Kerr
1343:Lyon
1330:Lyon
1321:p. 23
1282:p. 83
1149:p. 99
1110:p. 63
1097:p. 66
1045:p. 20
1028:Lyon
972:p. 36
836:p. 75
667:, or
648:Notes
578:Dover
371:Haimo
363:writs
3855:Eata
3849:York
3842:Tuda
2893:ISBN
2871:ISBN
2776:OCLC
2757:ISBN
2709:OCLC
2692:2008
2666:ISBN
2644:ISBN
2625:ISBN
2605:2008
2571:ISBN
2552:ISBN
2533:ISBN
2511:ISBN
2492:ISBN
2470:ISBN
2451:ISBN
2401:2008
2374:ISBN
2355:ISBN
2324:ISBN
2304:OCLC
2285:ISBN
2265:OCLC
2234:ISBN
2212:ISBN
2190:ISBN
2168:ISBN
2146:ISBN
2124:ISBN
1917:p. 5
418:the
416:Eudo
387:the
373:the
341:the
314:fyrd
284:dean
95:Died
90:1060
84:Born
2991:doi
2934:doi
2838:doi
2799:doi
2795:XXI
2732:doi
2594:doi
2423:doi
603:of
506:as
262:by
4460::
3005:.
2997:.
2987:16
2940:.
2928:.
2922:.
2852:.
2844:.
2834:29
2832:.
2813:.
2805:.
2793:.
2738:.
2728:18
2726:.
2682:.
2588:.
2429:.
2419:88
2417:.
2391:.
1964:^
1948:^
1906:^
1890:^
1861:^
1596:^
1515:^
1422:^
1352:^
1180:^
1008:^
977:^
935:^
854:^
823:^
801:^
767:^
751:^
663:,
410:,
237:,
123:c.
88:c.
4290:)
3805:e
3798:t
3791:v
3080:e
3073:t
3066:v
3013:.
2993::
2962:7
2948:.
2936::
2930:2
2901:.
2879:.
2860:.
2840::
2821:.
2801::
2782:.
2765:.
2746:.
2734::
2715:.
2694:.
2674:.
2652:.
2633:.
2607:.
2596::
2579:.
2560:.
2541:.
2519:.
2500:.
2478:.
2459:.
2437:.
2425::
2403:.
2382:.
2363:.
2332:.
2310:.
2293:.
2271:.
2242:.
2220:.
2198:.
2176:.
2154:.
2132:.
702:.
671:.
121:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
