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In 1894, Weldon rolled a set of 12 dice 26,306 times. He collected the data in part, 'to judge whether the differences between a series of group frequencies and a theoretical law, taken as a whole, were or were not more than might be attributed to the chance fluctuations of random sampling.' Weldon's
329:
in 1899. In the years of their collaboration
Pearson laid the foundations of modern statistics. Magnello emphasises this side of Weldon's career. In 1900 he took the DSc degree and as Linacre Professor he also held a Fellowship at
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gives a detailed account of the controversy. The debate lost much of its intensity with the death of Weldon in 1906, though the general debate between the biometricians and the
Mendelians continued until the creation of the
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687:
Pearson, Karl (1900). On the criterion that a given system of derivations from the probable in the case of a correlated system of variables is such that it can be reasonably supposed to have arisen from random sampling.
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had developed for he had come to the view that "the problem of animal evolution is essentially a statistical problem." Weldon began working with his
University College colleague, the mathematician
360:"... the questions raised by the Darwinian hypothesis are purely statistical, and the statistical method is the only one at present obvious by which that hypothesis can be experimentally checked."
242:
who influenced him greatly; Weldon gave up his plans for a career in medicine. In 1881 he gained a first-class honours degree in the
Natural Science Tripos; in the autumn he left for the
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on the other. Bateson, who had been taught by Weldon, took a very strong line against the biometricians. This bitter dispute ranged across substantive issues of the nature of
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275:. Weldon's work was centred on the development of a fuller understanding of marine biological phenomena and selective death rates of these organisms.
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His interests were changing from morphology to problems in variation and organic correlation. He began using the statistical techniques that
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On his religious views, he considered himself an agnostic. He died in 1906 of acute pneumonia, and is buried at
Holywell Church, Oxford.
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420:"Weldon, Bateson, and the origins of genetics: Reflections on the unraveling and rebuilding of a scientific community"
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Weldon's Search for a Direct Proof of
Natural Selection and the Tortuous Path to the Neo-Darwinian Synthesis
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Proceedings of the Royal
Society, 54, (1893), 318–329. An example of Weldon's use of statistical methods
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352:'For the Purpose of conducting Statistical Enquiry into the Variability of Organisms'. In an 1894 paper
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He was through the many years the present writer knew him, like his hero Huxley, a confirmed
Agnostic.
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in 1890. Royal
Society records show his election supporters included the great zoologists of the day:
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W.B. Provine (1971). The origins of theoretical population genetics. University of
Chicago Press.
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was rediscovered and this precipitated a conflict between Weldon and Pearson on the one side and
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dice data were used by Karl Pearson in his pioneering paper on the chi-squared statistic.
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Weldon was one of the first scientists to provide evidence of stabilizing and directional
8:
843:
771:
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207:, Florence was to act as the 'computer' for Weldon's research into biological variation.
605:"On the Origin of Our Specimens: The Weldon Years | UCL Museums & Collections Blog"
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321:. Their partnership was very important to both men and survived Weldon's move to the
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732:(1971) The origins of theoretical population genetics. University of Chicago Press.
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was established by the University of Oxford in his honour; it is awarded annually.
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Upon returning to Cambridge in 1882, he was appointed university lecturer in
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Medicine was his intended career and he spent the academic year 1876-1877 at
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Walter Frank Raphael Weldon 1860–1906: A Memoir Reprinted from Biometrika
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Walter Frank Raphael Weldon 1860–1906: A Memoir Reprinted from Biometrika
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and methodological issues such as the value of the statistical method.
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In 1889 Weldon succeeded Lankester in the Jodrell Chair of Zoology at
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Weldon was the second child of the journalist and industrial chemist,
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arising from the work of the Royal Society Committee, Weldon wrote:
32:
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to begin the first of his studies on marine biological organisms.
671:
Kemp, A.W., and C.D. Kemp. (1991). Weldon's dice data revisited,
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72:
812:. Vol. 3. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 629-631.
195:, and his wife Anne Cotton. On 13 March 1883, Weldon married
739:(eds C.C. Heyde and E. Seneta) p261-264. New York: Springer.
238:
There Weldon studied with the developmental morphologist
945:
Jodrell Professors of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy
817:"On Certain Correlated Variations in Carcinus moenas"
344:By 1893 a Royal Society Committee included Weldon,
199:(1858–1936), daughter of the social reformer
735:Magnello E. 2001. Walter Frank Raphael Weldon, in
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851:
742:Shipley A.E. 1908. Walter Frank Raphael Weldon.
161:(15 March 1860 – 13 April 1906), was an English
354:Some remarks on variation in plants and animals
834:"Archival material relating to Raphael Weldon"
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842:
532:"Weldon, Walter Frank Raphael (WLDN878WF)"
227:. In the following year he transferred to
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16:British evolutionary biologist (1860–1906)
553:. Cambridge University Press. p. 5.
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504:Flood, Raymond, ed. (29 September 2011).
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219:. Among his teachers were the zoologist
900:Fellows of St John's College, Cambridge
781:MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive
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895:Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
890:Academics of University College London
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791:
628:
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169:. He was the joint founding editor of
633:. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. p. 5.
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477:Grier, David Alan (1 November 2013).
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417:
210:
798:"Weldon, Walter Frank Raphael"
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583:"Weldon, Walter Frank Raphael"
282:, and as curator of what is now the
910:Alumni of University College London
13:
14:
961:
905:Fellows of Merton College, Oxford
754:
631:Merton College Register 1900–1964
418:Davis, Lea K. (27 October 2022).
930:Deaths from pneumonia in England
808:Dictionary of National Biography
761:Works by or about Raphael Weldon
593:. Vol. 3. pp. 629–631.
589:Dictionary of National Biography
507:Mathematics in Victorian Britain
395:
203:. Having studied mathematics at
950:19th-century British zoologists
915:Alumni of King's College London
860:British evolutionary biologists
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737:Statisticians of the Centuries
715:. Cambridge University Press.
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483:. Princeton University Press.
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1:
935:Linacre Professors of Zoology
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383:modern evolutionary synthesis
885:Fellows of the Royal Society
629:Levens, R.G.C., ed. (1964).
437:10.1371/journal.pgen.1010379
233:St John's College, Cambridge
126:St John's College, Cambridge
85:St John's College, Cambridge
7:
536:A Cambridge Alumni Database
156:Walter Frank Raphael Weldon
95:Fellow of the Royal Society
25:Walter Frank Raphael Weldon
10:
966:
827:Portraits of Statisticians
538:. University of Cambridge.
673:The American Statistician
480:When Computers Were Human
286:, and was elected to the
280:University College London
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244:Naples Zoological Station
217:University College London
205:Girton College, Cambridge
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130:University College London
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61:
42:
30:
23:
786:University of St Andrews
643:Amitabh, Joshi. (2017).
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341:in natural populations.
323:Linacre Chair of Zoology
263:Oxford University Museum
144:Francis Maitland Balfour
793:Bourne, Gilbert Charles
578:Bourne, Gilbert Charles
284:Grant Museum of Zoology
690:Philosophical Magazine
332:Merton College, Oxford
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223:and the mathematician
163:evolutionary biologist
870:English statisticians
744:Proc Roy Soc Series B
549:Karl Pearson (2011).
390:Weldon Memorial Prize
388:After his death, the
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229:King's College London
940:People from Highgate
838:UK National Archives
823:Photograph of Weldon
772:Robertson, Edmund F.
364:In 1900 the work of
770:O'Connor, John J.;
677:doi:10.2307/2684294
875:English zoologists
266:
211:Life and education
865:English agnostics
722:978-1-107-60122-2
692:, 5(50), 157–175.
675:, 45(3):216–222.
517:978-0-19-162794-1
490:978-1-4008-4936-9
327:Oxford University
165:and a founder of
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140:Academic advisors
134:Oxford University
102:Scientific career
957:
880:Biostatisticians
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813:
810:(2nd supplement)
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776:"Raphael Weldon"
765:Internet Archive
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653:22 (6): 525-548.
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350:Karl Pearson
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319:Karl Pearson
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310:and others.
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270:Invertebrate
267:
261:Bust in the
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231:and then to
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201:William Tebb
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181:Karl Pearson
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122:Institutions
101:
67:(1906-04-13)
18:
925:1906 deaths
920:1860 births
803:Lee, Sidney
854:Categories
700:References
614:9 November
273:Morphology
172:Biometrika
49:1860-03-15
750:pxxv-xli.
746:1908 vol
709:(2011) .
650:Resonance
446:1553-7390
374:evolution
339:selection
235:in 1878.
75:, England
795:(1912).
580:(1912).
464:36301806
167:biometry
116:biometry
825:on the
805:(ed.).
763:at the
455:9612466
308:Romanes
296:Poulton
175:, with
112:Zoology
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557:
514:
487:
462:
452:
444:
346:Galton
304:Flower
300:Newton
292:Huxley
253:Career
187:Family
108:Fields
91:Awards
73:Oxford
829:page.
801:. In
405:Notes
717:ISBN
616:2017
555:ISBN
512:ISBN
485:ISBN
460:PMID
442:ISSN
348:and
179:and
62:Died
43:Born
450:PMC
432:doi
325:at
159:FRS
856::
836:.
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778:,
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