3825:, citing an unnamed Ministry of Commerce official, reported that China will "further reduce quotas for rare-earth exports by 30 percent at most next year to protect the precious metals from over-exploitation." The government in Beijing further increased its control by forcing smaller, independent miners to merge into state-owned corporations or face closure. At the end of 2010, China announced that the first round of export quotas in 2011 for rare earths would be 14,446 tons, which was a 35% decrease from the previous first round of quotas in 2010. China announced further export quotas on 14 July 2011 for the second half of the year with total allocation at 30,184 tons with total production capped at 93,800 tonnes. In September 2011, China announced the halt in production of three of its eight major rare-earth mines, responsible for almost 40% of China's total rare-earth production. In March 2012, the US, EU, and Japan confronted China at WTO about these export and production restrictions. China responded with claims that the restrictions had environmental protection in mind. In August 2012, China announced a further 20% reduction in production. The United States, Japan, and the European Union filed a joint lawsuit with the World Trade Organization in 2012 against China, arguing that China should not be able to deny such important exports.
4824:
rare-earth minerals has accelerated over the past two decades. In 1990, China accounted for only 27% of such minerals. In 2009, world production was 132,000 metric tons; China produced 129,000 of those tons. According to the report, recent patterns suggest that China will slow the export of such materials to the world: "Owing to the increase in domestic demand, the
Government has gradually reduced the export quota during the past several years." In 2006, China allowed 47 domestic rare-earth producers and traders and 12 Sino-foreign rare-earth producers to export. Controls have since tightened annually; by 2011, only 22 domestic rare-earth producers and traders and 9 Sino-foreign rare-earth producers were authorized. The government's future policies will likely keep in place strict controls: "According to China's draft rare-earth development plan, annual rare-earth production may be limited to between 130,000 and 140,000 during the period from 2009 to 2015. The export quota for rare-earth products may be about 35,000 and the Government may allow 20 domestic rare-earth producers and traders to export rare earths."
4658:
most commonly used to increase the body mass of pigs, and it was discovered that REEs increase the digestibility and nutrient use of pigs' digestive systems. Studies point to a dose-response when considering toxicity versus positive effects. While small doses from the environment or with proper administration seem to have no ill effects, larger doses have been shown to have negative effects specifically in the organs where they accumulate. The process of mining REEs in China has resulted in soil and water contamination in certain areas, which when transported into aquatic bodies could potentially bio-accumulate within aquatic biota. Furthermore, in some cases, animals that live in REE-contaminated areas have been diagnosed with organ or system problems. REEs have been used in freshwater fish farming because it protects the fish from possible diseases. One main reason why they have been avidly used in animal livestock feeding is that they have had better results than inorganic livestock feed enhancers.
2998:(A-Type granitoids) have very high concentrations of alkaline elements and very low concentrations of phosphorus; they are deposited at moderate depths in extensional zones, often as igneous ring complexes, or as pipes, massive bodies, and lenses. These fluids have very low viscosities and high element mobility, which allows for the crystallization of large grains, despite a relatively short crystallization time upon emplacement; their large grain size is why these deposits are commonly referred to as pegmatites. Economically viable pegmatites are divided into Lithium-Cesium-Tantalum (LCT) and Niobium-Yttrium-Fluorine (NYF) types; NYF types are enriched in rare-earth minerals. Examples of rare-earth pegmatite deposits include Strange Lake in Canada and Khaladean-Buregtey in Mongolia. Nepheline syenite (M-Type granitoids) deposits are 90% feldspar and feldspathoid minerals. They are deposited in small, circular massifs and contain high concentrations of
3804:
elements are more prevalent in the following industries: renewable energy technology, military equipment, glass making, and metallurgy. Increased demand has strained supply, and there is growing concern that the world may soon face a shortage of the rare earths. In several years from 2009 worldwide demand for rare-earth elements is expected to exceed supply by 40,000 tonnes annually unless major new sources are developed. In 2013, it was stated that the demand for REEs would increase due to the dependence of the EU on these elements, the fact that rare-earth elements cannot be substituted by other elements and that REEs have a low recycling rate. Furthermore, due to the increased demand and low supply, future prices are expected to increase and there is a chance that countries other than China will open REE mines. In addition there are over a hundred ongoing mining projects with many options outside of China.
2539:. In those days, the first separation was into two main groups, the cerium earths (lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, and samarium) and the yttrium earths (scandium, yttrium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, and lutetium). Europium, gadolinium, and terbium were either considered as a separate group of rare-earth elements (the terbium group), or europium was included in the cerium group, and gadolinium and terbium were included in the yttrium group. In the latter case, the f-block elements are split into half: the first half (La–Eu) form the cerium group, and the second half (Gd–Yb) together with group 3 (Sc, Y, Lu) form the yttrium group. The reason for this division arose from the difference in
4783:, "Slashing their exports of rare-earth metals ... is all about moving Chinese manufacturers up the supply chain, so they can sell valuable finished goods to the world rather than lowly raw materials." Furthermore, China currently has an effective monopoly on the world's REE Value Chain. (All of the refineries and processing plants that transform the raw ore into valuable elements.) In the words of Deng Xiaoping, a Chinese politician from the late 1970s to the late 1980s, "The Middle East has oil; we have rare earths ... it is of extremely important strategic significance; we must be sure to handle the rare earth issue properly and make the fullest use of our country's advantage in rare-earth resources."
4573:
supply chain would help mitigate some of the pollution at the extraction point. This means recycling and reusing REEs that are already in use or reaching the end of their life cycle. A study published in 2014 suggests a method to recycle REEs from waste nickel-metal hydride batteries, demonstrating a recovery rate of 95.16%. Rare-earth elements could also be recovered from industrial wastes with practical potential to reduce environmental and health impacts from mining, waste generation, and imports if known and experimental processes are scaled up. A study suggests that "fulfillment of the circular economy approach could reduce up to 200 times the impact
4498:
like metals, they can speciate depending on the soil condition being either motile or adsorbed to soil particles. Depending on their bio-availability, REEs can be absorbed into plants and later consumed by humans and animals. The mining of REEs, use of REE-enriched fertilizers, and the production of phosphorus fertilizers all contribute to REE contamination. Furthermore, strong acids are used during the extraction process of REEs, which can then leach out into the environment and be transported through water bodies and result in the acidification of aquatic environments. Another additive of REE mining that contributes to REE environmental contamination is
4761:
4585:
REEs from coal fly ash by using citrate and oxalate who are strong organic ligand and capable of complexing or precipItating with REE. The other one is from secondary resources such as electronic, industrial waste and municipal waste. E-waste contains a significant concentration of REEs, and thus is the primary option for REE recycling now. According to a study, approximately 50 million metric tons of electronic waste are dumped in landfills worldwide each year. Despite the fact that e-waste contains a significant amount of rare-earth elements (REE), only 12.5% of e-waste is currently being recycled for all metals.
4607:
dependent on the type of REE present in the soil, hence there are a multitude of factors that influence this process. Agricultural plants are the main type of vegetation affected by REE contamination in the environment, the two plants with a higher chance of absorbing and storing REEs being apples and beets. Furthermore, there is a possibility that REEs can leach out into aquatic environments and be absorbed by aquatic vegetation, which can then bio-accumulate and potentially enter the human food chain if livestock or humans choose to eat the vegetation. An example of this situation was the case of the
2556:; those with low atomic numbers are referred to as light rare-earth elements (LREE), those with high atomic numbers are the heavy rare-earth elements (HREE), and those that fall in between are typically referred to as the middle rare-earth elements (MREE). Commonly, rare-earth elements with atomic numbers 57 to 61 (lanthanum to promethium) are classified as light and those with atomic numbers 62 and greater are classified as heavy rare-earth elements. Increasing atomic numbers between light and heavy rare-earth elements and decreasing
4481:
additives for livestock which has resulted in increased production such as larger animals and a higher production of eggs and dairy products. However, this practice has resulted in REE bioaccumulation within livestock and has impacted vegetation and algae growth in these agricultural areas. Additionally while no ill effects have been observed at current low concentrations the effects over the long term and with accumulation over time are unknown prompting some calls for more research into their possible effects.
4672:
11137:
11121:
4888:
3749:
2708:
4518:
16891:
13240:
11100:
894:
16915:
3365:
anomalies) of specific elements along the series and are graphically recognizable as positive or negative "peaks" along the REE patterns. The anomalies can be numerically quantified as the ratio between the normalized concentration of the element showing the anomaly and the predictable one based on the average of the normalized concentrations of the two elements in the previous and next position in the series, according to the equation:
917:
13252:
16903:
11160:
2731:"rare earth" is quite scarce. The longest-lived isotope of promethium has a half-life of 17.7 years, so the element exists in nature in only negligible amounts (approximately 572 g in the entire Earth's crust). Promethium is one of the two elements that do not have stable (non-radioactive) isotopes and are followed by (i.e. with higher atomic number) stable elements (the other being
2650:). Five different crystal structures are known, depending on the element and the temperature. The X-phase and the H-phase are only stable above 2000 K. At lower temperatures, there are the hexagonal A-phase, the monoclinic B-phase, and the cubic C-phase, which is the stable form at room temperature for most of the elements. The C-phase was once thought to be in
2759:, can produce a broad separation between light and heavy REE. The larger ionic radii of LREE make them generally more incompatible than HREE in rock-forming minerals, and will partition more strongly into a melt phase, while HREE may prefer to remain in the crystalline residue, particularly if it contains HREE-compatible minerals like
4313:, rare-earth elements differ from other elements, in that when looked at analytically, they are virtually inseparable, having almost the same chemical properties. However, in terms of their electronic and magnetic properties, each one occupies a unique technological niche that nothing else can. For example, "the rare-earth elements
2561:(europium) and 64 (gadolinium). The actual metallic densities of these two groups overlap, with the "light" group having densities from 6.145 (lanthanum) to 7.26 (promethium) or 7.52 (samarium) g/cc, and the "heavy" group from 6.965 (ytterbium) to 9.32 (thulium), as well as including yttrium at 4.47. Europium has a density of 5.24.
4236:. The research team found a mud layer 2 to 4 meters beneath the seabed with concentrations of up to 0.66% rare-earth oxides. A potential deposit might compare in grade with the ion-absorption-type deposits in southern China that provide the bulk of Chinese REO mine production, which grade in the range of 0.05% to 0.5% REO.
3030:." "I believe that rareearth resources undersea are much more promising than on-land resources," said Kato. "oncentrations of rare earths were comparable to those found in clays mined in China. Some deposits contained twice as much heavy rare earths such as dysprosium, a component of magnets in hybrid car motors."
3102:. A direct consequence is that, during the formation of coordination bonds, the REE behaviour gradually changes along the series. Furthermore, the lanthanide contraction causes the ionic radius of Ho (0.901 Å) to be almost identical to that of Y (0.9 Å), justifying the inclusion of the latter among the REE.
3098:
geochemical system (CHArge-and-RAdius-Controlled) where elements with similar charge and radius should show coherent geochemical behaviour, and in non-CHARAC systems, such as aqueous solutions, where the electron structure is also an important parameter to consider as the lanthanide contraction affects the
4847:
It has been argued that the geopolitical importance of rare earths has been exaggerated in the literature on the geopolitics of renewable energy, underestimating the power of economic incentives for expanded production. This especially concerns neodymium. Due to its role in permanent magnets used for
4648:
of REEs. This higher level was related to the high levels of REEs present in the vegetables they cultivated, the soil, and the water from the wells, indicating that the high levels were caused by the nearby mine. However the levels found were not high enough to cause health effects. Analysis of REEs
4497:
Near mining and industrial sites, the concentrations of REEs can rise to many times the normal background levels. Once in the environment, REEs can leach into the soil where their transport is determined by numerous factors such as erosion, weathering, pH, precipitation, groundwater, etc. Acting much
3360:
It is possible to observe the serial trend of the REE by reporting their normalized concentrations against the atomic number. The trends that are observed in "spider" diagrams are typically referred to as "patterns", which may be diagnostic of petrological processes that have affected the material of
4657:
Experiments exposing rats to various cerium compounds have found accumulation primarily in the lungs and liver. This resulted in various negative health outcomes associated with those organs. REEs have been added to feed in livestock to increase their body mass and increase milk production. They are
4584:
Currently, people take two essential resources into consideration for the secure supply of REEs: one is to extract REEs from primary resources like mines harboring REE-bearing ores, regolith-hosted clay deposits, ocean bed sediments, coal fly ash, etc. A work developed a green system for recovery of
4185:
However, the
Malaysian authorities confirmed that as of October 2011, Lynas was not given any permit to import any rare-earth ore into Malaysia. On February 2, 2012, the Malaysian AELB (Atomic Energy Licensing Board) recommended that Lynas be issued a temporary operating license subject to meeting a
3818:
These concerns have intensified due to the actions of China, the predominant supplier. Specifically, China has announced regulations on exports and a crackdown on smuggling. On
September 1, 2009, China announced plans to reduce its export quota to 35,000 tons per year in 2010–2015 to conserve scarce
2543:
of rare-earth double sulfates with sodium and potassium. The sodium double sulfates of the cerium group are poorly soluble, those of the terbium group slightly, and those of the yttrium group are very soluble. Sometimes, the yttrium group was further split into the erbium group (dysprosium, holmium,
1020:
These metals tarnish slowly in air at room temperature and react slowly with cold water to form hydroxides, liberating hydrogen. They react with steam to form oxides and ignite spontaneously at a temperature of 400 °C (752 °F). These elements and their compounds have no biological function
3069:
Lu). REE usually appear as trivalent ions, except for Ce and Eu which can take the form of Ce and Eu depending on the redox conditions of the system. Consequentially, REE are characterized by a substantial identity in their chemical reactivity, which results in a serial behaviour during geochemical
3023:
who led a study of
Pacific Ocean seabed mud, published results indicating the mud could hold rich concentrations of rare-earth minerals. The deposits, studied at 78 sites, came from "ot plumes from hydrothermal vents pull these materials out of seawater and deposit them on the seafloor, bit by bit,
3010:
of primary minerals enriches insoluble elements by leaching out silica and other soluble elements, recrystallizing feldspar into clay minerals such kaolinite, halloysite, and montmorillonite. In tropical regions where precipitation is high, weathering forms a thick argillized regolith, this process
2779:
abundance than does cerium and the LREE. This has economic consequences: large ore bodies of LREE are known around the world and are being exploited. Ore bodies for HREE are more rare, smaller, and less concentrated. Most of the current supply of HREE originates in the "ion-absorption clay" ores of
2754:
of rare earths make them incompatible with the crystal lattices of most rock-forming minerals, so REE will undergo strong partitioning into a melt phase if one is present. REE are chemically very similar and have always been difficult to separate, but the gradual decrease in ionic radius from light
4710:
has been the focus of a US$ 100 million cleanup that is proceeding in 2011. After having accomplished the hilltop entombment of 11,000 truckloads of radioactively contaminated material, the project is expected to entail in summer, 2011, the removal of "more than 80,000 steel barrels of radioactive
4606:
production, which affects photosynthesis and inhibits the growth of the plants. However, the impact of REE contamination on vegetation is dependent on the plants present in the contaminated environment: not all plants retain and absorb REEs. Also, the ability of the vegetation to intake the REE is
4572:
REE recycling and reuse have been increasingly focused on in recent years. The main concerns include environmental pollution during REE recycling and increasing recycling efficiency. Literature published in 2004 suggests that, along with previously established pollution mitigation, a more circular
3886:
in the late 2010s. As China has shut down domestic mines due to the detrimental environmental impact, it has largely outsourced rare-earth mining to Kachin State. Chinese companies and miners illegally set up operations in Kachin State without government permits, and instead circumvent the central
3803:
REE is increasing in demand due to the fact that they are essential for new and innovative technology that is being created. These new products that need REEs to be produced are high-technology equipment such as smart phones, digital cameras, computer parts, semiconductors, etc. In addition, these
3717:
are a representation of provenance. The rare-earth element concentrations are not typically affected by sea and river waters, as rare-earth elements are insoluble and thus have very low concentrations in these fluids. As a result, when sediment is transported, rare-earth element concentrations are
3364:
According to the general shape of the patterns or thanks to the presence (or absence) of so-called "anomalies", information regarding the system under examination and the occurring geochemical processes can be obtained. The anomalies represent enrichment (positive anomalies) or depletion (negative
3015:
deposits; heavy rare-earth elements are incorporated into the residual clay by absorption. This kind of deposit is only mined for REE in
Southern China, where the majority of global heavy rare-earth element production occurs. REE-laterites do form elsewhere, including over the carbonatite at Mount
2560:
throughout the series causes chemical variations. Europium is exempt of this classification as it has two valence states: Eu and Eu. Yttrium is grouped as heavy rare-earth element due to chemical similarities. The break between the two groups is sometimes put elsewhere, such as between elements 63
4722:
and radioactive waste from it. The ore to be processed has very low levels of thorium, and Lynas founder and chief executive
Nicholas Curtis said "There is absolutely no risk to public health." T. Jayabalan, a doctor who says he has been monitoring and treating patients affected by the Mitsubishi
4568:
The rare-earth elements (REEs) are vital to modern technologies and society and are amongst the most critical elements. Despite this, typically only around 1% of REEs are recycled from end-products. Recycling and reusing REEs is not easy: these elements are mostly present in tiny amounts in small
4541:
in rare-earth ores present a potential hazard and improper handling of these substances can result in extensive environmental damage. In May 2010, China announced a major, five-month crackdown on illegal mining in order to protect the environment and its resources. This campaign is expected to be
4489:
REEs are naturally found in very low concentrations in the environment. Mines are often in countries where environmental and social standards are very low, leading to human rights violations, deforestation, and contamination of land and water. Generally, it is estimated that extracting 1 tonne of
4039:
has said that it has no plans to impose such restrictions. Many Danish politicians have expressed concerns that other nations, including China, could gain influence in thinly populated
Greenland, given the number of foreign workers and investment that could come from Chinese companies in the near
4480:
REEs have been used in agriculture to increase plant growth, productivity, and stress resistance seemingly without negative effects for human and animal consumption. REEs are used in agriculture through REE-enriched fertilizers which is a widely used practice in China. In addition, REEs are feed
3097:
orbitals. The lanthanide contraction has a direct effect on the geochemistry of the lanthanides, which show a different behaviour depending on the systems and processes in which they are involved. The effect of the lanthanide contraction can be observed in the REE behaviour both in a CHARAC-type
4741:
panel investigation was completed and no construction has been halted. Lynas is on budget and on schedule to start producing in 2011. The IAEA concluded in a report issued in June 2011 that it did not find any instance of "any non-compliance with international radiation safety standards" in the
3674:
of each element. Partition coefficients are responsible for the fractionation of trace elements (including rare-earth elements) into the liquid phase (the melt/magma) into the solid phase (the mineral). If an element preferentially remains in the solid phase it is termed 'compatible', and if it
2989:
pipes at the core of igneous complexes; they consist of fine-grained calcite and hematite, sometimes with significant concentrations of ankerite and minor concentrations of siderite. Large carbonatite deposits enriched in rare-earth elements include Mount Weld in
Australia, Thor Lake in Canada,
4823:
A 2011 report "China's Rare-Earth
Industry", issued by the US Geological Survey and US Department of the Interior, outlines industry trends within China and examines national policies that may guide the future of the country's production. The report notes that China's lead in the production of
3137:
The geochemical study of the REE is not carried out on absolute concentrations – as it is usually done with other chemical elements – but on normalized concentrations in order to observe their serial behaviour. In geochemistry, rare-earth elements are typically presented in normalized "spider"
2949:
and water), with high concentrations of alkaline elements, and high element mobility that the rare earths are strongly partitioned into. This melt may also rise along pre-existing fractures, and be emplaced in the crust above the subducting slab or erupted at the surface. REE-enriched deposits
4640:
as has been demonstrated at large mine in Batou (Mongolia). The rare-earth mining and smelting process can release airborne fluoride which will associate with total suspended particles (TSP) to form aerosols that can enter human respiratory systems. Research from Baotou, China shows that the
3149:
Solar System material. However, other normalizing standards can be applied depending on the purpose of the study. Normalization to a standard reference value, especially of a material believed to be unfractionated, allows the observed abundances to be compared to the initial abundances of the
5242:, REE have very little tendency to become concentrated in exploitable ore deposits. Consequently, most of the world's supply of REE comes from only a handful of sources, almost entirely as a byproduct of mining other elements in commercially exploitable concentrations they occur alongside.
3994:
is under consideration by NioCorp
Development Ltd who hopes to open a niobium, scandium, and titanium mine there. That mine may be able to produce as much as 7200 tonnes of ferro niobium and 95 tonnes of scandium trioxide annually, although, as of 2022, financing is still in the works.
3839:
On August 29, 2014, the WTO ruled that China had broken free-trade agreements, and the WTO said in the summary of key findings that "the overall effect of the foreign and domestic restrictions is to encourage domestic extraction and secure preferential use of those materials by Chinese
7747:
It follows the recommendation from the Mackenzie Valley Environmental Review Board in July, and marks a major milestone in the company's effort to turn the project into an operating mine. Avalon claims Nechalacho is "the most advanced large heavy rare earth development project in the
4848:
wind turbines, it has been argued that neodymium will be one of the main objects of geopolitical competition in a world running on renewable energy. But this perspective has been criticized for failing to recognize that most wind turbines have gears and do not use permanent magnets.
4296:
with carbon black and then sent a 1-second current pulse through the mixture, heating it to 3,000 °C (5,430 °F). The fly ash contains microscopic bits of glass that encapsulate the metals. The heat shatters the glass, exposing the rare earths. Flash heating also converts
9808:
Jyothi, Rajesh Kumar; Thenepalli, Thriveni; Ahn, Ji Whan; Parhi, Pankaj Kumar; Chung, Kyeong Woo; Lee, Jin-Young (September 10, 2020). "Review of rare earth elements recovery from secondary resources for clean energy technologies: Grand opportunities to create wealth from waste".
3780:
in California made the United States the leading producer. Today, the Indian and South African deposits still produce some rare-earth concentrates, but they were dwarfed by the scale of Chinese production. In 2017, China produced 81% of the world's rare-earth supply, mostly in
3675:
preferentially partitions into the melt phase it is described as 'incompatible'. Each element has a different partition coefficient, and therefore fractionates into solid and liquid phases distinctly. These concepts are also applicable to metamorphic and sedimentary petrology.
4840:. The USGS study team has located a sizable area of rocks in the center of an extinct volcano containing light rare-earth elements including cerium and neodymium. It has mapped 1.3 million metric tons of desirable rock, or about ten years of supply at current demand levels.
4219:. Due to the rising prices of rare earths, extraction of these oxides has become economically viable. The country currently exports around 3,000 tonnes per year, representing around 2% of world production. Similar resources are suspected in the western United States, where
2544:
erbium, and thulium) and the ytterbium group (ytterbium and lutetium), but today the main grouping is between the cerium and the yttrium groups. Today, the rare-earth elements are classified as light or heavy rare-earth elements, rather than in cerium and yttrium groups.
4477:. Ce, Ga, and Nd are important in electronics and are used in the production of LCD and plasma screens, fiber optics, and lasers, and in medical imaging. Additional uses for rare-earth elements are as tracers in medical applications, fertilizers, and in water treatment.
4003:
in Angola and other sources as they become available. The company are targeting production in late 2023, before ramping up to full capacity in 2024. Pensana aim to produce 12,500 metric tons of separated rare earths, including 4,500 tons of magnet metal rare earths.
4627:
The chemical properties of the REEs are so similar that they are expected to show similar toxicity in humans. Mortality studies show REEs are not highly toxic. Long term (18 months) inhalation of dust containing high levels (60%) of REEs has been shown to cause
7087:
9746:
Amato, A.; Becci, A.; Birloaga, I.; De Michelis, I.; Ferella, F.; Innocenzi, V.; Ippolito, N. M.; Pillar Jimenez Gomez, C.; Vegliò, F.; Beolchini, F. (May 1, 2019). "Sustainability analysis of innovative technologies for the rare earth elements recovery".
3947:
in South Africa, the world's highest grade rare earths and thorium mine, closed in 1963, but has been gearing to go back into production. Over 80% of the infrastructure is already complete. Other mines include the Nolans Project in Central Australia, the
2774:
phase incorporates cerium and the LREE preferentially. The smaller size of the HREE allows greater solid solubility in the rock-forming minerals that make up Earth's mantle, and thus yttrium and the HREE show less enrichment in Earth's crust relative to
2763:. The result is that all magma formed from partial melting will always have greater concentrations of LREE than HREE, and individual minerals may be dominated by either HREE or LREE, depending on which range of ionic radii best fits the crystal lattice.
4051:, the proposed rare-earth mining project 'Matamulas' may provide, according to its developers, up to 2,100 Tn/year (33% of the annual UE demand). However, this project has been suspended by regional authorities due to social and environmental concerns.
5948:
P. Belli; R. Bernabei; F. Cappella; R. Cerulli; C. J. Dai; F. A. Danevich; A. d'Angelo; A. Incicchitti; V. V. Kobychev; S. S. Nagorny; S. Nisi; F. Nozzoli; D. Prosperi; V. I. Tretyak; S. S. Yurchenko (2007). "Search for α decay of natural Europium".
9860:
Borst, Anouk M.; Smith, Martin P.; Finch, Adrian A.; Estrade, Guillaume; Villanova-de-Benavent, Cristina; Nason, Peter; Marquis, Eva; Horsburgh, Nicola J.; Goodenough, Kathryn M.; Xu, Cheng; Kynický, Jindřich; Geraki, Kalotina (September 1, 2020).
3840:
manufacturers." China declared that it would implement the ruling on September 26, 2014, but would need some time to do so. By January 5, 2015, China had lifted all quotas from the export of rare earths, but export licenses will still be required.
4549:
It is, however, possible to filter out and recover any rare-earth elements that flow out with the wastewater from mining facilities. However, such filtering and recovery equipment may not always be present on the outlets carrying the wastewater.
7640:
3669:
The rare-earth elements patterns observed in igneous rocks are primarily a function of the chemistry of the source where the rock came from, as well as the fractionation history the rock has undergone. Fractionation is in turn a function of the
4723:
plant, "is wary of Lynas's assurances. The argument that low levels of thorium in the ore make it safer doesn't make sense, he says, because radiation exposure is cumulative." Construction of the facility has been halted until an independent
3523:
4831:
for rare-earth deposits under the protection of United States military forces. Since 2009 the USGS has conducted remote sensing surveys as well as fieldwork to verify Soviet claims that volcanic rocks containing rare-earth metals exist in
4635:
While REEs are not major pollutants, the increase application of REEs in new technologies has increased the need to understand their safe levels of exposure for humans. One side effect of mining REEs can be exposure to harmful radioactive
4546:, in Inner Mongolia, where much of the world's rare-earth supply is refined, has caused major environmental damage. China's Ministry of Industry and Information Technology estimated that cleanup costs in Jiangxi province at $ 5.5 billion.
4093:
imports practically all of its rare earth elements from China. The EU Critical Raw Materials Act of 2023 has set in action the required policy adjustments for Europe to start producing two-thirds of the lithium-ion batteries required for
3785:, although it had only 36.7% of reserves. Australia was the second and only other major producer with 15% of world production. All of the world's heavy rare earths (such as dysprosium) come from Chinese rare-earth sources such as the
4109:
In 2024 American Rare Earths Inc. disclosed that its reserves near Wheatland Wyoming totaled 2.34 billion metric tons, possibly the world's largest and larger than a separate 1.2 million metric ton deposit in northeastern Wyoming.
2225:
of Delafontaine. Due to the difficulty in separating the metals (and determining the separation is complete), the total number of false discoveries was dozens, with some putting the total number of discoveries at over a hundred.
10222:
Zhong, Buqing; Wang, Lingqing; Liang, Tao; Xing, Baoshan (October 2017). "Pollution level and inhalation exposure of ambient aerosol fluoride as affected by polymetallic rare earth mining and smelting in Baotou, north China".
4231:
In January 2013 a Japanese deep-sea research vessel obtained seven deep-sea mud core samples from the Pacific Ocean seafloor at 5,600 to 5,800 meters depth, approximately 250 kilometres (160 mi) south of the island of
10464:
Pagano, Giovanni; Aliberti, Francesco; Guida, Marco; Oral, Rahime; Siciliano, Antonietta; Trifuoggi, Marco; Tommasi, Franca (2015). "Rare earth elements in human and animal health: State of art and research priorities".
2156:. It took another 30 years for researchers to determine that other elements were contained in the two ores ceria and yttria (the similarity of the rare-earth metals' chemical properties made their separation difficult).
1021:
other than in several specialized enzymes, such as in lanthanide-dependent methanol dehydrogenases in bacteria. The water-soluble compounds are mildly to moderately toxic, but the insoluble ones are not. All isotopes of
7579:
4177:
report said the Lynas investment was $ 730 million, and the projected share of the global market it would fill put at "about a sixth." An independent review initiated by the Malaysian Government, and conducted by the
4776:
and environmental concerns as the reasons for a nationwide crackdown on its rare-earth mineral production sector. However, non-environmental motives have also been imputed to China's rare-earth policy. According to
4542:
concentrated in the South, where mines – commonly small, rural, and illegal operations – are particularly prone to releasing toxic waste into the general water supply. However, even the major operation in
9139:
Volokh, A. A.; Gorbunov, A. V.; Gundorina, S. F.; Revich, B. A.; Frontasyeva, M. V.; Chen Sen Pal (June 1, 1990). "Phosphorus fertilizer production as a source of rare-earth elements pollution of the environment".
8690:
Wencai Zhang; Mohammad Rezaee; Abhijit Bhagavatula; Yonggai Li; John Groppo; Rick Honaker (2015). "A Review of the Occurrence and Promising Recovery Methods of Rare Earth Elements from Coal and Coal By-Products".
2941:, or erupted at the surface. Typical REE enriched deposits types forming in rift settings are carbonatites, and A- and M-Type granitoids. Near subduction zones, partial melting of the subducting plate within the
8563:
5827:
3998:
In the UK, Pensana has begun construction of their US$ 195 million rare-earth processing plant which secured funding from the UK government's Automotive Transformation Fund. The plant will process ore from the
4569:
electronic parts and they are difficult to separate chemically. For example, recovery of neodymium requires manual disassembly of hard disk drives because shredding the drives only recovers 10% of the REE.
8651:
3005:
Rare-earth elements can also be enriched in deposits by secondary alteration either by interactions with hydrothermal fluids or meteoric water or by erosion and transport of resistate REE-bearing minerals.
1103:) is provided here. Some of the rare-earth elements are named after the scientists who discovered them, or elucidated their elemental properties, and some after the geographical locations where discovered.
8382:
2496:(due in part to their similar chemical properties), making the rare-earth elements relatively expensive. Their industrial use was very limited until efficient separation techniques were developed, such as
7633:
3258:
16569:
8258:
3899:, which has profited from this extractive industry. As of March 2022, 2,700 mining collection pools scattered across 300 separate locations were found in Kachin State, encompassing the area of
10925:
10882:
1060:), in practice this is spread thin across trace impurities, so to obtain rare earths at usable purity requires processing enormous amounts of raw ore at great expense, thus the name "rare" earths.
7666:
3024:
over tens of millions of years. One square patch of metal-rich mud 2.3 kilometers wide might contain enough rare earths to meet most of the global demand for a year, Japanese geologists report in
16584:
7553:
4446:
Other important uses of rare-earth elements are applicable to the production of high-performance magnets, alloys, glasses, and electronics. Ce and La are important as catalysts, and are used for
4256:
have made the extraction of rare earths from these materials less expensive. Recycling plants operate in Japan, where an estimated 300,000 tons of rare earths are found in unused electronics. In
6733:
8194:
8421:
3154:. Normalization is carried out by dividing the analytical concentrations of each element of the series by the concentration of the same element in a given standard, according to the equation:
2929:(200 to 600 km depth). This melt becomes enriched in incompatible elements, like the rare-earth elements, by leaching them out of the crystalline residue. The resultant magma rises as a
3911:
As a result of the increased demand and tightening restrictions on exports of the metals from China, some countries are stockpiling rare-earth resources. Searches for alternative sources in
2178:
In 1842 Mosander also separated the yttria into three oxides: pure yttria, terbia, and erbia (all the names are derived from the town name "Ytterby"). The earth giving pink salts he called
10550:
3721:
Sea and river waters typically have low rare-earth element concentrations. However, aqueous geochemistry is still very important. In oceans, rare-earth elements reflect input from rivers,
7708:
7531:
8481:
8323:
7691:
7088:"New evidence shows massive and rapid expansion of illicit rare earths industry in Myanmar, fuelling human rights abuses, environmental destruction and funding military-linked militias"
4745:
If the proper safety standards are followed, REE mining is relatively low impact. Molycorp (before going bankrupt) often exceeded environmental regulations to improve its public image.
2823:, contains small but potentially useful amounts of yttrium. Of the above yttrium minerals, most played a part in providing research quantities of lanthanides during the discovery days.
2742:
of the Earth, the dense rare-earth elements were incorporated into the deeper portions of the planet. Early differentiation of molten material largely incorporated the rare earths into
5103:"Lanthanide-Dependent Methanol Dehydrogenases of XoxF4 and XoxF5 Clades Are Differentially Distributed Among Methylotrophic Bacteria and They Reveal Different Biochemical Properties"
4644:
Analysis of people living near mines in China had many times the levels of REEs in their blood, urine, bone, and hair compared to controls far from mining sites, suggesting possible
8512:. 1st European Rare Earth Resources Conference. Milos, Greece: European Commission for the 'Development of a sustainable exploitation scheme for Europe's Rare Earth ore deposits'.
6241:
Bau, Michael (April 1, 1996). "Controls on the fractionation of isovalent trace elements in magmatic and aqueous systems: evidence from Y/Ho, Zr/Hf, and lanthanide tetrad effect".
3070:
processes rather than being characteristic of a single element of the series. Sc, Y, and Lu can be electronically distinguished from the other rare earths because they do not have
10981:
4786:
One possible example of market control is the division of General Motors that deals with miniaturized magnet research, which shut down its US office and moved its entire staff to
4301:
into oxides, which are more soluble and extractable. Using hydrochloric acid at concentrations less than 1% of conventional methods, the process extracted twice as much material.
10773:
6926:
10858:
7207:
5897:
M. V. Abrashev; N. D. Todorov; J. Geshev (September 9, 2014). "Raman spectra of R 2O3 (R—rare earth) sesquioxides with C-type bixbyite crystal structure: A comparative study".
5645:Но с гадолиния начинается иттриевая подгруппа редкоземельных элементов, а это значит, что на электронных оболочках его атомов должны быть электроны с антипараллельными спинами.
2985:, like the ones found in Africa and the Canadian Shield. Ferrocarbonatites are the most common type of carbonatite to be enriched in REE, and are often emplaced as late-stage,
7239:
6426:"Sedimentary carbonate‐hosted giant Bayan Obo REE‐Fe‐Nb ore deposit of Inner Mongolia, China; a cornerstone example for giant polymetallic ore deposits of hydrothermal origin"
3855:
in that country, future supplies of critical ores were possibly constrained. Additionally, it was speculated that the PRC could again reduce rare-earth exports to counter-act
7575:
3355:
3311:
16555:
10827:
6895:
7734:
4876:(1942)) features a struggle between two rival mining cartels to control a plot of land in a fictional African country, which contains rich minable rare-earth ore deposits.
5878:
6764:
4958:. The ending "-ide" normally indicates a negative ion. However, owing to wide current usage, "lanthanide" is still allowed and is roughly analogous to rare-earth element.
9087:
7042:
9110:
8567:
6987:
5820:
3371:
8672:
Sorokin, Anatoliy P., et al. "Distribution of Rare Earth and Selected Trace Elements in Combustion Products of Yerkovetskoe Brown Coal Deposit (Amur Region, Russia)."
6677:
4615:
in China, where the water was contaminated due to a REE-enriched fertilizer being used in a nearby agricultural area. The aquatic environment became contaminated with
3939:
are ongoing. Mines in these countries were closed when China undercut world prices in the 1990s, and it will take a few years to restart production as there are many
7790:
6141:
Kato, Yasuhiro; Fujinaga, Koichiro; Nakamura, Kentaro; Takaya, Yutaro; Kitamura, Kenichi; Ohta, Junichiro; Toda, Ryuichi; Nakashima, Takuya; Iwamori, Hikaru (2011).
8172:
4117:, Norway, making it Europe's largest known rare-earth element deposit. The mining firm predicted that it would finish developing the first stage of mining in 2030.
3138:
diagrams, in which concentration of rare-earth elements are normalized to a reference standard and are then expressed as the logarithm to the base 10 of the value.
1240:
filters, energy-efficient light bulbs (part of triphosphor white phosphor coating in fluorescent tubes, CFLs and CCFLs, and yellow phosphor coating in white LEDs),
15542:
8647:
7280:
7066:
4145:
to Kuantan. Within two years, Lynas was said to expect the refinery to be able to meet nearly a third of the world's demand for rare-earth materials, not counting
3664:
3616:
3568:
2784:: even-numbered REE at abundances of about 5% each, and odd-numbered REE at abundances of about 1% each. Similar compositions are found in xenotime or gadolinite.
2604:
Due to their chemical similarity, the concentrations of rare earths in rocks are only slowly changed by geochemical processes, making their proportions useful for
2076:
A mnemonic for the names of the sixth-row elements in order is "Lately college parties never produce sexy European girls that drink heavily even though you look".
1002:. Compounds containing rare earths have diverse applications in electrical and electronic components, lasers, glass, magnetic materials, and industrial processes.
8390:
4649:
in street dust in China suggest "no augmented health hazard". Similarly, analysis of cereal crops in mining areas in China found levels too low for health risks.
2719:
As seen in the chart, rare-earth elements are found on Earth at similar concentrations to many common transition metals. The most abundant rare-earth element is
10654:
8451:
4078:
On 12 January 2023, Swedish state-owned mining company LKAB announced that it had discovered a deposit of over 1 million tonnes of rare earths in the country's
8625:
6400:
8266:
6551:
Massari, Stefania; Ruberti, Marcello (March 1, 2013). "Rare earth elements as critical raw materials: Focus on international markets and future strategies".
13045:
8232:
6120:
4454:. Nd is important in magnet production in traditional and low-carbon technologies. Rare-earth elements in this category are used in the electric motors of
4284:
and sludge, are a potential source of critical elements including rare-earth elements (REE) with estimated amounts in the range of 50 million metric tons.
3081:" which represents a higher-than-expected decrease in the atomic/ionic radius of the elements along the series. This is determined by the variation of the
10922:
10879:
10624:
8009:
7821:
13055:
7760:
7658:
7545:
13105:
8027:
6741:
5564:
8198:
8046:
7860:
7601:
3016:
Weld in Australia. REE may also be extracted from placer deposits if the sedimentary parent lithology contains REE-bearing, heavy resistate minerals.
2199:
tried also to separate the crude yttria and found the same substances that Mosander obtained, but Berlin named (1860) the substance giving pink salts
13202:
13080:
11203:
10390:
Zhuang, Maoqiang; Wang, Liansen; Wu, Guangjian; Wang, Kebo; Jiang, Xiaofeng; Liu, Taibin; Xiao, Peirui; Yu, Lianlong; Jiang, Ying (August 29, 2017).
9671:
8413:
7890:
5668:
4974:
4960:
4947:
6828:
6644:
16562:
6795:
3949:
10547:
5152:
Malhotra, Nemi; Hsu, Hua-Shu; Liang, Sung-Tzu; Roldan, Marri Jmelou M.; Lee, Jiann-Shing; Ger, Tzong-Rong; Hsiao, Chung-Der (September 16, 2020).
4809:
reported that "China ... in July announced the latest in a series of annual export reductions, this time by 40% to precisely 30,258 tonnes."
13085:
13060:
12506:
10598:
6858:
3007:
998:, which do not belong to this series, are usually included as rare earths), are a set of 17 nearly indistinguishable lustrous silvery-white soft
8112:
7523:
13040:
12756:
10678:
8603:
8513:
8334:
6957:
4641:
fluoride concentration in the air near REE mines is higher than the limit value from WHO, but the health effects of this exposure are unknown.
4129:
was reported to be "hurrying to finish" a US$ 230 million rare-earth refinery on the eastern coast of Peninsular Malaysia's industrial port of
3836:
in the United States), prices of rare earths dropped. The price of dysprosium oxide was US$ 994/kg in 2011, but dropped to US$ 265/kg by 2014.
9240:
8473:
7680:
7017:
4490:
rare earth element creates around 2,000 tonnes of waste, partly toxic, including 1 ton of radioactive waste. The largest mining site of REEs,
2552:
The classification of rare-earth elements is inconsistent between authors. The most common distinction between rare-earth elements is made by
16574:
13169:
9565:
Sprecher, Benjamin; Xiao, Yanping; Walton, Allan; Speight, John; Harris, Rex; Kleijn, Rene; Visser, Geert; Kramer, Gert Jan (April 1, 2014).
9312:
9275:
7987:
2780:
Southern China. Some versions provide concentrates containing about 65% yttrium oxide, with the HREE being present in ratios reflecting the
13179:
13174:
10212:
Chen, X. A., et al. "A twenty-year follow-up study on health effects-following long-term exposure to thorium dusts." HEIR 2004 (2005): 139.
6534:
4165:. In mid-2011, after protests, Malaysian government restrictions on the Lynas plant were announced. At that time, citing subscription-only
4062:
project contained not only the 6th largest deposit by tonnage outside of China but also the highest grade of rare-earth elements of the 6.
2317:") an oxide of a mixture of elements such as yttrium, ytterbium, iron, uranium, thorium, calcium, niobium, and tantalum. This mineral from
1079:, a black mineral composed of cerium, yttrium, iron, silicon, and other elements. This mineral was extracted from a mine in the village of
14564:
8288:
7923:
6594:
Liu, Shuang-Liang; Fan, Hong-Rui; Liu, Xuan; Meng, Jianyin; Butcher, Alan R.; Yann, Lahaye; Yang, Kui-Feng; Li, Xiao-Chun (June 1, 2023).
13115:
13075:
13070:
13030:
9381:
Barros, Óscar; Costa, Lara; Costa, Filomena; Lago, Ana; Rocha, Verónica; Vipotnik, Ziva; Silva, Bruna; Tavares, Teresa (March 13, 2019).
4563:
4028:
3786:
3002:. For the most part, these deposits are small but important examples include Illimaussaq-Kvanefeld in Greenland, and Lovozera in Russia.
10977:
8290:
Report of the International Review Mission on the Radiation Safety Aspects of a Proposed Rare Earths Processing Facility (Lynas Project)
13090:
13025:
12811:
5704:
Rare earth elements: a new approach to the nexus of supply, demand and use: exemplified along the use of neodymium in permanent magnets
4581:, "secondary waste is subjected to chemical and or bioleaching followed by solvent extraction processes for clean separation of REEs."
2925:
zones. In a rift setting, the alkaline magma is produced by very small degrees of partial melting (<1%) of garnet peridotite in the
10850:
10765:
7199:
7122:
6918:
4529:
Mining, refining, and recycling of rare earths have serious environmental consequences if not properly managed. Low-level radioactive
2684:
of these sesquioxides corresponds to eight unit cells of fluorite or cerium dioxide, with 32 cations instead of 4. This is called the
13184:
13164:
12951:
10260:"A human health risk assessment of rare earth elements in soil and vegetables from a mining area in Fujian Province, Southeast China"
9620:
Yang, Xiuli; Zhang, Junwei; Fang, Xihui (August 30, 2014). "Rare earth element recycling from waste nickel-metal hydride batteries".
9194:
8138:
3690:, controls the enrichment of MREE compared to LREE and HREE. Depletion of LREE relative to HREE may be due to the crystallization of
2372:
had not yet been discovered. (This is promethium, a radioactive element whose most stable isotope has a half-life of just 18 years.)
2368:
made it possible to assign atomic numbers to the elements. Moseley found that the exact number of lanthanides had to be 15, but that
1053:
10575:
7426:
7229:
5411:
4514:), which is produced during the combustion of diesel and released as exhaust, contributing heavily to soil and water contamination.
13020:
12984:
7370:
6478:
6445:
5330:
13406:
11103:
10823:
6887:
5496:
4182:(IAEA) in 2011 to address concerns of radioactive hazards, found no non-compliance with international radiation safety standards.
16594:
14504:
10947:
10742:
6702:
3160:
3150:
element. Normalization also removes the pronounced 'zig-zag' pattern caused by the differences in abundance between even and odd
2831:(which typically contains a few percent of yttrium). Uranium ores from Ontario have occasionally yielded yttrium as a byproduct.
8957:
Rim, Kyung-Taek (September 1, 2016). "Effects of rare earth elements on the environment and human health: A literature review".
7726:
5222:
14559:
13065:
13015:
6772:
4703:
2297:
9928:"Comprehensive Understandings of Rare Earth Element (REE) Speciation in Coal Fly Ashes and Implication for REE Extractability"
9079:
9053:
7039:
2680:
lattice and the anions sit inside the tetrahedra of cations), except that one-quarter of the anions (oxygen) are missing. The
2356:
The exact number of rare-earth elements that existed was highly unclear, and a maximum number of 25 was estimated. The use of
16604:
14499:
13110:
13035:
12946:
11196:
8547:
8540:
Hydrometallurgical recovery process of rare-earth elements from waste: main application of acid leaching with devised diagram
8365:
8071:
6979:
6076:
6016:
5788:
5750:
5712:
5596:
5548:
5442:
3964:
project has the potential to supply about 10% of the $ 1 billion of REE consumption that occurs in North America every year.
7634:"Building an independent and sustainable supply of magnet metal rare earths for the Electric Vehicle and Offshore Wind OEMs"
6670:
2189:
In 1842 the number of known rare-earth elements had reached six: yttrium, cerium, lanthanum, didymium, erbium, and terbium.
2175:
and pure lanthana. Didymia, although not further separable by Mosander's techniques, was in fact still a mixture of oxides.
13289:
11164:
9567:"Life Cycle Inventory of the Production of Rare Earths and the Subsequent Production of NdFeB Rare Earth Permanent Magnets"
4798:
3146:
3131:
2974:
1232:; jewelry - for its hardness and optical properties; do-it-yourself high temperature ceramics and cements based on water),
8834:
8197:[Chronology of Events at the Rare Earth Factory, Red Hill] (in Malay). Penang Consumer Association. Archived from
7949:
7798:
4443:
and magnets. In the US, more than half of REEs are used for catalysts; ceramics, glass, and polishing are also main uses.
4439:
The uses, applications, and demand for rare-earth elements have expanded over the years. Globally, most REEs are used for
3800:, was under development in 2018 and is positioned to become the first significant dysprosium producer outside of China.
13796:
12544:
12499:
8164:
6340:
4965:
4103:
9436:
8928:
7709:"UK's first magnet refinery given huge financial boost as first ever strategy for supply of critical minerals published"
7329:
7063:
4150:
16952:
16579:
15354:
12979:
12936:
9989:
Liu, Pan; Zhao, Simin; Xie, Nan; Yang, Lufeng; Wang, Qian; Wen, Yinghao; Chen, Hailong; Tang, Yuanzhi (April 4, 2023).
9518:"Rare earth elements: A review of applications, occurrence, exploration, analysis, recycling, and environmental impact"
8735:
7306:
5685:
4813:
4179:
2264:
1213:
5871:"The Crystal Structure of the Modification C of the Sesquioxides of the Rare Earth Metals, and of Indium and Thallium"
2387:
that he had discovered element 72 was untrue. Hafnium is an element that lies in the periodic table immediately below
2247:
16599:
14600:
13152:
10646:
10316:
8443:
8013:
7392:
5294:
4982:
2827:
is occasionally recovered as a byproduct of heavy-sand processing, but is not as abundant as the similarly recovered
1224:; as refractory material - in metal alloys used in jet engines, and coatings of engines and industrial gas turbines;
8633:
7576:"Long-discussed niobium mine in southeast Nebraska is ready to move forward, if it gathers $ 1 billion in financing"
7174:
6107:
2120:
from the gadolinite but failed to recognize other elements in the ore. After this discovery in 1794, a mineral from
922:
Refined rare-earth oxides are heavy, gritty powders usually brown or black, but can be lighter colors as shown here.
16317:
14287:
11189:
10525:
7505:
6389:
5263:
4901:
4474:
4068:
has been reported to have exported rare-earth ore to China, about US$ 1.88 million worth during May and June 2014.
3896:
3126:, rare-earth elements can be used to infer the petrological mechanisms that have affected a rock due to the subtle
7448:
4790:
in 2006 (China's export quota only applies to the metal but not products made from these metals such as magnets).
3878:
of rare earths from Myanmar in December 2021, exceeding 20,000 tonnes. Rare earths were discovered near Pangwa in
14045:
13100:
12974:
8224:
6424:
Chao E. C. T., Back J. M., Minkin J., Tatsumoto M., Junwen W., Conrad J. E., McKee E. H., Zonglin H., Qingrun M.
2084:
Rare earths were mainly discovered as components of minerals. Ytterbium was found in the "ytterbite" (renamed to
1685:
10796:
9214:
6117:
4619:
and resulted in the water hyacinth becoming three times more concentrated in cerium than its surrounding water.
2981:-rich immiscible liquid from. These liquids are most commonly forming in association with very deep Precambrian
2727:, having 68 parts per million (about as common as copper). The exception is the highly unstable and radioactive
15582:
13255:
13137:
12492:
10317:"Rare earth elements in street dust and associated health risk in a municipal industrial base of central China"
9689:
Deng, Bing; Wang, Xin; Luong, Duy Xuan; Carter, Robert A.; Wang, Zhe; Tomson, Mason B.; Tour, James M. (2022).
7829:
4223:-era mines are believed to have discarded large amounts of rare earths, because they had no value at the time.
4186:
number of conditions. On 2 September 2014, Lynas was issued a 2-year full operating stage license by the AELB.
4055:
3990:, the deposit has been mined, off and on, since 1951. A second large deposit of REEs at Elk Creek in southeast
2953:
Alkaline magmas enriched with rare-earth elements include carbonatites, peralkaline granites (pegmatites), and
12711:
10616:
7768:
4321:(Nd) can both be embedded inside glass and they completely cut out the glare from the flame when one is doing
3852:
3110:
The application of rare-earth elements to geology is important to understanding the petrological processes of
2263:
The samaria earth was further separated by Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1886, and a similar result was obtained by
1025:
are radioactive, and it does not occur naturally in the earth's crust, except for a trace amount generated by
16894:
14447:
13312:
13129:
13050:
12940:
10057:
Chua, H (June 18, 1998). "Bio-accumulation of environmental residues of rare earth elements in aquatic flora
7475:
6507:
6428:
3979:
3903:, and an exponential increase from 2016. Land has also been seized from locals to conduct mining operations.
3777:
2991:
2891:
4035:
has urged Greenland to restrict Chinese development of rare-earth projects there, but as of early 2013, the
16942:
15696:
14517:
14510:
14482:
9466:. Reuse and Recycling / UN SGDs: How can Sustainable Chemistry Contribute? / Green Chemistry in Education.
7852:
7608:
4158:
3847:
supplied between 85% and 95% of the global demand for the 17 rare-earth powders, half of them sourced from
3718:
unaffected by the fluid and instead the rock retains the rare-earth element concentration from its source.
2501:
2334:
2289:
2243:
2014:
1678:
1017:
because they are not actually scarce, although historically it took a long time to isolate these elements.
7882:
4071:
In May 2012, researchers from two universities in Japan announced that they had discovered rare earths in
2309:
In 1839 the third source for rare earths became available. This is a mineral similar to gadolinite called
16906:
15547:
15405:
14925:
14907:
13159:
6820:
6636:
2921:, an uncommon kind of magmatism that occurs in tectonic settings where there is rifting or that are near
2511:
concentrates contain small amounts of scandium and other rare-earth elements, which could be analysed by
2357:
2212:
1210:
12721:
12716:
11065:
6803:
1228:- for measuring oxygen and pH of hot water solutions, i.e. in fuel cells; ceramic electrolyte - used in
16947:
15612:
14527:
14292:
13616:
12994:
8877:"Application of rare-earth elements in the agriculture of China and its environmental behavior in soil"
5017:
4970:
4715:
3682:
melts, the following observations apply: anomalies in europium are dominated by the crystallization of
2101:
1217:
1009:
deposits as the lanthanides and exhibit similar chemical properties, but have different electrical and
11175:
10595:
9459:
7148:
6850:
6293:
4602:
of soil and water around production areas, which has impacted vegetation in these areas by decreasing
3768:. Through the 1950s, South Africa was the world's rare earth source, from a monazite-rich reef at the
16414:
15865:
15415:
15400:
15373:
15023:
14853:
12927:
11148:
11128:
11107:
5501:
5003:
4574:
4522:
4491:
3813:
3316:
3272:
3033:
The global demand for rare-earth elements (REEs) is expected to increase more than fivefold by 2030.
2578:
2532:
1533:
14534:
10675:
8593:
8504:
6949:
5870:
16761:
16502:
15664:
15557:
15425:
14539:
13282:
12529:
10166:"Toxicological Evaluations of Rare Earths and Their Health Impacts to Workers: A Literature Review"
9244:
7452:
7013:
4986:
4281:
3883:
3045:. One of the most common classifications divides REE into 3 groups: light rare earths (LREE - from
2149:
1339:
1294:
1202:
1162:
13147:
9334:
Pereao, Omoniyi; Bode-Aluko, Chris; Fatoba, Olanrewaju; Laatikaine, Katri; Petrik, Leslie (2018).
7009:
4577:
and up to 70 times the cost due to the REE mining." In most of the reported studies reviewed by a
3518:{\displaystyle {\frac {{\text{REE}}_{i}}{{\text{REE}}_{i}^{*}}}={\frac {_{n}\times 2}{_{n}+_{n}}}}
2411:
procedures for separating and purifying rare-earth elements. This method was first applied to the
2163:, an assistant of Berzelius, separated ceria by heating the nitrate and dissolving the product in
16542:
16234:
15460:
15344:
14964:
14848:
14374:
13586:
13243:
13212:
12706:
12663:
12534:
9304:
8358:
Turning a Problem Into a Resource: Remediation and Waste Management at the Sillamäe Site, Estonia
6888:"Rare Earths: The Hidden Cost to Their Magic", Distillations Podcast and transcript, Episode 242"
6595:
4797:
on shipments of rare-earth oxides (but not alloys) to Japan on 22 September 2010, in response to
4173:
4048:
4036:
2586:
2062:
10703:"Strategic evaluations and mining process optimization towards a strong global REE supply chain"
10315:
Sun, Guangyi; Li, Zhonggen; Liu, Ting; Chen, Ji; Wu, Tingting; Feng, Xinbin (December 1, 2017).
9267:
8810:
7979:
6531:
4113:
In June 2024, Rare Earths Norway found a rare-earth oxide deposit of 8.8 million metric tons in
2137:
16865:
16845:
16756:
16751:
16169:
15785:
15711:
15217:
15212:
14957:
14487:
13893:
13771:
13766:
12733:
12560:
8297:
7912:
6216:
4199:
Significant quantities of rare-earth oxides are found in tailings accumulated from 50 years of
3666:
the normalized concentrations of the respectively previous and next elements along the series.
3078:
2756:
2096:, Sweden and termed "rare" because it had never yet been seen. Arrhenius's "ytterbite" reached
1962:
1670:
1005:
Scandium and yttrium are considered rare-earth elements because they tend to occur in the same
14770:
14544:
13903:
12966:
10392:"Health risk assessment of rare earth elements in cereals from mining area in Shandong, China"
6294:"Rare earth elements in seawater: particle association, shale-normalization, and Ce oxidation"
5076:
4494:
in China produced more than 70,000 tons of radioactive waste, that contaminated ground water.
16701:
16616:
16350:
16227:
15941:
15919:
15870:
15420:
15178:
15042:
13816:
13639:
13453:
13207:
12788:
11124:
5154:"An Updated Review of Toxicity Effect of the Rare Earth Elements (REEs) on Aquatic Organisms"
4012:
3671:
2781:
2361:
2278:
2113:
1693:
1674:
1252:
lenses (due to high refractive index and very low thermal expansion), battery cathodes (LYP)
1229:
15507:
15127:
14010:
7982:[North Korea Rare Earth exports to China increased significantly from May to June].
7010:"DS431: China — Measures Related to the Exportation of Rare Earths, Tungsten and Molybdenum"
5538:
3077:
A distinguishing factor in the geochemical behaviour of the REE is linked to the so-called "
2375:
Using these facts about atomic numbers from X-ray crystallography, Moseley also showed that
1067:
properties, rare-earth elements are typically dispersed and not often found concentrated in
16776:
16208:
16059:
15772:
15267:
15161:
14777:
14477:
14472:
13853:
13299:
12889:
12573:
11232:
11019:
10474:
10403:
10328:
10271:
10232:
10070:
10002:
9939:
9874:
9818:
9756:
9702:
9629:
9578:
9529:
9471:
9347:
9149:
9111:"The Energy Transition Will Need More Rare Earth Elements. Can We Secure Them Sustainably?"
8966:
8888:
8776:
8700:
6560:
6375:
6305:
6250:
6154:
5958:
5906:
5387:
4802:
4608:
4451:
3944:
3769:
2926:
2284:
Further spectroscopic analysis between 1886 and 1901 of samaria, yttria, and samarskite by
2160:
1320:
1290:
1249:
14571:
13621:
9191:
4760:
4748:
In Greenland, there is a significant dispute on whether to start a new rare-earth mine in
3972:
3702:. On the other hand, the depletion of HREE relative to LREE may be due to the presence of
3621:
3573:
3531:
8:
16918:
16860:
16835:
16718:
16492:
16449:
16409:
16375:
16104:
16071:
15929:
15743:
15723:
15455:
15283:
15262:
15064:
15018:
14750:
14173:
13704:
13275:
12806:
10572:
7418:
6471:
5361:
4862:
3888:
3733:
3706:, as garnet preferentially incorporates HREE into its crystal structure. The presence of
3074:
valence electrons, whereas the others do, but the chemical behaviour is almost the same.
3020:
2739:
2590:
2089:
1689:
1233:
1026:
1010:
904:
14118:
11023:
10478:
10407:
10332:
10275:
10236:
10074:
10031:
10006:
9990:
9943:
9878:
9822:
9760:
9706:
9633:
9582:
9533:
9475:
9351:
9153:
8970:
8892:
8780:
8765:"Global Potential of Rare Earth Resources and Rare Earth Demand from Clean Technologies"
8704:
8689:
7362:
6564:
6449:
6309:
6254:
6158:
5962:
5910:
5478:
Gschneidner K. A., Cappellen, ed. (1987). "1787–1987 Two hundred Years of Rare Earths".
5468:. Unfortunately this mnemonic doesn't distinguish very well between terbium and thulium.
5391:
5338:
5319:. (Internet Version 2009) (89th ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press/Taylor and Francis.
5253:
4685:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
2811:, which derives its typical yellow fluorescence from some of the accompanying HREE. The
16813:
16808:
16621:
16454:
15976:
15954:
15949:
15907:
15880:
15840:
15294:
15188:
15142:
15054:
15013:
14996:
14879:
14874:
14595:
14576:
14389:
14313:
14077:
13878:
13873:
13567:
12894:
10432:
10391:
10360:
10190:
10165:
10141:
10108:
9971:
9903:
9862:
9842:
9790:
9723:
9690:
9495:
9409:
9382:
8990:
8920:
8826:
8716:
7234:
6274:
5930:
5403:
5377:
5129:
5102:
4927:
4794:
4773:
4599:
4447:
4167:
2999:
2677:
2512:
2489:
2109:
2018:
1662:
1599:
1335:
1170:
1068:
899:
16114:
15349:
13596:
10284:
10259:
10082:
9458:
Jowitt, Simon M.; Werner, Timothy T.; Weng, Zhehan; Mudd, Gavin M. (October 1, 2018).
6710:
6317:
6188:
5215:
5214:
Haxel G.; Hedrick J.; Orris J. (2002). Peter H. Stauffer; James W. Hendley II (eds.).
5188:
5153:
4027:. Pre-feasibility drilling at this site has confirmed significant quantities of black
2787:
Well-known minerals containing yttrium, and other HREE, include gadolinite, xenotime,
16681:
16497:
16471:
16459:
16444:
16355:
16203:
16025:
15924:
15855:
15537:
15532:
15472:
15465:
15430:
15193:
15008:
14916:
14664:
14617:
14494:
14354:
14344:
14309:
14299:
14267:
14210:
14205:
14108:
13396:
13354:
12989:
12859:
12083:
11047:
10848:
10734:
10500:
10437:
10419:
10352:
10344:
10297:
10289:
10195:
10146:
10128:
10086:
10036:
10018:
9963:
9955:
9908:
9890:
9846:
9834:
9794:
9782:
9728:
9653:
9645:
9602:
9594:
9547:
9499:
9487:
9414:
9363:
9335:
9173:
9165:
9161:
8982:
8912:
8904:
8830:
8720:
8543:
8361:
8360:. Volume 28 of NATO science series: Disarmament technologies. Springer. p. 229.
8329:
6617:
6576:
6321:
6266:
6170:
6082:
6072:
6022:
6012:
5794:
5784:
5756:
5746:
5708:
5681:
5656:
B. Smith Hopkins: "Chemistry of the rarer elements", D. C. Heath & Company, 1923.
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5592:
5544:
5438:
5407:
5290:
5193:
5175:
5134:
4978:
4922:
4906:
4872:
4578:
4233:
3940:
3859:
imposed by the US and EU countries. Rare-earth metals serve as crucial materials for
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3797:
3726:
3722:
3026:
2954:
2531:
were available, the separation of the rare earths was primarily achieved by repeated
2404:
2239:
2196:
2192:
1922:
1845:
1539:
1489:
1463:
1451:
1383:
1324:
1245:
1166:
605:
13611:
13480:
13431:
11170:
10364:
9975:
8994:
8924:
6612:
6572:
6278:
5970:
5934:
5524:
5437:. Vol. 31. Contributor: Matthias Bohnet (6th ed.). Wiley-VCH. p. 24.
2238:
was listed in the periodic table of elements with a molecular mass of 138. In 1879,
1100:
16783:
16711:
16706:
16274:
16252:
16212:
16188:
16147:
16119:
16099:
16047:
15892:
15832:
15627:
15410:
15378:
15366:
15247:
15132:
15049:
14991:
14627:
14622:
14586:
14425:
14168:
14153:
14130:
14103:
13674:
13646:
13470:
13441:
13416:
13391:
13374:
13224:
13142:
12918:
12783:
12741:
12701:
12696:
12691:
12686:
12681:
12676:
12671:
12623:
12618:
12613:
12147:
11852:
11681:
11510:
11429:
11348:
11321:
11284:
11279:
11274:
11037:
11027:
10978:"EU, U.S. exploring new sources of Rare Earth Minerals, should China limit exports"
10923:"Tech's Mineral Infrastructure – Time to Emulate China's Rare Earth Policies."
10714:
10490:
10482:
10427:
10411:
10336:
10279:
10244:
10240:
10185:
10177:
10136:
10120:
10078:
10026:
10010:
9947:
9927:
9898:
9882:
9826:
9772:
9764:
9718:
9710:
9637:
9586:
9537:
9479:
9404:
9394:
9355:
9157:
9045:
9024:
8974:
8896:
8818:
8784:
8708:
7957:
6607:
6568:
6313:
6258:
6162:
6143:"Deep-sea mud in the Pacific Ocean as a potential resource for rare-earth elements"
5966:
5922:
5914:
5852:
5673:
5395:
5183:
5165:
5124:
5114:
4912:
4833:
4559:
4499:
4459:
4273:
4261:
4245:
4095:
4072:
3860:
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is the normalized concentration of the element whose anomaly has to be calculated,
3119:
3115:
3082:
2945:(80 to 200 km depth) produces a volatile-rich magma (high concentrations of CO
2743:
2493:
2440:
2145:
2141:
1974:
1810:
1802:
1794:
1750:
1746:
1734:
1666:
1610:
1603:
1282:
1045:
14755:
13953:
13821:
13601:
9830:
9641:
8712:
8296:. (29 May – 3 June 2011). International Atomic Energy Agency. 2011. Archived from
4019:. Additionally, in 2010, a large deposit of rare-earth minerals was discovered in
16840:
16788:
16419:
16282:
16132:
16042:
16032:
16020:
15999:
15875:
15860:
15642:
15637:
15477:
15388:
15272:
15257:
15252:
15033:
14947:
14728:
14551:
14522:
14257:
14082:
13801:
13734:
13510:
13458:
13421:
13095:
12956:
12608:
12603:
12598:
12593:
12588:
12583:
12578:
11269:
11264:
11259:
11254:
11249:
11244:
11239:
10929:
10891:
10886:
10682:
10602:
10579:
10554:
10486:
9198:
8089:
7070:
7046:
6538:
6432:
6124:
5466:
5399:
5239:
4645:
3879:
3874:
in Myanmar is the world's largest source of rare earths. In 2021, China imported
3729:
sources; this is important in the investigation of ocean mixing and circulation.
3099:
2938:
2747:
2724:
2536:
2436:
2285:
2066:
1966:
1658:
1559:
1547:
1414:
firesteel (flint) products, single-mode fiber optical amplifiers (as a dopant of
1407:
1399:
1331:
15110:
13744:
13606:
9483:
2391:, and hafnium and zirconium have very similar chemical and physical properties.
1087:; four of the rare-earth elements bear names derived from this single location.
16818:
16741:
16507:
16397:
16392:
16370:
16152:
16139:
16082:
16015:
16003:
15897:
15738:
15706:
15607:
15361:
15333:
15298:
15239:
14797:
14792:
14760:
14647:
14642:
14637:
14590:
14433:
14349:
14125:
14064:
13938:
13791:
13786:
13739:
13729:
13719:
13490:
13381:
13369:
13339:
12904:
12899:
12869:
12864:
12849:
12515:
11212:
11032:
11007:
10559:
10415:
9886:
9768:
9300:
8598:
8589:
5577:
Spedding F., Daane A. H.: "The Rare Earths", John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1961.
5462:
4917:
4893:
4724:
4629:
4455:
4142:
4099:
4090:
4032:
3782:
3757:
2899:
2673:
2400:
2384:
2322:
2058:
2026:
1958:
1881:
1502:
1498:
1415:
1225:
13923:
13530:
11140:
10719:
10702:
10340:
9542:
9517:
9399:
8978:
5011:
3969:
3968:
signed an agreement in October 2010 to supply Japan with rare earths from its
1044:
Though rare-earth elements are technically relatively plentiful in the entire
16936:
16855:
16365:
15995:
15805:
15622:
15617:
15482:
15319:
15303:
15171:
15157:
15038:
15001:
14932:
14864:
14858:
14843:
14738:
14723:
14631:
14282:
14135:
14098:
14072:
13913:
13858:
13709:
13694:
13520:
13364:
12306:
11051:
10908:
10687:
10423:
10348:
10293:
10258:
Li, Xiaofei; Chen, Zhibiao; Chen, Zhiqiang; Zhang, Yonghe (October 1, 2013).
10181:
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10090:
10022:
9959:
9894:
9838:
9786:
9649:
9598:
9566:
9551:
9491:
9432:
9367:
9169:
9029:
9012:
8986:
8908:
7336:
6621:
6580:
6325:
6270:
6174:
6086:
6067:
Jébrak, Michel; Marcoux, Eric; Laithier, Michelle; Skipwith, Patrick (2014).
6026:
5677:
5179:
5119:
5049:
4779:
4730:
panel investigation is completed, which is expected by the end of June 2011.
4564:
Renewable energy § Conservation areas, recycling and rare-earth elements
4322:
4149:. The Kuantan development brought renewed attention to the Malaysian town of
4058:
listed Peak Resources announced in February 2012, that their Tanzanian-based
3936:
3151:
3127:
3042:
2965:-rich fluids, which can be produced by partial melting of hydrous-carbonated
2942:
2605:
2557:
2553:
2416:
2365:
2338:
2293:
2274:
2097:
1918:
1885:
1654:
1635:
1112:
1096:
775:
18:
15492:
13928:
13724:
10849:
James T. Areddy, David Fickling And Norihiko Shirouzu (September 23, 2010).
10014:
9951:
9383:"Recovery of Rare Earth Elements from Wastewater Towards a Circular Economy"
8876:
7298:
5798:
5760:
5637:
Popular library of chemical elements. Silver through nielsbohrium and beyond
2835:
2639:
In their oxides, most rare-earth elements only have a valence of 3 and form
2633:
2447:
16798:
16733:
16686:
16382:
16267:
16262:
16257:
16247:
16242:
15902:
15760:
15487:
15442:
15312:
15308:
15276:
15166:
15088:
15059:
14984:
14979:
14969:
14869:
14787:
14718:
14673:
14404:
14384:
14369:
14333:
14328:
14304:
14220:
14113:
13990:
13811:
13781:
13699:
13689:
13684:
13679:
13651:
13562:
13463:
13219:
12884:
12879:
12633:
12568:
12360:
12189:
11894:
11294:
11227:
10504:
10441:
10356:
10301:
10199:
10040:
9967:
9912:
9732:
9714:
9657:
9606:
9418:
9359:
8916:
8855:
7659:"Pensana confirms $ 494m capital cost for its Saltend, Longonjo operations"
6142:
5458:
5197:
5138:
5007:
4841:
4463:
4314:
4310:
4000:
3924:
3871:
3773:
3737:
3714:
3134:
of some rare earths relative to others depending on the processes at work.
3123:
3111:
2887:
2867:
2751:
2524:
2497:
2408:
2125:
2022:
1970:
1681:
1367:
1221:
999:
936:
817:
684:
458:
15497:
14020:
14015:
14005:
13968:
13958:
13898:
13831:
13344:
10368:
10150:
10124:
9177:
7396:
6262:
2469:, where X is a mixture of rare-earth elements and sometimes thorium), and
2207:. This confusion led to several false claims of new elements, such as the
16850:
16830:
16803:
16629:
16387:
16287:
15980:
15969:
15964:
15912:
15790:
15780:
15649:
15105:
15074:
15069:
15028:
14937:
14713:
14688:
14683:
14652:
14409:
14364:
14272:
14252:
13985:
13908:
13868:
13776:
13756:
13500:
13485:
13475:
13411:
13331:
12999:
12874:
12628:
12414:
12378:
12369:
12279:
12261:
12252:
11289:
11042:
10904:
10109:"Exposure, metabolism, and toxicity of rare earths and related compounds"
7602:"NioCorp Superalloy Materials The Elk Creek Superalloy Materials Project"
6596:"Global rare earth elements projects: New developments and supply chains"
6504:"Cox C. 2008. Rare earth innovation. Herndon (VA): The Anchor House Inc;"
6435:. 1997. United States Geological Survey. 29 February 2008. Bulletin 2143.
6112:
4857:
4828:
4603:
4265:
4200:
4065:
3961:
3953:
3821:
3793:
3041:
The REE geochemical classification is usually done on the basis of their
2958:
2910:
2796:
2651:
2640:
2594:
2380:
2326:
2164:
1555:
1411:
1347:
1343:
1285:
and alkali-resistant glass, flint, hydrogen storage, battery-electrodes,
1155:
1064:
1030:
859:
831:
824:
754:
740:
733:
10519:
10495:
9991:"Green Approach for Rare Earth Element (REE) Recovery from Coal Fly Ash"
9777:
9336:"Rare earth elements removal techniques from water/wastewater: a review"
8677:
7546:"Mining Venture Draws $ 200 Million in Tax Incentives and Red Flags (1)"
7501:
5947:
5926:
5633:Популярная библиотека химических элементов. Серебро — Нильсборий и далее
5255:
5170:
4517:
4212:
3313:
the analytical concentration of the element measured in the sample, and
2766:
Among the anhydrous rare-earth phosphates, it is the tetragonal mineral
2738:
The rare-earth elements are often found together. During the sequential
2329:. The Russian chemist R. Harmann proposed that a new element he called "
1099:
and symbol, the etymology of their names, and their main uses (see also
16793:
16723:
16693:
16676:
16654:
16464:
16334:
16329:
16037:
15985:
15810:
15733:
15632:
15527:
15205:
15115:
15100:
15083:
15079:
14836:
14605:
14339:
14235:
14215:
14146:
13980:
13761:
13630:
13626:
13515:
13359:
12773:
12423:
12351:
12324:
12297:
11957:
11939:
11912:
11743:
11734:
11473:
11144:
8900:
8789:
8764:
7149:"Illegal rare earth mining harms environment in Myanmar's Kachin state"
4817:
4749:
4469:
Ce, La, and Nd are important in alloy making, and in the production of
4269:
4134:
4020:
3957:
3748:
3687:
2966:
2922:
2871:
2859:
2804:
2788:
2732:
2728:
2707:
2598:
2540:
2369:
2314:
2269:
2257:
2085:
1978:
1806:
1781:
1762:
1754:
1650:
1629:
1492:
1483:
1391:
1241:
1076:
1022:
987:
928:
866:
810:
789:
768:
507:
493:
472:
344:
337:
138:
14000:
13963:
13505:
9672:"Rare earth elements for smartphones can be extracted from coal waste"
9590:
8113:"Rare Earths Discovery Near Wheatland So Big It Could Be World Leader"
8045:
Chee, Foo Yun; Blenkinsop, Philip; Chee, Foo Yun (November 13, 2023).
5918:
5536:
4887:
2909:
Enriched deposits of rare-earth elements at the surface of the Earth,
2379:(element 72) would not be a rare-earth element. Moseley was killed in
2121:
1334:, polishing powder, yellow colors in glass and ceramics, catalyst for
16825:
16771:
16671:
16649:
16634:
16436:
16162:
16054:
15990:
15887:
15800:
15755:
15691:
15676:
15522:
15393:
15183:
14974:
14812:
14807:
14802:
14610:
14399:
14379:
14262:
14225:
13918:
13883:
13714:
13634:
13495:
12829:
12798:
12653:
12643:
12638:
12432:
12405:
12396:
12243:
12225:
12216:
12207:
11993:
11903:
11876:
11824:
11770:
11752:
11716:
11696:
11635:
11572:
11516:
11455:
11444:
11363:
11314:
11304:
11299:
10800:
8822:
6950:"El Reg man: Too bad, China – I was RIGHT about hoarding rare earths"
6472:"The Rare-Earth Elements—Vital to Modern Technologies and Lifestyles"
6166:
5702:
5021:
4837:
4805:. On September 2, 2010, a few days before the fishing boat incident,
4470:
4466:, hard disc drives, portable electronics, microphones, and speakers.
4440:
4343:
4318:
4298:
4253:
4220:
4138:
4133:. The plant would refine ore — lanthanides concentrate from the
4085:
China processes about 90% of the world's REEs and 60% of the world's
4024:
4008:
3983:
3932:
3912:
3900:
3789:
3142:
2995:
2918:
2914:
2883:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2776:
2681:
2625:
2617:
2601:, but most promethium is synthetically produced in nuclear reactors.
2582:
2420:
2388:
2350:
2171:. It took him three more years to separate the lanthana further into
2117:
1945:
1835:
1435:
1269:
1237:
960:
956:
873:
852:
845:
726:
712:
705:
698:
535:
465:
444:
407:
365:
351:
323:
305:
261:
212:
168:
124:
115:
55:
13426:
13349:
11106:, Distillations Podcast and transcript, Episode 242, June 25, 2019,
11008:"The geopolitics of renewable energy: Debunking four emerging myths"
10521:
Rare Earth Elements in Agriculture with Emphasis on Animal Husbandry
9863:"Adsorption of rare earth elements in regolith-hosted clay deposits"
8259:"Rare Earth ETF Jumps As Plans To Break China's Hold Suffer Setback"
7281:"Monoceros Mineral Resources invests in Steenkampskraal Rare Earths"
6734:"China to cut exports of 'rare earth' minerals vital to energy tech"
5896:
5525:
History of the Origin of the Chemical Elements and Their Discoverers
5254:
Keith R. Long; Bradley S. Van Gosen; Nora K. Foley; Daniel Cordier.
2906:) have been the principal ores of cerium and the light lanthanides.
893:
16766:
16476:
16404:
16087:
15815:
15795:
15716:
15552:
15450:
15383:
15152:
14911:
14782:
14708:
14703:
14698:
14693:
14452:
14323:
14247:
13995:
13948:
13579:
13554:
13542:
13267:
12821:
12778:
12387:
12288:
12171:
12153:
12128:
12119:
12092:
12065:
12029:
12020:
12002:
11930:
11921:
11815:
11687:
11653:
11563:
11554:
11545:
11536:
11491:
11410:
11392:
11327:
10766:"Seventeen Metals: 'The Middle East has oil, China has rare earth'"
8028:"Sweden's LKAB finds Europe's biggest deposit of rare-earth metals"
7730:
6425:
5382:
4827:
The United States Geological Survey is actively surveying southern
4820:
as the element that was most critical in terms of import reliance.
4707:
4530:
4208:
4114:
4102:. In 2024, an EU backed lithium mining project created large scale
3991:
3987:
3928:
3892:
3833:
3699:
3695:
3683:
3012:
2934:
2895:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2828:
2824:
2800:
2792:
2771:
2767:
2685:
2669:
2629:
2621:
2570:
2508:
2481:
2470:
2459:
2432:
2412:
2342:
2330:
2302:
2252:
2235:
2221:
2133:
1998:
1738:
1684:
detectors, a substrate for magneto-optical films, high performance
1591:
1578:
1527:
1459:
1403:
1142:
1014:
991:
948:
838:
761:
670:
656:
640:
633:
612:
591:
563:
556:
542:
486:
479:
400:
298:
275:
205:
198:
191:
184:
152:
92:
78:
30:
10548:"Malaysia Rare Earths in Largest Would-Be Refinery Incite Protest"
6071:(2nd ed.). St. John's, NL: Geological Association of Canada.
5315:
C. R. Hammond. "Section 4; The Elements". In David R. Lide (ed.).
3792:
deposit. The Browns Range mine, located 160 km south east of
3085:
towards the nuclear charge due to the progressive filling of the 4
2492:
are more difficult to mine and extract than equivalent sources of
2383:
in 1915, years before hafnium was discovered. Hence, the claim of
1244:, gas mantles, additive to steel, aluminium and magnesium alloys,
916:
16661:
16644:
16424:
16292:
16222:
16198:
16092:
15728:
15654:
15289:
15229:
15222:
15137:
15095:
14942:
14921:
14902:
14884:
14826:
14765:
14733:
14678:
14394:
14318:
14178:
14158:
14087:
13749:
13656:
13574:
13537:
13525:
12648:
12484:
12469:
12464:
12459:
12454:
12342:
12333:
12315:
12270:
12198:
12180:
12110:
12056:
12038:
12011:
11984:
11966:
11948:
11858:
11788:
11761:
11725:
11707:
11671:
11662:
11644:
11626:
11525:
11464:
11354:
11309:
11181:
7264:
Leifert, H. (June 2010). "Restarting US rare earth production?".
5289:(77th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. pp. 10–12.
4793:
It was reported, but officially denied, that China instituted an
4637:
4538:
4534:
4293:
4216:
4130:
4086:
4059:
4016:
3965:
3848:
3691:
3357:
the concentration of the same element in the reference material.
2986:
2528:
2428:
2424:
2376:
2346:
2108:("earth" in the geological parlance of the day), which he called
2093:
2004:
1905:
1838:(in Latin, "Holmia"), the native city of one of its discoverers.
1829:
1723:
1717:
1700:
detectors, possibly in catalytic conversion of automobile fumes.
1196:
1190:
1080:
1038:
1034:
995:
803:
796:
782:
747:
691:
677:
626:
584:
570:
549:
528:
514:
500:
430:
379:
358:
330:
316:
289:
282:
268:
254:
175:
131:
48:
9333:
8139:"Norway discovers Europe's largest deposit of rare earth metals"
5743:
Using geochemical data: evaluation, presentation, interpretation
5612:
5101:
Huang, Jing; Yu, Zheng; Chistoserdova, Ludmila (June 26, 2018).
2234:
There were no further discoveries for 30 years, and the element
2203:, and Delafontaine named the substance with the yellow peroxide
16746:
16127:
16010:
15850:
15659:
15602:
15512:
14952:
14581:
14240:
14230:
14193:
14183:
14163:
13975:
13826:
12234:
12162:
12047:
11975:
11885:
11867:
11833:
11797:
11779:
11608:
11599:
11590:
11482:
11435:
11401:
11383:
11338:
11159:
10933:
6341:"Rare Earths of the Grenville Sub-Province, Ontario and Quebec"
4616:
4543:
4257:
4079:
3920:
3916:
3765:
3736:
display long half-lives. Of particular interest are the La-Ce,
3707:
3703:
3679:
2982:
2930:
2903:
2875:
2863:
2834:
Well-known minerals containing cerium, and other LREE, include
2808:
2770:
that incorporates yttrium and the HREE, whereas the monoclinic
2760:
2720:
2246:
and found several new spectral lines in didymia. Also in 1879,
1868:
1849:
1727:
1697:
1642:
1584:
1314:
1286:
1084:
1075:
are sparse. The first rare-earth mineral discovered (1787) was
1057:
1049:
944:
719:
663:
577:
521:
451:
437:
414:
386:
372:
240:
233:
226:
145:
108:
85:
71:
39:
11141:"Rare-Earth Elements: The Intersection of Science and Society"
9080:"China Wrestles with the Toxic Aftermath of Rare Earth Mining"
9013:"Social and Environmental Impact of the Rare Earth Industries"
8763:
Zhou, Baolu; Li, Zhongxue; Chen, Congcong (October 25, 2017).
6851:"WRAPUP 4-US, EU, Japan take on China at WTO over rare earths"
5745:. Harlow, Essex, England: Longman Scientific & Technical.
5362:"Theoretical insights into the hydrophobicity of low index CeO
4082:
area, which would make it the largest such deposit in Europe.
3756:
Until 1948, most of the world's rare earths were sourced from
3732:
Rare-earth elements are also useful for dating rocks, as some
2799:, yttrotantalite, yttrotungstite, yttrofluorite (a variety of
2446:
The principal sources of rare-earth elements are the minerals
16666:
16639:
16193:
15959:
15822:
15686:
15594:
15200:
14817:
13446:
13436:
13401:
12765:
12448:
12137:
11842:
11500:
11374:
10524:(Dissertation). LMU München: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine.
9745:
9138:
6503:
6066:
4787:
4272:, that will produce 200 tons of rare earths a year from used
4249:
4204:
4154:
4146:
4126:
4044:
3844:
3829:
3761:
2879:
2711:
Abundance of elements in Earth's crust per million Si atoms (
2318:
2105:
2008:
1954:
1926:
1911:
1877:
1841:
1798:
1758:
1742:
1646:
1595:
1551:
1543:
1455:
1395:
1387:
1148:
647:
421:
159:
64:
8506:
China's rare earth ore deposits and beneficiation techniques
7883:"Hay tierras raras aquí y están... en un lugar de La Mancha"
5615:[Popular library of chemical elements. Gadolinium].
5477:
5221:. United States Geological Survey. USGS Fact Sheet: 087-02.
5216:"Rare Earth Elements—Critical Resources for High Technology"
3975:, however the deal was never realized due to disagreements.
3943:. Significant sites under development outside China include
3828:
In response to the opening of new mines in other countries (
3819:
resources and protect the environment. On October 19, 2010,
3145:, as these are believed to be the closest representation of
3130:
differences between the elements, which causes preferential
2937:, along pre-existing fractures, and can be emplaced deep in
2267:
by direct isolation from samarskite. They named the element
16345:
16157:
15845:
15748:
15701:
15120:
14831:
14198:
14188:
13863:
13386:
12101:
12074:
11617:
11581:
11419:
10961:
Simpson, S. (October 2011). "Afghanistan's Buried Riches".
9268:"South China Villagers Slam Pollution From Rare Earth Mine"
8047:"EU agrees mineral supply targets to cut reliance on China"
7335:. London: Insigner Beaufort Equity Research. Archived from
6793:
4765:
4738:
4727:
4277:
3253:{\displaystyle _{n}={\frac {_{\text{sam}}}{_{\text{std}}}}}
2574:
2485:
2129:
619:
598:
247:
219:
99:
8324:"Lynas gets full operating licence before TOL expiry date"
7791:"New Multi-Element Targets and Overall Resource Potential"
7681:"Pensana breaks ground at Saltend and secures ATF funding"
6140:
5213:
4816:
in its 2010 Critical Materials Strategy report identified
2950:
forming from these melts are typically S-Type granitoids.
15502:
14821:
14743:
13591:
11806:
11221:
10583:
9564:
8693:
International Journal of Coal Preparation and Utilization
8566:. Recycling International. March 26, 2013. Archived from
4734:
were announced by the Malaysian government in late June.
4252:
that have significant rare-earth components. Advances in
1607:
1072:
1006:
393:
10573:"UN investigation into Malaysia rare-earth plant safety"
9807:
9433:"Towards zero-waste valorization of rare earth elements"
9243:. China Mining Association. May 21, 2010. Archived from
6980:"China scraps quotas on rare earths after WTO complaint"
6292:
Alibo, Dia Sotto; Nozaki, Yoshiyuki (February 1, 1999).
2616:
Rare-earth elements occur in nature in combination with
2296:
that indicated the existence of an unknown element. The
1638:(1760–1852), to honor his investigation of rare earths.
16:
Any of the fifteen lanthanides plus scandium and yttrium
10463:
9926:
Liu, Pan; Huang, Rixiang; Tang, Yuanzhi (May 7, 2019).
8195:"Kronologi Peristiwa di Kilang Nadir Bumi, Bukit Merah"
7200:"EU stockpiles rare earths as tensions with China rise"
5613:"Популярная библиотека химических элементов. Гадолиний"
4031:, which contains about 1% rare-earth oxides (REO). The
2435:, and the other actinides in the materials produced in
10164:
Rim, Kyung Taek; Koo, Kwon Ho; Park, Jung Sun (2013).
9859:
8736:"An electric jolt salvages valuable metals from waste"
7040:"China Trade - Invest Based On Rare Earth Price Hikes"
5151:
4764:
Global rare-earth-oxide production trends, 1956-2008 (
4161:
subsidiary, Asian Rare Earth, closed in 1994 and left
4007:
Also under consideration for mining are sites such as
2977:
of an alkaline primary magma, or by separation of a CO
2723:, which is actually the 25th most abundant element in
2152:
independently discovered the same oxide and called it
10880:
Backlash over the alleged China curb on metal exports
10052:
10050:
7230:"Canadian Firms Step Up Search for Rare-Earth Metals"
7175:"Is Myanmar's junta benefiting from rare-earth boom?"
4718:, widespread protests took place in Kuantan over the
3624:
3576:
3534:
3374:
3319:
3275:
3163:
10700:
10647:"Greenland votes, split on rare earth metals mining"
10102:
10100:
9457:
9380:
8090:"Thousands protest against lithium mining in Serbia"
8072:"Securing the EU's supply of critical raw materials"
5310:
5308:
5306:
5100:
4883:
4244:
Another recently developed source of rare earths is
3141:
Commonly, the rare-earth elements are normalized to
2547:
2144:. In 1803 they obtained a white oxide and called it
10948:"US Geological Survey: China's Rare-Earth Industry"
10824:"Amid Tension, China Blocks Vital Exports to Japan"
9688:
8503:Zhi Li, Ling; Yang, Xiaosheng (September 4, 2014).
7419:"Rare earths supply deal between Japan and Vietnam"
6671:"Rare Earth Elements: A Wrench in the Supply Chain"
6541:. Reuters. August 31, 2009. Retrieved Aug 31, 2009.
6532:"As hybrid cars gobble rare metals, shortage looms"
5868:
3863:manufacturing and high-tech military applications.
2688:
structure, as it occurs in a mineral of that name (
2661:3 (no. 199), but is now known to be in space group
2439:. Plutonium-239 was very desirable because it is a
2017:– PET scan detectors, high-refractive-index glass,
1209:) as host for europium in television red phosphor,
10851:"China Denies Halting Rare-Earth Exports to Japan"
10797:"Rare earth innovation: the silent shift to China"
10221:
10047:
9464:Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry
9305:"After China's Rare Earth Embargo, a New Calculus"
8875:Pang, Xin; Li, Decheng; Peng, An (March 1, 2002).
8474:"Discovery of rare earths around Minami-Torishima"
8225:"Mitsubishi Quietly Cleans Up Its Former Refinery"
8044:
7727:"Federal minister approves N.W.T. rare earth mine"
7064:"Rare earths are the next geopolitical chess game"
6821:"China halts rare earth production at three mines"
6676:. Center for Strategic and International Studies.
6477:. United States Geological Survey. November 2014.
6108:"Rare earth elements plentiful in ocean sediments"
5672:. Vol. 31. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. p. 184.
5480:Rare Earth Information Center, IPRT, North-Holland
3658:
3610:
3562:
3517:
3349:
3305:
3252:
2048:Parts per million in Earth's crust, e.g. Pb=13 ppm
1095:A table listing the 17 rare-earth elements, their
13933:
10605:. Iaea.org (2011-06-29). Retrieved on 2011-09-27.
10596:IAEA Submits Lynas Report to Malaysian Government
10097:
8564:"New liquid extraction frontier for rare earths?"
8355:
7395:. Great Western Mineral Group Ltd. Archived from
6815:
6813:
6794:Zhang Qi; Ding Qingfen; Fu Jing (July 15, 2011).
6217:"Europe Must Get Serious About Critical Minerals"
5537:Stephen David Barrett; Sarnjeet S. Dhesi (2001).
5303:
4961:International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
4948:International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
4860:'s now-classic 1967 international crime-thriller
4162:
3978:The largest rare-earth deposit in the U.S. is at
3776:province. Through the 1960s until the 1980s, the
3089:orbital which acts against the electrons of the 6
2182:; the one that yielded yellow peroxide he called
1749:(as part of the white triband phosphor coating),
1199:, where the first rare-earth ore was discovered.
1128:
16934:
11066:"Book Reviews, Sites, Romance, Fantasy, Fiction"
10676:"The Difference Engine: More precious than gold"
10389:
8444:"Seabed offers brighter hope in rare-earth hunt"
8383:"Estonia's rare earth break China's market grip"
6882:
6880:
6878:
6876:
6664:
6662:
5565:On Rare And Scattered Metals: Tales About Metals
4844:has estimated its value at about $ 7.4 billion.
4799:the detainment of a Chinese fishing boat captain
4040:future because of the law passed December 2012.
2458:, where R is a mixture of rare-earth elements),
2333:" should be present in this mineral, but later,
10257:
10061:(Mart.) Solms in Guangdong Province of China".
9511:
9509:
9299:
9006:
9004:
8594:"Japan Recycles Minerals From Used Electronics"
8087:
7363:"California mine digs in for 'green' gold rush"
6009:Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology
5497:"The History and Future of Rare Earth Elements"
4484:
4137:mine in Australia. The ore would be trucked to
2668:(no. 206). The structure is similar to that of
2229:
2104:professor, and his analysis yielded an unknown
1844:, wavelength calibration standards for optical
11125:"10 ways rare earth elements make life better"
9988:
8010:"Japan Discovers Domestic Rare Earths Reserve"
7517:
7515:
7259:
7257:
6810:
6550:
5669:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
5435:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
5038:. Black Dog & Leventhal. pp. 118–122.
4969:(IUPAC Recommendations 2005). Cambridge (UK):
4755:
4661:
4588:
2079:
1173:, radioactive tracing agent in oil refineries
19:
13283:
12500:
11197:
11104:"Rare Earths: The Hidden Cost to Their Magic"
10975:
10617:"Why rare-earth mining in the West is a bust"
10614:
9619:
9073:
9071:
8650:. Recycling International. October 11, 2011.
8414:"Gold Rush Trash is Information Age Treasure"
8380:
7913:"Maiden Resource, Ngualla Rare Earth Project"
7819:
7719:
6873:
6668:
6659:
6593:
5818:
5432:
4553:
3713:In sedimentary rocks, rare-earth elements in
2874:, and cerianite. Monazite (marine sands from
10895:, London, 29 Aug 2010. Retrieved 2010-08-30.
10314:
10106:
9925:
9506:
9265:
9001:
8959:Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences
8881:Environmental Science and Pollution Research
8805:
8803:
8758:
8756:
8676:, vol. 37, no. 6, 2019, pp. 1721–36. JSTOR,
8626:"Rhodia to recycle rare earths from magnets"
8315:
6947:
6399:. U.S. Geological Survey. pp. 132–133.
6371:
6369:
6367:
6365:
6363:
6361:
5736:
5734:
5732:
5730:
5728:
5726:
5724:
5605:
4998:
4996:
4994:
4163:continuing environmental and health concerns
3011:is called supergene enrichment and produces
2403:and others in the United States (during the
1056:at 68 parts per million, more abundant than
10960:
10950:. Journalist's Resource.org. July 18, 2011.
10763:
9215:"Thorium - Cancer-Causing Substances - NCI"
8648:"Rhodia expands rare earth recycling reach"
7950:"Rare earths bankroll North Korea's future"
7853:"Greenland Votes to Get Tough on Investors"
7524:"Elk Creek deposit proves to be rare earth"
7512:
7411:
7263:
7254:
6916:
6765:"China's Rare Earth Exports Surge in Value"
6448:. Northern Minerals Limited. Archived from
6291:
5783:. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall.
5774:
5772:
5770:
4120:
3019:In 2011, Yasuhiro Kato, a geologist at the
2755:REE (LREE) to heavy REE (HREE), called the
2394:
13290:
13276:
12507:
12493:
11204:
11190:
10976:Trakimavicius, Lukas (February 25, 2021).
10701:Barakos, G; Gutzmer, J; Mischo, H (2016).
10459:
10457:
10455:
10453:
10451:
10163:
9134:
9132:
9068:
8874:
8762:
8502:
8088:Ferreira Santos, Sofia (August 10, 2024).
6527:
6525:
6339:Rose, Edward Roderick (February 4, 1960).
6062:
6060:
6058:
6056:
6002:
6000:
5540:The Structure of Rare-earth Metal Surfaces
5238:However, in contrast to ordinary base and
5013:Andrea Sella: "Insight: Rare-earth metals"
2702:
2167:. He called the oxide of the soluble salt
1466:, electric motors in electric automobiles
1346:flints for lighters, robust intrinsically
11041:
11031:
10718:
10494:
10431:
10283:
10189:
10140:
10030:
9902:
9776:
9722:
9541:
9408:
9398:
9192:"Can the US Rare-Earth Industry Rebound?"
9077:
9028:
8952:
8950:
8948:
8946:
8800:
8788:
8753:
8218:
8216:
7476:"Gần 10 năm chưa khai thác được đất hiếm"
6919:"China cuts mines vital to tech industry"
6731:
6611:
6358:
6243:Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology
6193:European Commission - European Commission
6102:
6100:
6098:
6096:
6054:
6052:
6050:
6048:
6046:
6044:
6042:
6040:
6038:
6036:
6011:(2nd ed.). New York: Prentice Hall.
5998:
5996:
5994:
5992:
5990:
5988:
5986:
5984:
5982:
5980:
5740:
5721:
5381:
5314:
5284:
5209:
5207:
5187:
5169:
5128:
5118:
4991:
4125:In early 2011, Australian mining company
2488:. Despite their high relative abundance,
1071:. Consequently, economically exploitable
11005:
10821:
10815:
9749:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
8870:
8868:
8222:
8162:
8136:
7850:
7327:
7279:Casey, Jessica, ed. (February 5, 2022).
7172:
6762:
5869:William Zachariasen (January 11, 1927).
5778:
5767:
4950:"Red Book" (p. 45) recommends that
4870:, but not to be confused with the movie
4759:
4516:
4157:, where a rare-earth mine operated by a
3747:
3269:indicates the normalized concentration,
2706:
1910:after the mythological northern land of
1107:Overview of rare-earth metal properties
1033:. They are often found in minerals with
12304:
10799:. The Anchor House, Inc. Archived from
10517:
10448:
9515:
9295:
9293:
9241:"Govt cracks whip on rare earth mining"
9129:
8588:
8356:Rofer, Cheryl K.; Tõnis Kaasik (2000).
8256:
8252:
8250:
7941:
7656:
7650:
7646:from the original on September 9, 2022.
7534:from the original on September 9, 2022.
7508:from the original on September 9, 2022.
6843:
6544:
6522:
6387:
6211:
6209:
5491:
5489:
5050:"Rare earths: Neither rare, nor earths"
5034:T Gray (2007). "Lanthanum and Cerium".
2894:, or several localities in China), and
2504:during the late 1950s and early 1960s.
1458:, violet colors in glass and ceramics,
16935:
16316:
12358:
12187:
11892:
11001:
10999:
10984:from the original on February 15, 2022
10822:Bradsher, Keith (September 22, 2010).
9995:Environmental Science & Technology
9932:Environmental Science & Technology
9571:Environmental Science & Technology
9460:"Recycling of the rare earth elements"
8943:
8454:from the original on December 20, 2016
8235:from the original on December 29, 2016
8213:
7947:
7521:
7360:
6683:from the original on February 12, 2011
6378:, Wikinvest. Retrieved on 11 Aug 2010.
6332:
6093:
6033:
6006:
5977:
5814:
5812:
5810:
5808:
5359:
5228:from the original on December 14, 2010
5204:
5033:
4704:1982 Bukit Merah radioactive pollution
4264:group is setting up two factories, in
4239:
2597:produces trace amounts of radioactive
2128:, Sweden, which was believed to be an
2092:in 1787 at a quarry in the village of
2065:; trace quantities occur in nature as
2021:hosts for phosphors, catalyst used in
1950:after the village of Ytterby, Sweden.
1873:after the village of Ytterby, Sweden.
1786:from the Greek "dysprositos", meaning
1669:, steel and chromium alloys additive,
1165:for aerospace components, additive in
16530:
16315:
15580:
14044:
14043:
13310:
13271:
12488:
12412:
12376:
12367:
12277:
12259:
12250:
11185:
11143:, presentation and discussion led by
10842:
10627:from the original on November 3, 2021
10540:
10321:Environmental Geochemistry and Health
10107:Hirano, S; Suzuki, K T (March 1996).
9037:
8865:
8678:https://www.jstor.org/stable/26785615
8674:Energy Exploration & Exploitation
8519:from the original on January 19, 2020
7922:. Peak Resources. February 29, 2012.
7863:from the original on October 28, 2020
7473:
7278:
7117:
7115:
7113:
7111:
7109:
6960:from the original on February 1, 2020
6484:from the original on January 19, 2022
6406:from the original on January 25, 2019
6346:. Ottawa: Geological Survey of Canada
5833:from the original on February 9, 2022
5317:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
5287:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
5266:from the original on October 26, 2021
4851:
4394: Phosphors and pigments, 3% (3%)
3000:rare-earth-bearing accessory minerals
1274:from the Greek "lanthanein", meaning
16902:
13297:
12421:
12349:
12322:
12295:
11955:
11937:
11910:
11741:
11732:
11012:Energy Research & Social Science
10308:
10157:
10056:
9290:
9043:
9011:Ali, Saleem H. (February 13, 2014).
8795:See production in Figure 1 on page 2
8733:
8480:. University of Tokyo. May 2, 2013.
8411:
8247:
8110:
7851:Bomsdorf, Clemens (March 13, 2013).
6796:"Rare earths export quota unchanged"
6703:"China To Limit Rare Earths Exports"
6338:
6206:
5853:"Seltene Erden – Daten & Fakten"
5700:
5666:McGill, Ian. "Rare Earth Elements".
5486:
5256:"The Geology of Rare Earth Elements"
4665:
3956:project in northern Canada, and the
13251:
12430:
12403:
12394:
12241:
12223:
12214:
12205:
11991:
11901:
11874:
11822:
11768:
11750:
11714:
11694:
11633:
11570:
11471:
11453:
11442:
11361:
10996:
10830:from the original on April 23, 2022
10794:
9278:from the original on April 20, 2022
9108:
9078:Standaert, Michael (July 2, 2019).
9056:from the original on April 14, 2021
9010:
8956:
8381:Anneli Reigas (November 30, 2010).
7990:from the original on March 30, 2019
7929:from the original on April 16, 2012
7820:Carol Matlack (February 10, 2013).
7761:"Rare Earth Elements at Kvanefjeld"
7697:from the original on July 22, 2022.
7669:from the original on July 12, 2022.
7522:Lasley, Shane (September 6, 2022).
7449:"Vietnam signs major nuclear pacts"
7373:from the original on April 10, 2022
7242:from the original on April 10, 2022
7080:
7002:
6972:
6898:from the original on August 3, 2019
6831:from the original on April 10, 2022
6707:Manufacturing.net, 1 September 2009
6647:from the original on April 10, 2022
6240:
6131:, 2011-07-05. Retrieved 2011-07-05.
5805:
5414:from the original on April 10, 2022
4966:Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry
4652:
4521:False-color satellite image of the
4415: Ceramics and glass, 15% (15%)
3982:, California, sixty miles south of
2990:Zandkopsdrift in South Africa, and
13:
15581:
13311:
12514:
12385:
12286:
12169:
12151:
12126:
12117:
12090:
12063:
12018:
12000:
11928:
11919:
11813:
11685:
11651:
11561:
11543:
11534:
11514:
11489:
11211:
10861:from the original on June 15, 2022
10776:from the original on June 24, 2022
10745:from the original on June 10, 2022
10657:from the original on June 21, 2022
10528:from the original on June 15, 2022
9315:from the original on June 25, 2022
9266:Lee Yong-tim (February 22, 2008).
9086:. Yale School of the Environment.
8931:from the original on June 23, 2022
8837:from the original on June 29, 2018
8811:"Mineral Commodity Summaries 2019"
8654:from the original on July 29, 2017
8606:from the original on June 22, 2022
8537:
8484:from the original on June 20, 2018
8424:from the original on June 15, 2022
8321:
8175:from the original on June 15, 2022
7893:from the original on June 23, 2022
7737:from the original on June 22, 2022
7556:from the original on June 18, 2022
7210:from the original on July 19, 2014
7141:
7106:
7020:from the original on June 30, 2022
6990:from the original on June 15, 2022
6948:Tim Worstall (December 23, 2012).
6861:from the original on June 26, 2022
6634:
6116:, 3 July 2011. Via Kurt Brouwer's
5665:
5631:"Гадолиний" [Gadolinium].
5586:
4909:: lists used materials in products
4814:United States Department of Energy
4711:waste to the hilltop repository."
4622:
4598:The mining of REEs has caused the
4180:International Atomic Energy Agency
3906:
3866:
3678:In igneous rocks, particularly in
2500:, fractional crystallization, and
2265:Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac
2088:in 1800) discovered by Lieutenant
1372:from the Greek "prasios", meaning
1205:(YAG) laser, yttrium vanadate (YVO
903:(shown with a 19 mm diameter
14:
16964:
12340:
12331:
12313:
12268:
12178:
12108:
12081:
12054:
12036:
12027:
12009:
11982:
11964:
11946:
11856:
11786:
11759:
11723:
11669:
11660:
11642:
11624:
11552:
11523:
11462:
11408:
11390:
11352:
11325:
11080:
11006:Overland, Indra (March 1, 2019).
10764:Dian L. Chu (November 11, 2010).
10285:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.06.085
10113:Environmental Health Perspectives
9439:from the original on June 7, 2021
9090:from the original on July 9, 2022
8632:. October 3, 2011. Archived from
8450:. Nikkei Inc. November 25, 2014.
8257:Coleman, Murray (June 30, 2011).
8223:Bradsher, Keith (March 8, 2011).
8163:Bradsher, Keith (March 8, 2011).
7948:Petrov, Leonid (August 8, 2012).
7795:Greenland Minerals and Energy Ltd
7765:Greenland Minerals and Energy Ltd
7657:Arnoldi, Marleny (May 25, 2022).
7582:from the original on May 11, 2020
7429:from the original on July 3, 2022
7361:Gorman, Steve (August 30, 2009).
7309:from the original on May 17, 2022
6669:Livergood, R. (October 5, 2010).
6510:from the original on July 8, 2022
5858:. Öko-Institut e.V. January 2011.
5285:Lide, David R., ed. (1996–1997).
4533:resulting from the occurrence of
4309:According to chemistry professor
3710:may also cause a similar effect.
2548:Light versus heavy classification
2518:
2242:used the new physical process of
1506:
16913:
16901:
16890:
16889:
13250:
13239:
13238:
12232:
12196:
12160:
12045:
11973:
11883:
11865:
11795:
11777:
11705:
11606:
11597:
11588:
11433:
11336:
11158:
11135:
11119:
11098:
11058:
10969:
10954:
10940:
10915:
10898:
10873:
10788:
10757:
10727:
10694:
10669:
10639:
10608:
10589:
10566:
10511:
10383:
10251:
10215:
10206:
10063:Science of the Total Environment
9982:
9919:
9853:
9801:
9739:
9691:"Rare earth elements from waste"
9682:
9664:
9613:
9558:
9451:
9425:
9374:
9340:Desalination and Water Treatment
9327:
9259:
9233:
9207:
9184:
9142:Science of the Total Environment
9102:
8849:
8727:
8683:
8666:
8640:
8618:
8582:
8556:
8531:
8496:
8466:
8436:
8405:
8374:
8349:
8322:Ng, Eileen (September 2, 2014).
8281:
8231:. (March 9, 2011 p. B4 NY ed.).
8187:
8171:. (March 9, 2011 p. B1 NY ed.).
8156:
8130:
8104:
8081:
8064:
8038:
8020:
8002:
7972:
7639:. Pensana Plc. August 18, 2022.
7303:Steenkampskraal Rare Earths Mine
6929:from the original on May 7, 2021
6388:Gambogi, Joseph (January 2018).
5826:. Geological Society of London.
4902:List of elements facing shortage
4886:
4670:
4593:
4194:
4189:
4054:Adding to potential mine sites,
1686:high-temperature superconductors
1325:the Roman goddess of agriculture
1214:high-temperature superconductors
915:
892:
16914:
14444:Outdoors & sports equipment
12135:
11840:
11831:
11498:
11480:
11399:
11381:
10615:Tim Heffernan (June 16, 2015).
9044:Rizk, Shirley (June 21, 2019).
8165:"Taking a Risk for Rare Earths"
8137:Meredith, Sam (June 11, 2024).
7905:
7875:
7844:
7822:"Chinese Workers—in Greenland?"
7813:
7783:
7753:
7701:
7673:
7626:
7594:
7568:
7538:
7494:
7467:
7441:
7385:
7354:
7321:
7291:
7272:
7222:
7192:
7166:
7056:
7038:R. Castellano (Jun. 02, 2019).
7032:
6941:
6910:
6787:
6756:
6725:
6695:
6628:
6613:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2023.105428
6587:
6573:10.1016/j.resourpol.2012.07.001
6496:
6464:
6438:
6418:
6381:
6298:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
6285:
6234:
6181:
6134:
5971:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2007.03.001
5941:
5890:
5862:
5845:
5819:Working Group (December 2011).
5694:
5659:
5650:
5580:
5571:
5557:
5543:. World Scientific. p. 4.
5530:
5517:
5471:
5451:
5426:
5353:
5323:
5278:
5074:
4752:due to environmental concerns.
4731:
4719:
4226:
3350:{\displaystyle {_{\text{ref}}}}
3306:{\displaystyle {_{\text{sam}}}}
3105:
3053:Nd), intermediate (MREE - from
3036:
2819:, such as is found in southern
2248:Paul Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran
2051:
2042:
1641:High refractive index glass or
1495:, who brought fire to mortals.
1440:from the Greek "neos", meaning
12569:1 (Hydrogen and alkali metals)
12099:
12072:
11615:
11579:
11417:
11372:
10826:. The New York Times Company.
10245:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.08.014
9622:Journal of Hazardous Materials
8734:Kean, Sam (February 9, 2022).
8412:Cone, Tracie (July 21, 2013).
8111:Maio, Pat (February 7, 2024).
7238:. Reuters. September 9, 2009.
7206:. Reuters. September 6, 2011.
7173:Makichuk, Dave (May 3, 2021).
7123:"Myanmar's poisoned mountains"
6917:Kevin Voigt (August 8, 2012).
6732:Ben Geman (October 19, 2009).
5591:. Elsevier. pp. 162–165.
5589:Hydrometallurgy of Rare Earths
5247:
5145:
5094:
5068:
5042:
5027:
5024:/ Oct 2016, minutes 4:40 - ff.
4940:
4632:but the mechanism is unknown.
4575:in the climate change category
4475:nickel-metal hydride batteries
4280:and coal by-products, such as
3952:project in Alaska, the remote
3647:
3625:
3599:
3577:
3551:
3535:
3503:
3481:
3469:
3447:
3430:
3414:
3337:
3321:
3293:
3277:
3238:
3222:
3211:
3195:
3180:
3164:
1:
14448:Personal protective equipment
13111:Thermal expansion coefficient
12807:Lists of metalloids by source
11804:
10795:Cox, C. (November 16, 2006).
10707:Journal of Sustainable Mining
10083:10.1016/S0048-9697(98)00055-2
9831:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122048
9811:Journal of Cleaner Production
9642:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.07.027
8713:10.1080/19392699.2015.1033097
7077:. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
7053:. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
6763:Tony Jin (January 18, 2011).
6635:Ma, Damien (April 25, 2012).
6318:10.1016/S0016-7037(98)00279-8
4933:
4336:Global REE consumption, 2015
4304:
3887:government by working with a
3778:Mountain Pass rare earth mine
3743:
2892:Mountain Pass rare earth mine
2676:(in which the cations form a
2337:, Galissard de Marignac, and
2007:, the city that later became
1342:catalyst for oil refineries,
1013:. The term 'rare-earth' is a
10487:10.1016/j.envres.2015.06.039
9516:Balaram, V. (July 1, 2019).
9162:10.1016/0048-9697(90)90059-4
9109:CHO, RENEE (April 5, 2023).
8012:. BrightWire. Archived from
7986:(in Korean). July 28, 2014.
7980:"북한, 올 5~6월 희토류 중국 수출 크게 늘어"
7889:(in Spanish). May 24, 2019.
6376:China's Rare Earth Dominance
6069:Geology of mineral resources
5707:. Berlin; London: Springer.
5400:10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.01.208
4485:Environmental considerations
4403:US consumption of REE, 2018
3897:New Democratic Army – Kachin
2611:
2569:Rare-earth elements, except
2335:Christian Wilhelm Blomstrand
2230:Spectroscopic identification
2136:mineral, was re-examined by
2015:Positron emission tomography
1679:positron emission tomography
1350:coatings for turbine blades
1297:catalyst for oil refineries
7:
16531:
12850:Platinum-group metals (PGM)
12553:By periodic table structure
10553:September 11, 2014, at the
9484:10.1016/j.cogsc.2018.02.008
9046:"What colour is the cloud?"
8862:(Academic, New York, 1995).
8815:Mineral Commodity Summaries
7393:"Hoidas Lake, Saskatchewan"
6397:Mineral Commodity Summaries
5779:Brownlow, Arthur H (1996).
5741:Rollinson, Hugh R. (1993).
5433:Fritz Ullmann, ed. (2003).
4879:
4772:China has officially cited
4756:Geopolitical considerations
4662:Remediation after pollution
4589:Impact of REE contamination
4433: Metallurgy, 10% (10%)
4015:, and various locations in
3752:Global production 1950–2000
3061:Ho) and heavy (HREE - from
2366:Henry Gwyn Jeffreys Moseley
2300:of the oxides then yielded
2288:, Lecoq de Boisbaudran and
2277:, and its oxide was named "
2080:Discovery and early history
1101:Applications of lanthanides
1090:
10:
16969:
12995:Goldschmidt classification
11703:
11532:
11451:
11370:
11334:
11236:
11033:10.1016/j.erss.2018.10.018
10563:, May 31, 2011 5:00 PM ET.
10560:Bloomberg Markets Magazine
10416:10.1038/s41598-017-10256-7
9887:10.1038/s41467-020-17801-5
9769:10.1016/j.rser.2019.02.029
8542:. INTECH. pp. 41–60.
7062:S. Burns (Feb. 16, 2021).
5899:Journal of Applied Physics
5879:Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift
5465:programme, March 19, 2014
5002:Professor of Chemistry at
4716:Fukushima nuclear disaster
4557:
4554:Recycling and reusing REEs
4421: Polishing, 10% (10%)
4409: Catalysts, 60% (60%)
4358: Polishing, 12% (12%)
4287:
4276:, magnets, and batteries.
3960:project in Australia. The
3811:
2975:fractional crystallization
2917:, are related to alkaline
2298:fractional crystallization
2244:optical flame spectroscopy
1218:yttria-stabilized zirconia
1054:25th-most-abundant element
313:
181:
121:
61:
36:
16953:Sets of chemical elements
16884:
16732:
16615:
16541:
16537:
16526:
16485:
16435:
16328:
16324:
16311:
16178:
16113:
16070:
15940:
15831:
15771:
15675:
15593:
15589:
15576:
15441:
15332:
15238:
14895:
14663:
14463:
14063:
14056:
14052:
14039:
13846:
13667:
13553:
13330:
13323:
13319:
13306:
13233:
13195:
13128:
13008:
12965:
12926:
12917:
12842:
12820:
12797:
12764:
12754:
12732:
12662:
12574:2 (Alkaline earth metals)
12559:
12552:
12543:
12522:
12446:
12146:
11851:
11680:
11509:
11428:
11347:
11320:
11313:
11308:
11303:
11298:
11293:
11288:
11283:
11278:
11273:
11268:
11263:
11258:
11253:
11248:
11243:
11238:
11231:
11226:
11219:
11149:Science History Institute
11134:
11129:Science History Institute
11118:
11113:
11108:Science History Institute
11097:
11092:
11087:
10905:"Rare earths: Digging in"
10720:10.1016/j.jsm.2016.05.002
10518:Redling, Kerstin (2006).
10341:10.1007/s10653-017-9982-x
10170:Safety and Health at Work
9543:10.1016/j.gsf.2018.12.005
9400:10.3390/molecules24061005
9117:. Columbia Climate School
8979:10.1007/s13530-016-0276-y
8680:. Retrieved 13 Dec. 2023.
6892:Science History Institute
6431:January 20, 2022, at the
5502:Science History Institute
5107:Frontiers in Microbiology
5004:University College London
4679:This section needs to be
4523:Bayan Obo Mining District
4370: Metallurgy, 8% (8%)
3814:Rare earths trade dispute
2807:. Small amounts occur in
2579:supernova nucleosynthesis
2577:and thus are produced by
2564:
2250:isolated the new element
1997:
1944:
1904:
1867:
1828:
1780:
1716:
1628:
1577:
1534:Vasili Samarsky-Bykhovets
1526:
1482:
1444:, and "didymos", meaning
1434:
1376:, and "didymos", meaning
1366:
1313:
1268:
1189:
1163:aluminium-scandium alloys
1141:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1111:
990:or lanthanoids (although
907:coin for size comparison)
16762:Mergers and acquisitions
16503:Research and development
14863:Chemical & hormonal
14518:Communications equipment
10601:October 7, 2012, at the
10182:10.5491/shaw.2013.4.1.12
9050:European Investment Bank
9030:10.3390/resources3010123
7330:"Great western minerals"
7014:World Trade Organization
6221:European Investment Bank
6007:Winter, John D. (2010).
5678:10.1002/14356007.a22_607
5120:10.3389/fmicb.2018.01366
4376: Batteries, 8% (8%)
4352: Magnets, 23% (23%)
4121:Malaysian refining plans
3895:, formerly known as the
3807:
3740:-Nd, and Lu-Hf systems.
2973:-rich primary magma, by
2502:liquid–liquid extraction
2395:Sources and purification
2150:Martin Heinrich Klaproth
2063:primordial radioisotopes
1655:computer bubble memories
1340:fluid catalytic cracking
1295:fluid catalytic cracking
1203:Yttrium aluminium garnet
15548:Painting and decorating
14572:Medical imaging systems
14505:Parts & peripherals
13213:systematic element name
13185:in East Asian languages
12535:Extended periodic table
11176:Encyclopædia Britannica
10885:April 15, 2018, at the
10681:April 23, 2018, at the
10586:, 30 May 2011 05:52 ET.
10225:Atmospheric Environment
10015:10.1021/acs.est.2c09273
9952:10.1021/acs.est.9b00005
8860:Tunable Lasers Handbook
8538:Um, Namil (July 2017).
7857:The Wall Street Journal
5370:Applied Surface Science
5081:Milken Institute Review
5077:"Rare Earths Explained"
4714:In May 2011, after the
4388: Ceramics, 6% (6%)
4328:
4037:government of Greenland
3986:. Originally opened by
2703:Geological distribution
2587:asymptotic giant branch
2290:Eugène-Anatole Demarçay
1803:magnetostrictive alloys
1795:neodymium based magnets
1761:systems, stabilizer of
1751:magnetostrictive alloys
1735:neodymium based magnets
1583:after the continent of
1319:after the dwarf planet
16866:State-owned enterprise
16846:Nonprofit organization
16757:Horizontal integration
14565:Scientific instruments
14528:Network infrastructure
13056:Electron configuration
13046:Electrical resistivity
12985:Electron configuration
12789:Post-transition metals
10578:June 22, 2022, at the
10467:Environmental Research
9715:10.1126/sciadv.abm3132
9360:10.5004/dwt.2018.22844
7069:June 15, 2022, at the
7045:June 26, 2022, at the
6123:July 10, 2011, at the
4769:
4526:
4427: "other", 5% (5%)
4364: "other", 9% (9%)
3753:
3672:partition coefficients
3660:
3612:
3564:
3519:
3351:
3307:
3254:
3079:lanthanide contraction
2757:lanthanide contraction
2716:
2636:), and oxygen anions.
2102:Royal Academy of Turku
1694:solid oxide fuel cells
1671:magnetic refrigeration
1394:lighting, colorant in
1126:Selected applications
16209:Private investigation
12890:Transuranium elements
10928:May 26, 2011, at the
10125:10.1289/ehp.96104s185
9867:Nature Communications
9197:May 14, 2012, at the
8817:. 2019. p. 132.
7771:on September 18, 2010
7550:news.bloombergtax.com
6827:. September 6, 2011.
6769:The China Perspective
6537:June 5, 2022, at the
6263:10.1007/s004100050159
5821:"Rare Earth Elements"
5701:Zepf, Volker (2013).
4763:
4613:Eichhornia crassipes)
4558:Further information:
4520:
4462:, generators in some
4013:Northwest Territories
3751:
3661:
3613:
3565:
3520:
3352:
3308:
3255:
3143:chondritic meteorites
2710:
2523:Before the time that
2407:) developed chemical
2362:X-ray crystallography
2114:Anders Gustav Ekeberg
1722:after the village of
1675:magnetocaloric effect
1532:after mine official,
1230:solid oxide fuel cell
1195:after the village of
22:in the periodic table
16777:Vertical integration
14778:Speciality chemicals
14618:Electrical equipment
14535:Consumer electronics
13106:Thermal conductivity
13081:Heat of vaporization
12523:Periodic table forms
11167:at Wikimedia Commons
11151:, September 24, 2019
10371:on February 25, 2021
10059:Eichhornia crassipes
9522:Geoscience Frontiers
9303:(October 29, 2010).
9190:Bourzac, Katherine.
9084:Yale Environment 360
8337:on September 4, 2014
8303:on November 12, 2011
8117:cowboystatedaily.com
7832:on February 13, 2013
7801:on November 18, 2010
7733:. November 4, 2013.
7502:"Mountain Pass Mine"
7425:. October 31, 2010.
7285:Global Mining Review
6775:on February 13, 2011
5639:] (in Russian).
4954:is used rather than
4836:near the village of
4803:Japanese Coast Guard
4382: Glass, 7% (7%)
4254:recycling technology
4049:Ciudad Real Province
3884:China–Myanmar border
3770:Steenkampskraal mine
3734:radioactive isotopes
3659:{\displaystyle _{n}}
3622:
3611:{\displaystyle _{n}}
3574:
3563:{\displaystyle _{n}}
3532:
3372:
3317:
3273:
3161:
2996:Peralkaline granites
2890:), bastnäsite (from
2715:axis is logarithmic)
2608:and dating fossils.
2292:yielded several new
2161:Carl Gustav Mosander
2138:Jöns Jacob Berzelius
1667:NMR relaxation agent
1390:, core material for
1291:refractive telescope
1250:refractive telescope
1037:, and less commonly
986:, and sometimes the
16943:Rare earth elements
16861:Sole proprietorship
16836:Joint-stock company
16105:Veterinary medicine
15930:Property management
15724:Passenger transport
14751:Commodity chemicals
14577:Optical instruments
14545:Video game consoles
14438:Musical instruments
14279:Media reproduction
13138:Element discoveries
12895:Superheavy elements
12855:Rare-earth elements
11165:Rare earth elements
11024:2019ERSS...49...36O
10963:Scientific American
10855:Wall Street Journal
10691:September 17, 2010.
10479:2015ER....142..215P
10408:2017NatSR...7.9772Z
10333:2017EnvGH..39.1469S
10276:2013Chmsp..93.1240L
10237:2017AtmEn.167...40Z
10075:1998ScTEn.214...79C
10007:2023EnST...57.5414L
9944:2019EnST...53.5369L
9879:2020NatCo..11.4386B
9823:2020JCPro.26722048J
9761:2019RSERv.106...41A
9707:2022SciA....8M3132D
9634:2014JHzM..279..384Y
9583:2014EnST...48.3951S
9534:2019GeoFr..10.1285B
9476:2018COGSC..13....1J
9352:2018DWatT.130...71P
9204:. October 29, 2010.
9154:1990ScTEn..95..141V
9115:State of the planet
8971:2016TxEHS...8..189R
8893:2002ESPR....9..143P
8781:2017Mine....7..203Z
8705:2015IJCPU..35..295Z
8592:(October 5, 2010).
8448:Nikkei Asian Review
8201:on December 4, 2020
8034:. January 13, 2023.
6986:. January 5, 2015.
6744:on October 21, 2010
6600:Ore Geology Reviews
6565:2013RePol..38...36M
6310:1999GeCoA..63..363S
6255:1996CoMP..123..323B
6159:2011NatGe...4..535K
5963:2007NuPhA.789...15B
5911:2014JAP...116j3508A
5457:Mentioned by Prof.
5392:2019ApSS..478...68F
5341:on November 4, 2016
5331:"Rare-earth metals"
5171:10.3390/ani10091663
4987:Electronic version.
4240:Waste and recycling
4159:Mitsubishi Chemical
4141:and transported by
4089:. As a result, the
3405:
3122:rock formation. In
3021:University of Tokyo
2961:crystallize from CO
2748:high field strength
2591:spontaneous fission
2573:, are heavier than
2490:rare-earth minerals
2090:Carl Axel Arrhenius
1690:ceramic electrolyte
1673:(using significant
1600:mercury-vapor lamps
1336:self-cleaning ovens
1234:yttrium iron garnet
1171:mercury-vapor lamps
1108:
1069:rare-earth minerals
1027:spontaneous fission
1011:magnetic properties
978:), also called the
972:rare-earth elements
20:Rare-earth elements
16809:Putting-out system
16318:Information sector
16239:Personal services
15841:Financial services
15313:offshore platforms
15162:advanced materials
15143:Ready-mix concrete
14596:Laser construction
14556:Clocks and watches
14390:Injection moulding
14361:Other fabrication
14314:household hardware
11171:Rare-earth element
10912:September 2, 2010.
10396:Scientific Reports
10119:(suppl 1): 85–95.
9309:The New York Times
8901:10.1007/BF02987462
8790:10.3390/min7110203
8636:on April 21, 2014.
8229:The New York Times
8169:The New York Times
7614:on August 19, 2021
7455:. October 31, 2010
7235:The New York Times
6857:. March 13, 2017.
5587:Qi, Dezhi (2018).
5505:. October 18, 2019
5360:Fronzi, M (2019).
4928:Rare-earth mineral
4852:In popular culture
4774:resource depletion
4770:
4527:
4448:petroleum refining
4168:Dow Jones Newswire
4104:protests in Serbia
3891:militia under the
3889:Border Guard Force
3857:economic sanctions
3853:2021 military coup
3754:
3723:hydrothermal vents
3656:
3608:
3560:
3515:
3389:
3347:
3303:
3250:
2803:), thalenite, and
2717:
2678:face-centred cubic
2589:stars. In nature,
2513:X-ray fluorescence
2475:(Ce,Na,Ca)(Ti,Nb)O
2399:During the 1940s,
2325:was documented by
2057:Promethium has no
2019:lutetium tantalate
1923:metal-halide lamps
1846:spectrophotometers
1663:MRI contrast agent
1540:Rare-earth magnets
1464:ceramic capacitors
1452:Rare-earth magnets
1384:Rare-earth magnets
1167:metal-halide lamps
1106:
16948:Metallic elements
16930:
16929:
16880:
16879:
16876:
16875:
16707:Natural resources
16552:Production-based
16522:
16521:
16518:
16517:
16460:Vocational school
16307:
16306:
16303:
16302:
15572:
15571:
15568:
15567:
15533:Electrical wiring
15519:Specialty trades
15473:Civil engineering
15328:
15327:
15002:Vulcanized rubber
14798:Cleaning products
14638:Electric lighting
14355:Surface finishing
14345:Powder metallurgy
14300:Metal fabrication
14046:Industrial sector
14035:
14034:
14031:
14030:
13934:Rare-earth metals
13842:
13841:
13265:
13264:
13124:
13123:
13086:Ionization energy
13061:Electronegativity
13051:Electron affinity
12990:Electronegativity
12980:Crystal structure
12975:Aqueous chemistry
12952:Nuclear stability
12947:Atomic properties
12913:
12912:
12860:Refractory metals
12838:
12837:
12784:Transition metals
12750:
12749:
12482:
12481:
12475:
12474:
12441:
12440:
11163:Media related to
11155:
11154:
10937:, 1 January 2010.
10803:on April 21, 2008
10621:High Country News
10001:(13): 5414–5423.
9591:10.1021/es404596q
9202:Technology Review
8549:978-953-51-3401-5
8367:978-0-7923-6187-9
8330:Malaysian Insider
8016:on July 23, 2012.
7960:on August 8, 2012
7690:. July 22, 2022.
7399:on March 31, 2009
7328:Lunn, J. (2006).
7268:. pp. 20–21.
6894:. June 25, 2019.
6806:on July 24, 2011.
6738:The Hill's E Wire
6452:on August 6, 2020
6147:Nature Geoscience
6078:978-1-897095-73-7
6018:978-0-321-59257-6
5951:Nuclear Physics A
5919:10.1063/1.4894775
5790:978-0-13-398272-5
5752:978-0-582-06701-1
5714:978-3-642-35458-8
5598:978-0-12-813920-2
5568:, Sergei Venetsky
5550:978-1-86094-165-8
5444:978-3-527-30385-4
5335:Think GlobalGreen
4923:Rare-earth magnet
4907:Material passport
4873:This Gun for Hire
4868:This Gun for Hire
4700:
4699:
4579:scientific review
4460:electric vehicles
4274:fluorescent lamps
4234:Minami-Tori-Shima
4096:electric vehicles
3973:Lai Châu Province
3941:barriers to entry
3832:in Australia and
3798:Western Australia
3760:sand deposits in
3715:clastic sediments
3632:
3584:
3542:
3513:
3488:
3454:
3421:
3406:
3393:
3381:
3343:
3328:
3299:
3284:
3248:
3244:
3229:
3217:
3202:
3171:
3027:Nature Geoscience
2955:nepheline syenite
2782:Oddo–Harkins rule
2494:transition metals
2405:Manhattan Project
2256:from the mineral
2213:J. Lawrence Smith
2197:Marc Delafontaine
2193:Nils Johan Berlin
2038:
2037:
1747:fluorescent lamps
1604:fluorescent lamps
1499:Nuclear batteries
1246:cancer treatments
1063:Because of their
980:rare-earth metals
881:
880:
607:Mercury (element)
16960:
16917:
16916:
16905:
16904:
16893:
16892:
16789:Enforced breakup
16784:Decentralization
16712:Physical capital
16539:
16538:
16528:
16527:
16326:
16325:
16313:
16312:
16189:Customer service
16100:Residential care
16048:Public relations
15856:Financial advice
15833:Asset management
15628:Department store
15591:
15590:
15578:
15577:
15558:Site preparation
15406:Telecom networks
15374:Waste management
15350:Gas distribution
15034:Synthetic fibers
14761:Industrial gases
14500:Computer systems
14434:Medical supplies
14061:
14060:
14054:
14053:
14041:
14040:
13471:Animal husbandry
13442:Medicinal plants
13328:
13327:
13321:
13320:
13308:
13307:
13292:
13285:
13278:
13269:
13268:
13254:
13253:
13242:
13241:
13225:Dmitri Mendeleev
13153:1869 predictions
13143:Dmitri Mendeleev
12924:
12923:
12762:
12761:
12742:Aufbau principle
12654:18 (Noble gases)
12557:
12556:
12550:
12549:
12545:Sets of elements
12509:
12502:
12495:
12486:
12485:
12451:
12450:
12437:
12435:
12428:
12426:
12419:
12417:
12410:
12408:
12401:
12399:
12392:
12390:
12383:
12381:
12374:
12372:
12365:
12363:
12356:
12354:
12347:
12345:
12338:
12336:
12329:
12327:
12320:
12318:
12311:
12309:
12302:
12300:
12293:
12291:
12284:
12282:
12275:
12273:
12266:
12264:
12257:
12255:
12248:
12246:
12239:
12237:
12230:
12228:
12221:
12219:
12212:
12210:
12203:
12201:
12194:
12192:
12185:
12183:
12176:
12174:
12167:
12165:
12158:
12156:
12142:
12140:
12133:
12131:
12124:
12122:
12115:
12113:
12106:
12104:
12097:
12095:
12088:
12086:
12079:
12077:
12070:
12068:
12061:
12059:
12052:
12050:
12043:
12041:
12034:
12032:
12025:
12023:
12016:
12014:
12007:
12005:
11998:
11996:
11989:
11987:
11980:
11978:
11971:
11969:
11962:
11960:
11953:
11951:
11944:
11942:
11935:
11933:
11926:
11924:
11917:
11915:
11908:
11906:
11899:
11897:
11890:
11888:
11881:
11879:
11872:
11870:
11863:
11861:
11847:
11845:
11838:
11836:
11829:
11827:
11820:
11818:
11811:
11809:
11802:
11800:
11793:
11791:
11784:
11782:
11775:
11773:
11766:
11764:
11757:
11755:
11748:
11746:
11739:
11737:
11730:
11728:
11721:
11719:
11712:
11710:
11701:
11699:
11692:
11690:
11676:
11674:
11667:
11665:
11658:
11656:
11649:
11647:
11640:
11638:
11631:
11629:
11622:
11620:
11613:
11611:
11604:
11602:
11595:
11593:
11586:
11584:
11577:
11575:
11568:
11566:
11559:
11557:
11550:
11548:
11541:
11539:
11530:
11528:
11521:
11519:
11505:
11503:
11496:
11494:
11487:
11485:
11478:
11476:
11469:
11467:
11460:
11458:
11449:
11447:
11440:
11438:
11424:
11422:
11415:
11413:
11406:
11404:
11397:
11395:
11388:
11386:
11379:
11377:
11368:
11366:
11359:
11357:
11343:
11341:
11332:
11330:
11222:
11206:
11199:
11192:
11183:
11182:
11162:
11139:
11138:
11123:
11122:
11102:
11101:
11085:
11084:
11074:
11073:
11062:
11056:
11055:
11045:
11035:
11003:
10994:
10993:
10991:
10989:
10973:
10967:
10966:
10958:
10952:
10951:
10944:
10938:
10919:
10913:
10902:
10896:
10877:
10871:
10870:
10868:
10866:
10846:
10840:
10839:
10837:
10835:
10819:
10813:
10812:
10810:
10808:
10792:
10786:
10785:
10783:
10781:
10770:Business Insider
10761:
10755:
10754:
10752:
10750:
10731:
10725:
10724:
10722:
10698:
10692:
10673:
10667:
10666:
10664:
10662:
10653:. June 4, 2021.
10643:
10637:
10636:
10634:
10632:
10612:
10606:
10593:
10587:
10570:
10564:
10544:
10538:
10537:
10535:
10533:
10515:
10509:
10508:
10498:
10461:
10446:
10445:
10435:
10387:
10381:
10380:
10378:
10376:
10367:. Archived from
10327:(6): 1469–1486.
10312:
10306:
10305:
10287:
10270:(6): 1240–1246.
10255:
10249:
10248:
10219:
10213:
10210:
10204:
10203:
10193:
10161:
10155:
10154:
10144:
10104:
10095:
10094:
10054:
10045:
10044:
10034:
9986:
9980:
9979:
9938:(9): 5369–5377.
9923:
9917:
9916:
9906:
9857:
9851:
9850:
9805:
9799:
9798:
9780:
9743:
9737:
9736:
9726:
9695:Science Advances
9686:
9680:
9679:
9668:
9662:
9661:
9617:
9611:
9610:
9577:(7): 3951–3958.
9562:
9556:
9555:
9545:
9528:(4): 1285–1303.
9513:
9504:
9503:
9455:
9449:
9448:
9446:
9444:
9429:
9423:
9422:
9412:
9402:
9378:
9372:
9371:
9331:
9325:
9324:
9322:
9320:
9297:
9288:
9287:
9285:
9283:
9263:
9257:
9256:
9254:
9252:
9247:on July 25, 2011
9237:
9231:
9230:
9228:
9226:
9221:. March 20, 2015
9211:
9205:
9188:
9182:
9181:
9136:
9127:
9126:
9124:
9122:
9106:
9100:
9099:
9097:
9095:
9075:
9066:
9065:
9063:
9061:
9041:
9035:
9034:
9032:
9008:
8999:
8998:
8954:
8941:
8940:
8938:
8936:
8872:
8863:
8853:
8847:
8846:
8844:
8842:
8823:10.3133/70202434
8807:
8798:
8797:
8792:
8760:
8751:
8750:
8748:
8746:
8731:
8725:
8724:
8687:
8681:
8670:
8664:
8663:
8661:
8659:
8644:
8638:
8637:
8622:
8616:
8615:
8613:
8611:
8586:
8580:
8579:
8577:
8575:
8570:on July 29, 2017
8560:
8554:
8553:
8535:
8529:
8528:
8526:
8524:
8518:
8511:
8500:
8494:
8493:
8491:
8489:
8470:
8464:
8463:
8461:
8459:
8440:
8434:
8433:
8431:
8429:
8409:
8403:
8402:
8400:
8398:
8389:. Archived from
8378:
8372:
8371:
8353:
8347:
8346:
8344:
8342:
8333:. Archived from
8319:
8313:
8312:
8310:
8308:
8302:
8295:
8285:
8279:
8278:
8276:
8274:
8265:. Archived from
8254:
8245:
8244:
8242:
8240:
8220:
8211:
8210:
8208:
8206:
8191:
8185:
8184:
8182:
8180:
8160:
8154:
8153:
8151:
8149:
8134:
8128:
8127:
8125:
8123:
8108:
8102:
8101:
8099:
8097:
8085:
8079:
8078:
8076:
8068:
8062:
8061:
8059:
8057:
8042:
8036:
8035:
8024:
8018:
8017:
8006:
8000:
7999:
7997:
7995:
7976:
7970:
7969:
7967:
7965:
7956:. Archived from
7945:
7939:
7938:
7936:
7934:
7928:
7917:
7909:
7903:
7902:
7900:
7898:
7879:
7873:
7872:
7870:
7868:
7848:
7842:
7841:
7839:
7837:
7828:. Archived from
7817:
7811:
7810:
7808:
7806:
7797:. Archived from
7787:
7781:
7780:
7778:
7776:
7767:. Archived from
7757:
7751:
7750:
7744:
7742:
7723:
7717:
7716:
7715:. July 22, 2022.
7705:
7699:
7698:
7696:
7685:
7677:
7671:
7670:
7654:
7648:
7647:
7645:
7638:
7630:
7624:
7623:
7621:
7619:
7613:
7607:. Archived from
7606:
7598:
7592:
7591:
7589:
7587:
7572:
7566:
7565:
7563:
7561:
7542:
7536:
7535:
7519:
7510:
7509:
7498:
7492:
7491:
7489:
7487:
7471:
7465:
7464:
7462:
7460:
7445:
7439:
7438:
7436:
7434:
7415:
7409:
7408:
7406:
7404:
7389:
7383:
7382:
7380:
7378:
7358:
7352:
7351:
7349:
7347:
7342:on April 9, 2008
7341:
7334:
7325:
7319:
7318:
7316:
7314:
7299:"About The Mine"
7295:
7289:
7288:
7276:
7270:
7269:
7261:
7252:
7251:
7249:
7247:
7226:
7220:
7219:
7217:
7215:
7196:
7190:
7189:
7187:
7185:
7170:
7164:
7163:
7161:
7159:
7145:
7139:
7138:
7136:
7134:
7129:. August 9, 2022
7119:
7104:
7103:
7101:
7099:
7094:. August 9, 2022
7084:
7078:
7060:
7054:
7051:seekingalpha.com
7036:
7030:
7029:
7027:
7025:
7006:
7000:
6999:
6997:
6995:
6976:
6970:
6969:
6967:
6965:
6945:
6939:
6938:
6936:
6934:
6914:
6908:
6907:
6905:
6903:
6884:
6871:
6870:
6868:
6866:
6847:
6841:
6840:
6838:
6836:
6817:
6808:
6807:
6802:. Archived from
6791:
6785:
6784:
6782:
6780:
6771:. Archived from
6760:
6754:
6753:
6751:
6749:
6740:. Archived from
6729:
6723:
6722:
6720:
6718:
6713:on July 26, 2011
6709:. Archived from
6699:
6693:
6692:
6690:
6688:
6682:
6675:
6666:
6657:
6656:
6654:
6652:
6632:
6626:
6625:
6615:
6591:
6585:
6584:
6553:Resources Policy
6548:
6542:
6529:
6520:
6519:
6517:
6515:
6500:
6494:
6493:
6491:
6489:
6483:
6476:
6468:
6462:
6461:
6459:
6457:
6442:
6436:
6422:
6416:
6415:
6413:
6411:
6405:
6394:
6385:
6379:
6373:
6356:
6355:
6353:
6351:
6345:
6336:
6330:
6329:
6289:
6283:
6282:
6238:
6232:
6231:
6229:
6227:
6213:
6204:
6203:
6201:
6199:
6185:
6179:
6178:
6167:10.1038/ngeo1185
6138:
6132:
6118:Fundmastery Blog
6104:
6091:
6090:
6064:
6031:
6030:
6004:
5975:
5974:
5945:
5939:
5938:
5894:
5888:
5887:
5875:
5866:
5860:
5859:
5857:
5849:
5843:
5842:
5840:
5838:
5832:
5825:
5816:
5803:
5802:
5776:
5765:
5764:
5738:
5719:
5718:
5698:
5692:
5691:
5663:
5657:
5654:
5648:
5647:
5628:
5626:
5624:
5609:
5603:
5602:
5584:
5578:
5575:
5569:
5561:
5555:
5554:
5534:
5528:
5521:
5515:
5514:
5512:
5510:
5493:
5484:
5483:
5475:
5469:
5455:
5449:
5448:
5430:
5424:
5423:
5421:
5419:
5385:
5357:
5351:
5350:
5348:
5346:
5337:. Archived from
5327:
5321:
5320:
5312:
5301:
5300:
5282:
5276:
5275:
5273:
5271:
5251:
5245:
5244:
5235:
5233:
5227:
5220:
5211:
5202:
5201:
5191:
5173:
5149:
5143:
5142:
5132:
5122:
5098:
5092:
5091:
5089:
5087:
5072:
5066:
5065:
5063:
5061:
5056:. March 23, 2014
5046:
5040:
5039:
5031:
5025:
5014:
5000:
4989:
4944:
4913:Pensana Salt End
4896:
4891:
4890:
4834:Helmand Province
4732:New restrictions
4695:
4692:
4686:
4674:
4673:
4666:
4653:On animal health
4560:Circular economy
4513:
4512:
4511:
4452:diesel additives
4432:
4426:
4420:
4414:
4408:
4393:
4387:
4381:
4375:
4369:
4363:
4357:
4351:
4341:
4292:One study mixed
4246:electronic waste
4073:Ehime Prefecture
3877:
3861:electric vehicle
3665:
3663:
3662:
3657:
3655:
3654:
3645:
3644:
3633:
3630:
3617:
3615:
3614:
3609:
3607:
3606:
3597:
3596:
3585:
3582:
3569:
3567:
3566:
3561:
3559:
3558:
3549:
3548:
3543:
3540:
3524:
3522:
3521:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3511:
3510:
3501:
3500:
3489:
3486:
3477:
3476:
3467:
3466:
3455:
3452:
3445:
3438:
3437:
3428:
3427:
3422:
3419:
3412:
3407:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3382:
3379:
3376:
3356:
3354:
3353:
3348:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3341:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3326:
3312:
3310:
3309:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3285:
3282:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3245:
3242:
3236:
3235:
3230:
3227:
3220:
3219:
3218:
3215:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3200:
3193:
3188:
3187:
3178:
3177:
3172:
3169:
3083:shielding effect
2698:
2667:
2649:
2479:
2468:
2457:
2441:fissile material
2437:nuclear reactors
2321:in the southern
2142:Wilhelm Hisinger
2070:
2067:fission products
2055:
2049:
2046:
2033:
1986:
1975:nuclear medicine
1933:
1893:
1856:
1817:
1811:hard disk drives
1769:
1705:
1617:
1611:relaxation agent
1566:
1560:nuclear reactors
1516:
1514:
1509:
1471:
1423:
1355:
1302:
1283:refractive index
1257:
1178:
1109:
1105:
919:
896:
876:
869:
862:
855:
848:
841:
834:
827:
820:
813:
806:
799:
792:
785:
778:
771:
764:
757:
750:
743:
736:
729:
722:
715:
708:
701:
694:
687:
680:
673:
666:
659:
650:
643:
636:
629:
622:
615:
608:
601:
594:
587:
580:
573:
566:
559:
552:
545:
538:
531:
524:
517:
510:
503:
496:
489:
482:
475:
468:
461:
454:
447:
440:
433:
424:
417:
410:
403:
396:
389:
382:
375:
368:
361:
354:
347:
340:
333:
326:
319:
308:
301:
292:
285:
278:
271:
264:
257:
250:
243:
236:
229:
222:
215:
208:
201:
194:
187:
178:
171:
162:
155:
148:
141:
134:
127:
118:
111:
102:
95:
88:
81:
74:
67:
58:
51:
42:
33:
27:
26:
16968:
16967:
16963:
16962:
16961:
16959:
16958:
16957:
16933:
16932:
16931:
16926:
16925:
16872:
16841:Nationalization
16728:
16698:Primary inputs
16619:
16611:
16544:
16543:Classification
16533:
16514:
16481:
16431:
16415:Social networks
16332:
16320:
16299:
16283:Business travel
16185:Administrative
16174:
16153:Amusement parks
16117:
16109:
16083:Dentist offices
16066:
15936:
15903:Pension funding
15876:Risk management
15861:Holding company
15827:
15767:
15679:
15671:
15643:Specialty store
15638:Online shopping
15585:
15564:
15437:
15324:
15234:
14891:
14849:Pharmaceuticals
14793:Aroma compounds
14729:Petroleum jelly
14659:
14648:Home appliances
14643:Electric motors
14591:spotting scopes
14552:Instrumentation
14465:
14459:
14441:Office supplies
14048:
14027:
14011:Dimension stone
13945:Other minerals
13890:Mining of ores
13838:
13663:
13549:
13496:Other livestock
13382:Permanent crops
13315:
13302:
13296:
13266:
13261:
13229:
13191:
13120:
13096:Oxidation state
13004:
12961:
12909:
12905:Minor actinides
12900:Major actinides
12865:Precious metals
12834:
12816:
12793:
12746:
12728:
12658:
12644:16 (Chalcogens)
12639:15 (Pnictogens)
12539:
12518:
12513:
12483:
12478:
12477:
12476:
12442:
12433:
12431:
12424:
12422:
12415:
12413:
12406:
12404:
12397:
12395:
12388:
12386:
12379:
12377:
12370:
12368:
12361:
12359:
12352:
12350:
12343:
12341:
12334:
12332:
12325:
12323:
12316:
12314:
12307:
12305:
12298:
12296:
12289:
12287:
12280:
12278:
12271:
12269:
12262:
12260:
12253:
12251:
12244:
12242:
12235:
12233:
12226:
12224:
12217:
12215:
12208:
12206:
12199:
12197:
12190:
12188:
12181:
12179:
12172:
12170:
12163:
12161:
12154:
12152:
12138:
12136:
12129:
12127:
12120:
12118:
12111:
12109:
12102:
12100:
12093:
12091:
12084:
12082:
12075:
12073:
12066:
12064:
12057:
12055:
12048:
12046:
12039:
12037:
12030:
12028:
12021:
12019:
12012:
12010:
12003:
12001:
11994:
11992:
11985:
11983:
11976:
11974:
11967:
11965:
11958:
11956:
11949:
11947:
11940:
11938:
11931:
11929:
11922:
11920:
11913:
11911:
11904:
11902:
11895:
11893:
11886:
11884:
11877:
11875:
11868:
11866:
11859:
11857:
11843:
11841:
11834:
11832:
11825:
11823:
11816:
11814:
11807:
11805:
11798:
11796:
11789:
11787:
11780:
11778:
11771:
11769:
11762:
11760:
11753:
11751:
11744:
11742:
11735:
11733:
11726:
11724:
11717:
11715:
11708:
11706:
11697:
11695:
11688:
11686:
11672:
11670:
11663:
11661:
11654:
11652:
11645:
11643:
11636:
11634:
11627:
11625:
11618:
11616:
11609:
11607:
11600:
11598:
11591:
11589:
11582:
11580:
11573:
11571:
11564:
11562:
11555:
11553:
11546:
11544:
11537:
11535:
11526:
11524:
11517:
11515:
11501:
11499:
11492:
11490:
11483:
11481:
11474:
11472:
11465:
11463:
11456:
11454:
11445:
11443:
11436:
11434:
11420:
11418:
11411:
11409:
11402:
11400:
11393:
11391:
11384:
11382:
11375:
11373:
11364:
11362:
11355:
11353:
11339:
11337:
11328:
11326:
11215:
11210:
11136:
11120:
11099:
11083:
11078:
11077:
11064:
11063:
11059:
11004:
10997:
10987:
10985:
10980:. Energy Post.
10974:
10970:
10959:
10955:
10946:
10945:
10941:
10930:Wayback Machine
10921:Mills, Mark P.
10920:
10916:
10903:
10899:
10892:Daily Telegraph
10887:Wayback Machine
10878:
10874:
10864:
10862:
10847:
10843:
10833:
10831:
10820:
10816:
10806:
10804:
10793:
10789:
10779:
10777:
10762:
10758:
10748:
10746:
10733:
10732:
10728:
10699:
10695:
10683:Wayback Machine
10674:
10670:
10660:
10658:
10645:
10644:
10640:
10630:
10628:
10613:
10609:
10603:Wayback Machine
10594:
10590:
10580:Wayback Machine
10571:
10567:
10555:Wayback Machine
10545:
10541:
10531:
10529:
10516:
10512:
10462:
10449:
10388:
10384:
10374:
10372:
10313:
10309:
10256:
10252:
10220:
10216:
10211:
10207:
10162:
10158:
10105:
10098:
10055:
10048:
9987:
9983:
9924:
9920:
9858:
9854:
9806:
9802:
9744:
9740:
9701:(6): eabm3132.
9687:
9683:
9670:
9669:
9665:
9618:
9614:
9563:
9559:
9514:
9507:
9456:
9452:
9442:
9440:
9431:
9430:
9426:
9379:
9375:
9332:
9328:
9318:
9316:
9301:Bradsher, Keith
9298:
9291:
9281:
9279:
9272:Radio Free Asia
9264:
9260:
9250:
9248:
9239:
9238:
9234:
9224:
9222:
9213:
9212:
9208:
9199:Wayback Machine
9189:
9185:
9137:
9130:
9120:
9118:
9107:
9103:
9093:
9091:
9076:
9069:
9059:
9057:
9042:
9038:
9009:
9002:
8955:
8944:
8934:
8932:
8873:
8866:
8854:
8850:
8840:
8838:
8809:
8808:
8801:
8761:
8754:
8744:
8742:
8740:www.science.org
8732:
8728:
8688:
8684:
8671:
8667:
8657:
8655:
8646:
8645:
8641:
8630:Solvay — Rhodia
8624:
8623:
8619:
8609:
8607:
8590:Tabuchi, Hiroko
8587:
8583:
8573:
8571:
8562:
8561:
8557:
8550:
8536:
8532:
8522:
8520:
8516:
8509:
8501:
8497:
8487:
8485:
8478:UTokyo Research
8472:
8471:
8467:
8457:
8455:
8442:
8441:
8437:
8427:
8425:
8410:
8406:
8396:
8394:
8393:on May 13, 2012
8379:
8375:
8368:
8354:
8350:
8340:
8338:
8320:
8316:
8306:
8304:
8300:
8293:
8287:
8286:
8282:
8272:
8270:
8269:on July 3, 2011
8255:
8248:
8238:
8236:
8221:
8214:
8204:
8202:
8193:
8192:
8188:
8178:
8176:
8161:
8157:
8147:
8145:
8135:
8131:
8121:
8119:
8109:
8105:
8095:
8093:
8086:
8082:
8074:
8070:
8069:
8065:
8055:
8053:
8043:
8039:
8026:
8025:
8021:
8008:
8007:
8003:
7993:
7991:
7978:
7977:
7973:
7963:
7961:
7946:
7942:
7932:
7930:
7926:
7915:
7911:
7910:
7906:
7896:
7894:
7881:
7880:
7876:
7866:
7864:
7849:
7845:
7835:
7833:
7818:
7814:
7804:
7802:
7789:
7788:
7784:
7774:
7772:
7759:
7758:
7754:
7740:
7738:
7725:
7724:
7720:
7707:
7706:
7702:
7694:
7683:
7679:
7678:
7674:
7655:
7651:
7643:
7636:
7632:
7631:
7627:
7617:
7615:
7611:
7604:
7600:
7599:
7595:
7585:
7583:
7574:
7573:
7569:
7559:
7557:
7544:
7543:
7539:
7528:Metal Tech News
7520:
7513:
7500:
7499:
7495:
7485:
7483:
7482:(in Vietnamese)
7472:
7468:
7458:
7456:
7447:
7446:
7442:
7432:
7430:
7417:
7416:
7412:
7402:
7400:
7391:
7390:
7386:
7376:
7374:
7359:
7355:
7345:
7343:
7339:
7332:
7326:
7322:
7312:
7310:
7305:. May 3, 2016.
7297:
7296:
7292:
7277:
7273:
7262:
7255:
7245:
7243:
7228:
7227:
7223:
7213:
7211:
7198:
7197:
7193:
7183:
7181:
7171:
7167:
7157:
7155:
7153:Radio Free Asia
7147:
7146:
7142:
7132:
7130:
7121:
7120:
7107:
7097:
7095:
7086:
7085:
7081:
7071:Wayback Machine
7061:
7057:
7047:Wayback Machine
7037:
7033:
7023:
7021:
7008:
7007:
7003:
6993:
6991:
6978:
6977:
6973:
6963:
6961:
6946:
6942:
6932:
6930:
6915:
6911:
6901:
6899:
6886:
6885:
6874:
6864:
6862:
6849:
6848:
6844:
6834:
6832:
6819:
6818:
6811:
6792:
6788:
6778:
6776:
6761:
6757:
6747:
6745:
6730:
6726:
6716:
6714:
6701:
6700:
6696:
6686:
6684:
6680:
6673:
6667:
6660:
6650:
6648:
6641:Foreign Affairs
6637:"China Digs It"
6633:
6629:
6592:
6588:
6549:
6545:
6539:Wayback Machine
6530:
6523:
6513:
6511:
6502:
6501:
6497:
6487:
6485:
6481:
6474:
6470:
6469:
6465:
6455:
6453:
6444:
6443:
6439:
6433:Wayback Machine
6423:
6419:
6409:
6407:
6403:
6392:
6386:
6382:
6374:
6359:
6349:
6347:
6343:
6337:
6333:
6290:
6286:
6239:
6235:
6225:
6223:
6215:
6214:
6207:
6197:
6195:
6187:
6186:
6182:
6139:
6135:
6125:Wayback Machine
6106:Powell, Devin,
6105:
6094:
6079:
6065:
6034:
6019:
6005:
5978:
5946:
5942:
5895:
5891:
5873:
5867:
5863:
5855:
5851:
5850:
5846:
5836:
5834:
5830:
5823:
5817:
5806:
5791:
5777:
5768:
5753:
5739:
5722:
5715:
5699:
5695:
5688:
5664:
5660:
5655:
5651:
5630:
5629:Reprinted from
5622:
5620:
5611:
5610:
5606:
5599:
5585:
5581:
5576:
5572:
5562:
5558:
5551:
5535:
5531:
5522:
5518:
5508:
5506:
5495:
5494:
5487:
5476:
5472:
5456:
5452:
5445:
5431:
5427:
5417:
5415:
5365:
5358:
5354:
5344:
5342:
5329:
5328:
5324:
5313:
5304:
5297:
5283:
5279:
5269:
5267:
5252:
5248:
5240:precious metals
5231:
5229:
5225:
5218:
5212:
5205:
5150:
5146:
5099:
5095:
5085:
5083:
5073:
5069:
5059:
5057:
5048:
5047:
5043:
5032:
5028:
5020:, Interview on
5012:
5001:
4992:
4959:
4945:
4941:
4936:
4892:
4885:
4882:
4854:
4758:
4696:
4690:
4687:
4684:
4675:
4671:
4664:
4655:
4646:bioaccumulation
4625:
4623:On human health
4596:
4591:
4566:
4556:
4510:
4507:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4487:
4437:
4436:
4435:
4434:
4430:
4428:
4424:
4422:
4418:
4416:
4412:
4410:
4406:
4398:
4397:
4396:
4395:
4391:
4389:
4385:
4383:
4379:
4377:
4373:
4371:
4367:
4365:
4361:
4359:
4355:
4353:
4349:
4347:
4339:
4331:
4307:
4290:
4242:
4229:
4197:
4192:
4123:
3945:Steenkampskraal
3909:
3907:Other countries
3880:Chipwi Township
3876:US$ 200 million
3875:
3869:
3867:Myanmar (Burma)
3816:
3810:
3746:
3650:
3646:
3634:
3629:
3628:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3602:
3598:
3586:
3581:
3580:
3575:
3572:
3571:
3554:
3550:
3544:
3539:
3538:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3506:
3502:
3490:
3485:
3484:
3472:
3468:
3456:
3451:
3450:
3446:
3433:
3429:
3423:
3418:
3417:
3413:
3411:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3383:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3340:
3336:
3330:
3325:
3324:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3296:
3292:
3286:
3281:
3280:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3241:
3237:
3231:
3226:
3225:
3221:
3214:
3210:
3204:
3199:
3198:
3194:
3192:
3183:
3179:
3173:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3108:
3100:ionic potential
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3039:
2980:
2972:
2969:to produce a CO
2964:
2948:
2705:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2665:
2660:
2648:
2644:
2614:
2567:
2550:
2537:crystallization
2521:
2484:ion-adsorption
2478:
2474:
2467:
2463:
2455:
2451:
2415:for separating
2397:
2286:William Crookes
2232:
2082:
2074:
2073:
2059:stable isotopes
2056:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2031:
1984:
1967:stainless steel
1931:
1891:
1854:
1815:
1767:
1703:
1659:neutron capture
1615:
1564:
1548:neutron capture
1512:
1510:
1507:
1469:
1421:
1408:welding goggles
1353:
1332:oxidizing agent
1300:
1255:
1226:electroceramics
1220:(YSZ) (used in
1208:
1197:Ytterby, Sweden
1176:
1130:
1093:
968:
967:
966:
965:
964:
963:
959:
947:
927:
920:
911:
910:
909:
897:
884:
883:
882:
874:
867:
860:
853:
846:
839:
832:
825:
818:
811:
804:
797:
790:
783:
776:
769:
762:
755:
748:
741:
734:
727:
720:
713:
706:
699:
692:
685:
678:
671:
664:
657:
648:
641:
634:
627:
620:
613:
606:
599:
592:
585:
578:
571:
564:
557:
550:
543:
536:
529:
522:
515:
508:
501:
494:
487:
480:
473:
466:
459:
452:
445:
438:
431:
422:
415:
408:
401:
394:
387:
380:
373:
366:
359:
352:
345:
338:
331:
324:
317:
306:
299:
290:
283:
276:
269:
262:
255:
248:
241:
234:
227:
220:
213:
206:
199:
192:
185:
176:
169:
160:
153:
146:
139:
132:
125:
116:
109:
100:
93:
86:
79:
72:
65:
56:
49:
40:
31:
23:
21:
17:
12:
11:
5:
16966:
16956:
16955:
16950:
16945:
16928:
16927:
16924:
16923:
16911:
16899:
16886:
16885:
16882:
16881:
16878:
16877:
16874:
16873:
16871:
16870:
16869:
16868:
16863:
16858:
16853:
16848:
16843:
16838:
16833:
16823:
16822:
16821:
16819:Temporary work
16816:
16811:
16806:
16801:
16796:
16791:
16781:
16780:
16779:
16774:
16769:
16764:
16759:
16754:
16749:
16742:Centralization
16738:
16736:
16730:
16729:
16727:
16726:
16721:
16716:
16715:
16714:
16709:
16704:
16696:
16691:
16690:
16689:
16684:
16679:
16674:
16664:
16659:
16658:
16657:
16652:
16647:
16642:
16637:
16626:
16624:
16613:
16612:
16610:
16609:
16608:
16607:
16602:
16597:
16589:
16588:
16587:
16582:
16577:
16572:
16567:
16558:
16549:
16547:
16535:
16534:
16524:
16523:
16520:
16519:
16516:
16515:
16513:
16512:
16511:
16510:
16508:Basic research
16500:
16495:
16489:
16487:
16483:
16482:
16480:
16479:
16474:
16469:
16468:
16467:
16462:
16452:
16447:
16441:
16439:
16433:
16432:
16430:
16429:
16428:
16427:
16422:
16417:
16412:
16402:
16401:
16400:
16395:
16390:
16380:
16379:
16378:
16373:
16368:
16360:
16359:
16358:
16353:
16348:
16339:
16337:
16322:
16321:
16309:
16308:
16305:
16304:
16301:
16300:
16298:
16297:
16296:
16295:
16290:
16285:
16277:
16272:
16271:
16270:
16265:
16260:
16255:
16250:
16245:
16237:
16232:
16231:
16230:
16225:
16217:
16216:
16215:
16206:
16201:
16196:
16191:
16182:
16180:
16176:
16175:
16173:
16172:
16170:Tabletop games
16167:
16166:
16165:
16160:
16155:
16150:
16142:
16137:
16136:
16135:
16124:
16122:
16111:
16110:
16108:
16107:
16102:
16097:
16096:
16095:
16090:
16085:
16076:
16074:
16068:
16067:
16065:
16064:
16063:
16062:
16052:
16051:
16050:
16045:
16035:
16033:Legal services
16030:
16029:
16028:
16023:
16018:
16008:
16007:
16006:
16004:system testing
15993:
15988:
15974:
15973:
15972:
15967:
15962:
15957:
15946:
15944:
15938:
15937:
15935:
15934:
15933:
15932:
15927:
15917:
15916:
15915:
15910:
15905:
15900:
15895:
15885:
15884:
15883:
15878:
15873:
15868:
15866:Money transfer
15863:
15858:
15853:
15848:
15837:
15835:
15829:
15828:
15826:
15825:
15820:
15819:
15818:
15813:
15808:
15803:
15798:
15793:
15788:
15777:
15775:
15769:
15768:
15766:
15765:
15764:
15763:
15753:
15752:
15751:
15746:
15741:
15739:Passenger rail
15736:
15731:
15721:
15720:
15719:
15714:
15709:
15707:Moving company
15704:
15699:
15694:
15683:
15681:
15673:
15672:
15670:
15669:
15668:
15667:
15662:
15657:
15647:
15646:
15645:
15640:
15635:
15630:
15625:
15620:
15615:
15613:Consumer goods
15610:
15608:Car dealership
15599:
15597:
15587:
15586:
15583:Service sector
15574:
15573:
15570:
15569:
15566:
15565:
15563:
15562:
15561:
15560:
15555:
15550:
15545:
15540:
15535:
15530:
15525:
15517:
15516:
15515:
15510:
15505:
15500:
15495:
15490:
15485:
15480:
15470:
15469:
15468:
15463:
15458:
15447:
15445:
15439:
15438:
15436:
15435:
15434:
15433:
15428:
15423:
15418:
15413:
15403:
15398:
15397:
15396:
15391:
15386:
15381:
15371:
15370:
15369:
15359:
15358:
15357:
15352:
15347:
15338:
15336:
15330:
15329:
15326:
15325:
15323:
15322:
15317:
15316:
15315:
15306:
15301:
15286:
15281:
15280:
15279:
15270:
15265:
15260:
15255:
15244:
15242:
15240:Heavy industry
15236:
15235:
15233:
15232:
15227:
15226:
15225:
15220:
15210:
15209:
15208:
15198:
15197:
15196:
15191:
15186:
15179:Metal refining
15176:
15175:
15174:
15172:Synthetic gems
15169:
15164:
15155:
15149:Other mineral
15147:
15146:
15145:
15140:
15135:
15125:
15124:
15123:
15118:
15113:
15108:
15103:
15093:
15092:
15091:
15086:
15077:
15072:
15067:
15062:
15057:
15047:
15046:
15045:
15039:Thermoplastics
15036:
15031:
15026:
15021:
15016:
15006:
15005:
15004:
14999:
14989:
14988:
14987:
14982:
14977:
14972:
14962:
14961:
14960:
14955:
14950:
14945:
14940:
14930:
14929:
14928:
14919:
14914:
14899:
14897:
14893:
14892:
14890:
14889:
14888:
14887:
14882:
14877:
14872:
14867:
14865:contraceptives
14861:
14859:Blood products
14856:
14846:
14844:Fine chemicals
14841:
14840:
14839:
14834:
14829:
14824:
14815:
14810:
14805:
14800:
14795:
14790:
14785:
14775:
14774:
14773:
14768:
14763:
14758:
14748:
14747:
14746:
14741:
14736:
14731:
14726:
14724:Petrochemicals
14721:
14716:
14711:
14706:
14701:
14696:
14691:
14686:
14681:
14669:
14667:
14661:
14660:
14658:
14657:
14656:
14655:
14650:
14645:
14640:
14635:
14625:
14615:
14614:
14613:
14608:
14603:
14598:
14593:
14584:
14574:
14569:
14568:
14567:
14562:
14557:
14549:
14548:
14547:
14542:
14532:
14531:
14530:
14525:
14515:
14514:
14513:
14507:
14502:
14492:
14491:
14490:
14488:Semiconductors
14485:
14483:Circuit boards
14480:
14469:
14467:
14461:
14460:
14458:
14457:
14456:
14455:
14450:
14445:
14442:
14439:
14436:
14431:
14428:
14423:
14417:
14414:
14413:
14412:
14407:
14402:
14397:
14392:
14387:
14382:
14377:
14372:
14367:
14359:
14358:
14357:
14352:
14350:Prefabrication
14347:
14342:
14336:
14331:
14326:
14321:
14316:
14307:
14297:
14296:
14295:
14290:
14285:
14283:Cassette tapes
14277:
14276:
14275:
14270:
14265:
14260:
14255:
14245:
14244:
14243:
14238:
14233:
14228:
14223:
14218:
14213:
14203:
14202:
14201:
14196:
14191:
14186:
14181:
14176:
14171:
14166:
14161:
14151:
14150:
14149:
14144:
14141:
14138:
14133:
14123:
14122:
14121:
14119:Vegetable oils
14116:
14111:
14106:
14101:
14096:
14093:
14092:Dairy products
14090:
14085:
14080:
14069:
14067:
14065:Light industry
14058:
14050:
14049:
14037:
14036:
14033:
14032:
14029:
14028:
14026:
14025:
14024:
14023:
14018:
14013:
14008:
14003:
13998:
13993:
13988:
13983:
13973:
13972:
13971:
13966:
13961:
13956:
13951:
13943:
13942:
13941:
13936:
13931:
13926:
13921:
13916:
13911:
13906:
13901:
13896:
13888:
13887:
13886:
13881:
13876:
13871:
13866:
13861:
13850:
13848:
13844:
13843:
13840:
13839:
13837:
13836:
13835:
13834:
13829:
13824:
13819:
13814:
13806:
13805:
13804:
13799:
13794:
13789:
13784:
13779:
13774:
13769:
13764:
13754:
13753:
13752:
13747:
13742:
13737:
13732:
13727:
13722:
13717:
13712:
13707:
13702:
13697:
13692:
13687:
13682:
13671:
13669:
13665:
13664:
13662:
13661:
13660:
13659:
13654:
13647:Wild mushrooms
13644:
13643:
13642:
13637:
13624:
13622:Natural rubber
13619:
13614:
13609:
13604:
13599:
13589:
13584:
13583:
13582:
13572:
13571:
13570:
13559:
13557:
13551:
13550:
13548:
13547:
13546:
13545:
13535:
13534:
13533:
13528:
13523:
13518:
13513:
13508:
13503:
13498:
13493:
13488:
13483:
13478:
13468:
13467:
13466:
13461:
13451:
13450:
13449:
13444:
13439:
13434:
13429:
13424:
13419:
13414:
13409:
13407:Tropical fruit
13404:
13399:
13394:
13389:
13379:
13378:
13377:
13372:
13367:
13362:
13357:
13352:
13347:
13340:Arable farming
13336:
13334:
13325:
13317:
13316:
13313:Natural sector
13304:
13303:
13295:
13294:
13287:
13280:
13272:
13263:
13262:
13260:
13259:
13247:
13234:
13231:
13230:
13228:
13227:
13222:
13217:
13216:
13215:
13210:
13199:
13197:
13193:
13192:
13190:
13189:
13188:
13187:
13182:
13177:
13172:
13167:
13157:
13156:
13155:
13150:
13145:
13134:
13132:
13126:
13125:
13122:
13121:
13119:
13118:
13116:Vapor pressure
13113:
13108:
13103:
13101:Speed of sound
13098:
13093:
13088:
13083:
13078:
13076:Heat of fusion
13073:
13068:
13063:
13058:
13053:
13048:
13043:
13038:
13033:
13031:Critical point
13028:
13023:
13018:
13012:
13010:
13006:
13005:
13003:
13002:
12997:
12992:
12987:
12982:
12977:
12971:
12969:
12963:
12962:
12960:
12959:
12954:
12949:
12944:
12932:
12930:
12921:
12915:
12914:
12911:
12910:
12908:
12907:
12902:
12897:
12892:
12887:
12882:
12877:
12872:
12870:Coinage metals
12867:
12862:
12857:
12852:
12846:
12844:
12840:
12839:
12836:
12835:
12833:
12832:
12826:
12824:
12818:
12817:
12815:
12814:
12809:
12803:
12801:
12795:
12794:
12792:
12791:
12786:
12781:
12776:
12770:
12768:
12759:
12752:
12751:
12748:
12747:
12745:
12744:
12738:
12736:
12730:
12729:
12727:
12726:
12725:
12724:
12719:
12714:
12704:
12699:
12694:
12689:
12684:
12679:
12674:
12668:
12666:
12660:
12659:
12657:
12656:
12651:
12646:
12641:
12636:
12631:
12626:
12621:
12616:
12611:
12606:
12601:
12596:
12591:
12586:
12581:
12576:
12571:
12565:
12563:
12554:
12547:
12541:
12540:
12538:
12537:
12532:
12526:
12524:
12520:
12519:
12516:Periodic table
12512:
12511:
12504:
12497:
12489:
12480:
12479:
12473:
12472:
12467:
12462:
12457:
12449:
12447:
12444:
12443:
12439:
12438:
12429:
12420:
12411:
12402:
12393:
12384:
12375:
12366:
12357:
12348:
12339:
12330:
12321:
12312:
12303:
12294:
12285:
12276:
12267:
12258:
12249:
12240:
12231:
12222:
12213:
12204:
12195:
12186:
12177:
12168:
12159:
12150:
12144:
12143:
12134:
12125:
12116:
12107:
12098:
12089:
12080:
12071:
12062:
12053:
12044:
12035:
12026:
12017:
12008:
11999:
11990:
11981:
11972:
11963:
11954:
11945:
11936:
11927:
11918:
11909:
11900:
11891:
11882:
11873:
11864:
11855:
11849:
11848:
11839:
11830:
11821:
11812:
11803:
11794:
11785:
11776:
11767:
11758:
11749:
11740:
11731:
11722:
11713:
11704:
11702:
11693:
11684:
11678:
11677:
11668:
11659:
11650:
11641:
11632:
11623:
11614:
11605:
11596:
11587:
11578:
11569:
11560:
11551:
11542:
11533:
11531:
11522:
11513:
11507:
11506:
11497:
11488:
11479:
11470:
11461:
11452:
11450:
11441:
11432:
11426:
11425:
11416:
11407:
11398:
11389:
11380:
11371:
11369:
11360:
11351:
11345:
11344:
11335:
11333:
11324:
11318:
11317:
11312:
11307:
11302:
11297:
11292:
11287:
11282:
11277:
11272:
11267:
11262:
11257:
11252:
11247:
11242:
11237:
11235:
11230:
11225:
11220:
11217:
11216:
11213:Periodic table
11209:
11208:
11201:
11194:
11186:
11180:
11179:
11168:
11153:
11152:
11132:
11131:
11116:
11115:
11111:
11110:
11095:
11094:
11090:
11089:
11088:External media
11082:
11081:External links
11079:
11076:
11075:
11070:Kirkus Reviews
11057:
10995:
10968:
10953:
10939:
10914:
10897:
10872:
10841:
10814:
10787:
10756:
10726:
10693:
10668:
10651:Deutsche Welle
10638:
10607:
10588:
10565:
10539:
10510:
10447:
10382:
10307:
10250:
10214:
10205:
10156:
10096:
10069:(1–3): 79–85.
10046:
9981:
9918:
9852:
9800:
9738:
9681:
9663:
9612:
9557:
9505:
9450:
9424:
9373:
9326:
9289:
9258:
9232:
9219:www.cancer.gov
9206:
9183:
9128:
9101:
9067:
9036:
9023:(1): 123–134.
9000:
8965:(3): 189–200.
8942:
8864:
8848:
8799:
8752:
8726:
8699:(6): 295–330.
8682:
8665:
8639:
8617:
8599:New York Times
8581:
8555:
8548:
8530:
8495:
8465:
8435:
8404:
8373:
8366:
8348:
8314:
8280:
8246:
8212:
8186:
8155:
8129:
8103:
8080:
8063:
8037:
8019:
8001:
7971:
7940:
7904:
7874:
7843:
7812:
7782:
7752:
7718:
7700:
7672:
7649:
7625:
7593:
7567:
7537:
7511:
7493:
7466:
7440:
7410:
7384:
7353:
7320:
7290:
7271:
7253:
7221:
7204:Financial Post
7191:
7165:
7140:
7127:Global Witness
7105:
7092:Global Witness
7079:
7075:MetalMiner.com
7055:
7031:
7001:
6971:
6940:
6909:
6872:
6842:
6809:
6786:
6755:
6724:
6694:
6658:
6627:
6586:
6543:
6521:
6495:
6463:
6437:
6417:
6380:
6357:
6331:
6304:(3): 363–372.
6284:
6249:(3): 323–333.
6233:
6205:
6189:"Press corner"
6180:
6153:(8): 535–539.
6133:
6092:
6077:
6032:
6017:
5976:
5957:(1–4): 15–29.
5940:
5905:(10): 103508.
5889:
5861:
5844:
5804:
5789:
5766:
5751:
5720:
5713:
5693:
5687:978-3527306732
5686:
5658:
5649:
5604:
5597:
5579:
5570:
5556:
5549:
5529:
5516:
5485:
5470:
5463:Business Daily
5450:
5443:
5425:
5363:
5352:
5322:
5302:
5295:
5277:
5246:
5203:
5144:
5093:
5067:
5041:
5026:
4990:
4985:. p. 51.
4938:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4931:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4918:Precious metal
4915:
4910:
4904:
4898:
4897:
4894:Geology portal
4881:
4878:
4853:
4850:
4757:
4754:
4725:United Nations
4720:Lynas refinery
4706:, the mine in
4698:
4697:
4678:
4676:
4669:
4663:
4660:
4654:
4651:
4630:pneumoconiosis
4624:
4621:
4609:water hyacinth
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4555:
4552:
4508:
4486:
4483:
4429:
4423:
4417:
4411:
4405:
4401:
4400:
4399:
4390:
4384:
4378:
4372:
4366:
4360:
4354:
4348:
4338:
4334:
4333:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4306:
4303:
4289:
4286:
4241:
4238:
4228:
4225:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4143:container ship
4122:
4119:
4100:energy storage
4091:European Union
4033:European Union
3950:Bokan Mountain
3908:
3905:
3868:
3865:
3809:
3806:
3783:Inner Mongolia
3745:
3742:
3653:
3649:
3643:
3640:
3637:
3627:
3605:
3601:
3595:
3592:
3589:
3579:
3557:
3553:
3547:
3537:
3526:
3525:
3509:
3505:
3499:
3496:
3493:
3483:
3480:
3475:
3471:
3465:
3462:
3459:
3449:
3444:
3441:
3436:
3432:
3426:
3416:
3410:
3403:
3398:
3386:
3339:
3333:
3323:
3295:
3289:
3279:
3261:
3260:
3240:
3234:
3224:
3213:
3207:
3197:
3191:
3186:
3182:
3176:
3166:
3152:atomic numbers
3147:unfractionated
3107:
3104:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3038:
3035:
2978:
2970:
2962:
2946:
2900:Kola Peninsula
2870:, britholite,
2862:, chevkinite,
2704:
2701:
2695:
2691:
2674:cerium dioxide
2658:
2646:
2643:(cerium forms
2613:
2610:
2566:
2563:
2554:atomic numbers
2549:
2546:
2520:
2519:Classification
2517:
2476:
2465:
2453:
2401:Frank Spedding
2396:
2393:
2385:Georges Urbain
2323:Ural Mountains
2294:spectral lines
2231:
2228:
2081:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2050:
2040:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2029:
2027:LED light bulb
2012:
2001:
1996:
1993:
1989:
1988:
1982:
1959:reducing agent
1951:
1948:
1943:
1940:
1936:
1935:
1929:
1919:X-ray machines
1915:
1908:
1903:
1900:
1896:
1895:
1889:
1882:vanadium steel
1874:
1871:
1866:
1863:
1859:
1858:
1852:
1839:
1832:
1827:
1824:
1820:
1819:
1813:
1791:
1784:
1779:
1776:
1772:
1771:
1765:
1731:
1720:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1707:
1701:
1639:
1632:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1619:
1613:
1588:
1581:
1576:
1573:
1569:
1568:
1562:
1537:
1530:
1525:
1522:
1518:
1517:
1505:
1503:luminous paint
1496:
1486:
1481:
1478:
1474:
1473:
1467:
1449:
1438:
1433:
1430:
1426:
1425:
1419:
1416:fluoride glass
1406:glass used in
1402:, additive in
1381:
1370:
1365:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1351:
1328:
1323:, named after
1317:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1304:
1298:
1279:
1272:
1267:
1264:
1260:
1259:
1253:
1206:
1200:
1193:
1188:
1185:
1181:
1180:
1174:
1159:
1145:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1132:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1092:
1089:
923:
921:
914:
913:
912:
905:US 1 cent
900:Rare-earth ore
898:
891:
890:
889:
888:
887:
879:
878:
871:
864:
857:
850:
843:
836:
829:
822:
815:
808:
801:
794:
787:
780:
773:
766:
759:
752:
745:
738:
731:
724:
717:
710:
703:
696:
689:
682:
675:
668:
661:
653:
652:
645:
638:
631:
624:
617:
610:
603:
596:
589:
582:
575:
568:
561:
554:
547:
540:
533:
526:
519:
512:
505:
498:
491:
484:
477:
470:
463:
456:
449:
442:
435:
427:
426:
419:
412:
405:
398:
391:
384:
377:
370:
363:
356:
349:
342:
335:
328:
321:
314:
312:
310:
303:
295:
294:
287:
280:
273:
266:
259:
252:
245:
238:
231:
224:
217:
210:
203:
196:
189:
182:
180:
173:
165:
164:
157:
150:
143:
136:
129:
122:
120:
113:
105:
104:
97:
90:
83:
76:
69:
62:
60:
53:
45:
44:
37:
35:
25:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
16965:
16954:
16951:
16949:
16946:
16944:
16941:
16940:
16938:
16922:
16921:
16912:
16910:
16909:
16900:
16898:
16897:
16888:
16887:
16883:
16867:
16864:
16862:
16859:
16857:
16856:Privatization
16854:
16852:
16849:
16847:
16844:
16842:
16839:
16837:
16834:
16832:
16829:
16828:
16827:
16824:
16820:
16817:
16815:
16812:
16810:
16807:
16805:
16802:
16800:
16797:
16795:
16792:
16790:
16787:
16786:
16785:
16782:
16778:
16775:
16773:
16770:
16768:
16765:
16763:
16760:
16758:
16755:
16753:
16750:
16748:
16745:
16744:
16743:
16740:
16739:
16737:
16735:
16731:
16725:
16722:
16720:
16717:
16713:
16710:
16708:
16705:
16703:
16700:
16699:
16697:
16695:
16692:
16688:
16685:
16683:
16680:
16678:
16675:
16673:
16670:
16669:
16668:
16665:
16663:
16660:
16656:
16653:
16651:
16648:
16646:
16643:
16641:
16638:
16636:
16633:
16632:
16631:
16630:Externalities
16628:
16627:
16625:
16623:
16618:
16614:
16606:
16603:
16601:
16598:
16596:
16593:
16592:
16591:Market-based
16590:
16586:
16583:
16581:
16578:
16576:
16573:
16571:
16568:
16566:
16565:
16564:
16559:
16557:
16554:
16553:
16551:
16550:
16548:
16546:
16540:
16536:
16529:
16525:
16509:
16506:
16505:
16504:
16501:
16499:
16496:
16494:
16491:
16490:
16488:
16484:
16478:
16475:
16473:
16470:
16466:
16463:
16461:
16458:
16457:
16456:
16453:
16451:
16448:
16446:
16443:
16442:
16440:
16438:
16434:
16426:
16423:
16421:
16418:
16416:
16413:
16411:
16408:
16407:
16406:
16403:
16399:
16396:
16394:
16391:
16389:
16386:
16385:
16384:
16381:
16377:
16374:
16372:
16369:
16367:
16364:
16363:
16362:Audio-visual
16361:
16357:
16354:
16352:
16349:
16347:
16344:
16343:
16341:
16340:
16338:
16336:
16331:
16327:
16323:
16319:
16314:
16310:
16294:
16291:
16289:
16286:
16284:
16281:
16280:
16278:
16276:
16273:
16269:
16266:
16264:
16261:
16259:
16256:
16254:
16251:
16249:
16246:
16244:
16241:
16240:
16238:
16236:
16233:
16229:
16226:
16224:
16221:
16220:
16218:
16214:
16210:
16207:
16205:
16202:
16200:
16197:
16195:
16192:
16190:
16187:
16186:
16184:
16183:
16181:
16177:
16171:
16168:
16164:
16161:
16159:
16156:
16154:
16151:
16149:
16146:
16145:
16143:
16141:
16138:
16134:
16131:
16130:
16129:
16126:
16125:
16123:
16121:
16116:
16115:Entertainment
16112:
16106:
16103:
16101:
16098:
16094:
16091:
16089:
16086:
16084:
16081:
16080:
16078:
16077:
16075:
16073:
16069:
16061:
16058:
16057:
16056:
16053:
16049:
16046:
16044:
16041:
16040:
16039:
16036:
16034:
16031:
16027:
16024:
16022:
16019:
16017:
16014:
16013:
16012:
16009:
16005:
16001:
15997:
15994:
15992:
15989:
15987:
15984:
15983:
15982:
15978:
15975:
15971:
15968:
15966:
15963:
15961:
15958:
15956:
15953:
15952:
15951:
15948:
15947:
15945:
15943:
15939:
15931:
15928:
15926:
15923:
15922:
15921:
15918:
15914:
15911:
15909:
15906:
15904:
15901:
15899:
15896:
15894:
15891:
15890:
15889:
15886:
15882:
15879:
15877:
15874:
15872:
15871:Payment cards
15869:
15867:
15864:
15862:
15859:
15857:
15854:
15852:
15849:
15847:
15844:
15843:
15842:
15839:
15838:
15836:
15834:
15830:
15824:
15821:
15817:
15814:
15812:
15809:
15807:
15806:Food delivery
15804:
15802:
15799:
15797:
15794:
15792:
15789:
15787:
15786:Drink service
15784:
15783:
15782:
15779:
15778:
15776:
15774:
15770:
15762:
15759:
15758:
15757:
15754:
15750:
15747:
15745:
15742:
15740:
15737:
15735:
15732:
15730:
15727:
15726:
15725:
15722:
15718:
15715:
15713:
15710:
15708:
15705:
15703:
15700:
15698:
15695:
15693:
15690:
15689:
15688:
15685:
15684:
15682:
15680:& Storage
15678:
15674:
15666:
15663:
15661:
15658:
15656:
15653:
15652:
15651:
15648:
15644:
15641:
15639:
15636:
15634:
15631:
15629:
15626:
15624:
15623:Grocery store
15621:
15619:
15618:General store
15616:
15614:
15611:
15609:
15606:
15605:
15604:
15601:
15600:
15598:
15596:
15592:
15588:
15584:
15579:
15575:
15559:
15556:
15554:
15551:
15549:
15546:
15544:
15541:
15539:
15536:
15534:
15531:
15529:
15526:
15524:
15521:
15520:
15518:
15514:
15511:
15509:
15506:
15504:
15501:
15499:
15496:
15494:
15491:
15489:
15486:
15484:
15481:
15479:
15476:
15475:
15474:
15471:
15467:
15464:
15462:
15459:
15457:
15454:
15453:
15452:
15449:
15448:
15446:
15444:
15440:
15432:
15429:
15427:
15424:
15422:
15419:
15417:
15414:
15412:
15409:
15408:
15407:
15404:
15402:
15399:
15395:
15392:
15390:
15387:
15385:
15382:
15380:
15377:
15376:
15375:
15372:
15368:
15365:
15364:
15363:
15360:
15356:
15353:
15351:
15348:
15346:
15343:
15342:
15340:
15339:
15337:
15335:
15331:
15321:
15318:
15314:
15310:
15307:
15305:
15304:Rail vehicles
15302:
15300:
15296:
15293:
15292:
15291:
15287:
15285:
15282:
15278:
15277:wind turbines
15274:
15271:
15269:
15268:Machine tools
15266:
15264:
15261:
15259:
15256:
15254:
15251:
15250:
15249:
15246:
15245:
15243:
15241:
15237:
15231:
15228:
15224:
15221:
15219:
15216:
15215:
15214:
15211:
15207:
15204:
15203:
15202:
15199:
15195:
15192:
15190:
15187:
15185:
15182:
15181:
15180:
15177:
15173:
15170:
15168:
15165:
15163:
15159:
15158:Carbon fibers
15156:
15154:
15151:
15150:
15148:
15144:
15141:
15139:
15136:
15134:
15131:
15130:
15129:
15126:
15122:
15119:
15117:
15114:
15112:
15109:
15107:
15104:
15102:
15099:
15098:
15097:
15094:
15090:
15087:
15085:
15081:
15078:
15076:
15073:
15071:
15068:
15066:
15063:
15061:
15058:
15056:
15053:
15052:
15051:
15048:
15044:
15040:
15037:
15035:
15032:
15030:
15027:
15025:
15022:
15020:
15017:
15015:
15012:
15011:
15010:
15007:
15003:
15000:
14998:
14995:
14994:
14993:
14990:
14986:
14983:
14981:
14978:
14976:
14973:
14971:
14968:
14967:
14966:
14963:
14959:
14956:
14954:
14951:
14949:
14946:
14944:
14941:
14939:
14936:
14935:
14934:
14931:
14927:
14923:
14920:
14918:
14915:
14913:
14909:
14906:
14905:
14904:
14901:
14900:
14898:
14894:
14886:
14883:
14881:
14878:
14876:
14875:Illegal drugs
14873:
14871:
14870:Generic drugs
14868:
14866:
14862:
14860:
14857:
14855:
14852:
14851:
14850:
14847:
14845:
14842:
14838:
14835:
14833:
14830:
14828:
14825:
14823:
14819:
14816:
14814:
14811:
14809:
14806:
14804:
14801:
14799:
14796:
14794:
14791:
14789:
14788:Agrochemicals
14786:
14784:
14781:
14780:
14779:
14776:
14772:
14771:Pure elements
14769:
14767:
14764:
14762:
14759:
14757:
14754:
14753:
14752:
14749:
14745:
14742:
14740:
14739:Synthetic oil
14737:
14735:
14732:
14730:
14727:
14725:
14722:
14720:
14717:
14715:
14712:
14710:
14707:
14705:
14702:
14700:
14697:
14695:
14692:
14690:
14687:
14685:
14682:
14680:
14677:
14676:
14675:
14671:
14670:
14668:
14666:
14662:
14654:
14651:
14649:
14646:
14644:
14641:
14639:
14636:
14633:
14629:
14626:
14624:
14621:
14620:
14619:
14616:
14612:
14609:
14607:
14604:
14602:
14601:Lens grinding
14599:
14597:
14594:
14592:
14588:
14585:
14583:
14580:
14579:
14578:
14575:
14573:
14570:
14566:
14563:
14561:
14558:
14555:
14554:
14553:
14550:
14546:
14543:
14541:
14538:
14537:
14536:
14533:
14529:
14526:
14524:
14523:Mobile phones
14521:
14520:
14519:
14516:
14512:
14511:storage media
14508:
14506:
14503:
14501:
14498:
14497:
14496:
14493:
14489:
14486:
14484:
14481:
14479:
14476:
14475:
14474:
14471:
14470:
14468:
14466:& optical
14462:
14454:
14451:
14449:
14446:
14443:
14440:
14437:
14435:
14432:
14429:
14427:
14424:
14421:
14420:
14418:
14415:
14411:
14408:
14406:
14403:
14401:
14398:
14396:
14393:
14391:
14388:
14386:
14383:
14381:
14378:
14376:
14373:
14371:
14368:
14366:
14363:
14362:
14360:
14356:
14353:
14351:
14348:
14346:
14343:
14341:
14337:
14335:
14332:
14330:
14327:
14325:
14322:
14320:
14317:
14315:
14311:
14308:
14306:
14303:
14302:
14301:
14298:
14294:
14293:Optical discs
14291:
14289:
14286:
14284:
14281:
14280:
14278:
14274:
14271:
14269:
14266:
14264:
14261:
14259:
14256:
14254:
14251:
14250:
14249:
14246:
14242:
14239:
14237:
14234:
14232:
14229:
14227:
14224:
14222:
14219:
14217:
14214:
14212:
14209:
14208:
14207:
14204:
14200:
14197:
14195:
14192:
14190:
14187:
14185:
14182:
14180:
14177:
14175:
14172:
14170:
14167:
14165:
14162:
14160:
14157:
14156:
14155:
14152:
14148:
14145:
14142:
14139:
14137:
14136:Bottled water
14134:
14132:
14129:
14128:
14127:
14124:
14120:
14117:
14115:
14112:
14110:
14107:
14105:
14102:
14100:
14097:
14094:
14091:
14089:
14086:
14084:
14081:
14079:
14076:
14075:
14074:
14071:
14070:
14068:
14066:
14062:
14059:
14057:Manufacturing
14055:
14051:
14047:
14042:
14038:
14022:
14019:
14017:
14014:
14012:
14009:
14007:
14004:
14002:
13999:
13997:
13994:
13992:
13989:
13987:
13984:
13982:
13979:
13978:
13977:
13974:
13970:
13967:
13965:
13962:
13960:
13957:
13955:
13952:
13950:
13947:
13946:
13944:
13940:
13937:
13935:
13932:
13930:
13927:
13925:
13922:
13920:
13917:
13915:
13912:
13910:
13907:
13905:
13902:
13900:
13897:
13895:
13892:
13891:
13889:
13885:
13882:
13880:
13877:
13875:
13872:
13870:
13867:
13865:
13862:
13860:
13857:
13856:
13855:
13852:
13851:
13849:
13845:
13833:
13830:
13828:
13825:
13823:
13820:
13818:
13817:Sea cucumbers
13815:
13813:
13810:
13809:
13807:
13803:
13800:
13798:
13795:
13793:
13790:
13788:
13785:
13783:
13780:
13778:
13775:
13773:
13770:
13768:
13765:
13763:
13760:
13759:
13758:
13755:
13751:
13748:
13746:
13743:
13741:
13738:
13736:
13733:
13731:
13728:
13726:
13723:
13721:
13718:
13716:
13713:
13711:
13708:
13706:
13703:
13701:
13698:
13696:
13693:
13691:
13688:
13686:
13683:
13681:
13678:
13677:
13676:
13673:
13672:
13670:
13666:
13658:
13655:
13653:
13650:
13649:
13648:
13645:
13641:
13638:
13636:
13632:
13628:
13625:
13623:
13620:
13618:
13615:
13613:
13610:
13608:
13605:
13603:
13600:
13598:
13595:
13594:
13593:
13590:
13588:
13585:
13581:
13578:
13577:
13576:
13573:
13569:
13566:
13565:
13564:
13561:
13560:
13558:
13556:
13552:
13544:
13541:
13540:
13539:
13536:
13532:
13529:
13527:
13524:
13522:
13519:
13517:
13514:
13512:
13509:
13507:
13504:
13502:
13499:
13497:
13494:
13492:
13489:
13487:
13484:
13482:
13481:Dairy farming
13479:
13477:
13474:
13473:
13472:
13469:
13465:
13462:
13460:
13457:
13456:
13455:
13452:
13448:
13445:
13443:
13440:
13438:
13435:
13433:
13430:
13428:
13425:
13423:
13420:
13418:
13415:
13413:
13410:
13408:
13405:
13403:
13400:
13398:
13395:
13393:
13390:
13388:
13387:Apples et al.
13385:
13384:
13383:
13380:
13376:
13373:
13371:
13368:
13366:
13363:
13361:
13358:
13356:
13353:
13351:
13348:
13346:
13343:
13342:
13341:
13338:
13337:
13335:
13333:
13329:
13326:
13322:
13318:
13314:
13309:
13305:
13301:
13293:
13288:
13286:
13281:
13279:
13274:
13273:
13270:
13258:
13257:
13248:
13246:
13245:
13236:
13235:
13232:
13226:
13223:
13221:
13218:
13214:
13211:
13209:
13206:
13205:
13204:
13201:
13200:
13198:
13194:
13186:
13183:
13181:
13178:
13176:
13173:
13171:
13170:controversies
13168:
13166:
13163:
13162:
13161:
13158:
13154:
13151:
13149:
13146:
13144:
13141:
13140:
13139:
13136:
13135:
13133:
13131:
13127:
13117:
13114:
13112:
13109:
13107:
13104:
13102:
13099:
13097:
13094:
13092:
13091:Melting point
13089:
13087:
13084:
13082:
13079:
13077:
13074:
13072:
13071:Heat capacity
13069:
13067:
13064:
13062:
13059:
13057:
13054:
13052:
13049:
13047:
13044:
13042:
13039:
13037:
13034:
13032:
13029:
13027:
13026:Boiling point
13024:
13022:
13021:Atomic radius
13019:
13017:
13014:
13013:
13011:
13007:
13001:
12998:
12996:
12993:
12991:
12988:
12986:
12983:
12981:
12978:
12976:
12973:
12972:
12970:
12968:
12964:
12958:
12955:
12953:
12950:
12948:
12945:
12942:
12938:
12934:
12933:
12931:
12929:
12925:
12922:
12920:
12916:
12906:
12903:
12901:
12898:
12896:
12893:
12891:
12888:
12886:
12885:Native metals
12883:
12881:
12878:
12876:
12873:
12871:
12868:
12866:
12863:
12861:
12858:
12856:
12853:
12851:
12848:
12847:
12845:
12841:
12831:
12828:
12827:
12825:
12823:
12819:
12813:
12812:Dividing line
12810:
12808:
12805:
12804:
12802:
12800:
12796:
12790:
12787:
12785:
12782:
12780:
12777:
12775:
12772:
12771:
12769:
12767:
12763:
12760:
12758:
12753:
12743:
12740:
12739:
12737:
12735:
12731:
12723:
12720:
12718:
12715:
12713:
12710:
12709:
12708:
12705:
12703:
12700:
12698:
12695:
12693:
12690:
12688:
12685:
12683:
12680:
12678:
12675:
12673:
12670:
12669:
12667:
12665:
12661:
12655:
12652:
12650:
12649:17 (Halogens)
12647:
12645:
12642:
12640:
12637:
12635:
12632:
12630:
12627:
12625:
12622:
12620:
12617:
12615:
12612:
12610:
12607:
12605:
12602:
12600:
12597:
12595:
12592:
12590:
12587:
12585:
12582:
12580:
12577:
12575:
12572:
12570:
12567:
12566:
12564:
12562:
12558:
12555:
12551:
12548:
12546:
12542:
12536:
12533:
12531:
12528:
12527:
12525:
12521:
12517:
12510:
12505:
12503:
12498:
12496:
12491:
12490:
12487:
12471:
12468:
12466:
12463:
12461:
12458:
12456:
12453:
12452:
12445:
12436:
12427:
12418:
12409:
12400:
12391:
12382:
12373:
12364:
12355:
12346:
12337:
12328:
12319:
12310:
12301:
12292:
12283:
12274:
12265:
12256:
12247:
12238:
12229:
12220:
12211:
12202:
12193:
12184:
12175:
12166:
12157:
12149:
12145:
12141:
12132:
12123:
12114:
12105:
12096:
12087:
12078:
12069:
12060:
12051:
12042:
12033:
12024:
12015:
12006:
11997:
11988:
11979:
11970:
11961:
11952:
11943:
11934:
11925:
11916:
11907:
11898:
11889:
11880:
11871:
11862:
11854:
11850:
11846:
11837:
11828:
11819:
11810:
11801:
11792:
11783:
11774:
11765:
11756:
11747:
11738:
11729:
11720:
11711:
11700:
11691:
11683:
11679:
11675:
11666:
11657:
11648:
11639:
11630:
11621:
11612:
11603:
11594:
11585:
11576:
11567:
11558:
11549:
11540:
11529:
11520:
11512:
11508:
11504:
11495:
11486:
11477:
11468:
11459:
11448:
11439:
11431:
11427:
11423:
11414:
11405:
11396:
11387:
11378:
11367:
11358:
11350:
11346:
11342:
11331:
11323:
11319:
11316:
11311:
11306:
11301:
11296:
11291:
11286:
11281:
11276:
11271:
11266:
11261:
11256:
11251:
11246:
11241:
11234:
11229:
11224:
11223:
11218:
11214:
11207:
11202:
11200:
11195:
11193:
11188:
11187:
11184:
11178:
11177:
11172:
11169:
11166:
11161:
11157:
11156:
11150:
11146:
11142:
11133:
11130:
11127:, animation,
11126:
11117:
11112:
11109:
11105:
11096:
11091:
11086:
11071:
11067:
11061:
11053:
11049:
11044:
11043:11250/2579292
11039:
11034:
11029:
11025:
11021:
11017:
11013:
11009:
11002:
11000:
10983:
10979:
10972:
10964:
10957:
10949:
10943:
10936:
10935:
10931:
10927:
10924:
10918:
10911:
10910:
10909:The Economist
10906:
10901:
10894:
10893:
10888:
10884:
10881:
10876:
10865:September 22,
10860:
10856:
10852:
10845:
10834:September 22,
10829:
10825:
10818:
10802:
10798:
10791:
10780:September 27,
10775:
10771:
10767:
10760:
10749:September 26,
10744:
10740:
10736:
10735:"Value Chain"
10730:
10721:
10716:
10712:
10708:
10704:
10697:
10690:
10689:
10688:The Economist
10684:
10680:
10677:
10672:
10656:
10652:
10648:
10642:
10631:September 26,
10626:
10622:
10618:
10611:
10604:
10600:
10597:
10592:
10585:
10581:
10577:
10574:
10569:
10562:
10561:
10556:
10552:
10549:
10546:Lee, Yoolim,
10543:
10527:
10523:
10522:
10514:
10506:
10502:
10497:
10492:
10488:
10484:
10480:
10476:
10472:
10468:
10460:
10458:
10456:
10454:
10452:
10443:
10439:
10434:
10429:
10425:
10421:
10417:
10413:
10409:
10405:
10401:
10397:
10393:
10386:
10370:
10366:
10362:
10358:
10354:
10350:
10346:
10342:
10338:
10334:
10330:
10326:
10322:
10318:
10311:
10303:
10299:
10295:
10291:
10286:
10281:
10277:
10273:
10269:
10265:
10261:
10254:
10246:
10242:
10238:
10234:
10230:
10226:
10218:
10209:
10201:
10197:
10192:
10187:
10183:
10179:
10175:
10171:
10167:
10160:
10152:
10148:
10143:
10138:
10134:
10130:
10126:
10122:
10118:
10114:
10110:
10103:
10101:
10092:
10088:
10084:
10080:
10076:
10072:
10068:
10064:
10060:
10053:
10051:
10042:
10038:
10033:
10028:
10024:
10020:
10016:
10012:
10008:
10004:
10000:
9996:
9992:
9985:
9977:
9973:
9969:
9965:
9961:
9957:
9953:
9949:
9945:
9941:
9937:
9933:
9929:
9922:
9914:
9910:
9905:
9900:
9896:
9892:
9888:
9884:
9880:
9876:
9872:
9868:
9864:
9856:
9848:
9844:
9840:
9836:
9832:
9828:
9824:
9820:
9816:
9812:
9804:
9796:
9792:
9788:
9784:
9779:
9774:
9770:
9766:
9762:
9758:
9754:
9750:
9742:
9734:
9730:
9725:
9720:
9716:
9712:
9708:
9704:
9700:
9696:
9692:
9685:
9677:
9676:New Scientist
9673:
9667:
9659:
9655:
9651:
9647:
9643:
9639:
9635:
9631:
9627:
9623:
9616:
9608:
9604:
9600:
9596:
9592:
9588:
9584:
9580:
9576:
9572:
9568:
9561:
9553:
9549:
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7826:Business Week
7823:
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7663:Mining Weekly
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7480:vnexpress.net
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7403:September 24,
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6390:"Rare Earths"
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4807:The Economist
4804:
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4780:The Economist
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4605:
4601:
4600:contamination
4594:On vegetation
4586:
4582:
4580:
4576:
4570:
4565:
4561:
4551:
4547:
4545:
4540:
4536:
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4515:
4501:
4495:
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4478:
4476:
4472:
4467:
4465:
4464:wind turbines
4461:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4444:
4442:
4404:
4345:
4337:
4326:
4324:
4323:glass-blowing
4320:
4316:
4312:
4302:
4300:
4295:
4285:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4263:
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4255:
4251:
4247:
4237:
4235:
4224:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4195:Mine tailings
4190:Other sources
4187:
4183:
4181:
4176:
4175:
4170:
4169:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4152:
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4038:
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4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4005:
4002:
4001:Longonjo mine
3996:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3980:Mountain Pass
3976:
3974:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3955:
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3942:
3938:
3937:United States
3934:
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3904:
3902:
3898:
3894:
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3873:
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3862:
3858:
3854:
3851:. After the
3850:
3846:
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3799:
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3739:
3735:
3730:
3728:
3724:
3719:
3716:
3711:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3700:clinopyroxene
3697:
3696:orthopyroxene
3693:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3676:
3673:
3667:
3651:
3641:
3638:
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3287:
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3205:
3189:
3184:
3174:
3157:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3148:
3144:
3139:
3135:
3133:
3132:fractionation
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3103:
3101:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3075:
3073:
3044:
3043:atomic weight
3034:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3022:
3017:
3014:
3009:
3008:Argillization
3003:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2992:Mountain Pass
2988:
2984:
2976:
2968:
2960:
2956:
2951:
2944:
2943:asthenosphere
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
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2912:
2907:
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2901:
2897:
2893:
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2832:
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2826:
2822:
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2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2785:
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2778:
2773:
2769:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2736:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2725:Earth's crust
2722:
2714:
2709:
2700:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2664:
2656:
2653:
2642:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2609:
2607:
2606:geochronology
2602:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2562:
2559:
2555:
2545:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2533:precipitation
2530:
2526:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2505:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2472:
2461:
2449:
2444:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2417:plutonium-239
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2373:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2360:(obtained by
2359:
2358:X-ray spectra
2354:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2339:Heinrich Rose
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2313:(now called "
2312:
2311:uranotantalum
2307:
2305:
2304:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2275:Johan Gadolin
2272:
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2255:
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2237:
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2198:
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2166:
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2157:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2098:Johan Gadolin
2095:
2091:
2087:
2077:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2054:
2045:
2041:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2006:
2002:
2000:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1971:strain gauges
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1913:
1909:
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1898:
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1637:
1636:Johan Gadolin
1633:
1631:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1590:Red and blue
1589:
1586:
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1580:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
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1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1277:
1273:
1271:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1254:
1251:
1248:, camera and
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
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1114:
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1104:
1102:
1098:
1097:atomic number
1088:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1046:Earth's crust
1042:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1003:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
918:
908:
906:
901:
895:
886:
877:
872:
870:
865:
863:
858:
856:
851:
849:
844:
842:
837:
835:
830:
828:
823:
821:
816:
814:
809:
807:
802:
800:
795:
793:
788:
786:
781:
779:
777:Rutherfordium
774:
772:
767:
765:
760:
758:
753:
751:
746:
744:
739:
737:
732:
730:
725:
723:
718:
716:
711:
709:
704:
702:
697:
695:
690:
688:
683:
681:
676:
674:
669:
667:
662:
660:
655:
654:
651:
646:
644:
639:
637:
632:
630:
625:
623:
618:
616:
611:
609:
604:
602:
597:
595:
590:
588:
583:
581:
576:
574:
569:
567:
562:
560:
555:
553:
548:
546:
541:
539:
534:
532:
527:
525:
520:
518:
513:
511:
506:
504:
499:
497:
492:
490:
485:
483:
478:
476:
471:
469:
464:
462:
457:
455:
450:
448:
443:
441:
436:
434:
429:
428:
425:
420:
418:
413:
411:
406:
404:
399:
397:
392:
390:
385:
383:
378:
376:
371:
369:
364:
362:
357:
355:
350:
348:
343:
341:
336:
334:
329:
327:
322:
320:
315:
311:
309:
304:
302:
297:
296:
293:
288:
286:
281:
279:
274:
272:
267:
265:
260:
258:
253:
251:
246:
244:
239:
237:
232:
230:
225:
223:
218:
216:
211:
209:
204:
202:
197:
195:
190:
188:
183:
179:
174:
172:
167:
166:
163:
158:
156:
151:
149:
144:
142:
137:
135:
130:
128:
123:
119:
114:
112:
107:
106:
103:
98:
96:
91:
89:
84:
82:
77:
75:
70:
68:
63:
59:
54:
52:
47:
46:
43:
38:
34:
29:
28:
16919:
16907:
16895:
16814:Spinning-off
16799:Homesteading
16752:Conglomerate
16734:Organization
16687:Raw material
16682:Intermediate
16561:
16560:
16383:Broadcasting
16288:Cruise lines
16258:Maid service
16248:Dry cleaning
16219:Maintenance
15977:Architecture
15942:Professional
15761:Self storage
15665:Distribution
15443:Construction
15288:Other heavy
15213:Formed metal
15167:Mineral wool
15089:Safety glass
15060:Fused quartz
15055:Borosilicate
14719:Paraffin wax
14674:oil refining
14653:Transformers
14419:Other goods
14405:Stonemasonry
14385:Glassblowing
14370:Blow molding
14329:Locksmithing
14305:Boilermaking
13854:Fossil fuels
13652:Fungiculture
13607:Gutta-percha
13597:Frankincense
13592:Tree tapping
13563:Silviculture
13543:Fur trapping
13454:Horticulture
13402:Stone fruits
13249:
13237:
13220:Trivial name
13208:nomenclature
12880:Heavy metals
12875:Noble metals
12854:
12634:14 (Tetrels)
12530:Alternatives
11174:
11069:
11060:
11015:
11011:
10988:February 25,
10986:. Retrieved
10971:
10962:
10956:
10942:
10932:
10917:
10907:
10900:
10890:
10875:
10863:. Retrieved
10854:
10844:
10832:. Retrieved
10817:
10807:February 29,
10805:. Retrieved
10801:the original
10790:
10778:. Retrieved
10769:
10759:
10747:. Retrieved
10739:Investopedia
10738:
10729:
10713:(1): 26–35.
10710:
10706:
10696:
10686:
10671:
10659:. Retrieved
10650:
10641:
10629:. Retrieved
10620:
10610:
10591:
10568:
10558:
10542:
10530:. Retrieved
10520:
10513:
10496:11586/148470
10470:
10466:
10399:
10395:
10385:
10375:September 6,
10373:. Retrieved
10369:the original
10324:
10320:
10310:
10267:
10263:
10253:
10228:
10224:
10217:
10208:
10176:(1): 12–26.
10173:
10169:
10159:
10116:
10112:
10066:
10062:
10058:
9998:
9994:
9984:
9935:
9931:
9921:
9870:
9866:
9855:
9814:
9810:
9803:
9778:11566/264482
9752:
9748:
9741:
9698:
9694:
9684:
9675:
9666:
9625:
9621:
9615:
9574:
9570:
9560:
9525:
9521:
9467:
9463:
9453:
9441:. Retrieved
9427:
9390:
9386:
9376:
9343:
9339:
9329:
9317:. Retrieved
9308:
9280:. Retrieved
9271:
9261:
9249:. Retrieved
9245:the original
9235:
9225:February 14,
9223:. Retrieved
9218:
9209:
9201:
9186:
9145:
9141:
9119:. Retrieved
9114:
9104:
9092:. Retrieved
9083:
9058:. Retrieved
9049:
9039:
9020:
9016:
8962:
8958:
8933:. Retrieved
8887:(2): 143–8.
8884:
8880:
8859:
8856:F. J. Duarte
8851:
8839:. Retrieved
8814:
8794:
8772:
8768:
8745:February 15,
8743:. Retrieved
8739:
8729:
8696:
8692:
8685:
8673:
8668:
8658:February 10,
8656:. Retrieved
8642:
8634:the original
8629:
8620:
8610:February 25,
8608:. Retrieved
8597:
8584:
8574:February 10,
8572:. Retrieved
8568:the original
8558:
8539:
8533:
8523:December 11,
8521:. Retrieved
8505:
8498:
8488:December 11,
8486:. Retrieved
8477:
8468:
8458:December 11,
8456:. Retrieved
8447:
8438:
8426:. Retrieved
8417:
8407:
8395:. Retrieved
8391:the original
8386:
8376:
8357:
8351:
8341:September 3,
8339:. Retrieved
8335:the original
8327:
8317:
8307:February 15,
8305:. Retrieved
8298:the original
8289:
8283:
8271:. Retrieved
8267:the original
8262:
8237:. Retrieved
8228:
8203:. Retrieved
8199:the original
8189:
8177:. Retrieved
8168:
8158:
8146:. Retrieved
8142:
8132:
8122:February 15,
8120:. Retrieved
8116:
8106:
8094:. Retrieved
8083:
8066:
8056:November 30,
8054:. Retrieved
8050:
8040:
8031:
8022:
8014:the original
8004:
7994:February 10,
7992:. Retrieved
7984:voakorea.com
7983:
7974:
7962:. Retrieved
7958:the original
7953:
7943:
7931:. Retrieved
7919:
7907:
7895:. Retrieved
7886:
7877:
7867:February 10,
7865:. Retrieved
7856:
7846:
7834:. Retrieved
7830:the original
7825:
7815:
7805:November 10,
7803:. Retrieved
7799:the original
7794:
7785:
7775:November 10,
7773:. Retrieved
7769:the original
7764:
7755:
7746:
7739:. Retrieved
7721:
7712:
7703:
7687:
7675:
7662:
7652:
7628:
7616:. Retrieved
7609:the original
7596:
7584:. Retrieved
7570:
7558:. Retrieved
7549:
7540:
7527:
7496:
7486:December 24,
7484:. Retrieved
7479:
7469:
7457:. Retrieved
7443:
7431:. Retrieved
7422:
7413:
7401:. Retrieved
7397:the original
7387:
7375:. Retrieved
7366:
7356:
7344:. Retrieved
7337:the original
7323:
7311:. Retrieved
7302:
7293:
7284:
7274:
7265:
7244:. Retrieved
7233:
7224:
7214:September 7,
7212:. Retrieved
7203:
7194:
7182:. Retrieved
7178:
7168:
7156:. Retrieved
7152:
7143:
7131:. Retrieved
7126:
7096:. Retrieved
7091:
7082:
7074:
7058:
7050:
7034:
7022:. Retrieved
7004:
6992:. Retrieved
6984:The Guardian
6983:
6974:
6964:February 10,
6962:. Retrieved
6954:The Register
6953:
6943:
6931:. Retrieved
6922:
6912:
6900:. Retrieved
6891:
6865:February 10,
6863:. Retrieved
6854:
6845:
6835:September 7,
6833:. Retrieved
6824:
6804:the original
6799:
6789:
6777:. Retrieved
6773:the original
6768:
6758:
6746:. Retrieved
6742:the original
6737:
6727:
6715:. Retrieved
6711:the original
6706:
6697:
6685:. Retrieved
6651:February 10,
6649:. Retrieved
6640:
6630:
6603:
6599:
6589:
6559:(1): 36–43.
6556:
6552:
6546:
6512:. Retrieved
6498:
6486:. Retrieved
6466:
6454:. Retrieved
6450:the original
6440:
6420:
6410:February 14,
6408:. Retrieved
6396:
6383:
6348:. Retrieved
6334:
6301:
6297:
6287:
6246:
6242:
6236:
6224:. Retrieved
6220:
6198:November 30,
6196:. Retrieved
6192:
6183:
6150:
6146:
6136:
6128:
6111:
6068:
6008:
5954:
5950:
5943:
5927:10183/107858
5902:
5898:
5892:
5883:
5877:
5864:
5847:
5835:. Retrieved
5781:Geochemistry
5780:
5742:
5703:
5696:
5667:
5661:
5652:
5644:
5636:
5632:
5621:. Retrieved
5619:(in Russian)
5616:
5607:
5588:
5582:
5573:
5563:
5559:
5539:
5532:
5523:
5519:
5507:. Retrieved
5500:
5482:. IS-RIC 10.
5479:
5473:
5459:Andrea Sella
5453:
5434:
5428:
5416:. Retrieved
5373:
5369:
5355:
5345:February 10,
5343:. Retrieved
5339:the original
5334:
5325:
5316:
5286:
5280:
5268:. Retrieved
5259:
5249:
5237:
5230:. Retrieved
5161:
5157:
5147:
5110:
5106:
5096:
5084:. Retrieved
5080:
5075:Lee, Jordy.
5070:
5058:. Retrieved
5053:
5044:
5036:The Elements
5035:
5029:
5008:Andrea Sella
4964:
4955:
4951:
4942:
4871:
4867:
4861:
4856:The plot of
4855:
4846:
4842:The Pentagon
4826:
4822:
4811:
4806:
4792:
4785:
4778:
4771:
4747:
4744:
4736:
4713:
4701:
4688:
4680:
4656:
4643:
4634:
4626:
4612:
4597:
4583:
4571:
4567:
4548:
4528:
4500:cerium oxide
4496:
4488:
4479:
4468:
4445:
4438:
4402:
4335:
4315:praseodymium
4311:Andrea Sella
4308:
4291:
4243:
4230:
4227:Ocean mining
4198:
4184:
4172:
4166:
4124:
4112:
4108:
4084:
4077:
4070:
4064:
4053:
4042:
4023:in southern
4006:
3997:
3977:
3970:northwestern
3925:South Africa
3910:
3872:Kachin State
3870:
3842:
3838:
3827:
3820:
3817:
3802:
3796:in northern
3787:polymetallic
3774:Western Cape
3755:
3731:
3720:
3712:
3677:
3668:
3527:
3363:
3359:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3140:
3136:
3124:geochemistry
3109:
3106:Applications
3094:
3090:
3086:
3076:
3071:
3040:
3037:Geochemistry
3032:
3025:
3018:
3004:
2994:in the USA.
2959:Carbonatites
2952:
2927:upper mantle
2911:carbonatites
2908:
2888:South Africa
2886:; rock from
2868:stillwellite
2833:
2786:
2765:
2737:
2718:
2712:
2662:
2654:
2641:sesquioxides
2638:
2615:
2603:
2568:
2558:atomic radii
2551:
2527:methods and
2525:ion exchange
2522:
2506:
2498:ion exchange
2445:
2409:ion-exchange
2398:
2374:
2355:
2310:
2308:
2301:
2283:
2268:
2262:
2251:
2240:Delafontaine
2233:
2220:
2216:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2191:
2188:
2183:
2179:
2177:
2172:
2168:
2158:
2153:
2126:Riddarhyttan
2083:
2075:
2053:
2044:
1963:decoy flares
1793:Additive in
1787:
1733:Additive in
1682:scintillator
1556:control rods
1445:
1441:
1377:
1373:
1368:Praseodymium
1276:to be hidden
1275:
1222:tooth crowns
1151:
1094:
1073:ore deposits
1062:
1043:
1019:
1004:
1000:heavy metals
983:
979:
975:
971:
969:
952:
940:
937:praseodymium
932:
924:
902:
885:
819:Darmstadtium
686:Protactinium
460:Praseodymium
16851:Partnership
16831:Cooperative
16804:Outsourcing
16794:Freelancing
16672:Commodities
16376:Video games
16351:Periodicals
16228:Landscaping
16158:Fairgrounds
16060:Advertising
15981:engineering
15965:Bookkeeping
15920:Real estate
15913:Reinsurance
15811:Restaurants
15781:Foodservice
15773:Hospitality
15756:Warehousing
15744:Ridesharing
15734:Car rentals
15466:Residential
15401:Remediation
15284:Automobiles
15106:Earthenware
15075:Glass fiber
15070:Float glass
14880:Supplements
14854:Antibiotics
14756:Fertilizers
14714:Mineral oil
14689:Diesel fuel
14672:Coal &
14632:fiber optic
14606:Microscopes
14560:GPS devices
14540:Televisions
14473:Electronics
14464:Electrical
14410:Woodworking
14365:3D printing
14324:Gunsmithing
14288:Phonographs
14273:Typesetting
14253:Bookbinding
14216:Dressmaking
14211:Accessories
14143:Soft drinks
14078:Animal feed
13869:Natural gas
13757:Aquaculture
13740:Sea urchins
13612:Maple syrup
13486:Fur farming
13476:Beef cattle
13412:Viticulture
13360:Fiber crops
13332:Agriculture
13256:WikiProject
13000:Term symbol
12830:Noble gases
12774:Lanthanides
12757:metallicity
12629:13 (Triels)
10473:: 215–220.
10402:(1): 9772.
10264:Chemosphere
9873:(1): 4386.
9628:: 384–388.
9393:(6): 1005.
9319:October 30,
9148:: 141–148.
8775:(11): 203.
8397:December 1,
7964:October 22,
7920:ASX Release
7741:November 5,
7688:Pensana PLC
7560:December 1,
7474:VnExpress.
7459:October 31,
6800:China Daily
6779:January 19,
6748:October 19,
6129:MarketWatch
6113:ScienceNews
5509:January 31,
5418:February 9,
5260:Geology.com
5164:(9): 1663.
4863:Dirty Story
4858:Eric Ambler
4829:Afghanistan
4604:chlorophyll
4346:, 24% (24%)
4266:La Rochelle
4201:uranium ore
4171:reports, a
4151:Bukit Merah
4066:North Korea
4043:In central
3962:Hoidas Lake
3954:Hoidas Lake
3822:China Daily
3794:Halls Creek
3128:atomic size
3120:metamorphic
3116:sedimentary
2797:fergusonite
2752:ionic radii
2746:rocks. The
2652:space group
2595:uranium-238
2480:), and the
2381:World War I
2341:found only
2327:Gustav Rose
2165:nitric acid
1981:monitoring
1957:, chemical
1888:technology
1886:fiber-optic
1788:hard to get
1651:X-ray tubes
1412:ferrocerium
1348:hydrophobic
1344:ferrocerium
1242:spark plugs
1156:Scandinavia
1065:geochemical
1031:uranium-238
988:lanthanides
984:rare earths
861:Livermorium
833:Copernicium
826:Roentgenium
756:Mendelevium
742:Einsteinium
735:Californium
16937:Categories
16724:Technology
16694:Innovation
16655:Well-being
16465:University
16398:Television
16335:Mass media
16330:Publishing
16163:Nightclubs
16072:Healthcare
16043:Consulting
16038:Management
15986:Inspection
15970:Tax advice
15950:Accounting
15881:Securities
15697:Intermodal
15633:Mail order
15528:Demolition
15461:Industrial
15456:Commercial
15379:Collection
15230:Cast metal
15116:Refractory
15084:fiberglass
15080:Glass wool
15043:thermosets
15019:Engineered
14948:Engineered
14943:Sawmilling
14837:Toiletries
14808:Explosives
14628:Electrical
14611:Telescopes
14478:Components
14236:Shoemaking
13954:Phosphorus
13847:Geological
13797:Microalgae
13640:Pine resin
13627:Palm sugar
13602:Gum arabic
13516:Beekeeping
13355:Vegetables
13300:industries
13180:for people
13175:for places
13148:1871 table
13041:Elasticity
13009:Data pages
12967:Properties
12843:Other sets
12799:Metalloids
11145:Ira Flatow
9817:: 122048.
8205:August 26,
8096:August 13,
7954:Asia Times
7504:. Mindat.
7179:Asia Times
6994:January 5,
6902:August 28,
6717:August 30,
6606:: 105428.
6446:"Overview"
5886:: 310–316.
5623:January 7,
5383:1902.02662
4956:lanthanide
4952:lanthanoid
4934:References
4818:dysprosium
4795:export ban
4750:Kvanefjeld
4702:After the
4471:fuel cells
4305:Properties
4299:phosphates
4270:Saint-Fons
4248:and other
4211:mining at
4135:Mount Weld
4021:Kvanefjeld
3958:Mount Weld
3935:, and the
3882:along the
3812:See also:
3744:Production
3688:Hornblende
3361:interest.
2987:brecciated
2967:lherzolite
2923:subduction
2915:pegmatites
2872:fluocerite
2860:lanthanite
2836:bastnäsite
2805:yttrialite
2789:samarskite
2777:chondritic
2750:and large
2733:technetium
2729:promethium
2634:bastnäsite
2599:promethium
2581:or by the
2541:solubility
2448:bastnäsite
2370:element 61
2315:samarskite
2270:gadolinium
2258:samarskite
2217:philippium
2209:mosandrium
2086:gadolinite
2023:refineries
1979:earthquake
1807:terfenol-D
1782:Dysprosium
1763:fuel cells
1755:terfenol-D
1630:Gadolinium
1493:Prometheus
1488:after the
1484:Promethium
1392:carbon arc
1374:leek-green
1123:Etymology
1077:gadolinite
1052:being the
1023:promethium
929:gadolinium
868:Tennessine
812:Meitnerium
791:Seaborgium
770:Lawrencium
509:Dysprosium
495:Gadolinium
474:Promethium
346:Technetium
339:Molybdenum
140:Phosphorus
16826:Ownership
16772:Monopsony
16650:Pollution
16635:Community
16545:standards
16450:Secondary
16437:Education
16420:Streaming
16088:Hospitals
16079:Medicine
16055:Marketing
15991:Surveying
15955:Assurance
15925:Brokerage
15888:Insurance
15816:Teahouses
15801:Fast food
15692:Air cargo
15677:Transport
15660:Brokerage
15650:Wholesale
15538:Elevators
15523:Cabinetry
15451:Buildings
15431:Telephone
15426:Satellite
15394:Recycling
15389:Hazardous
15355:Renewable
15334:Utilities
15295:Aerospace
15263:Hydraulic
15253:Conveyors
15248:Machinery
15153:Abrasives
15111:Porcelain
15065:Soda-lime
15024:Specialty
15014:Commodity
14975:Cardboard
14958:Composite
14896:Materials
14813:Fireworks
14803:Cosmetics
14783:Adhesives
14665:Chemicals
14623:Batteries
14495:Computers
14430:Jewellery
14416:Furniture
14400:Sintering
14380:Extrusion
14334:Machining
14310:Builders'
14263:Engraving
14258:Embossing
14241:Tailoring
14226:Hatmaking
14126:Beverages
14109:Preserved
14006:Limestone
13976:Quarrying
13949:Gemstones
13919:Palladium
13884:Tar sands
13879:Petroleum
13874:Oil shale
13720:Swordfish
13680:Anchovies
13521:Cochineal
13165:etymology
13016:Abundance
12941:in humans
12937:Abundance
12822:Nonmetals
12779:Actinides
11052:2214-6296
11018:: 36–40.
10424:2045-2322
10349:0269-4042
10294:0045-6535
10231:: 40–48.
10133:0091-6765
10091:0048-9697
10023:0013-936X
9960:0013-936X
9895:2041-1723
9847:219469381
9839:0959-6526
9795:115810707
9787:1364-0321
9755:: 41–53.
9650:0304-3894
9599:0013-936X
9552:1674-9871
9500:135249554
9492:2452-2236
9387:Molecules
9368:1944-3994
9346:: 71–86.
9282:March 16,
9170:0048-9697
9017:Resources
8987:2005-9752
8909:0944-1344
8831:239335855
8721:128509001
8418:USA Today
7933:April 11,
7453:AlJazeera
7377:March 22,
7346:April 19,
7184:March 27,
7158:March 27,
7133:March 27,
7098:March 27,
6933:August 8,
6687:March 13,
6622:0169-1368
6581:0301-4207
6514:April 19,
6488:March 13,
6456:April 21,
6326:0016-7037
6271:1432-0967
6175:1752-0908
6087:933724718
6027:262694332
5461:on a BBC
5408:118895100
5376:: 68–74.
5366:surfaces"
5232:March 13,
5180:2076-2615
5086:April 19,
5060:April 19,
5022:TRT World
4946:The 1985
4838:Khanashin
4742:project.
4492:Bayan Obo
4441:catalysts
4344:Catalysts
4319:neodymium
4317:(Pr) and
4221:gold rush
4139:Fremantle
4075:, Japan.
4029:lujavrite
4025:Greenland
4009:Thor Lake
3984:Las Vegas
3933:Greenland
3913:Australia
3901:Singapore
3843:In 2019,
3790:Bayan Obo
3684:feldspars
3591:−
3461:−
3440:×
3402:∗
2939:the crust
2919:plutonism
2884:Australia
2821:Greenland
2817:eudialyte
2813:zirconium
2740:accretion
2682:unit cell
2626:carbonate
2618:phosphate
2612:Compounds
2583:s-process
2482:lateritic
2421:neptunium
2413:actinides
2389:zirconium
2353:) in it.
2351:columbium
2306:in 1901.
2279:gadolinia
2215:, or the
2118:beryllium
2116:isolated
1953:Infrared
1946:Ytterbium
1917:Portable
1876:Infrared
1836:Stockholm
1739:phosphors
1592:phosphors
1436:Neodymium
1330:Chemical
1270:Lanthanum
1238:microwave
1129:Abundance
961:neodymium
957:lanthanum
875:Oganesson
854:Moscovium
847:Flerovium
728:Berkelium
714:Americium
707:Plutonium
700:Neptunium
537:Ytterbium
467:Neodymium
446:Lanthanum
409:Tellurium
367:Palladium
353:Ruthenium
325:Zirconium
307:Strontium
263:Germanium
214:Manganese
170:Potassium
126:Aluminium
117:Magnesium
57:Beryllium
16896:Category
16767:Monopoly
16719:Services
16498:Language
16493:Creative
16477:Tutoring
16455:Tertiary
16425:Websites
16405:Internet
16356:Software
16342:Written
16263:Pet care
16223:Janitors
16213:security
16204:Staffing
16128:Gambling
16021:Interior
16002:, &
15996:Physical
15908:Property
15796:Catering
15729:Airlines
15717:Trucking
15553:Plumbing
15508:Dredging
15483:Railways
15416:Internet
15411:Cable TV
15345:Electric
15290:vehicles
15189:Aluminum
15096:Ceramics
15009:Plastics
14922:Currying
14912:deliming
14885:Vaccines
14827:Perfumes
14766:Pigments
14709:Kerosene
14704:Jet fuel
14699:Gasoline
14694:Fuel oil
14426:Bicycles
14340:smithing
14248:Printing
14206:Clothing
14174:Spinning
14154:Textiles
14104:Prepared
13924:Platinum
13894:Aluminum
13822:Scallops
13735:Lobsters
13710:Mackerel
13690:Sardines
13657:Truffles
13633:, &
13580:Firewood
13555:Forestry
13365:Oilseeds
13244:Category
13196:See also
13066:Hardness
12919:Elements
10982:Archived
10926:Archived
10883:Archived
10859:Archived
10828:Archived
10774:Archived
10743:Archived
10679:Archived
10661:April 7,
10655:Archived
10625:Archived
10599:Archived
10576:Archived
10551:Archived
10532:April 5,
10526:Archived
10505:26164116
10442:28852170
10365:31655372
10357:28550599
10302:23891580
10200:23516020
10041:36942728
10032:10077585
9976:85517653
9968:30912650
9913:32873784
9733:35138886
9658:25089667
9607:24576005
9437:Archived
9419:30871164
9313:Archived
9276:Archived
9195:Archived
9094:June 16,
9088:Archived
9054:Archived
8995:17407586
8935:July 29,
8929:Archived
8925:11359274
8917:12008295
8841:June 26,
8835:Archived
8769:Minerals
8652:Archived
8604:Archived
8514:Archived
8482:Archived
8452:Archived
8428:July 21,
8422:Archived
8273:June 30,
8263:Barron's
8239:March 9,
8233:Archived
8179:March 9,
8173:Archived
8148:June 12,
7988:Archived
7924:Archived
7891:Archived
7861:Archived
7836:March 9,
7735:Archived
7731:CBC News
7692:Archived
7667:Archived
7641:Archived
7580:Archived
7554:Archived
7532:Archived
7506:Archived
7433:June 21,
7427:Archived
7423:BBC News
7371:Archived
7313:July 19,
7307:Archived
7240:Archived
7208:Archived
7067:Archived
7043:Archived
7018:Archived
6988:Archived
6958:Archived
6927:Archived
6896:Archived
6859:Archived
6829:Archived
6678:Archived
6645:Archived
6535:Archived
6508:Archived
6479:Archived
6429:Archived
6401:Archived
6279:97399702
6121:Archived
5935:55024339
5828:Archived
5799:33044175
5761:27937350
5643:. 1977.
5412:Archived
5270:June 19,
5264:Archived
5223:Archived
5198:32947815
5139:29997591
5113:: 1366.
5054:BBC News
4963:(2005).
4880:See also
4708:Malaysia
4691:May 2019
4531:tailings
4213:Sillamäe
4209:loparite
4115:Telemark
3992:Nebraska
3988:Molycorp
3929:Tanzania
3893:Tatmadaw
3834:Molycorp
3013:laterite
2935:diatreme
2896:loparite
2856:parisite
2852:ancylite
2848:loparite
2844:allanite
2840:monazite
2829:monazite
2825:Xenotime
2815:mineral
2801:fluorite
2793:euxenite
2772:monazite
2768:xenotime
2686:bixbyite
2670:fluorite
2630:fluoride
2622:monazite
2571:scandium
2509:ilmenite
2471:loparite
2460:monazite
2433:actinium
2343:tantalum
2331:ilmenium
2303:europium
2253:samarium
2236:didymium
2222:decipium
2169:lanthana
2159:In 1839
2134:tungsten
1999:Lutetium
1805:such as
1757:, naval
1753:such as
1737:, green
1692:used in
1579:Europium
1528:Samarium
1460:didymium
1404:didymium
1293:lenses,
1143:Scandium
1091:Minerals
1015:misnomer
992:scandium
949:samarium
840:Nihonium
763:Nobelium
672:Actinium
658:Francium
642:Astatine
635:Polonium
614:Thallium
593:Platinum
565:Tungsten
558:Tantalum
544:Lutetium
488:Europium
481:Samarium
402:Antimony
300:Rubidium
277:Selenium
207:Chromium
200:Vanadium
193:Titanium
186:Scandium
154:Chlorine
94:Fluorine
80:Nitrogen
32:Hydrogen
16920:Outline
16908:Commons
16662:Funding
16645:Culture
16622:outputs
16532:Related
16472:Testing
16445:Primary
16410:Hosting
16293:Tourism
16279:Travel
16275:Poverty
16253:Funeral
16235:Repairs
16199:Renting
16194:Leasing
16148:Arcades
16144:Venues
16120:leisure
16093:Nursing
16026:Product
16016:Fashion
16000:product
15846:Banking
15655:Auction
15513:Harbors
15493:Tunnels
15478:Bridges
15384:Dumping
15320:Weapons
15138:Plaster
15029:Pellets
14917:Tanning
14903:Leather
14734:Propane
14679:Bitumen
14582:Cameras
14422:Baggage
14395:Pottery
14375:Drawing
14319:Cutlery
14184:Carpets
14179:Weaving
14159:Carding
14088:Canning
14016:Granite
13939:Uranium
13929:Lithium
13802:Seaweed
13787:Oysters
13782:Mussels
13777:Abalone
13772:Tilapia
13767:Catfish
13750:Whaling
13705:Pollock
13700:Haddock
13685:Herring
13675:Fishing
13668:Aquatic
13575:Logging
13538:Hunting
13526:Shellac
13511:Poultry
13459:Flowers
13392:Berries
13375:Tobacco
13350:Legumes
13345:Cereals
13130:History
13036:Density
12664:Periods
12470:p-block
12465:d-block
12460:f-block
12455:s-block
11173:at the
11020:Bibcode
10475:Bibcode
10433:5575011
10404:Bibcode
10329:Bibcode
10272:Bibcode
10233:Bibcode
10191:3601293
10151:8722113
10142:1469566
10071:Bibcode
10003:Bibcode
9940:Bibcode
9904:7463018
9875:Bibcode
9819:Bibcode
9757:Bibcode
9724:8827657
9703:Bibcode
9630:Bibcode
9579:Bibcode
9530:Bibcode
9472:Bibcode
9470:: 1–7.
9443:June 7,
9410:6471397
9348:Bibcode
9251:June 3,
9178:2169646
9150:Bibcode
8967:Bibcode
8889:Bibcode
8858:(Ed.),
8777:Bibcode
8701:Bibcode
8051:Reuters
8032:Reuters
7897:May 24,
7887:ELMUNDO
7748:world".
7618:May 18,
7586:May 18,
7367:Reuters
6855:Reuters
6825:Reuters
6561:Bibcode
6350:May 18,
6306:Bibcode
6251:Bibcode
6155:Bibcode
5959:Bibcode
5907:Bibcode
5837:May 18,
5388:Bibcode
5158:Animals
5130:6028718
5018:YouTube
4801:by the
4681:updated
4638:Thorium
4539:uranium
4535:thorium
4450:and as
4294:fly ash
4288:Methods
4217:Estonia
4174:Barrons
4131:Kuantan
4087:lithium
4060:Ngualla
4017:Vietnam
4011:in the
3966:Vietnam
3849:Myanmar
3727:aeolian
3692:olivine
3112:igneous
2983:cratons
2690:(Mn,Fe)
2529:elution
2515:(XRF).
2429:thorium
2425:uranium
2377:hafnium
2347:niobium
2205:terbium
2180:terbium
2173:didymia
2154:ochroia
2122:Bastnäs
2094:Ytterby
2005:Lutetia
1906:Thulium
1850:magnets
1830:Holmium
1724:Ytterby
1718:Terbium
1643:garnets
1462:glass,
1400:enamels
1396:glasses
1191:Yttrium
1152:Scandia
1117:Symbol
1081:Ytterby
1039:uranium
1035:thorium
996:yttrium
925:Legend:
805:Hassium
798:Bohrium
784:Dubnium
749:Fermium
693:Uranium
679:Thorium
628:Bismuth
586:Iridium
572:Rhenium
551:Hafnium
530:Thulium
516:Holmium
502:Terbium
432:Caesium
381:Cadmium
360:Rhodium
332:Niobium
318:Yttrium
291:Krypton
284:Bromine
270:Arsenic
256:Gallium
177:Calcium
133:Silicon
50:Lithium
16747:Cartel
16620:&
16617:Inputs
16556:ANZSIC
16333:&
16243:Beauty
16211:&
16133:Online
16118:&
16011:Design
15979:&
15893:Health
15851:Credit
15823:Hotels
15603:Retail
15498:Canals
15421:Mobile
15367:Sewage
15341:Power
15311:&
15297:&
15275:&
15223:Forged
15218:Rolled
15201:Alloys
15194:Copper
15160:&
15133:Mortar
15128:Cement
15082:&
15041:&
14992:Rubber
14985:Tissue
14970:Sizing
14953:Lumber
14938:Drying
14926:oiling
14924:&
14910:&
14908:Liming
14820:&
14818:Paints
14634:cables
14630:&
14589:&
14509:Blank
14338:Other
14312:&
14268:Secure
14231:Sewing
14194:Linens
14169:Prints
14164:Dyeing
14140:Liquor
14114:Sweets
14083:Baking
14021:Marble
14001:Gypsum
13981:Gravel
13969:Sulfur
13959:Potash
13914:Silver
13899:Copper
13832:Shrimp
13827:Salmon
13792:Pearls
13617:Mastic
13587:Rattan
13568:Bamboo
13491:Horses
13447:Spices
13437:Olives
13422:Coffee
13397:Citrus
13324:Biotic
13298:Major
13160:Naming
12957:Symbol
12766:Metals
12734:Blocks
12722:Pyykkö
12717:Fricke
12712:Aufbau
12561:Groups
11050:
10934:Forbes
10503:
10440:
10430:
10422:
10363:
10355:
10347:
10300:
10292:
10198:
10188:
10149:
10139:
10131:
10089:
10039:
10029:
10021:
9974:
9966:
9958:
9911:
9901:
9893:
9845:
9837:
9793:
9785:
9731:
9721:
9656:
9648:
9605:
9597:
9550:
9498:
9490:
9417:
9407:
9366:
9176:
9168:
8993:
8985:
8923:
8915:
8907:
8829:
8719:
8546:
8364:
7713:GOV.UK
7024:May 1,
6620:
6579:
6324:
6277:
6269:
6173:
6085:
6075:
6025:
6015:
5933:
5797:
5787:
5759:
5749:
5711:
5684:
5617:n-t.ru
5595:
5547:
5441:
5406:
5293:
5196:
5189:552131
5186:
5178:
5137:
5127:
4981:
4617:cerium
4544:Baotou
4525:, 2006
4456:hybrid
4431:
4425:
4419:
4413:
4407:
4392:
4386:
4380:
4374:
4368:
4362:
4356:
4350:
4342:
4340:
4262:Rhodia
4260:, the
4258:France
4250:wastes
4207:, and
4080:Kiruna
3921:Canada
3917:Brazil
3766:Brazil
3758:placer
3725:, and
3708:zircon
3704:garnet
3698:, and
3680:felsic
3528:where
3263:where
3065:Er to
3057:Sm to
3049:La to
2931:diapir
2904:Russia
2876:Brazil
2864:cerite
2809:zircon
2761:garnet
2744:mantle
2721:cerium
2565:Origin
2273:after
2201:erbium
2184:erbium
2110:yttria
2003:after
1955:lasers
1927:lasers
1878:lasers
1869:Erbium
1842:Lasers
1834:after
1799:lasers
1743:lasers
1728:Sweden
1698:oxygen
1647:lasers
1634:after
1596:lasers
1585:Europe
1552:masers
1544:lasers
1456:lasers
1388:lasers
1315:Cerium
1287:camera
1236:(YIG)
1161:Light
1131:(ppm)
1085:Sweden
1058:copper
1050:cerium
953:·
951:
945:cerium
941:·
939:
933:·
931:
721:Curium
665:Radium
579:Osmium
523:Erbium
453:Cerium
439:Barium
416:Iodine
388:Indium
374:Silver
242:Copper
235:Nickel
228:Cobalt
147:Sulfur
110:Sodium
87:Oxygen
73:Carbon
41:Helium
16702:Labor
16677:Final
16667:Goods
16640:Crime
16585:UKSIC
16575:NAICS
16486:Other
16393:Radio
16371:Music
16346:Books
16179:Other
16140:Sport
15960:Audit
15791:Cafés
15749:Taxis
15687:Cargo
15595:Sales
15488:Roads
15362:Water
15309:Ships
15299:space
15273:Power
15258:Heavy
15206:Steel
15101:Brick
15050:Glass
14997:Tires
14965:Paper
14095:Flour
13991:Chalk
13812:Clams
13808:Both
13745:Squid
13730:Crabs
13715:Shark
13631:syrup
13464:Seeds
13417:Cocoa
13370:Sugar
13203:IUPAC
12928:Lists
11114:Video
11093:Audio
10361:S2CID
9972:S2CID
9843:S2CID
9791:S2CID
9496:S2CID
8991:S2CID
8921:S2CID
8827:S2CID
8717:S2CID
8517:(PDF)
8510:(PDF)
8301:(PDF)
8294:(PDF)
8092:. BBC
8075:(PDF)
7927:(PDF)
7916:(PDF)
7695:(PDF)
7684:(PDF)
7644:(PDF)
7637:(PDF)
7612:(PDF)
7605:(PDF)
7340:(PDF)
7333:(PDF)
7266:Earth
6681:(PDF)
6674:(PDF)
6482:(PDF)
6475:(PDF)
6404:(PDF)
6393:(PDF)
6344:(PDF)
6275:S2CID
5931:S2CID
5874:(PDF)
5856:(PDF)
5831:(PDF)
5824:(PDF)
5641:Nauka
5635:[
5404:S2CID
5378:arXiv
5226:(PDF)
5219:(PDF)
4975:IUPAC
4866:(aka
4788:China
4205:shale
4155:Perak
4147:China
4127:Lynas
4045:Spain
3845:China
3830:Lynas
3808:China
3762:India
3093:and 5
2933:, or
2882:, or
2880:India
2507:Some
2486:clays
2423:from
2364:) by
2319:Miass
2146:ceria
2124:near
2106:oxide
2009:Paris
1934:0.52
1912:Thule
1759:sonar
1567:7.05
1490:Titan
1472:41.5
1356:66.5
1321:Ceres
1281:High
1149:Latin
1147:from
1120:Name
955:
943:
935:
649:Radon
423:Xenon
161:Argon
66:Boron
16605:TRBC
16595:GICS
16570:NACE
16563:ISIC
16388:News
16366:Film
15898:Life
15712:Rail
15702:Mail
15543:HVAC
15503:Dams
15184:Iron
15121:Tile
14980:Pulp
14933:Wood
14832:Soap
14822:inks
14684:Coke
14453:Toys
14221:Furs
14199:Rope
14189:Lace
14147:Wine
14131:Beer
14099:Meat
14073:Food
13996:Clay
13986:Sand
13964:Salt
13909:Gold
13904:Iron
13864:Peat
13859:Coal
13762:Carp
13725:Tuna
13635:wine
13531:Silk
13506:Wool
13432:Nuts
12935:By:
11048:ISSN
10990:2021
10867:2010
10836:2010
10809:2008
10782:2017
10751:2017
10663:2021
10633:2017
10534:2018
10501:PMID
10438:PMID
10420:ISSN
10377:2019
10353:PMID
10345:ISSN
10298:PMID
10290:ISSN
10196:PMID
10147:PMID
10129:ISSN
10087:ISSN
10037:PMID
10019:ISSN
9964:PMID
9956:ISSN
9909:PMID
9891:ISSN
9835:ISSN
9783:ISSN
9729:PMID
9654:PMID
9646:ISSN
9603:PMID
9595:ISSN
9548:ISSN
9488:ISSN
9445:2021
9415:PMID
9364:ISSN
9321:2010
9284:2008
9253:2010
9227:2024
9174:PMID
9166:ISSN
9123:2023
9096:2021
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