44:
405:
471:
451:
active site. The G3 motif, also called Switch II or SW2, has a DXXGQ motif. The D is aspartate57, which is specific for guanine versus adenine binding, and Q is glutamine61, the crucial residue that activates a catalytic water molecule for hydrolysis of GTP to GDP. The G4 motif contains a LVGNKxDL motif, and provides specific interaction to guanine. The G5 motif contains a SAK consensus sequence. The A is alanine146, which provides specificity for guanine rather than adenine.
6015:
621:. Acidic (negative) residues in switch II "pull" a lysine in the P-loop away from the GDP which "pushes" switch I away from the guanine. The contacts holding GDP in place are broken and it is released into the cytoplasm. Because intracellular GTP is abundant relative to GDP (approximately 10 fold more) GTP predominantly re-enters the nucleotide binding pocket of Ras and reloads the spring. Thus GEFs facilitate Ras
1068:
the mutated Ras to the GAP, prohibiting uncontrolled cell growth and restoring the normal function. For this goal a theoretical Ras-GAP conformation was designed with a several Å gap between the molecules, and a high-throughput in silico docking was performed for finding gluing agents. As a proof of concept, two novel molecules were described with satisfying biological activity.
925:(comprising H-Ras, N-Ras and K-Ras) are very common, being found in 20% to 30% of all human tumors. It is reasonable to speculate that a pharmacological approach that curtails Ras activity may represent a possible method to inhibit certain cancer types. Ras point mutations are the single most common abnormality of human proto-oncogenes.
454:
The two switch motifs, G2 (SW1) and G3 (SW2), are the main parts of the protein that move when GTP is hydrolyzed into GDP. This conformational change by the two switch motifs is what mediates the basic functionality as a molecular switch protein. This GTP-bound state of Ras is the "on" state, and the
1018:
was noted to be a potential cancer therapeutic when studies suggested it reproduces well in certain cancer cell lines. It replicates specifically in cells that have an activated Ras pathway (a cellular signaling pathway that is involved in cell growth and differentiation). Reovirus replicates in and
1067:
A novel inhibitor finding strategy for mutated Ras molecules was described in. The Ras mutations in the 12th residue position inhibit the bound of the regulatory GAP molecule to the mutated Ras, causing uncontrolled cell growth. The novel strategy proposes finding small glue molecules, which attach
450:
The G domain contains five G motifs that bind GDP/GTP directly. The G1 motif, or the P-loop, binds the beta phosphate of GDP and GTP. The G2 motif, also called Switch I or SW1, contains threonine35, which binds the terminal phosphate (γ-phosphate) of GTP and the divalent magnesium ion bound in the
1019:
eventually kills Ras-activated tumour cells and as cell death occurs, progeny virus particles are free to infect surrounding cancer cells. This cycle of infection, replication and cell death is believed to be repeated until all tumour cells carrying an activated Ras pathway are destroyed.
1002:
is responsible for stabilizing the transition state for GTP hydrolysis. Because enzyme catalysis in general is achieved by lowering the energy barrier between substrate and product, mutation of Q61 to K (Glutamine to Lysine) necessarily reduces the rate of intrinsic Ras GTP hydrolysis to
662:
Other proteins exist that may change the activity of Ras family proteins. One example is GDI (GDP Disassociation
Inhibitor). These function by slowing the exchange of GDP for GTP, thus prolonging the inactive state of Ras family members. Other proteins that augment this cycle may exist.
995:
renders the GTPase domain of Ras insensitive to inactivation by GAP and thus stuck in the "on state". Ras requires a GAP for inactivation as it is a relatively poor catalyst on its own, as opposed to other G-domain-containing proteins such as the alpha subunit of heterotrimeric G
659:. The Ras binding domain is found in many effectors and invariably binds to one of the switch regions, because these change conformation between the active and inactive forms. However, they may also bind to the rest of the protein surface.
1239:. Also appears to play a role in receptor tyrosine kinase formation in this model. Overexpression yields a multivulval development due to its involvement in that region's normal development; overexpression in effector sites in lethal.
592:
a bound GTP molecule into GDP. However this process is too slow for efficient function, and hence the GAP for Ras, RasGAP, may bind to and stabilize the catalytic machinery of Ras, supplying additional catalytic residues
1026:(HSV-2) based agent, designated FusOn-H2. Activating mutations of the Ras protein and upstream elements of the Ras protein may play a role in more than two-thirds of all human cancers, including most metastatic disease.
1190:
but mostly in neural cells. Overexpression is somewhat lethal and, during development, produces eye and wing abnormalities. (This parallels - and may be the reason for - similar abnormalities due to mutated
601:
attack on the gamma-phosphate of GTP. An inorganic phosphate is released and the Ras molecule is now bound to a GDP. Since the GDP-bound form is "off" or "inactive" for signaling, GTPase
Activating Protein
1638:
Santos E, Tronick SR, Aaronson SA, Pulciani S, Barbacid M (July 1982). "T24 human bladder carcinoma oncogene is an activated form of the normal human homologue of BALB- and Harvey-MSV transforming genes".
568:
group as compared to GDP. This extra phosphate holds the two switch regions in a "loaded-spring" configuration (specifically the Thr-35 and Gly-60). When released, the switch regions relax which causes a
3836:
255:. Mutations in Ras genes can lead to the production of permanently activated Ras proteins, which can cause unintended and overactive signaling inside the cell, even in the absence of incoming signals.
2318:
Rotblat B, Ehrlich M, Haklai R, Kloog Y (2008). "The Ras inhibitor farnesylthiosalicylic acid (Salirasib) disrupts the spatiotemporal localization of active Ras: a potential treatment for cancer".
3699:
2940:
3967:
1030:, a formulation of reovirus, and FusOn-H2 are currently in clinical trials or under development for the treatment of various cancers. In addition, a treatment based on siRNA anti-mutated
1741:
Taparowsky E, Suard Y, Fasano O, Shimizu K, Goldfarb M, Wigler M (December 1982). "Activation of the T24 bladder carcinoma transforming gene is linked to a single amino acid change".
455:
GDP-bound state is the "off" state. The two switch motifs have a number of conformations when binding GTP or GDP or no nucleotide (when bound to SOS1, which releases the nucleotide).
1843:
Hall A, Marshall CJ, Spurr NK, Weiss RA (1983). "Identification of transforming gene in two human sarcoma cell lines as a new member of the ras gene family located on chromosome 1".
965:
Finally, Ras oncogenes can be activated by point mutations so that the GTPase reaction can no longer be stimulated by GAP – this increases the half life of active Ras-GTP mutants.
707:
and other cellular membranes. The
Tripeptide (aaX) is then cleaved from the C-terminus by a specific prenyl-protein specific endoprotease and the new C-terminus is methylated by a
2867:
573:
into the inactive state. Hence, activation and deactivation of Ras and other small G proteins are controlled by cycling between the active GTP-bound and inactive GDP-bound forms.
751:
eventually releases the proteins from the membrane, allowing them to enter another cycle of palmitoylation and depalmitoylation. This cycle is believed to prevent the leakage of
711:. KRas processing is completed at this stage. Dynamic electrostatic interactions between its positively charged basic sequence with negative charges at the inner leaflet of the
3999:
2933:
2443:
178:
2926:
2408:
Reuter CW, Morgan MA, Bergmann L (September 2000). "Targeting the Ras signaling pathway: a rational, mechanism-based treatment for hematologic malignancies?".
4842:
3992:
3841:
948:
such as p210BCR-ABL or the growth receptor erbB are upstream of Ras, so if they are constitutively activated their signals will transduce through Ras.
312:
and colleagues at the
National Institutes of Health (NIH). These viruses were discovered originally in rats during the 1960s by Jennifer Harvey and
941:
Inappropriate activation of the gene has been shown to play a key role in improper signal transduction, proliferation and malignant transformation.
284:
in human cancer; mutations that permanently activate Ras are found in 20 to 25% of all human tumors and up to 90% in certain types of cancer (e.g.,
2649:
926:
2008:
1034:(G12D) called siG12D LODER is currently in clinical trials for the treatment of locally advanced pancreatic cancer (NCT01188785, NCT01676259).
556:(large GTPases). G proteins function as binary signaling switches with "on" and "off" states. In the "off" state it is bound to the nucleotide
1061:
5676:
4256:
3985:
3201:
2949:
1690:
Parada LF, Tabin CJ, Shih C, Weinberg RA (June 1982). "Human EJ bladder carcinoma oncogene is homologue of Harvey sarcoma virus ras gene".
930:
4486:
2673:
Chavda B, Arnott JA, Planey SL (September 2014). "Targeting protein palmitoylation: selective inhibitors and implications in disease".
732:
700:
432:
243:
When Ras is 'switched on' by incoming signals, it subsequently switches on other proteins, which ultimately turn on genes involved in
4330:
4325:
3437:
2992:
1259:
expression and by significant impairment of various life activities when artificially expressed, such as: increased concentration of
875:
871:
867:
823:
2195:
Rocks O, Peyker A, Bastiaens PI (August 2006). "Spatio-temporal segregation of Ras signals: one ship, three anchors, many harbors".
5535:
5100:
5090:
5044:
3944:
3580:
3488:
3385:
3099:
3055:
962:
will mean that Ras is less likely to be inactivated. Ras can also be amplified, although this only occurs occasionally in tumours.
883:
803:
792:
752:
716:
688:
385:
369:
276:
5119:
4835:
3902:
3757:
3298:
899:
855:
811:
5065:
4677:
3780:
3536:
3531:
3293:
2982:
891:
887:
415:
121p, ribbon showing strands in purple, helices in aqua, loops in gray. Also shown are the bound GTP analog and magnesium ion.
225:
that are expressed in all animal cell lineages and organs. All Ras protein family members belong to a class of protein called
2553:
2447:
2335:
1563:
114:
198:
3881:
3804:
2361:"Ras inhibition in glioblastoma down-regulates hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha, causing glycolysis shutdown and cell death"
640:
The balance between GEF and GAP activity determines the guanine nucleotide status of Ras, thereby regulating Ras activity.
431:(about 20 kDa) that binds guanosine nucleotides, and a C-terminal membrane targeting region (CAAX-COOH, also known as
288:). For this reason, Ras inhibitors are being studied as a treatment for cancer and other diseases with Ras overexpression.
5034:
2497:"A mutant type 2 herpes simplex virus deleted for the protein kinase domain of the ICP10 gene is a potent oncolytic virus"
703:
of Ras first gets farnesylated at its Cys residue in the cytosol, allowing Ras to loosely insert into the membrane of the
4828:
3924:
577:
5734:
3333:
2087:
308:, were identified from studies of two cancer-causing viruses, the Harvey sarcoma virus and Kirsten sarcoma virus, by
613:
GEFs catalyze a "push and pull" reaction which releases GDP from Ras. They insert close to the P-loop and magnesium
4182:
3463:
2716:
Ranđelović I, Nyíri K, Koppány G, Baranyi M, Tóvári J, Kigyós A, Tímár J, Vértessy BG, Grolmusz V (February 2024).
5625:
2591:
Bunda S, Burrell K, Heir P, Zeng L, Alamsahebpour A, Kano Y, Raught B, Zhang ZY, Zadeh G, Ohh M (November 2015).
1434:"Human genome contains four genes homologous to transforming genes of Harvey and Kirsten murine sarcoma viruses"
481:
Ras proteins function as binary molecular switches that control intracellular signaling networks. Ras-regulated
5620:
4044:
3892:
3094:
3070:
3050:
1272:
1264:
186:
5890:
5642:
3651:
3104:
1049:
980:) is one which contains mutations that prevent GTP hydrolysis, thus locking Ras in a permanently 'On' state.
380:
genes encode extremely similar proteins made up of chains of 188 to 189 amino acids. Their gene symbols are
2468:
Lal R, Harris D, Postel-Vinay S, de Bono J (October 2009). "Reovirus: Rationale and clinical trial update".
1022:
Another tumor-lysing virus that specifically targets tumor cells with an activated Ras pathway is a type II
5690:
5212:
5007:
4935:
4931:
4908:
4868:
3857:
3832:
3823:
3685:
3338:
1792:
Marshall CJ, Hall A, Weiss RA (September 1982). "A transforming gene present in human sarcoma cell lines".
1045:
in turn inhibited Ras dephosphorylation. This reduced tumor sizes and accompanying rise in survival rates.
360:
258:
Because these signals result in cell growth and division, overactive Ras signaling can ultimately lead to
5612:
4296:
3716:
2965:
2160:
Lin Y, Pal DS, Banerjee P, Banerjee T, Qin G, Deng Y, Borleis J, Iglesias PA, Devreotes PN (2024-07-01).
1491:
Harvey JJ (December 1964). "An unidentified virus which causes the rapid production of tumours in mice".
1048:
Other strategies have attempted to manipulate the regulation of the above-mentioned localization of Ras.
344:
17:
1956:
Vetter IR, Wittinghofer A (November 2001). "The guanine nucleotide-binding switch in three dimensions".
1896:"Isolation and preliminary characterization of the transforming gene of a human neuroblastoma cell line"
240:
of proteins, which are all related in three-dimensional structure and regulate diverse cell behaviours.
6005:
4310:
4218:
4134:
4105:
2797:
581:
248:
182:
5991:
5978:
5965:
5952:
5939:
5926:
5913:
5875:
5671:
5110:
4881:
4855:
4706:
4544:
4344:
748:
553:
134:
127:
139:
5885:
5839:
5782:
5226:
4921:
4886:
4859:
4163:
4049:
3939:
3526:
3029:
3011:
2891:
2881:
1251:
1192:
1149:
521:
509:. Ras and Ras-related proteins are often deregulated in cancers, leading to increased invasion and
2162:"Ras suppression potentiates rear actomyosin contractility-driven cell polarization and migration"
1300:
5787:
5596:
5559:
4898:
4820:
4389:
4067:
3732:
3442:
3412:
3397:
3360:
2868:"Brain tumour findings offer hope of new strategy Canadian Cancer Society says" at ncic.cancer.ca
1186:
704:
2918:
735:. The proteins thereby become stably membrane anchored (lipid-rafts) and are transported to the
5326:
4966:
4766:
4575:
3020:
1231:
952:
561:
524:
of genes involved in cell growth and division. Another Ras-activated signaling pathway is the
5808:
5727:
5456:
5364:
4265:
4076:
4020:
4008:
3813:
3624:
3392:
570:
557:
528:, which stimulates protein synthesis, cellular migration and growth, and inhibits apoptosis.
525:
2577:
2105:"Actuation of single downstream nodes in growth factor network steers immune cell migration"
5880:
4691:
3216:
2604:
2103:
Pal DS, Banerjee T, Lin Y, de
Trogoff F, Borleis J, Iglesias PA, Devreotes PN (July 2023).
1965:
1907:
1852:
1801:
1750:
1699:
1648:
1596:
1500:
1445:
1023:
494:
459:
436:
165:
1056:
of Ras and therefore weaken its affinity to membranes. Other inhibitors are targeting the
8:
6035:
5844:
5661:
4149:
3795:
3668:
1145:
482:
233:
2877:
2872:
2831:
Agrawal AG, Somani RR (June 2009). "Farnesyltransferase inhibitor as anticancer agent".
2805:
2754:
2718:"Gluing GAP to RAS Mutants: A New Approach to an Old Problem in Cancer Drug Development"
2717:
2608:
2137:
1969:
1911:
1856:
1805:
1754:
1703:
1652:
1600:
1504:
1449:
6040:
5777:
5242:
4204:
3977:
3166:
2729:
2698:
2625:
2592:
2390:
2285:
2033:
1989:
1876:
1825:
1774:
1723:
1672:
1620:
1524:
1414:
1368:
1260:
759:
to other membranes over time and to maintain their steady-state localization along the
644:
490:
340:
332:
309:
43:
2327:
1930:
1895:
1468:
1433:
4916:
3089:
3045:
2887:
2848:
2809:
2759:
2702:
2690:
2630:
2559:
2549:
2518:
2477:
2425:
2382:
2341:
2331:
2277:
2242:
2212:
2177:
2161:
2142:
2124:
2083:
2076:
2070:
2038:
1981:
1935:
1868:
1817:
1766:
1715:
1664:
1612:
1569:
1559:
1516:
1473:
1406:
1360:
1322:
1276:
1137:
959:
944:
Mutations in a number of different genes as well as RAS itself can have this effect.
764:
744:
740:
708:
412:
313:
285:
173:
119:
52:
2897:
2394:
2289:
1778:
1676:
1418:
1372:
520:
has been well-studied. This cascade transmits signals downstream and results in the
83:
5823:
5818:
5792:
5720:
5306:
5252:
5234:
4641:
4418:
4404:
3060:
3038:
3034:
2840:
2801:
2749:
2739:
2682:
2620:
2612:
2541:
2508:
2417:
2372:
2323:
2269:
2204:
2169:
2132:
2116:
2028:
2020:
1993:
1973:
1925:
1915:
1880:
1860:
1829:
1809:
1758:
1727:
1707:
1656:
1624:
1604:
1551:
1528:
1508:
1463:
1453:
1398:
1352:
1312:
656:
626:
517:
393:
336:
161:
2260:
Wennerberg K, Rossman KL, Der CJ (March 2005). "The Ras superfamily at a glance".
2024:
1343:
Downward J (January 2003). "Targeting RAS signalling pathways in cancer therapy".
1317:
404:
5870:
5854:
5767:
5653:
5542:
5356:
5056:
4876:
4804:
3775:
3507:
3502:
3468:
3365:
3117:
2686:
2545:
2120:
955:
768:
760:
736:
724:
712:
594:
392:, the latter of which produces the K-Ras4A and K-Ras4B isoforms from alternative
237:
95:
2513:
2496:
6019:
5908:
5849:
4976:
4607:
3479:
2844:
2377:
2360:
2173:
2104:
1900:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1438:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1141:
1124:
1057:
922:
728:
680:
506:
470:
364:
348:
230:
222:
2908:
2208:
1542:
Kirsten WH, Schauf V, McCoy J (1970). "Properties of a murine sarcoma virus".
1041:
mouse models SHP2 levels were heightened in cancerous brain cells. Inhibiting
715:
account for its predominant localization at the cell surface at steady-state.
6029:
5813:
5772:
5520:
5130:
4757:
4459:
4433:
4029:
3497:
3370:
2593:"Inhibition of SHP2-mediated dephosphorylation of Ras suppresses oncogenesis"
2536:
Thirukkumaran C, Morris DG (2009). "Oncolytic viral therapy using reovirus".
2421:
2181:
2128:
1053:
672:
634:
498:
424:
3558:
2068:
Lodish H, Berk A, Zipursky SL, Matsudaira P, Baltimore D, Darnell J (2000).
1977:
1608:
1458:
5762:
5505:
5478:
5407:
5400:
5383:
5378:
5352:
4520:
4280:
3514:
3352:
2852:
2763:
2694:
2634:
2563:
2522:
2481:
2429:
2386:
2345:
2281:
2216:
2146:
2042:
1985:
1520:
1410:
1364:
1326:
1133:
1038:
617:
binding site and inhibit the interaction of these with the gamma phosphate
598:
545:
486:
226:
2813:
2788:
Bollag G, McCormick F (1991). "Regulators and effectors of ras proteins".
2246:
1939:
1920:
1872:
1821:
1770:
1719:
1668:
1616:
1573:
1477:
1389:
Malumbres M, Barbacid M (June 2003). "RAS oncogenes: the first 30 years".
1140:
does not seem to be a part of this step. Injection increases synthesis of
123:
5986:
5921:
5757:
5601:
4375:
4091:
3417:
2987:
2744:
2359:
Blum R, Jacob-Hirsch J, Amariglio N, Rechavi G, Kloog Y (February 2005).
1171:
903:
772:
692:
676:
420:
356:
244:
5586:
5275:
4656:
4603:
4585:
4529:
3607:
3402:
3079:
2616:
1268:
1093:
815:
541:
510:
428:
107:
2650:"Scientists Find Way To Deactivate Most Common Cancer-Causing Protein"
2273:
1555:
1512:
933:) exhibits profound anti-oncogenic effects in many cancer cell lines.
5960:
5934:
5292:
4851:
3929:
3871:
3084:
3002:
1864:
1813:
1762:
1711:
1660:
589:
565:
537:
502:
475:
252:
32:
This article is about p21/Ras protein. For the p21/waf1 protein, see
2233:
Bos JL (September 1989). "ras oncogenes in human cancer: a review".
1402:
643:
In the GTP-bound conformation, Ras has a high affinity for numerous
6014:
4809:
4554:
4549:
4187:
4012:
2913:
2734:
1356:
1027:
1015:
945:
652:
281:
90:
4850:
1432:
Chang EH, Gonda MA, Ellis RW, Scolnick EM, Lowy DR (August 1982).
5697:
5666:
5444:
5439:
5198:
5188:
5163:
5158:
4893:
3949:
3673:
3519:
2948:
1255:. This is evidenced by severe developmental failure in deficient
1215:
1129:
1119:
1082:
879:
827:
798:
However, there are many other members of this subfamily as well:
606:
Ras by activating its GTPase activity. Thus, GAPs accelerate Ras
576:
The process of exchanging the bound nucleotide is facilitated by
321:
102:
59:
seed alignment: gold, most conserved; dark cyan, least conserved.
2540:. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 542. pp. 607–34.
2358:
355:
gene was subsequently discovered by researchers in the group of
5973:
5743:
5574:
5216:
5193:
5183:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5095:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5039:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4939:
4589:
4502:
3954:
3742:
3737:
3447:
1086:
1042:
984:
807:
799:
614:
585:
373:, for its initial identification in human neuroblastoma cells.
259:
193:
5947:
5630:
5569:
5552:
5547:
5395:
5373:
5339:
5334:
5319:
5297:
5285:
5280:
5270:
5265:
5260:
4985:
4961:
4799:
4716:
4711:
4627:
4622:
4443:
4238:
4233:
4199:
4192:
4120:
3968:
deficiencies of intracellular signaling peptides and proteins
3752:
3747:
3709:
3694:
3661:
3656:
3617:
3612:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3573:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3263:
3258:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
2715:
1637:
1090:
1064:, potentially leading to a destabilization of the Ras cycle.
1007:
See also "dominant negative" mutants such as S17N and D119N.
911:
863:
859:
851:
847:
843:
839:
783:
The clinically most notable members of the Ras subfamily are
630:
618:
2873:"Novel cancer treatment gets NCI support" at arstechnica.com
2467:
2067:
2007:
Parker MI, Meyer JE, Golemis EA, Dunbrack RL (5 July 2022).
1893:
1740:
1546:. International Symposium on Comparative Leukemia Research.
5635:
5591:
5579:
5564:
5530:
5525:
5510:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5451:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5314:
4779:
4774:
4739:
4661:
4438:
4178:
3934:
3919:
3704:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3568:
3563:
3407:
3380:
3375:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3176:
3171:
3161:
1894:
Shimizu K, Goldfarb M, Perucho M, Wigler M (January 1983).
1154:
1031:
907:
895:
835:
831:
819:
788:
784:
756:
720:
696:
695:
and a polybasic sequence adjacent to the prenylation site (
684:
648:
444:
440:
408:
389:
381:
304:
298:
270:
264:
155:
78:
56:
48:
5712:
2006:
983:
The most common mutations are found at residue G12 in the
731:
of one or two Cys residues, respectively, adjacent to the
597:") such that a water molecule is optimally positioned for
5685:
5681:
4723:
4580:
4570:
4359:
2322:. Methods in Enzymology. Vol. 439. pp. 467–89.
2317:
647:
which allow it to carry out its functions. These include
229:, and are involved in transmitting signals within cells (
33:
27:
GTP-binding proteins functioning on cell-cycle regulation
4007:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2102:
1587:
Cooper GM (August 1982). "Cellular transforming genes".
584:(GAPs). As per its classification, Ras has an intrinsic
2444:"Omim - Neuroblastoma Ras Viral Oncogene Homolog; Nras"
1689:
1431:
795:, mainly for being implicated in many types of cancer.
588:
activity, which means that the protein on its own will
544:-binding protein. Specifically, it is a single-subunit
2914:"Rascore: A tool for analyzing RAS protein structures"
2159:
1842:
6003:
2770:
474:
Overview of signal transduction pathways involved in
2590:
2407:
2259:
2194:
1060:
cycle of Ras through inhibiting depalmitoylation by
2535:
4765:
3842:Sh2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase
2672:
2495:Fu X, Tao L, Cai R, Prigge J, Zhang X (May 2006).
2302:
2075:
2069:
1955:
1541:
1791:
1388:
1010:
6027:
1076:In most of the cell types of most species, most
651:. Other small GTPases may bind adaptors such as
560:(GDP), while in the "on" state, Ras is bound to
427:. It consists of two domains: a G domain of 166
2787:
1951:
1949:
331:genes were discovered in human cancer cells by
2494:
2009:"Delineating the RAS Conformational Landscape"
1384:
1382:
1338:
1336:
531:
518:mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade
462:which helps to coordinate nucleotide binding.
5728:
4836:
4028:
3993:
2950:Intracellular signaling peptides and proteins
2934:
2830:
2082:(4th ed.). San Francisco: W.H. Freeman.
1301:"The molecular perspective: the ras oncogene"
516:Ras activates several pathways, of which the
2529:
2488:
2461:
2253:
1946:
968:
723:are further processed on the surface of the
327:. In 1982, activated and transforming human
2722:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
1887:
1836:
1785:
1734:
1484:
1379:
1333:
1292:
1242:
936:
5735:
5721:
4843:
4829:
4000:
3986:
3837:Receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatase
2941:
2927:
1683:
1631:
1580:
1535:
1425:
1177:
351:at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. A third
42:
3438:Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor protein
2890:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
2880:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
2753:
2743:
2733:
2624:
2512:
2470:Current Opinion in Molecular Therapeutics
2376:
2136:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2032:
1929:
1919:
1467:
1457:
1316:
1271:receptors; and that is likely the reason
1222:
1128:oocytes almost certainly by potentiating
367:at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, named
236:). Ras is the prototypical member of the
55:121p, surface colored by conservation in
3945:Phosphatidylethanolamine binding protein
3581:Interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase
2993:Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase
1342:
1298:
548:, which is related in structure to the G
469:
403:
2000:
929:trans-farnesylthiosalicylic acid (FTS,
14:
6028:
3700:Focal adhesion protein-tyrosine kinase
2983:Intracellular calcium-sensing proteins
2401:
2228:
2226:
2056:
1586:
1490:
666:
5716:
4824:
3981:
2922:
2909:"Animation of ras activation by EGFR"
2188:
1203:es in mammals produce abnormalities.
2647:
1162:modified to dock incorrectly). Both
958:encodes a Ras-GAP – its mutation in
655:or second messenger systems such as
4226:
4171:
4037:
2833:Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry
2806:10.1146/annurev.cb.07.110191.003125
2232:
2223:
1071:
1003:physiologically meaningless levels.
578:guanine nucleotide exchange factors
24:
4615:
4397:
4318:
4142:
4113:
4084:
3925:Signal transducing adaptor protein
3100:3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase
3056:3',5'-cyclic-AMP phosphodiesterase
2823:
2305:Pathologic Basis of Disease 8th ed
1080:is the GDP type. This is true for
991:The glycine to valine mutation at
25:
6052:
3920:Activating transcription factor 6
3334:G protein-coupled receptor kinase
2861:
1099:
262:. The three Ras genes in humans (
6013:
3464:Phosphoinositide phospholipase C
2675:Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery
2320:Small GTPases in Disease, Part B
1052:have been developed to stop the
916:
485:control such processes as actin
2709:
2666:
2641:
2584:
2570:
2436:
2352:
2311:
2296:
2197:Current Opinion in Cell Biology
2153:
2096:
987:and the catalytic residue Q61.
921:Mutations in the Ras family of
316:, respectively, hence the name
3903:GTP-binding protein regulators
3893:GTP-binding protein regulators
1050:Farnesyltransferase inhibitors
1011:Ras-targeted cancer treatments
435:), which is lipid-modified by
13:
1:
3652:Rho-associated protein kinase
2790:Annual Review of Cell Biology
2328:10.1016/S0076-6879(07)00432-6
2025:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-22-0804
1318:10.1634/theoncologist.4-3-263
1286:
1114:is the GDP conjugate. Mammal
150:Available protein structures:
4257:Intracellular signaling P+Ps
3858:Dual-specificity phosphatase
3833:protein tyrosine phosphatase
3339:AMP-activated protein kinase
2687:10.1517/17460441.2014.933802
2546:10.1007/978-1-59745-561-9_31
2121:10.1016/j.devcel.2023.04.019
1184:Expressed in all tissues of
399:
361:Institute of Cancer Research
7:
5742:
5613:Protein-synthesizing GTPase
3882:apoptosis signaling pathway
2514:10.1016/j.ymthe.2006.02.007
2303:Robbins and Cotran (2010).
1148:. Some meiosis effects are
532:Activation and deactivation
513:, and decreased apoptosis.
465:
10:
6057:
4311:TGF beta signaling pathway
4219:JAK-STAT signaling pathway
4135:TGF beta signaling pathway
4106:Hedgehog signaling pathway
2845:10.2174/138955709788452702
2378:10.1158/0008-5472.999.65.3
2174:10.1038/s41556-024-01453-4
1279:activity is unaffected by
1206:
1132:-induced meiosis, but not
1062:acyl-protein thioesterases
778:
749:acyl-protein thioesterases
625:. Well known GEFs include
582:GTPase activating proteins
564:(GTP), which has an extra
291:
223:family of related proteins
31:
5899:
5891:Michaelis–Menten kinetics
5863:
5832:
5801:
5750:
5672:Guanylate-binding protein
5651:
5610:
5350:
5224:
5211:
5176:
5128:
5109:
5055:
4975:
4954:
4947:
4930:
4907:
4867:
4856:acid anhydride hydrolases
4792:
4756:
4732:
4699:
4690:
4670:
4649:
4640:
4602:
4563:
4537:
4528:
4519:
4495:
4479:
4472:
4452:
4426:
4417:
4388:
4368:
4352:
4345:Akt/PKB signaling pathway
4343:
4309:
4289:
4273:
4264:
4255:
4217:
4162:
4133:
4104:
4075:
4066:
4019:
3963:
3912:
3891:
3870:
3850:
3822:
3803:
3793:
3768:
3726:Serine/threonine/tyrosine
3725:
3684:
3487:
3477:
3456:
3430:
3351:
3329:
3212:
3113:
3069:
3019:
3010:
3001:
2975:
2956:
2209:10.1016/j.ceb.2006.06.007
1544:Bibliotheca Haematologica
1219:spp. is in neural cells.
1193:receptor tyrosine kinases
974:Constitutively active Ras
969:Constitutively active Ras
554:heterotrimeric G proteins
296:The first two Ras genes,
192:
172:
154:
149:
145:
133:
113:
101:
89:
77:
69:
64:
41:
5783:Diffusion-limited enzyme
5227:Heterotrimeric G protein
4922:Phosphoadenylylsulfatase
4164:Receptor tyrosine kinase
3940:Olfactory marker protein
3527:Glycogen synthase kinase
3030:Heterotrimeric G protein
2892:Medical Subject Headings
2882:Medical Subject Headings
2422:10.1182/blood.V96.5.1655
1252:Dictyostelium discoideum
1244:Dictyostelium discoideum
1170:are co-antagonists with
1106:As mentioned above most
937:Inappropriate activation
691:) or the combination of
4899:Thiamine-triphosphatase
4390:Hippo signaling pathway
3733:Dual-specificity kinase
3443:Cyclin-dependent kinase
2262:Journal of Cell Science
1978:10.1126/science.1062023
1609:10.1126/science.6285471
1459:10.1073/pnas.79.16.4848
1275:synthesis is impaired.
1187:Drosophila melanogaster
1179:Drosophila melanogaster
705:endoplasmatic reticulum
671:Ras is attached to the
4405:Neurofibromin 2/Merlin
4009:Tumor suppressor genes
2538:Gene Therapy of Cancer
2078:Molecular cell biology
1391:Nature Reviews. Cancer
1345:Nature Reviews. Cancer
1263:; likely reduction of
1224:Caenorhabditis elegans
953:tumour suppressor gene
747:. Depalmitoylation by
562:guanosine triphosphate
478:
416:
280:) are the most common
5876:Eadie–Hofstee diagram
5809:Allosteric regulation
5654:Polymerization motors
5365:Rho family of GTPases
4266:Wnt signaling pathway
4077:Wnt signaling pathway
3814:Protein phosphatase 2
3625:p21-activated kinases
2904:- The Interactive Fly
2648:Taub B (2015-12-03).
2597:Nature Communications
1921:10.1073/pnas.80.2.383
571:conformational change
558:guanosine diphosphate
526:PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway
473:
407:
5886:Lineweaver–Burk plot
4692:Transcription factor
3217:G beta-gamma complex
2745:10.3390/ijms25052572
2578:"ClinicalTrials.gov"
2115:(13): 1170–1188.e7.
2071:"Chapter 25, Cancer"
1299:Goodsell DS (1999).
1024:herpes simplex virus
495:cell differentiation
437:farnesyl transferase
221:arcoma virus", is a
5662:dynamin superfamily
4767:Apoptosis inhibitor
4150:TGF beta receptor 2
3796:protein phosphatase
3669:Ribosomal s6 kinase
2902:Ras oncogene at 85D
2609:2015NatCo...6.8859B
2166:Nature Cell Biology
1970:2001Sci...294.1299V
1912:1983PNAS...80..383S
1857:1983Natur.303..396H
1806:1982Natur.299..171M
1755:1982Natur.300..762T
1704:1982Natur.297..474P
1653:1982Natur.298..343S
1601:1982Sci...217..801C
1505:1964Natur.204.1104H
1450:1982PNAS...79.4848C
1261:inositol phosphates
1213:Most expression in
1146:phosphatidylcholine
667:Membrane attachment
234:signal transduction
5845:Enzyme superfamily
5778:Enzyme promiscuity
2966:MAP kinase pathway
2617:10.1038/ncomms9859
2109:Developmental Cell
1964:(5545): 1299–304.
699:). The C-terminal
633:which include the
491:cell proliferation
479:
417:
341:Stuart A. Aaronson
333:Geoffrey M. Cooper
310:Edward M. Scolnick
6001:
6000:
5710:
5709:
5706:
5705:
5207:
5206:
5172:
5171:
4917:Adenylylsulfatase
4818:
4817:
4788:
4787:
4752:
4751:
4748:
4747:
4686:
4685:
4636:
4635:
4598:
4597:
4515:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4468:
4467:
4413:
4412:
4384:
4383:
4339:
4338:
4305:
4304:
4251:
4250:
4247:
4246:
4213:
4212:
4158:
4157:
4129:
4128:
4100:
4099:
4062:
4061:
4058:
4057:
3975:
3974:
3930:I-kappa B protein
3866:
3865:
3789:
3788:
3426:
3425:
3347:
3346:
3090:Guanylate cyclase
3046:Adenylate cyclase
2555:978-1-934115-85-5
2501:Molecular Therapy
2337:978-0-12-374311-4
2274:10.1242/jcs.01660
2019:(13): 2485–2498.
1851:(5916): 396–400.
1565:978-3-8055-1160-5
1556:10.1159/000391714
1513:10.1038/2041104b0
1277:Adenylate cyclase
1174:in this pathway.
1166:and the modified
1138:Protein synthesis
960:neurofibromatosis
771:and inter-linked
765:secretory pathway
745:secretory pathway
709:methyltransferase
458:Ras also binds a
419:Ras contains six
314:Werner H. Kirsten
286:pancreatic cancer
208:
207:
204:
203:
199:structure summary
16:(Redirected from
6048:
6018:
6017:
6009:
5881:Hanes–Woolf plot
5824:Enzyme activator
5819:Enzyme inhibitor
5793:Enzyme catalysis
5737:
5730:
5723:
5714:
5713:
5222:
5221:
4952:
4951:
4945:
4944:
4845:
4838:
4831:
4822:
4821:
4763:
4762:
4697:
4696:
4647:
4646:
4642:Ubiquitin ligase
4613:
4612:
4535:
4534:
4526:
4525:
4477:
4476:
4424:
4423:
4419:MAPK/ERK pathway
4395:
4394:
4350:
4349:
4316:
4315:
4271:
4270:
4262:
4261:
4224:
4223:
4169:
4168:
4140:
4139:
4111:
4110:
4082:
4081:
4073:
4072:
4035:
4034:
4026:
4025:
4002:
3995:
3988:
3979:
3978:
3805:Serine/threonine
3801:
3800:
3489:Serine/threonine
3485:
3484:
3105:Protein kinase G
3061:Protein kinase A
3017:
3016:
3008:
3007:
2943:
2936:
2929:
2920:
2919:
2856:
2818:
2817:
2785:
2768:
2767:
2757:
2747:
2737:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2660:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2628:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2516:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2446:. Archived from
2440:
2434:
2433:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2380:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2230:
2221:
2220:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2140:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2081:
2073:
2065:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2036:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1953:
1944:
1943:
1933:
1923:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1865:10.1038/303396a0
1840:
1834:
1833:
1814:10.1038/299171a0
1789:
1783:
1782:
1763:10.1038/300762a0
1738:
1732:
1731:
1712:10.1038/297474a0
1687:
1681:
1680:
1661:10.1038/298343a0
1635:
1629:
1628:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1499:(4963): 1104–5.
1488:
1482:
1481:
1471:
1461:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1386:
1377:
1376:
1340:
1331:
1330:
1320:
1296:
1072:In other species
657:adenylyl cyclase
627:Son of Sevenless
376:The three human
337:Mariano Barbacid
147:
146:
46:
39:
38:
21:
6056:
6055:
6051:
6050:
6049:
6047:
6046:
6045:
6026:
6025:
6024:
6012:
6004:
6002:
5997:
5909:Oxidoreductases
5895:
5871:Enzyme kinetics
5859:
5855:List of enzymes
5828:
5797:
5768:Catalytic triad
5746:
5741:
5711:
5702:
5647:
5606:
5357:Ras superfamily
5346:
5330:
5310:
5256:
5246:
5238:
5203:
5168:
5124:
5105:
5051:
5008:Plasma membrane
4971:
4926:
4903:
4877:Pyrophosphatase
4863:
4849:
4819:
4814:
4793:Other/ungrouped
4784:
4744:
4728:
4682:
4666:
4632:
4594:
4559:
4507:
4491:
4464:
4460:Neurofibromin 1
4448:
4409:
4380:
4364:
4335:
4301:
4285:
4243:
4209:
4154:
4125:
4096:
4054:
4015:
4006:
3976:
3971:
3959:
3908:
3887:
3862:
3846:
3818:
3785:
3776:Arginine kinase
3764:
3721:
3680:
3473:
3469:Phospholipase C
3452:
3422:
3343:
3325:
3255:
3222:
3208:
3123:
3118:G alpha subunit
3109:
3065:
2997:
2971:
2952:
2947:
2864:
2859:
2826:
2824:Further reading
2821:
2786:
2771:
2714:
2710:
2671:
2667:
2658:
2656:
2646:
2642:
2589:
2585:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2556:
2534:
2530:
2493:
2489:
2466:
2462:
2453:
2451:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2406:
2402:
2371:(3): 999–1006.
2365:Cancer Research
2357:
2353:
2338:
2316:
2312:
2301:
2297:
2268:(Pt 5): 843–6.
2258:
2254:
2235:Cancer Research
2231:
2224:
2193:
2189:
2158:
2154:
2101:
2097:
2090:
2066:
2057:
2047:
2045:
2013:Cancer Research
2005:
2001:
1954:
1947:
1892:
1888:
1841:
1837:
1800:(5879): 171–3.
1790:
1786:
1749:(5894): 762–5.
1739:
1735:
1698:(5866): 474–8.
1688:
1684:
1647:(5872): 343–7.
1636:
1632:
1595:(4562): 801–6.
1585:
1581:
1566:
1540:
1536:
1489:
1485:
1444:(16): 4848–52.
1430:
1426:
1403:10.1038/nrc1097
1387:
1380:
1341:
1334:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1247:
1227:
1211:
1182:
1104:
1074:
1013:
971:
939:
923:proto-oncogenes
919:
781:
769:plasma membrane
761:Golgi apparatus
737:plasma membrane
725:Golgi apparatus
713:plasma membrane
669:
595:arginine finger
551:
534:
483:signal pathways
468:
402:
345:Robert Weinberg
294:
249:differentiation
238:Ras superfamily
60:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6054:
6044:
6043:
6038:
6023:
6022:
5999:
5998:
5996:
5995:
5982:
5969:
5956:
5943:
5930:
5917:
5903:
5901:
5897:
5896:
5894:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5867:
5865:
5861:
5860:
5858:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5836:
5834:
5833:Classification
5830:
5829:
5827:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5805:
5803:
5799:
5798:
5796:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5754:
5752:
5748:
5747:
5740:
5739:
5732:
5725:
5717:
5708:
5707:
5704:
5703:
5701:
5700:
5695:
5694:
5693:
5688:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5658:
5656:
5649:
5648:
5646:
5645:
5640:
5639:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5617:
5615:
5608:
5607:
5605:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5583:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5557:
5556:
5555:
5550:
5540:
5539:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5516:
5515:
5514:
5513:
5508:
5498:
5497:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5476:
5475:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5454:
5449:
5448:
5447:
5442:
5432:
5431:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5405:
5404:
5403:
5398:
5388:
5387:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5361:
5359:
5348:
5347:
5345:
5344:
5343:
5342:
5337:
5328:
5324:
5323:
5322:
5317:
5308:
5304:
5303:
5302:
5301:
5300:
5290:
5289:
5288:
5283:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5254:
5250:
5249:
5248:
5244:
5236:
5231:
5229:
5219:
5209:
5208:
5205:
5204:
5202:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5180:
5178:
5174:
5173:
5170:
5169:
5167:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5135:
5133:
5126:
5125:
5123:
5122:
5116:
5114:
5107:
5106:
5104:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5062:
5060:
5053:
5052:
5050:
5049:
5048:
5047:
5042:
5032:
5031:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5005:
5004:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4982:
4980:
4973:
4972:
4970:
4969:
4964:
4958:
4956:
4955:Cu++ (3.6.3.4)
4949:
4942:
4928:
4927:
4925:
4924:
4919:
4913:
4911:
4905:
4904:
4902:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4890:
4889:
4884:
4873:
4871:
4865:
4864:
4848:
4847:
4840:
4833:
4825:
4816:
4815:
4813:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4796:
4794:
4790:
4789:
4786:
4785:
4783:
4782:
4777:
4771:
4769:
4760:
4754:
4753:
4750:
4749:
4746:
4745:
4743:
4742:
4736:
4734:
4730:
4729:
4727:
4726:
4721:
4720:
4719:
4714:
4703:
4701:
4694:
4688:
4687:
4684:
4683:
4681:
4680:
4674:
4672:
4668:
4667:
4665:
4664:
4659:
4653:
4651:
4644:
4638:
4637:
4634:
4633:
4631:
4630:
4625:
4619:
4617:
4610:
4600:
4599:
4596:
4595:
4593:
4592:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4567:
4565:
4561:
4560:
4558:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4541:
4539:
4532:
4523:
4517:
4516:
4513:
4512:
4509:
4508:
4506:
4505:
4499:
4497:
4493:
4492:
4490:
4489:
4483:
4481:
4474:
4470:
4469:
4466:
4465:
4463:
4462:
4456:
4454:
4450:
4449:
4447:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4430:
4428:
4421:
4415:
4414:
4411:
4410:
4408:
4407:
4401:
4399:
4392:
4386:
4385:
4382:
4381:
4379:
4378:
4372:
4370:
4366:
4365:
4363:
4362:
4356:
4354:
4347:
4341:
4340:
4337:
4336:
4334:
4333:
4328:
4322:
4320:
4313:
4307:
4306:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4299:
4293:
4291:
4287:
4286:
4284:
4283:
4277:
4275:
4268:
4259:
4253:
4252:
4249:
4248:
4245:
4244:
4242:
4241:
4236:
4230:
4228:
4221:
4215:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4196:
4195:
4190:
4175:
4173:
4166:
4160:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4152:
4146:
4144:
4137:
4131:
4130:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4123:
4117:
4115:
4108:
4102:
4101:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4094:
4088:
4086:
4079:
4070:
4064:
4063:
4060:
4059:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4052:
4047:
4041:
4039:
4032:
4030:Growth factors
4023:
4017:
4016:
4005:
4004:
3997:
3990:
3982:
3973:
3972:
3964:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3916:
3914:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3906:
3897:
3895:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3885:
3876:
3874:
3868:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3860:
3854:
3852:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3844:
3839:
3829:
3827:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3816:
3810:
3808:
3798:
3791:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3783:
3778:
3772:
3770:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3762:
3761:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3729:
3727:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3719:
3714:
3713:
3712:
3707:
3697:
3691:
3689:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3678:
3677:
3676:
3666:
3665:
3664:
3659:
3649:
3648:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3622:
3621:
3620:
3615:
3605:
3604:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3578:
3577:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3556:
3555:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3524:
3523:
3522:
3512:
3511:
3510:
3505:
3494:
3492:
3482:
3480:protein kinase
3475:
3474:
3472:
3471:
3466:
3460:
3458:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3434:
3432:
3428:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3389:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3368:
3363:
3357:
3355:
3349:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3341:
3336:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3220:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3121:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3076:
3074:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3042:
3041:
3026:
3024:
3014:
3012:Heterotrimeric
3005:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2969:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2953:
2946:
2945:
2938:
2931:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2895:
2885:
2875:
2870:
2863:
2862:External links
2860:
2858:
2857:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2819:
2798:Annual Reviews
2769:
2708:
2681:(9): 1005–19.
2665:
2640:
2583:
2569:
2554:
2528:
2487:
2460:
2435:
2416:(5): 1655–69.
2400:
2351:
2336:
2310:
2307:. p. 282.
2295:
2252:
2241:(17): 4682–9.
2222:
2187:
2152:
2095:
2088:
2055:
1999:
1945:
1886:
1835:
1784:
1733:
1682:
1630:
1579:
1564:
1534:
1483:
1424:
1378:
1357:10.1038/nrc969
1332:
1305:The Oncologist
1290:
1288:
1285:
1246:
1241:
1226:
1221:
1210:
1205:
1181:
1176:
1142:diacylglycerol
1103:
1101:Xenopus laevis
1098:
1073:
1070:
1058:palmitoylation
1012:
1009:
1005:
1004:
997:
970:
967:
938:
935:
918:
915:
780:
777:
729:palmitoylation
681:palmitoylation
668:
665:
549:
533:
530:
507:cell migration
467:
464:
401:
398:
365:Michael Wigler
349:Michael Wigler
293:
290:
206:
205:
202:
201:
196:
190:
189:
176:
170:
169:
159:
152:
151:
143:
142:
137:
131:
130:
117:
111:
110:
105:
99:
98:
93:
87:
86:
81:
75:
74:
71:
67:
66:
62:
61:
47:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6053:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6033:
6031:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6010:
6007:
5993:
5989:
5988:
5983:
5980:
5976:
5975:
5970:
5967:
5963:
5962:
5957:
5954:
5950:
5949:
5944:
5941:
5937:
5936:
5931:
5928:
5924:
5923:
5918:
5915:
5911:
5910:
5905:
5904:
5902:
5898:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5868:
5866:
5862:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5850:Enzyme family
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5837:
5835:
5831:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5814:Cooperativity
5812:
5810:
5807:
5806:
5804:
5800:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5773:Oxyanion hole
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5755:
5753:
5749:
5745:
5738:
5733:
5731:
5726:
5724:
5719:
5718:
5715:
5699:
5696:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5664:
5663:
5660:
5659:
5657:
5655:
5650:
5644:
5641:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5623:
5622:
5619:
5618:
5616:
5614:
5609:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5562:
5561:
5558:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5545:
5544:
5541:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5523:
5522:
5518:
5517:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5503:
5502:
5499:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5481:
5480:
5477:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5459:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5437:
5436:
5433:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5410:
5409:
5406:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5393:
5392:
5389:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5371:
5370:
5366:
5363:
5362:
5360:
5358:
5354:
5349:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5332:
5331:
5325:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5312:
5311:
5305:
5299:
5296:
5295:
5294:
5291:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5278:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5258:
5257:
5251:
5247:
5241:
5240:
5239:
5233:
5232:
5230:
5228:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5214:
5210:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5181:
5179:
5175:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5136:
5134:
5132:
5131:P-type ATPase
5127:
5121:
5118:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5108:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5054:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5037:
5036:
5033:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5010:
5009:
5006:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4988:
4987:
4984:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4974:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4953:
4950:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4937:
4933:
4929:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4914:
4912:
4910:
4906:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4879:
4878:
4875:
4874:
4872:
4870:
4866:
4861:
4857:
4853:
4846:
4841:
4839:
4834:
4832:
4827:
4826:
4823:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4797:
4795:
4791:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4772:
4770:
4768:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4758:Mitochondrion
4755:
4741:
4738:
4737:
4735:
4731:
4725:
4722:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4709:
4708:
4705:
4704:
4702:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4689:
4679:
4676:
4675:
4673:
4669:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4654:
4652:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4639:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4620:
4618:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4591:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4568:
4566:
4562:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4518:
4504:
4501:
4500:
4498:
4494:
4488:
4485:
4484:
4482:
4478:
4475:
4473:Other/unknown
4471:
4461:
4458:
4457:
4455:
4451:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4431:
4429:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4416:
4406:
4403:
4402:
4400:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4387:
4377:
4374:
4373:
4371:
4367:
4361:
4358:
4357:
4355:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4342:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4323:
4321:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4308:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4288:
4282:
4279:
4278:
4276:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4254:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4216:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4185:
4184:
4180:
4177:
4176:
4174:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4161:
4151:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4132:
4122:
4119:
4118:
4116:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4103:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4065:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4003:
3998:
3996:
3991:
3989:
3984:
3983:
3980:
3970:
3969:
3962:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3911:
3905:
3904:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3894:
3890:
3884:
3883:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3873:
3869:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3849:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3821:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3792:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3767:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3734:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3724:
3718:
3715:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3683:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3670:
3667:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3653:
3650:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3626:
3623:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3609:
3606:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3582:
3579:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3561:
3560:
3557:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3528:
3525:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3516:
3513:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3499:
3498:Casein kinase
3496:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3476:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3455:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3429:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3354:
3350:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3328:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3251:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3211:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3112:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3068:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3000:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2944:
2939:
2937:
2932:
2930:
2925:
2924:
2921:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2896:
2893:
2889:
2886:
2883:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2839:(6): 638–52.
2838:
2834:
2829:
2828:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2765:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2712:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2669:
2655:
2651:
2644:
2636:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2587:
2579:
2573:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2532:
2524:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2507:(5): 882–90.
2506:
2502:
2498:
2491:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2464:
2450:on 2019-03-06
2449:
2445:
2439:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2404:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2355:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2314:
2306:
2299:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2256:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2229:
2227:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2191:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2156:
2148:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2099:
2091:
2089:0-7167-3706-X
2085:
2080:
2079:
2072:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2003:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1952:
1950:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1890:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1839:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1788:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1737:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1686:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1634:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1583:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1550:(36): 246–9.
1549:
1545:
1538:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1487:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1428:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1397:(6): 459–65.
1396:
1392:
1385:
1383:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1339:
1337:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1295:
1291:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1249:Essential in
1245:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1225:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1209:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1188:
1180:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1156:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1102:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1079:
1069:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1054:farnesylation
1051:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1017:
1008:
1001:
998:
994:
990:
989:
988:
986:
981:
979:
975:
966:
963:
961:
957:
954:
949:
947:
942:
934:
932:
928:
927:Ras inhibitor
924:
917:Ras in cancer
914:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
796:
794:
790:
786:
776:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
675:owing to its
674:
673:cell membrane
664:
660:
658:
654:
650:
646:
641:
638:
636:
635:RasGEF domain
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
611:
609:
605:
600:
596:
591:
587:
583:
579:
574:
572:
567:
563:
559:
555:
547:
543:
539:
529:
527:
523:
522:transcription
519:
514:
512:
508:
504:
500:
499:cell adhesion
496:
492:
488:
484:
477:
472:
463:
461:
460:magnesium ion
456:
452:
448:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
425:alpha helices
422:
414:
410:
406:
397:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
374:
372:
371:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
324:
319:
315:
311:
307:
306:
301:
300:
289:
287:
283:
279:
278:
273:
272:
267:
266:
261:
256:
254:
250:
246:
241:
239:
235:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
200:
197:
195:
191:
188:
184:
180:
177:
175:
171:
167:
163:
160:
157:
153:
148:
144:
141:
138:
136:
132:
129:
125:
121:
118:
116:
112:
109:
106:
104:
100:
97:
94:
92:
88:
85:
82:
80:
76:
72:
68:
63:
58:
54:
50:
45:
40:
35:
30:
19:
5987:Translocases
5984:
5971:
5958:
5945:
5932:
5922:Transferases
5919:
5906:
5763:Binding site
5500:
5434:
5390:
5368:
5353:Small GTPase
4967:Wilson/ATP7B
4962:Menkes/ATP7A
4281:Beta-catenin
3965:
3900:
3879:
3515:eIF-2 kinase
2963:
2901:
2898:
2878:ras+Proteins
2836:
2832:
2793:
2789:
2725:
2721:
2711:
2678:
2674:
2668:
2657:. Retrieved
2653:
2643:
2600:
2596:
2586:
2572:
2537:
2531:
2504:
2500:
2490:
2476:(5): 532–9.
2473:
2469:
2463:
2452:. Retrieved
2448:the original
2438:
2413:
2409:
2403:
2368:
2364:
2354:
2319:
2313:
2304:
2298:
2265:
2261:
2255:
2238:
2234:
2203:(4): 351–7.
2200:
2196:
2190:
2165:
2155:
2112:
2108:
2098:
2077:
2046:. Retrieved
2016:
2012:
2002:
1961:
1957:
1906:(2): 383–7.
1903:
1899:
1889:
1848:
1844:
1838:
1797:
1793:
1787:
1746:
1742:
1736:
1695:
1691:
1685:
1644:
1640:
1633:
1592:
1588:
1582:
1547:
1543:
1537:
1496:
1492:
1486:
1441:
1437:
1427:
1394:
1390:
1351:(1): 11–22.
1348:
1344:
1311:(3): 263–4.
1308:
1304:
1294:
1280:
1256:
1250:
1248:
1243:
1236:
1230:
1229:The gene in
1228:
1223:
1214:
1212:
1207:
1200:
1196:
1185:
1183:
1178:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1153:
1134:progesterone
1123:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1105:
1100:
1081:
1077:
1075:
1066:
1047:
1039:glioblastoma
1036:
1021:
1014:
1006:
999:
992:
982:
977:
973:
972:
964:
950:
943:
940:
920:
797:
782:
670:
661:
642:
639:
622:
612:
608:inactivation
607:
603:
599:nucleophilic
575:
546:small GTPase
535:
515:
487:cytoskeletal
480:
457:
453:
449:
421:beta strands
418:
377:
375:
368:
352:
347:at MIT, and
343:at the NIH,
335:at Harvard,
328:
322:
317:
303:
297:
295:
275:
269:
263:
257:
242:
227:small GTPase
218:
214:
210:
209:
29:
5758:Active site
5677:Mitofusin-1
5652:3.6.5.5-6:
5621:Prokaryotic
3202:GNA15/GNA16
2988:Calcineurin
2728:(5): 2572.
1267:binding to
1172:p120Ras GAP
1150:antagonized
1094:fibroblasts
773:endocytosis
693:prenylation
677:prenylation
604:inactivates
580:(GEFs) and
552:subunit of
489:integrity,
429:amino acids
357:Robin Weiss
245:cell growth
65:Identifiers
18:Ras protein
6036:G proteins
6030:Categories
5961:Isomerases
5935:Hydrolases
5802:Regulation
5643:Eukaryotic
5276:Transducin
5113:(3.6.3.10)
4852:Hydrolases
4604:DNA repair
4530:Cell cycle
4045:c-Sis/PDGF
3608:Lim kinase
3559:IκB kinase
3080:Transducin
2899:Drosophila
2800:: 601–32.
2735:2312.05791
2659:2016-02-20
2654:IFLScience
2454:2017-09-10
2048:11 October
1287:References
1269:chemotaxis
1232:C. elegans
1199:genes for
1158:(and by a
1136:-induced.
1000:Residue 61
993:residue 12
629:(Sos) and
623:activation
542:nucleotide
511:metastasis
411:structure
162:structures
51:structure
6041:Oncogenes
5840:EC number
5611:3.6.5.3:
5351:3.6.5.2:
5293:Gustducin
5225:3.6.5.1:
5059:(3.6.3.9)
4979:(3.6.3.8)
4882:Inorganic
4013:Oncogenes
3966:see also
3872:Apoptosis
3353:Monomeric
3085:Gustducin
3003:G protein
2888:ras+Genes
2703:207494086
2182:1476-4679
2129:1534-5807
1125:X. laevis
996:proteins.
946:Oncogenes
931:Salirasib
775:pathway.
645:effectors
590:hydrolyze
566:phosphate
538:guanosine
536:Ras is a
503:apoptosis
476:apoptosis
423:and five
400:Structure
282:oncogenes
108:PDOC00017
96:IPR020849
5864:Kinetics
5788:Cofactor
5751:Activity
4887:Thiamine
4810:Stathmin
4555:Cyclin E
4550:Cyclin D
4188:HER2/neu
4068:Receptor
3824:Tyrosine
3769:Arginine
3686:Tyrosine
2853:19519490
2764:38473821
2755:10932042
2695:24967607
2635:26617336
2603:: 8859.
2564:19565924
2523:16569513
2482:19806501
2430:10961860
2395:21694752
2387:15705901
2346:18374183
2290:40171018
2282:15731001
2217:16781855
2168:: 1–15.
2147:37220748
2138:10524337
2043:35536216
1986:11701921
1779:34179063
1677:37033023
1521:14243400
1419:27928171
1411:12778136
1373:43074411
1365:12509763
1327:10394594
1118:induces
1028:Reolysin
1016:Reovirus
741:vesicles
733:CaaX box
701:CaaX box
653:arfaptin
466:Function
433:CAAX box
394:splicing
253:survival
231:cellular
213:, from "
179:RCSB PDB
91:InterPro
6020:Biology
5974:Ligases
5744:Enzymes
5698:Tubulin
5667:Dynamin
5519:other:
5199:Katanin
5189:Kinesin
5164:ATP13A3
5159:ATP13A2
4894:Apyrase
4800:c-Bcl-2
4608:Fanconi
4521:Nucleus
3950:EDARADD
3935:Mucin-4
3674:RPS6KA1
3520:EIF2AK3
2976:Calcium
2814:1667084
2626:4674766
2605:Bibcode
2247:2547513
2034:9256797
1994:6636339
1966:Bibcode
1958:Science
1940:6300838
1908:Bibcode
1881:4372475
1873:6304521
1853:Bibcode
1830:4342747
1822:6287287
1802:Bibcode
1771:7177195
1751:Bibcode
1728:4338225
1720:6283357
1700:Bibcode
1669:6283384
1649:Bibcode
1625:5807661
1617:6285471
1597:Bibcode
1589:Science
1574:5538357
1529:4144311
1501:Bibcode
1478:6289320
1446:Bibcode
1216:Aplysia
1208:Aplysia
1195:.) The
1130:insulin
1120:meiosis
1110:oocyte
1087:oocytes
1083:Xenopus
880:RASL11B
876:RASL11A
872:RASL10B
868:RASL10A
828:NKIRAS2
824:NKIRAS1
779:Members
743:of the
359:at the
292:History
140:cd04138
103:PROSITE
84:PF00071
6006:Portal
5948:Lyases
5575:ARL13B
5435:RhoBTB
5329:α12/13
5217:GTPase
5194:Myosin
5184:Dynein
5154:ATP12A
5149:ATP11B
5144:ATP10A
5139:ATP8B1
5129:Other
5101:ATP1B4
5096:ATP1B3
5091:ATP1B2
5086:ATP1B1
5081:ATP1A4
5076:ATP1A3
5071:ATP1A2
5066:ATP1A1
5057:Na+/K+
5045:ATP2C2
5040:ATP2C1
5028:ATP2B4
5023:ATP2B3
5018:ATP2B2
5013:ATP2B1
5001:ATP2A3
4996:ATP2A2
4991:ATP2A1
4940:ATPase
4590:p14arf
4503:Maspin
4183:c-ErbB
4021:Ligand
3955:PRKCSH
3794:Other
3743:DYRK1B
3738:DYRK1A
3478:Other
3448:Cyclin
3431:Cyclin
2894:(MeSH)
2884:(MeSH)
2851:
2812:
2762:
2752:
2701:
2693:
2633:
2623:
2562:
2552:
2521:
2480:
2428:
2393:
2385:
2344:
2334:
2288:
2280:
2245:
2215:
2180:
2145:
2135:
2127:
2086:
2041:
2031:
1992:
1984:
1938:
1931:393381
1928:
1879:
1871:
1845:Nature
1828:
1820:
1794:Nature
1777:
1769:
1743:Nature
1726:
1718:
1692:Nature
1675:
1667:
1641:Nature
1623:
1615:
1572:
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1469:346782
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804:DIRAS2
800:DIRAS1
615:cation
586:GTPase
505:, and
443:, and
363:, and
325:arcoma
274:, and
260:cancer
251:, and
194:PDBsum
168:
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128:SUPFAM
70:Symbol
5900:Types
5631:EF-Tu
5570:SAR1B
5553:RAB27
5548:RAB23
5501:RhoDF
5391:RhoUV
5374:CDC42
5369:Cdc42
5355:>
5340:GNA13
5335:GNA12
5320:GNA11
5309:αq/11
5298:GNAT3
5286:GNAT2
5281:GNAT1
5271:GNAI3
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5261:GNAI1
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5177:3.6.4
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4986:SERCA
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4932:3.6.3
4909:3.6.2
4869:3.6.1
4805:Notch
4724:c-Myc
4717:c-Jun
4712:c-Fos
4628:BRCA2
4623:BRCA1
4487:c-Src
4444:c-Raf
4434:c-Ras
4360:c-Akt
4331:SMAD4
4326:SMAD2
4234:c-Kit
4205:c-Ret
4200:c-Met
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3192:GNA13
3187:GNA12
3182:GNA11
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1724:S2CID
1673:S2CID
1621:S2CID
1525:S2CID
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1091:mouse
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3398:Arfs
3393:Rhos
3386:NRAS
3381:KRAS
3376:HRAS
3366:Rabs
3361:ARFs
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3284:GNG5
3279:GNG4
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3269:GNG2
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3226:GNB1
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2810:PMID
2760:PMID
2691:PMID
2631:PMID
2560:PMID
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299:HRAS
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