686:
647:
to Khmer Rouge control. The Khmer Rouge regime, which had not initially been harsh in
Ratanakiri, became increasingly oppressive. The Khmer Loeu were forbidden from speaking their native languages or practicing their traditional customs and religion, which were seen as incompatible with communism. Communal living became compulsory, and the province's few schools were closed. Purges of ethnic minorities increased in frequency, and thousands of refugees fled to Vietnam and Laos. Preliminary studies indicate that bodies accounting for approximately 5% of Ratanakiri's residents were deposited in mass graves, a significantly lower rate than elsewhere in Cambodia.
877:
instead primarily respected advisors and consensus builders. Village elders are generally male, but women also play a role in the management of the community and its resources. A village may also have a village chief, i.e., a local government person who is appointed by a higher governmental official. The village chief serves as a liaison between the village and outside government officials, but lacks traditional authority. The role of the village chief in village governance may be poorly defined; in one Kreung village, residents told a researcher that they were "very unclear exactly what the work of the village chief entailed."
1485:
111:
81:
607:
1316:
1242:
6555:
817:, poaching, and mineral extraction. Though the province has been known for its relatively pristine environment, recent development has spawned environmental problems. The unspoiled image of the province often conflicts with the reality on the ground: visitors "expecting to find pristine forests teeming with wildlife are increasingly disappointed to find lifeless patches of freshly cut tree stumps". Land use patterns are changing as population growth has accelerated and agriculture and logging have intensified.
1615:
1344:
755:
1481:. Ratanakiri residents' poor health can be attributed to a variety of factors, including poverty, remoteness of villages, poor quality medical services, and language and cultural barriers that prevent Khmer Loeu from obtaining medical care. The province has one referral hospital, 10 health centers, and 17 health posts. Medical equipment and supplies are minimal, and most health facilities are staffed by nurses or midwives, who are often poorly trained and irregularly paid.
1506:. Only 21.6% of Ratanakiri residents obtained water from sources that are considered safe (purchased water, piped water, or tube/piped wells). Household water sources were within the home for 28.0% of households, near the home for 39.1%, and away from the home for 32.9%. The most common source of light was battery power (39.5%), followed by government-provided power (25.5%), and kerosene (16.5%). Most households (85%) used firewood as the main fuel for cooking. A
6506:
6944:
162:
6454:
6376:
881:
6417:
6359:
1677:
have been attributed to contact with internal immigrants, government officials, and NGO workers. Clothing and diets are becoming more standardized, and traditional music is being displaced by Khmer music. Many villagers have also observed a loss of respect for elders and a growing divide between the young and the old. Young people have begun to refuse to abide by traditional rules and have stopped believing in spirits.
6431:
6409:
335:
96:
263:
6392:
6298:
1324:
local communities receive very little income from tourism and because guides sometimes bring tourists to villages without residents' consent, disrupting traditional ways of life. A few initiatives have sought to address these issues: a provincial tourism steering committee aims to ensure that tourism is non-destructive, and some programs provide
English and tourism skills to indigenous people.
1280:, a trend that has accelerated in recent years. Ratanakiri villagers have traditionally had little contact with the cash economy. Barter exchange remains widespread, and Khmer Loeu villagers tended to visit markets only once per year until quite recently. As of 2005, monetary income in the province averaged US$ 5 per month per person; purchased possessions such as motorcycles, televisions, and
857:. Political scientist Caroline Hughes has suggested that the CPP's overwhelming dominance in rural areas such as Ratanakiri stems from the central government's ability to suppress collective action, which in urban areas is offset by international donors and NGOs that provide support for opposition parties. Fifty-one commune council members in Ratanakiri (20%) were women as of the
1312:
environmental reasons and because of land alienation. In 1997, an estimated 300,000 cubic meters of logs were exported illegally from
Ratanakiri to Vietnam, compared to a legal limit of 36,000 cubic meters. John Dennis, a researcher for the Asian Development Bank, described the logging in Ratanakiri as a "human rights emergency".
495:. Ratanakiri is among the least developed provinces of Cambodia. Its infrastructure is poor, and the local government is weak. Health indicators in Ratanakiri are extremely poor; men's life expectancy is 39 years, and women's is 43 years. Education levels are also low, with just under half of the population illiterate.
1562:) of actively cultivated land and 5β6 hectares (12.5β15 acres) of fallow land. The ecologically sustainable cultivation cycle practiced by the Khmer Loeu generally lasts 10 to 15 years. Villagers supplement their agricultural livelihood with low-intensity hunting, fishing, and gathering over a large area.
646:
in the region, aiming to disrupt sanctuaries for communist
Vietnamese troops. Villagers were forced outside of main towns to escape the bombings, foraging for food and living on the run with the Khmer Rouge. In June 1970, the central government withdrew its troops from Ratanakiri, abandoning the area
598:
from elsewhere in
Cambodia were moved into the province, and roads and large rubber plantations were built. After facing harsh working conditions and sometimes involuntary labor on the plantations, many Khmer Loeu left their traditional homes and moved farther from provincial towns. In 1968, tensions
1676:
Because of the province's high prevalence of malaria and its distance from regional centers, Ratanakiri was isolated from
Western influences until the late 20th century. Major cultural shifts have occurred in recent years however, particularly in villages near roads and district towns; these changes
1645:
leaves, all of which are collected from nearby forests; they typically last for around three years. Village spatial organization varies by ethnic group. Kreung villages are constructed in a circular manner, with houses facing inwards toward a central meeting house. In Jarai villages, vast longhouses
654:
in 1979, government policy toward
Ratanakiri became one of benign neglect. The Khmer Loeu were permitted to return to their traditional livelihoods, but the government provided little infrastructure in the province. Under the Vietnamese, there was little contact between the provincial government and
1501:
Ratanakiri is one of the least developed provinces in
Cambodia. As of 2013, the average home had 1.9 rooms, and only 14.9% of buildings in the province had permanent roofs, walls, and flooring. Relatively few households (27.8%) had toilet facilities. The largest share of households (38.0%) obtained
1354:
As of 2013, Ratanakiri
Province had a population of approximately 184,000. Its population nearly doubled between 1998 and 2013, largely due to internal migration. In 2013, Ratanakiri made up 1.3% of Cambodia's total population; its population density of 17.0 residents per square kilometer was just
1323:
Ratanakiri's tourist industry has rapidly expanded in recent years: visits to the province increased from 6,000 in 2002 to 105,000 in 2008 and 118,000 in 2011. The region's tourism development strategy focuses on encouraging ecotourism. Increasing tourism in
Ratanakiri has been problematic because
1327:
Ox-cart and motorcycle are common means of transportation in Ratanakiri. The provincial road system is better than in some parts of the country, but remains in somewhat bad condition. National Road 78 between Banlung and the Vietnam border was built between 2007 and 2010; the road was expected to
658:
Ratanakiri's recent history has been characterized by development and attendant challenges to traditional ways of life. The national government has built roads, encouraged tourism and agriculture, and facilitated rapid immigration of lowland Khmers into Ratanakiri. Road improvements and political
1653:, and their cosmologies are intertwined with the natural world. Some forests are believed to be inhabited by local spirits, and local taboos forbid cutting in those areas. Within spirit forests, certain natural features such as rock formations, waterfalls, pools, and vegetation are sacred. Major
1311:
are also produced. Gems are generally mined using traditional methods, with individuals digging holes and tunnels and manually removing the gems; recently, however, commercial mining operations have been moving into the province. Logging, particularly illegal logging, has been a problem both for
876:
and other indigenous institutions, are dominant. Members of each village designate one or more community elders to manage village affairs, mediate conflicts, and ensure that villagers follow customary laws, particularly about land and resource use. Elders do not play an autocratic role, and are
1492:
As of 1998, Ratanakiri had 76 primary schools, one junior high school, and one high school. Education levels, particularly among Khmer Loeu, are very low. A 2002 survey of residents in six villages found that fewer than 10% of respondents had attended any primary school. Access to education is
1497:
as of 2013 (compared to 80% in Cambodia overall). Bilingual education initiatives, in which students begin instruction in native languages and gradually transition to instruction in Khmer, began in Ratanakiri in 2002 and appear to have been successful. The programs aim to make education more
1355:
over one fifth the national average. About 70% of the province's population lives in the highlands; of the other 30%, approximately half live in more urbanized towns, and half live along rivers and in the lowlands, where they practice wetland rice cultivation and engage in market activities.
833:
Government in Ratanakiri is weak, largely due to the province's remoteness, ethnic diversity, and recent history of Khmer Rouge dominance. The provincial legal framework is poor, and the rule of law is even weaker in Ratanakiri than elsewhere in Cambodia. Furthermore, government services are
746:
climate with a rainy season from June to October, a cool season from November to January, and a hot season from March to May. Ratanakiri tends to be cooler than elsewhere in Cambodia. The average daily high temperature in the province is 34.0 Β°C (93.2 Β°F), and the average daily low
1493:
limited because of the expense of books, distance to schools, children's need to contribute to their families' livelihood, frequent absence of teachers, and instruction that is culturally inappropriate and in a language foreign to most students. Only 55% of Ratanakiri adults were
1370:
In 2013, 37% of Ratanakiri residents were under age 15, 52% were age 15 to 49, 7% were age 50 to 64, and 3% were aged 65 or older; 49.7% of residents were male, and 50.3% were female. Each household had an average of 4.9 members, and most households (85.6%) were headed by men.
5801:
Eighth United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names, Berlin, 27 August-5 September 2002: Reports by Governments on the Situation in Their Countries and on the Progress Made in the Standardization of Geographical Names Since the Seventh
655:
many local communities. Long after the fall of the Khmer Rouge regime, however, Khmer Rouge rebels remained in the forests of Ratanakiri. Rebels largely surrendered their arms in the 1990s, though attacks along provincial roads continued until 2002.
1565:
Khmer Loeu diets in Ratanakiri are largely dictated by the food that is available for harvesting or gathering. Numerous food taboos also limit food choice, particularly among pregnant women, children, and the sick. The primary staple grain is
781:
ecosystems in mainland Southeast Asia. One 1996 survey of two sites in Ratanakiri and one site in neighboring Mondulkiri recorded 44 mammal species, 76 bird species, and 9 reptile species. A 2007 survey of Ratanakiri's
589:
instituted a development and Khmerization campaign in northeast Cambodia that was designed to bring villages under government control, limit the influence of insurgents in the area, and "modernize" indigenous communities. Some
668:
over land traditionally possessed by Ratanakiri's indigenous peoples, and even land "sales" have often involved bribes to officials, coercion, threats, or misinformation. Following the involvement of several international
1664:
are present in the province, and some Khmer Loeu have converted to Christianity. Indigenous community representatives have described the missionaries as a major threat to their society. The region's ethnic Khmer are
1598:
are only eaten when sacrifices are made. In the rainy season, many varieties of vegetables and leaves are gathered from the forest. (Vegetables are generally not cultivated.) Commonly eaten fruits include bananas,
663:
has been a major problem. Despite a 2001 law allowing indigenous communities to obtain collective title to traditional lands, some villages have been left nearly landless. The national government has granted
1477:; in Ratanakiri and neighboring Mondulkiri (whose figures were combined in the most recent survey), over 10% of children die before the age of five. Ratanakiri also has the country's highest rates of severe
747:
temperature is 22.1 Β°C (71.8 Β°F). Annual precipitation is approximately 2,200 millimetres (87 in). Flooding often occurs during the rainy season and has been exacerbated by the recently built
1374:
While highland peoples have inhabited Ratanakiri for well over a millennium, lowland peoples have migrated to the province in the last 200 years. As of 2013, various highland groups collectively called
471:
people, who are a minority elsewhere in Cambodia. During the region's early history, its Khmer Loeu inhabitants were exploited as slaves by neighboring empires. The slave trade economy ended during the
491:
Ratanakiri is sparsely populated; its 184,000 residents make up just over 1% of the country's total population. Residents generally live in villages of 20 to 60 families and engage in subsistence
6023:
5490:
4859:
Fox, Jefferson (2002). "Understanding a Dynamic Landscape: Land Use, Land Cover, and Resource Tenure in Northeastern Cambodia". In Walsh, Stephen Joseph; Crews-Meyer, Kelley A. (eds.).
4819:
531:
during its early history, but no empire ever brought the area under centralized control. From the 13th century or earlier until the 19th century, highland villages were often raided by
5793:
5646:
4686:
709:, flow from east to west across the province. The province is known for its lush forests; as of 1997, 70β80% of the province was forested, either with old-growth forest or with
5137:
John, Ashish Joshia Ingty; Phalla, Chea (2006). "Community-based natural resource management and decentralized governance in Ratanakiri, Cambodia". In Tyler, Stephen R. (ed.).
786:
recorded 30 ant species, 19 katydid species, 37 fish species, 35 reptile species, 26 amphibian species, and 15 mammal species, including several species never before observed.
4837:
4222:
1359:, the provincial capital located in the central highlands, is by far the province's largest town, with a population of approximately 25,000. Other significant towns include
806:. The province's forests contain a wide variety of flora; one half-hectare forest inventory identified 189 species of trees and 320 species of ground flora and saplings.
547:); indigenous workers were used for construction and rubber harvesting. While under French control, the land comprising present-day Ratanakiri was transferred from Siam (
5595:"Rethinking Poverty Reduction to Protect and Promote the Rights of Indigenous Minorities in Cambodia: A Human Rights Approach to Land and Natural Resources Management"
4633:
5662:
728:, relatively poor soil, and abundant wildlife. In the highlands between Tonle San and Tonle Srepok, the home of the vast majority of Ratanakiri's population, a hilly
5076:
4937:
1594:
and fish are major protein sources, and smaller animals such as rats, wild chickens, and insects are also sometimes eaten. Domestic animals such as pigs, cows, and
1498:
accessible to speakers of indigenous languages, as well as to give Khmer Loeu access to national political and economic affairs by providing Khmer language skills.
6221:
5678:
Samath, Sith; et al. (2001). "Addressing Anarchy: Decentralization and Natural Resource Management in Ratanakiri, Upland Cambodia". In Straub, Andrea (ed.).
551:) to Laos and then to Cambodia. Although highland groups initially resisted their colonial rulers, by the end of the colonial era in 1953 they had been subdued.
5461:
1507:
835:
4761:
4519:. Conference on Language Development, Language Revitalization, and Multilingual Education in Minority Communities in Asia, Bangkok, Thailand. Archived from
5666:
7101:
5712:
3991:
5977:
Thomas, Anne; et al. (2005). ""Empowering Ethnic Minorities in the Cambodian Highlands". In Vargas-Baron, Emily; Bernal Alarcon, Hernando (eds.).
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6209:
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1031:
989:
5594:
5378:
4272:
5483:
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1015:
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6174:
6151:
5890:
1011:
4882:
4214:
6330:
5441:
5092:
4715:
1638:
5325:
4826:
1554:
and governs a forest territory whose boundaries are known though not marked. Within this land, each family is allocated, on average, 1β2
1295:
plantations. Other economic activities in the province include gem mining and commercial logging. The most abundant gem in Ratanakiri is blue
6494:
5773:
4597:
834:
ineffective and insufficient to meet the needs of the province. The Cambodian government has traditionally accepted substantial support from
6472:
4511:
1646:
are inhabited by all extended families, with the inner house divided into smaller compartments. Tampuan villages may follow either pattern.
5809:
4408:
4385:
4362:
4339:
4316:
1057:
1049:
124:
5821:
4703:
6671:
6623:
4704:"Status and Distribution of Large Mammals in Eastern Cambodia: Results of the first foot surveys on Mondulkiri and Rattanakiri provinces"
1061:
993:
950:
218:
5654:
4291:
630:
headquarters was moved to Ratanakiri in 1966, and hundreds of Khmer Loeu joined CPK units. During this period, there was also extensive
5932:
5229:
5030:
1053:
5209:
Kosonen, Kimmo (2007). "Vernaculars in Literacy and Basic Education in Cambodia, Laos, and Thailand". In Liddicoat, Anthony J. (ed.).
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6585:
6238:
6197:
6128:
6105:
6005:
5939:
5608:
5142:
4889:
4135:
4035:
1065:
946:
872:
Village government in Ratanakiri has both traditional and administrative components. Traditional forms of government, namely village
862:
4848:
4229:
4128:
1502:
water from springs, streams, ponds, or rain; much of the remainder obtained water from protected (23.9%) or unprotected (15.1%) dug
6595:
5054:
4051:
1404:
1019:
928:
543:
in 1893, and colonial rule replaced slave trading. The French built huge rubber plantations, especially in Labansiek (present-day
6590:
6281:
4765:
1642:
924:
732:
plateau provides fertile red soils. Secondary forests dominate this region. South of the Srepok River is a flat area of tropical
6193:
5413:
5306:
1427:, each indigenous group speaks its own language. Less than 10% of Ratanakiri's indigenous population can speak Khmer fluently.
677:
fleeing unrest in neighboring Vietnam; the Cambodian government was criticized for its forcible repatriation of many refugees.
660:
4693:, Poverty Reduction & Environmental Management in Remote Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) Watersheds Project. Archived from
1570:, though most families experience rice shortages during the six months before harvest time. Some families have begun to plant
603:
in which several Khmer were killed. The government responded harshly, torching settlements and killing hundreds of villagers.
5898:
5852:
5584:
5561:
5395:
5218:
4918:
4675:
4564:
110:
5435:
4641:
2879:
638:
had operated in Ratanakiri since the 1940s; at a June 1969 press conference, Sihanouk said that Ratanakiri was "practically
6302:
5670:
4532:
1249:
The vast majority of workers in Ratanakiri are employed in agriculture. Most of the indigenous residents of Ratanakiri are
889:
6903:
5713:"Selected Comments at Groundbreaking Ceremony to Build NR 78 between Baan Lung and O Yadao in the Province of Ratanakiri"
5099:
5084:
4948:
4424:
1657:
festivals in Ratanakiri occur during March and April, when fields are selected and prepared for the new planting season.
626:
forged an alliance with ethnic minorities in Ratanakiri, exploiting Khmer Loeu resentment of the central government. The
352:
17:
4574:
Clayton, Thomas (2006). "Transition, Culture, and Language in Cambodia". In Tsui, Amy B.M.; Tollefson, James W. (eds.).
384:
6323:
6229:
5731:
1441:
Health indicators in Ratanakiri are the worst in Cambodia. Life expectancy is 39 years for men and 43 years for women.
825:
are being altered. Habitat loss and unsustainable hunting have contributed to the province's decreasing biodiversity.
6487:
6277:ααΆααΆααααααααααααΆαααα½αααΆαα’αΆααα ααααααααααααΌαααΆααααααΆααααΆαααααααααααααΎαααΎααααα»αααααΉααααΆαα»α αααααΆαα α’αΆααααα·ααΈα€ ααααΆαα’α α‘α§
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5687:
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5199:
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below for more information on traditional subsistence practices.) Many families are beginning to shift production to
858:
842:
348:
464:
in the south. In recent years, logging and mining have scarred Ratanakiri's environment, long known for its beauty.
5119:
4864:
5963:
5472:
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2890:
3208:
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5288:
2201:
2125:
2094:
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1899:
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1842:
973:
850:
670:
6133:
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6502:
6316:
5933:"The Intersection of Decentralization and Conflict in Natural Resource Management: Cases from Southeast Asia"
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4707:
3998:
1436:
866:
7096:
6480:
6049:
5862:
Stark, Miriam T (2004). "Pre-Angkorian and Angkorian Cambodia". In Glover, Ian; Bellwood, Peter S. (eds.).
5080:
627:
5735:
5540:
693:
The geography of Ratanakiri Province is diverse, encompassing rolling hills, mountains, plateaus, lowland
5598:
5401:
209:
5494:
6082:
5913:
5506:
5468:
4782:
4711:
4667:
854:
846:
810:
798:, and monkeys. Ratanakiri is an important site for the conservation of endangered birds, including the
674:
849:
in Ratanakiri are composed of 207 members representing the CPP, 51 members representing the
532:
488:
devastated the region. Today, rapid development in the province is altering traditional ways of life.
6958:
4112:"Shifting Contexts and Performances: The Brao-Kavet and Their Sacred Mountains in Northeast Cambodia"
4070:"Identities and Space. The Geographies of Religious Change amongst the Brao in Northeastern Cambodia"
739:
6102:"On people, roads and land: Immigration and its consequences for Highland communities in Ratanakiri"
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rulers in the 18th century and then by the Thai in the 19th century. The area was incorporated into
376:
80:
6973:
5333:
4743:
651:
6213:
5258:
4601:
3140:
7018:
4520:
1537:
95:
5606:
Riddell, Ebony (November 2006). "Community-led safe motherhood advocacy, Ratanakiri, Cambodia".
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2038:
2022:
2006:
2002:
1978:
1934:
1926:
1918:
1878:
1850:
1814:
1735:
7073:
7038:
6983:
6978:
6968:
6919:
6572:
4484:
4356:"Cambodia Inter-Censal Population Survey 2013: Report 7, Literacy and Educational Attainment"
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3168:
3124:
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2770:
2754:
2346:
2322:
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1994:
1966:
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673:(NGOs), land alienation had decreased in frequency as of 2006. In the 2000s, Ratanakiri also
665:
413:
60:
5943:
4649:
4111:
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6605:
6401:
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4964:
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1257:
763:
714:
698:
555:
492:
425:
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5162:
Repression of Montagnards: Conflicts Over Land and Religion in Vietnam's Central Highlands
8:
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7013:
6963:
6442:
6308:
5191:
5139:
Communities, Livelihoods and Natural Resources: Action Research and Policy Change in Asia
4687:"A Review of National Social Policies (Regional Environmental Technical Assistance 5771)"
4379:"Cambodia Inter-Censal Population Survey 2013: Report 9, Housing and Household Amenities"
4139:
4129:"An Economic Analysis of Tropical Forest Land Use Options, Ratanakiri Province, Cambodia"
1661:
1531:
1250:
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were forcibly moved to the lowlands to be educated in Khmer language and culture, ethnic
528:
421:
5065:
4059:
585:), describing two features for which the province is known. During the 1950s and 1960s,
7053:
7043:
6873:
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6810:
6802:
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5329:
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1329:
1225:
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516:
7008:
6050:"Untangling the Web of Human Trafficking and Unsafe Migration in Cambodia and Lao PDR"
4664:
Loggers and Degradation in the Asia-Pacific: Corporations and Environmental Management
480:
campaign after Cambodia's independence again threatened Khmer Loeu ways of life. The
448:) to the north and east, respectively. The province extends from the mountains of the
7003:
6825:
6734:
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6638:
6178:
6155:
6086:
6035:
6009:
5986:
5917:
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5683:
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5557:
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5169:
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5016:
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4968:
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4914:
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4786:
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4454:
4440:
4432:
4259:
4249:
4205:
4195:
4169:
4159:
4090:
1412:
1103:
733:
571:
473:
461:
7068:
6201:
5341:"Over 1 mln foreign tourists flock to Cambodia". Thai Press Reports. 19 August 2008.
4727:
Dobbs, Leo (2 December 1994). "Fishing for gems with the northeastern highlanders".
4192:
The Mountain of Precious Stones: Ratanakiri, Cambodia: Essays in Social Anthropology
4009:
554:
Ratanakiri Province was created in 1959 from land that had been the eastern area of
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6447:
6369:
6352:
6261:
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6109:
5617:
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4944:
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1595:
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1547:
1515:
1484:
1411:, with other groups making up the remaining one percent. There are also very small
803:
725:
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710:
642:
territory". Between March 1969 and May 1970, the United States undertook a massive
639:
586:
540:
512:
445:
441:
433:
304:
6554:
6208:
5637:
5380:
Land and Cultural Survival: The Communal Land Rights of Indigenous Peoples in Asia
4027:
2866:
2378:
1822:
7028:
7023:
6993:
6988:
6729:
6580:
6275:
5844:
5699:
5510:
5453:
5183:
4838:"Food Taboos and Eating Habits amongst Indigenous People in Ratanakiri, Cambodia"
4825:. Committee for Free and Fair Elections in Cambodia. October 2012. Archived from
4729:
4296:
4277:
4086:
3728:
1474:
1423:
minorities. Though the official language of Ratanakiri (like all of Cambodia) is
1175:
1099:
920:
873:
814:
791:
5781:
Five Triangle Areas in the Greater Mekong Subregion (BRC Research Report No. 11)
813:
and Virachey National Park. Even these protected areas, however, are subject to
6777:
6718:
6539:
6257:
6237:
Zeug, Manuela; Nasdala, Lutz; Wanthanachaisaeng, Bhuwadol; et al. (2018).
6079:
Deforestation, Environment, and Sustainable Development: A Comparative Analysis
6031:
5805:
5621:
5533:
4450:
4402:"Cambodia Inter-Censal Population Survey 2013: Report 10, Family and Household"
4333:"Cambodia Inter-Censal Population Survey 2013: Report 3, Sex and Age Structure"
1540:
1424:
1420:
1388:
1347:
1254:
1141:
1091:
809:
Nearly half of Ratanakiri has been set aside in protected areas, which include
778:
748:
718:
694:
643:
615:
563:
449:
392:
368:
342:
4273:"Grupos cristianos y musulmanes se disputan la fe de los indΓgenas camboyanos"
1332:
in Banlung, but commercial flights to Ratanakiri have long been discontinued.
7090:
5576:
5553:
4928:
4209:
4155:
4094:
1171:
822:
611:
139:
126:
5449:
5369:
4982:
4502:
4468:
4263:
4173:
484:
built its headquarters in the province in the 1960s, and bombing during the
6998:
5968:
5746:
5715:. Cambodia New Vision (maintained by the Cabinet of Hun Sen. Archived from
5629:
5351:
5326:"Officials: Cambodia's Ratanakiri severely flooded, Mekong may burst banks"
2880:"General Population Census of the Kingdom of Cambodia 2019 β Final Results"
1658:
1478:
1446:
1408:
1392:
1380:
915:
818:
774:
706:
614:(shown here discussing Cambodia at a 1970 press conference) authorized the
595:
524:
477:
457:
356:
5827:. Cambodia Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. Archived from
685:
453:
5938:. Rural Poverty and Environment Working Paper Series (working paper 17).
5697:
Saroeun, Bou; Kyne, Phelim (16 March 2001). "A questionable gem search".
4444:
1654:
1416:
1400:
623:
600:
485:
481:
6888:
5484:"Project Profile of Priority Projects along the Asian Highway: Cambodia"
4102:
4069:
6933:
6724:
6661:
6266:
6113:
6002:
Comanagement of Natural Resources: Local Learning for Poverty Reduction
5305:
5274:
5234:
3084:
1614:
1527:
1503:
1384:
1376:
1265:
1095:
985:
880:
799:
591:
508:
468:
300:
6024:
United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific
5725:"Settlement and agriculture in and adjacent to Virachey National Park"
5491:
United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific
5211:
Language Planning and Policy: Issues in Language Planning and Literacy
5032:
Indigenous Peoples: Ethnic Minorities and Poverty Reduction (Cambodia)
4292:"JΓ³venes pobres y sin futuro se hacen buscadores de piedras preciosas"
4223:"Forest Stewardship in Ratanakiri: Linking Communities and Government"
6868:
6853:
6848:
6787:
6767:
6628:
6544:
5867:
5012:
4818:
4614:
4596:
4579:
4556:
2774:
2466:
1600:
1591:
1241:
1221:
1209:
1205:
1166:
1149:
1133:
1124:
954:
702:
635:
504:
295:
28:
6101:
5482:
3188:
892:
and one municipality, further divided into 50 communes, as follows:
467:
For over a millennium, Ratanakiri has been occupied by the highland
6863:
6843:
6772:
6762:
6739:
6651:
6505:
4181:"Bleak outlook for Cambodian gem diggers as mining firms move in".
1666:
1575:
1555:
1494:
1458:
1360:
1343:
1304:
1300:
1217:
1201:
1188:
1137:
1129:
1107:
1006:
977:
968:
759:
548:
417:
167:
6236:
4611:
The United States and Cambodia, 1969β2000: A Troubled Relationship
2975:
606:
6858:
6838:
6792:
6744:
6713:
6609:
6524:
6459:
6381:
5708:
5263:
1650:
1623:
1608:
1604:
1579:
1462:
1454:
1442:
1364:
1356:
1308:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1213:
1197:
1153:
1111:
1087:
1082:
1044:
941:
861:, and 98% of Ratanakiri's government staff was Khmer as of 2006.
767:
743:
631:
544:
515:
dates to at least the 4th century A.D. The region was invaded by
511:, and trade between the region's highlanders and towns along the
437:
185:
5507:"Timber Smuggling on The Rise in Cambodia's Ratanakiri Province"
4938:"Indigenous Peoples Food Diary: Ratanakiri, Cambodia, 2002β2003"
1518:, work to improve health and living conditions in the province.
1367:
in the south, with populations of 2,000 and 3,000 respectively.
6782:
6656:
6297:
5462:"Preliminary Report: Virachey National Park RAP 2007, Cambodia"
4820:"Final Assessment and Report on 2012 Commune Council Elections"
1634:
1630:
1619:
1396:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1145:
981:
729:
520:
316:
4152:
When the War Was Over: Cambodia and the Khmer Rouge Revolution
1379:
made up approximately half of Ratanakiri's population, ethnic
1315:
5093:"International Boundary Study No. 32: CambodiaβLaos Boundary"
4779:
After the Killing Fields: Lessons from the Cambodian Genocide
4245:
3990:
3521:
3330:, pp. 16, 97. Language is used as a proxy for ethnicity.
2963:
1670:
1571:
1511:
5055:"Indigenous women working towards improved maternal health""
616:
covert 1969β1970 bombing of Vietnamese targets in Ratanakiri
6364:
6274:
5113:
4883:"General Population Census of the Kingdom of Cambodia 2019"
4310:"Cambodia Inter-Censal Population Survey 2013 Final Report"
2738:
2493:
1583:
1567:
1559:
795:
754:
536:
429:
6338:
6222:"Yali Falls Dam: Impacts on Ratanakiri Province, Cambodia"
5505:
Ratha, Sok; Yun, Samean; Finney, Richard (26 April 2016).
5460:
4907:
Powers of exclusion : land dilemmas in Southeast Asia
4740:
The Indochinese Experience of the French and the Americans
4631:
4008:
3449:
3192:
3180:
2541:
1574:
to alleviate this problem; other sources of grain include
828:
5009:
The Political Economy of Cambodia's Transition, 1991β2001
4992:"Indigenous people and development in northeast Cambodia"
4301:
4282:
5091:
4576:
Language Policy, Culture, and Identity in Asian Contexts
4553:
Peacebuilding and NGOs: State-Civil Society Interactions
4010:"2010 Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey Fact Sheet"
1790:
1763:
1387:
made up 10%. Within the Khmer Loeu population, 35% were
1328:
increase trade between Cambodia and Vietnam. There is a
717:. In the far north of the province are mountains of the
5723:
4634:"Vietnamese-funded highway open to traffic in Cambodia"
4533:"Ratanakiri's Governor Urges Farmers to Change Methods"
4425:"Cambodia: Protect Montagnard Refugees Fleeing Vietnam"
2109:
2086:
1862:
1834:
1778:
1751:
1727:
4050:
Austin, Gordon; et al. (NovemberβDecember 2005).
5272:
Locard, Henri (1996). "Le Goulag des khmers rouges".
1430:
5822:"Crop Monitoring and For[e]casting Bulletin"
5667:
Cambodia National and Provincial Resources Data Bank
5414:"Lawmaker Calls for Ouster of Banlung City Governor"
4648:
4446:
Brother Number One: A Political Biography of Pol Pot
3371:
865:, a member of the CPP, represents Ratanakiri in the
689:
Map of Ratanakiri, with major roads indicated in red
6129:"Vietnamese-funded highway inaugurated in Cambodia"
5597:. NGO Forum on Cambodia. April 2005. Archived from
5471: β Cambodia. 1β15 October 2007. Archived from
5437:
Communities and Forest Management in Southeast Asia
3997:. Ratanakiri Department of Planning. Archived from
6100:Van den Berg, Conny; Palith, Phat (October 2000).
6099:
6028:The Contribution of Tourism to Poverty Alleviation
5307:"Municipality and Province Investment Information"
4228:. Community Forestry International. Archived from
4068:
3974:
3355:
3263:
841:Thon Saron is the provincial governor. As of the
452:in the north, across a hilly plateau between the
7088:
5259:"New world mysteries test Cambodia's lost tribe"
5077:"Indigenous Peoples and Human Rights - Cambodia"
5053:
4836:
3775:
3759:
3509:
3489:
675:received hundreds of Degar (Montagnard) refugees
503:Ratanakiri has been occupied since at least the
6175:International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs
6152:International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs
5891:International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs
5794:"Geographical Names of the Kingdom of Cambodia"
5312:. Council for the Development of Cambodia. 2013
2443:
2441:
5680:Institutions, Livelihoods, and The Environment
5504:
5442:International Union for Conservation of Nature
5116:The State of the Environment in Asia 2005/2006
4716:International Union for Conservation of Nature
3053:
6904:
6488:
6324:
5238:. Archived from the original on 18 June 2009.
4531:Chork, Ban; Sithyna, Muny (25 January 2015).
4510:Chat, Chey; et al. (6β8 November 2003).
3739:
3737:
1673:community, consisting mainly of ethnic Cham.
1236:
5820:Sothy, Men; Sokunth, Chhun (December 2007).
5819:
5433:
4530:
4409:National Institute of Statistics of Cambodia
4386:National Institute of Statistics of Cambodia
4363:National Institute of Statistics of Cambodia
4340:National Institute of Statistics of Cambodia
4317:National Institute of Statistics of Cambodia
3863:
3718:
3085:Council for the Development of Cambodia 2013
2867:National Institute of Statistics ("Annex 1")
2726:
2686:
2684:
2623:
2603:
2601:
2561:
2481:
2438:
2379:Tourism of Cambodia ("Welcome to Ratnakiri")
1891:
1889:
1887:
1823:Tourism of Cambodia ("Welcome to Ratnakiri")
1700:
1698:
1696:
1694:
5696:
5570:
4638:Communist Party of Vietnam Online Newspaper
3616:
3614:
3291:
3275:
3239:
3237:
3220:
3017:
2462:
2460:
397:
70:
49:
7102:States and territories established in 1959
6911:
6897:
6495:
6481:
6331:
6317:
5907:
5864:Southeast Asia: From Prehistory to History
5136:
4701:
4632:Communist Party of Vietnam (19 May 2010).
3931:
3807:
3805:
3803:
3790:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3734:
3409:
3407:
3390:
3388:
2872:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2775:Committee for Free and Fair Elections 2012
2766:
2529:
2477:
2475:
2342:
1794:
659:stability have increased land prices, and
6918:
6265:
6198:International Development Research Centre
6194:"Staking a Claim in Cambodia's Highlands"
6106:International Development Research Centre
6006:International Development Research Centre
5940:International Development Research Centre
5771:
5609:Royal Society for the Promotion of Health
5593:
5182:
5160:Jones, Sidney; et al., eds. (2002).
5143:International Development Research Centre
4890:Cambodia National Institute of Statistics
4661:
4136:International Development Research Centre
4036:Cambodia National Institute of Statistics
4015:. Cambodia Directorate General for Health
3425:
3359:
3130:
3064:
3062:
3037:
2955:
2681:
2661:
2598:
2286:
2284:
2034:
1884:
1691:
1629:Houses in rural Ratanakiri are made from
1338:
5774:"The Cambodia Development Triangle Area"
5547:
4776:
4550:
4475:
4439:
4189:
3970:
3968:
3966:
3964:
3684:
3611:
3234:
3228:
3090:
2937:
2700:
2457:
2362:
2181:
1998:
1990:
1974:
1962:
1940:
1914:
1613:
1483:
1342:
1314:
1240:
879:
753:
684:
680:
605:
6282:National Election Committee of Cambodia
6239:"Blue Zircon from Ratanakiri, Cambodia"
6191:
6168:
6145:
6076:
6022:
5884:
5838:
5605:
5208:
4958:
4799:
4766:National Election Committee of Cambodia
4573:
4289:
4270:
3992:"1999β2000 Provincial Development Plan"
3955:
3903:
3817:
3800:
3781:
3577:
3569:
3477:
3445:
3413:
3404:
3394:
3385:
3164:
3136:
3120:
3096:
3021:
2835:
2823:
2792:
2572:
2570:
2472:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2326:
2310:
2290:
2271:
2255:
2239:
2220:
2165:
2070:
1874:
1846:
1818:
1757:
1546:in small villages of between 20 and 60
829:Government and administrative divisions
353:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
14:
7089:
6339:Places adjacent to Ratanakiri province
5976:
5961:
5930:
5677:
5661:
5376:
5345:
5324:
5282:
5271:
5256:
5227:
5006:
4989:
4935:
4737:
4684:
4608:
4149:
4049:
3887:
3881:
3843:
3823:
3811:
3794:
3769:
3763:
3743:
3704:
3688:
3632:
3545:
3473:
3461:
3437:
3204:
3152:
3080:
3068:
3059:
3049:
2943:
2927:
2923:
2862:
2750:
2714:
2706:
2690:
2667:
2655:
2643:
2627:
2607:
2588:
2576:
2511:
2501:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2281:
2216:
2197:
2161:
2145:
2129:
2121:
2105:
2090:
2062:
2058:
1970:
1958:
1946:
1930:
1922:
1910:
1908:
1895:
1866:
1838:
1284:sets have become extremely desirable.
240:10,782 km (4,163 sq mi)
6892:
6476:
6312:
6224:. Australian Mekong Resource Centre,
6212:. Tourism of Cambodia. Archived from
5999:
5861:
5791:
5745:
5682:. Nordic Institute of Asian Studies.
5411:
5159:
4959:Headley, Robert; et al. (1997).
4847:. FebruaryβApril 2002. Archived from
4726:
4600:. Tourism of Cambodia. Archived from
4400:
4377:
4354:
4331:
4308:
4239:
4220:
4109:
4066:
3961:
3939:
3899:
3875:
3869:
3859:
3835:
3753:
3724:
3660:
3648:
3636:
3620:
3605:
3593:
3557:
3501:
3375:
3351:
3327:
3315:
3303:
3259:
3255:
3243:
3112:
3025:
2911:
2850:
2829:
2817:
2805:
2786:
2517:
2318:
2263:
2231:
2229:
2212:
2210:
2042:
2018:
1774:
1772:
1731:
721:; the area is characterized by dense
391:
6346:
6220:
5732:Cambodia Ministry of the Environment
5571:Ray, Nick; Robinson, Daniel (2008).
5114:Japan Environmental Council (2005).
5075:
4904:
4881:
4509:
4126:
3919:
3907:
3533:
3483:
2567:
2505:
2424:
2407:
2384:
2306:
2012:
1716:
1590:, which is limited in availability.
1469:. Ratanakiri has very high rates of
535:. The region was conquered by local
6048:
5962:Thomas, Amanda (12 December 2004).
5707:
5663:"Rotanak Kiri Provincial Resources"
5257:Levett, Connie (24 February 2007).
5100:Bureau of Intelligence and Research
5029:
4990:Hubbel, Dave (MarchβOctober 2007).
4961:Modern Cambodian-English dictionary
4858:
4800:Summers, Laura (2002). "Economy ".
4431:. 25 September 2002. Archived from
4423:
4221:Brown, Graeme; et al. (2006).
4180:
3712:
3339:
3184:
3013:
2931:
2553:
2447:
2428:
2413:
2358:
2336:
2235:
1905:
1810:
1747:
1704:
1586:. Most Khmer Loeu diets are low in
1287:Larger-scale agriculture occurs on
888:The province is divided into eight
853:, and two members representing the
652:Vietnamese defeated the Khmer Rouge
634:activity in Ratanakiri. Vietnamese
24:
5283:Martin, Marie Alexandrine (1994).
2989:"The Zircon Mines And Blue Zircon"
2226:
2207:
1769:
1431:Health, education, and development
533:Khmer, Lao, and Thai slave traders
115:Location of Ratanakiri in Cambodia
25:
7113:
6290:
5785:Institute of Developing Economies
5644:
4905:Hall, Derek; et al. (2011).
4861:Linking People, Place, and Policy
4802:The Far East and Australasia 2003
3672:
3522:Ratanakiri Department of Planning
2964:Ratanakiri Department of Planning
428:to the west and the countries of
6942:
6553:
6504:
6452:
6429:
6415:
6407:
6390:
6374:
6357:
6296:
5548:Ray, Nick; Bloom, Bloom (2014).
5434:Poffenberger, Mark, ed. (1999).
5287:. Translated by McLeod, Mark W.
5230:"Cambodia's last frontier falls"
5228:Kurczy, Stephen (16 June 2009).
4760:
4702:Desai, Ajay; Vuthy, Lic (1996).
4481:The Tragedy of Cambodian History
3949:
3925:
3913:
3893:
3853:
3829:
3698:
3678:
3666:
3654:
3642:
3626:
3599:
3587:
3563:
3551:
3539:
3527:
2887:National Institute of Statistics
2739:National Election Committee 2017
2494:Japan Environmental Council 2005
777:lowland tropical rainforest and
773:Ratanakiri has some of the most
333:
262:
261:
160:
109:
94:
79:
6228:. 10 March 2003. Archived from
6192:Waldick, Lisa (30 March 2001).
6137:. 20 March 2010. Archived from
5983:Inter-American Development Bank
5751:Pol Pot: Anatomy of a Nightmare
5524:
5332:. 8 August 2007. Archived from
5098:. Office of the Geographer, US
5083:. December 2006. Archived from
4513:Bilingual Education in Cambodia
3515:
3495:
3467:
3455:
3441:
3431:
3419:
3365:
3345:
3333:
3321:
3309:
3297:
3285:
3269:
3249:
3214:
3198:
3193:Communist Party of Vietnam 2010
3181:Communist Party of Vietnam 2010
3174:
3158:
3146:
3106:
3074:
3031:
3007:
2981:
2969:
2949:
2917:
2905:
2856:
2811:
2780:
2760:
2744:
2732:
2720:
2637:
2617:
2582:
2547:
2542:Conservation International 2007
2535:
2523:
2487:
2467:Tourism of Cambodia ("Climate")
2372:
2352:
2300:
2249:
2191:
2175:
2155:
2139:
2115:
2099:
2080:
2052:
2028:
1984:
1952:
1856:
1350:children in Ratanakiri Province
6148:The Indigenous World 2002β2003
6077:Vajpeyi, Dhirendra K. (2001).
5289:University of California Press
5102:. 12 June 1964. Archived from
4290:Calvet, Jordi (2 April 2009).
4271:Calvet, Jordi (25 June 2009).
3983:
3975:Van den Berg & Palith 2000
3450:Directorate General for Health
3356:Van den Berg & Palith 2000
3264:Van den Berg & Palith 2000
3189:UNESCAP ("Project Profile...")
1828:
1804:
1784:
1741:
1721:
1710:
1536:Khmer Loeu typically practice
1488:A village school in Ratanakiri
851:Cambodia National Rescue Party
671:non-governmental organizations
420:. It borders the provinces of
13:
1:
6430:
6391:
5792:Sotha, Ith (29 August 2002).
5285:Cambodia: A Shattered Society
4708:Flora and Fauna International
1791:Office of the Geographer 1964
1764:Office of the Geographer 1964
1680:
1437:Health in Ratanakiri Province
867:National Assembly of Cambodia
661:land alienation in Ratanakiri
562:(ααααα·ααΈ) is formed from the
6416:
6408:
6169:Vinding, Diana, ed. (2004).
6146:Vinding, Diana, ed. (2003).
5931:Suzuki, Regan (March 2005).
5885:Stidsen, Sille, ed. (2007).
5081:Asia Indigenous Peoples Pact
4194:. Center for Khmer Studies.
4116:Asian Highlands Perspectives
4087:10.5771/0257-9774-2009-2-457
3054:Ratha, Yun & Finney 2016
2110:Ministry of Environment 2006
2087:Ministry of Environment 2006
1863:Ministry of Environment 2006
1835:Ministry of Environment 2006
1779:Ministry of Environment 2006
1752:Ministry of Environment 2006
1728:Ministry of Environment 2006
1261:
740:Like other areas of Cambodia
628:Communist Party of Kampuchea
622:In the 1960s, the ascendant
7:
5979:From Bullets to Blackboards
5964:"Long-distance house calls"
5908:Stuart-Fox, Martin (1997).
5783:. Bangkok Research Center,
5734:. June 2006. Archived from
4911:University of HawaiΚ»i Press
4190:Bourdier, FrΓ©dΓ©ric (2006).
195:1 municipality; 8 districts
10:
7118:
6258:10.15506/JoG.2018.36.2.112
6083:Greenwood Publishing Group
6000:Tyler, Stephen R. (2006).
5914:Cambridge University Press
5779:. In Ishida Masami (ed.).
5622:10.1177/146642400612600610
5469:Conservation International
5412:Pheap, Aun (15 May 2015).
5064:. May 2006. Archived from
4783:Greenwood Publishing Group
4738:Dommen, Arthur J. (2001).
4712:World Wide Fund for Nature
4668:Cambridge University Press
4609:Clymer, Kenton J. (2004).
4551:Christie, Ryerson (2012).
4150:Becker, Elizabeth (1998).
1649:Nearly all Khmer Loeu are
1525:
1521:
1465:-preventable diseases are
1434:
1319:A road in rural Ratanakiri
1237:Economy and transportation
884:Map of Ratanakiri Province
855:Grassroots Democracy Party
811:Lomphat Wildlife Sanctuary
599:led to an uprising by the
498:
26:
6951:
6940:
6926:
6824:
6801:
6753:
6704:
6692:
6680:
6637:
6604:
6571:
6562:
6551:
6532:
6517:
6344:
6171:The Indigenous World 2004
5887:The Indigenous World 2006
5377:Perera, Jayantha (2009).
5346:Palmer, Beverley (2002).
5248:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
5007:Hughes, Caroline (2003).
4936:Hamade, Prudence (2003).
4662:Dauvergne, Peter (2001).
1245:A local market in Banlung
581:"mountain" from Sanskrit
372:
311:
294:
286:
278:
270:
257:
252:
244:
236:
231:
216:
204:
199:
191:
181:
173:
155:
120:
108:
90:
78:
71:
67:
58:
50:
44:
6276:
6246:The Journal of Gemmology
5839:Spooner, Andrew (2008).
5213:. Multilingual Matters.
4777:Etcheson, Craig (2005).
4744:Indiana University Press
4651:Constitution of Cambodia
3372:Constitution of Cambodia
2727:Chork & Sithyna 2015
2482:Sothy & Sokunth 2007
1685:
1669:. There is also a small
1383:made up 36%, and ethnic
48:
27:Not to be confused with
6927:Autonomous municipality
5845:Footprint Travel Guides
5772:Sisovanna, Sau (2012).
4217:(PDF) available online.
3292:Ray & Robinson 2008
3276:Ray & Robinson 2008
3221:Ray & Robinson 2008
3018:Saroeun & Kyne 2001
859:2012 communal elections
843:2017 communal elections
644:covert bombing campaign
287: β’ Rank
6210:"Welcome to Ratnakiri"
6062:Asian Development Bank
5669:. 2003. Archived from
5651:Asian Development Bank
5388:Asian Development Bank
5188:Ending the Vietnam War
5037:Asian Development Bank
4691:Asian Development Bank
4127:Bann, Camille (1997).
4110:Baird, Ian G. (2013).
4067:Baird, Ian G. (2009).
3932:John & Phalla 2006
3258:, pp. 11, 14β15;
2767:John & Phalla 2006
2530:Desai & Vuthy 1996
2343:John & Phalla 2006
1821:, pp. 181, 1003;
1626:
1489:
1351:
1339:Demographics and towns
1320:
1299:. Small quantities of
1246:
885:
788:Wildlife in Ratanakiri
784:Virachey National Park
770:
690:
619:
393:[rΙΙtanakiriΛ]
341:This article contains
85:Ratanakiri countryside
6920:Provinces of Cambodia
6573:Andoung Meas District
6141:on 24 September 2015.
5278:(in French): 127β164.
5109:on 16 September 2006.
4685:Dennis, John (1999).
4485:Yale University Press
4052:"World Mining Report"
3776:Health Unlimited 2002
3760:Health Unlimited 2002
3510:Health Unlimited 2006
3490:Health Unlimited 2006
2108:, pp. 108, 251;
1617:
1487:
1391:as of 1996, 24% were
1346:
1318:
1244:
883:
757:
688:
681:Geography and climate
609:
282:19/km (50/sq mi)
205: β’ Governor
6606:Banlung Municipality
6402:Stung Treng Province
6305:at Wikimedia Commons
6226:University of Sydney
6216:on 22 November 2006.
5719:on 12 November 2007.
5537:World Food Programme
5478:on 2 September 2009.
5456:on 15 December 2013.
5192:Simon & Schuster
4965:Kensington, Maryland
4854:on 14 December 2010.
4722:on 11 November 2007.
4604:on 21 February 2010.
4183:Agence France Presse
3294:, pp. 296, 298.
3229:Ray & Bloom 2014
2891:Ministry of Planning
1961:, pp. 107β108;
1544:shifting cultivation
1451:intestinal parasites
1258:shifting cultivation
942:Banlung Municipality
775:biologically diverse
715:shifting cultivation
701:. Two major rivers,
556:Stung Treng Province
493:shifting agriculture
460:rivers, to tropical
279: β’ Density
39:Province in Cambodia
36:Province of Cambodia
7097:Ratanakiri province
6511:Ratanakiri province
6443:Mondulkiri Province
6413:Ratanakiri Province
6303:Ratanakiri Province
5815:on 29 October 2014.
5741:on 26 October 2007.
5657:on 10 October 2008.
5530:Food Security Atlas
4240:Brown, Ian (2000).
3476:, pp. 34, 36;
1618:Meeting house in a
1532:Culture of Cambodia
1251:subsistence farmers
821:is increasing, and
742:, Ratanakiri has a
474:French colonial era
136: /
68:Ratanakiri Province
18:Ratanakiri Province
6803:Ta Veaeng District
6755:Ou Ya Dav District
6134:SΓ i GΓ²n GiαΊ£i PhΓ³ng
5711:(4 January 2007).
5673:on 31 August 2004.
5419:The Cambodia Daily
5336:on 30 August 2008.
5330:Xinhua News Agency
5166:Human Rights Watch
5071:on 8 January 2007.
4967:: Dunwoody Press.
4762:"Election results"
4697:on 21 August 2008.
4429:Human Rights Watch
3596:, pp. 18, 23.
3428:, pp. 63, 65.
3362:, pp. 63, 65.
3318:, pp. 15, 44.
2993:Explore Ratanakiri
1627:
1490:
1352:
1321:
1247:
907:Population (2019)
886:
836:NGOs in the region
771:
691:
620:
258: β’ Total
237: β’ Total
140:13.733Β°N 107.000Β°E
7082:
7081:
6886:
6885:
6882:
6881:
6826:Veun Sai District
6682:Koun Mom District
6639:Bar Kaev District
6470:
6469:
6465:
6464:
6301:Media related to
6204:on 30 April 2008.
5910:A History of Laos
5900:978-87-91563-18-8
5854:978-1-906098-15-5
5647:"NGOs in the GMS"
5586:978-1-74104-317-4
5563:978-1-74360-026-9
5397:978-971-561-801-4
5220:978-1-85359-977-4
4920:978-0-8248-3603-0
4677:978-0-521-00134-2
4566:978-1-136-21875-0
4435:on 13 April 2008.
4185:. 28 August 2004.
4062:on 13 April 2010.
3864:Poffenberger 1999
2658:, pp. 12β13.
2624:Poffenberger 1999
2562:Poffenberger 1999
1552:collectively owns
1363:in the north and
1234:
1233:
734:deciduous forests
726:evergreen forests
462:deciduous forests
424:to the south and
349:rendering support
329:
328:
271: β’ Rank
245: β’ Rank
219:National Assembly
16:(Redirected from
7109:
6959:Banteay Meanchey
6946:
6945:
6913:
6906:
6899:
6890:
6889:
6706:Ou Chum District
6694:Lumphat District
6569:
6568:
6557:
6509:
6508:
6497:
6490:
6483:
6474:
6473:
6458:
6456:
6455:
6448:Gia Lai Province
6433:
6432:
6419:
6418:
6411:
6410:
6394:
6393:
6380:
6378:
6377:
6370:Kon Tum Province
6363:
6361:
6360:
6353:Attapeu Province
6347:
6333:
6326:
6319:
6310:
6309:
6300:
6285:
6271:
6269:
6243:
6233:
6232:on 21 July 2008.
6217:
6205:
6200:. Archived from
6188:
6165:
6142:
6124:
6122:
6120:
6096:
6073:
6071:
6069:
6045:
6019:
5996:
5973:
5958:
5956:
5954:
5948:
5942:. Archived from
5937:
5927:
5904:
5881:
5858:
5835:
5834:on 22 July 2011.
5833:
5826:
5816:
5814:
5808:. Archived from
5798:
5788:
5778:
5768:
5742:
5740:
5729:
5720:
5704:
5693:
5674:
5658:
5653:. Archived from
5645:Riska, Gunilla.
5641:
5602:
5590:
5567:
5544:
5539:. Archived from
5521:
5519:
5517:
5501:
5499:
5493:. Archived from
5488:
5479:
5477:
5466:
5457:
5452:. Archived from
5430:
5428:
5426:
5408:
5407:on 17 July 2015.
5406:
5400:. Archived from
5385:
5373:
5342:
5337:
5321:
5319:
5317:
5311:
5302:
5279:
5268:
5253:
5247:
5239:
5224:
5205:
5184:Kissinger, Henry
5179:
5156:
5133:
5110:
5108:
5097:
5088:
5072:
5070:
5062:Health Unlimited
5059:
5050:
5026:
5003:
4986:
4955:
4954:on 22 July 2011.
4953:
4947:. Archived from
4945:Health Unlimited
4942:
4932:
4901:
4899:
4897:
4887:
4878:
4855:
4853:
4845:Health Unlimited
4842:
4833:
4832:on 15 July 2015.
4831:
4824:
4815:
4796:
4773:
4772:on 16 June 2008.
4768:. Archived from
4757:
4734:
4723:
4718:. Archived from
4698:
4681:
4658:
4656:
4645:
4644:on 15 July 2015.
4640:. Archived from
4628:
4605:
4593:
4570:
4547:
4545:
4543:
4527:
4526:on 28 July 2011.
4525:
4518:
4506:
4472:
4436:
4420:
4418:
4416:
4406:
4397:
4395:
4393:
4383:
4374:
4372:
4370:
4360:
4351:
4349:
4347:
4337:
4328:
4326:
4324:
4314:
4305:
4286:
4267:
4236:
4235:on 25 July 2011.
4234:
4227:
4213:
4186:
4177:
4146:
4144:
4138:. Archived from
4133:
4123:
4106:
4072:
4063:
4058:. Archived from
4046:
4044:
4042:
4033:
4024:
4022:
4020:
4014:
4005:
4004:on 24 July 2011.
4003:
3996:
3978:
3972:
3959:
3953:
3947:
3929:
3923:
3917:
3911:
3897:
3891:
3885:
3879:
3873:
3867:
3857:
3851:
3833:
3827:
3821:
3815:
3809:
3798:
3792:
3779:
3773:
3767:
3757:
3751:
3741:
3732:
3722:
3716:
3702:
3696:
3682:
3676:
3670:
3664:
3658:
3652:
3646:
3640:
3630:
3624:
3618:
3609:
3603:
3597:
3591:
3585:
3567:
3561:
3555:
3549:
3543:
3537:
3531:
3525:
3519:
3513:
3499:
3493:
3487:
3481:
3471:
3465:
3459:
3453:
3435:
3429:
3423:
3417:
3411:
3402:
3392:
3383:
3369:
3363:
3349:
3343:
3337:
3331:
3325:
3319:
3313:
3307:
3301:
3295:
3289:
3283:
3273:
3267:
3253:
3247:
3241:
3232:
3218:
3212:
3202:
3196:
3191:, pp. 1β4;
3178:
3172:
3162:
3156:
3150:
3144:
3134:
3128:
3110:
3104:
3094:
3088:
3078:
3072:
3066:
3057:
3035:
3029:
3011:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2985:
2979:
2976:Zeug et al. 2018
2973:
2967:
2953:
2947:
2941:
2935:
2921:
2915:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2884:
2876:
2870:
2860:
2854:
2848:
2833:
2827:
2821:
2820:, pp. 9β11.
2815:
2809:
2803:
2790:
2784:
2778:
2764:
2758:
2748:
2742:
2736:
2730:
2724:
2718:
2704:
2698:
2688:
2679:
2665:
2659:
2641:
2635:
2621:
2615:
2605:
2596:
2586:
2580:
2574:
2565:
2551:
2545:
2539:
2533:
2527:
2521:
2515:
2509:
2491:
2485:
2479:
2470:
2464:
2455:
2445:
2436:
2422:
2411:
2405:
2382:
2376:
2370:
2356:
2350:
2340:
2334:
2304:
2298:
2288:
2279:
2253:
2247:
2233:
2224:
2214:
2205:
2195:
2189:
2179:
2173:
2159:
2153:
2143:
2137:
2119:
2113:
2103:
2097:
2084:
2078:
2056:
2050:
2032:
2026:
2016:
2010:
1988:
1982:
1956:
1950:
1944:
1938:
1912:
1903:
1893:
1882:
1860:
1854:
1832:
1826:
1808:
1802:
1788:
1782:
1776:
1767:
1761:
1755:
1750:, pp. 6β7;
1745:
1739:
1725:
1719:
1714:
1708:
1702:
1548:nuclear families
1516:Health Unlimited
957:, Boeng Kansaeng
895:
894:
847:commune councils
804:greater adjutant
711:secondary forest
640:North Vietnamese
587:Norodom Sihanouk
541:French Indochina
513:Gulf of Thailand
411:
408:
405:
402:
399:
395:
374:
355: instead of
337:
336:
325:
322:
320:
318:
265:
264:
226:
166:
164:
163:
151:
150:
148:
147:
146:
141:
137:
134:
133:
132:
129:
113:
98:
83:
74:
73:
53:
52:
42:
41:
21:
7117:
7116:
7112:
7111:
7110:
7108:
7107:
7106:
7087:
7086:
7083:
7078:
6974:Kampong Chhnang
6947:
6943:
6938:
6922:
6917:
6887:
6878:
6820:
6816:Ta Veaeng Kraom
6797:
6749:
6700:
6688:
6676:
6633:
6600:
6564:
6558:
6549:
6545:Ka Choung Falls
6528:
6513:
6503:
6501:
6471:
6466:
6453:
6451:
6420:
6375:
6373:
6358:
6356:
6340:
6337:
6293:
6288:
6278:
6241:
6185:
6162:
6127:
6118:
6116:
6093:
6067:
6065:
6064:. February 2008
6042:
6016:
5993:
5952:
5950:
5946:
5935:
5924:
5901:
5878:
5855:
5831:
5824:
5812:
5796:
5776:
5765:
5738:
5727:
5700:Phnom Penh Post
5690:
5601:on 30 May 2009.
5587:
5564:
5543:on 30 May 2010.
5515:
5513:
5511:Radio Free Asia
5500:on 7 June 2011.
5497:
5486:
5475:
5464:
5424:
5422:
5404:
5398:
5383:
5362:
5340:
5315:
5313:
5309:
5299:
5241:
5240:
5221:
5202:
5176:
5153:
5130:
5106:
5095:
5087:on 10 May 2013.
5068:
5057:
5047:
5023:
4975:
4951:
4940:
4921:
4895:
4893:
4885:
4875:
4851:
4840:
4829:
4822:
4812:
4793:
4754:
4730:Phnom Penh Post
4678:
4654:
4625:
4590:
4567:
4541:
4539:
4523:
4516:
4495:
4477:Chandler, David
4461:
4441:Chandler, David
4414:
4412:
4404:
4391:
4389:
4381:
4368:
4366:
4365:. February 2014
4358:
4345:
4343:
4342:. December 2013
4335:
4322:
4320:
4319:. November 2013
4312:
4297:El Confidencial
4278:El Confidencial
4256:
4232:
4225:
4202:
4166:
4145:on 8 June 2011.
4142:
4131:
4040:
4038:
4031:
4018:
4016:
4012:
4001:
3994:
3986:
3981:
3973:
3962:
3954:
3950:
3930:
3926:
3918:
3914:
3898:
3894:
3886:
3882:
3874:
3870:
3858:
3854:
3834:
3830:
3822:
3818:
3810:
3801:
3793:
3782:
3774:
3770:
3758:
3754:
3742:
3735:
3723:
3719:
3703:
3699:
3683:
3679:
3671:
3667:
3659:
3655:
3647:
3643:
3631:
3627:
3619:
3612:
3604:
3600:
3592:
3588:
3568:
3564:
3556:
3552:
3544:
3540:
3532:
3528:
3520:
3516:
3500:
3496:
3488:
3484:
3472:
3468:
3460:
3456:
3448:, p. 258;
3436:
3432:
3424:
3420:
3412:
3405:
3393:
3386:
3370:
3366:
3350:
3346:
3338:
3334:
3326:
3322:
3314:
3310:
3302:
3298:
3290:
3286:
3274:
3270:
3254:
3250:
3242:
3235:
3219:
3215:
3203:
3199:
3179:
3175:
3163:
3159:
3151:
3147:
3135:
3131:
3111:
3107:
3095:
3091:
3079:
3075:
3067:
3060:
3036:
3032:
3012:
3008:
2998:
2996:
2987:
2986:
2982:
2974:
2970:
2954:
2950:
2942:
2938:
2922:
2918:
2910:
2906:
2896:
2894:
2882:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2861:
2857:
2849:
2836:
2828:
2824:
2816:
2812:
2804:
2793:
2785:
2781:
2765:
2761:
2749:
2745:
2737:
2733:
2725:
2721:
2705:
2701:
2689:
2682:
2666:
2662:
2642:
2638:
2622:
2618:
2606:
2599:
2587:
2583:
2575:
2568:
2552:
2548:
2544:, pp. 5β6.
2540:
2536:
2528:
2524:
2516:
2512:
2492:
2488:
2480:
2473:
2465:
2458:
2446:
2439:
2423:
2414:
2406:
2385:
2377:
2373:
2357:
2353:
2341:
2337:
2305:
2301:
2289:
2282:
2254:
2250:
2234:
2227:
2215:
2208:
2196:
2192:
2180:
2176:
2164:, p. 251;
2160:
2156:
2144:
2140:
2120:
2116:
2104:
2100:
2085:
2081:
2057:
2053:
2033:
2029:
2017:
2013:
1989:
1985:
1957:
1953:
1945:
1941:
1913:
1906:
1894:
1885:
1861:
1857:
1833:
1829:
1809:
1805:
1795:Stuart-Fox 1997
1789:
1785:
1777:
1770:
1762:
1758:
1746:
1742:
1726:
1722:
1715:
1711:
1707:, pp. 6β7.
1703:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1550:. Each village
1534:
1524:
1508:variety of NGOs
1475:child mortality
1439:
1433:
1341:
1335:
1239:
1176:Ta Veaeng Kraom
1032:Trapeang Kraham
831:
815:illegal logging
792:Asian elephants
758:Aerial view of
683:
610:U.S. president
501:
409:
406:
403:
400:
362:
361:
360:
347:Without proper
338:
334:
315:
227:
224:
208:Nhem Samoeurn (
161:
159:
145:13.733; 107.000
144:
142:
138:
135:
130:
127:
125:
123:
122:
116:
104:
103:
102:
101:
86:
69:
63:
54:
47:
40:
37:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7115:
7105:
7104:
7099:
7080:
7079:
7077:
7076:
7071:
7066:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7041:
7036:
7034:Preah Sihanouk
7031:
7026:
7021:
7019:Oddar Meanchey
7016:
7011:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6955:
6953:
6949:
6948:
6941:
6939:
6937:
6936:
6930:
6928:
6924:
6923:
6916:
6915:
6908:
6901:
6893:
6884:
6883:
6880:
6879:
6877:
6876:
6871:
6866:
6861:
6856:
6851:
6846:
6841:
6836:
6830:
6828:
6822:
6821:
6819:
6818:
6813:
6811:Ta Veaeng Leu
6807:
6805:
6799:
6798:
6796:
6795:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6759:
6757:
6751:
6750:
6748:
6747:
6742:
6737:
6732:
6727:
6722:
6716:
6710:
6708:
6702:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6690:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6678:
6677:
6675:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6643:
6641:
6635:
6634:
6632:
6631:
6626:
6621:
6615:
6613:
6602:
6601:
6599:
6598:
6593:
6588:
6583:
6577:
6575:
6566:
6563:Administrative
6560:
6559:
6552:
6550:
6548:
6547:
6542:
6540:Lake Yeak Laom
6536:
6534:
6530:
6529:
6518:
6515:
6514:
6500:
6499:
6492:
6485:
6477:
6468:
6467:
6463:
6462:
6445:
6440:
6437:
6436:
6434:
6427:
6424:
6423:
6421:
6406:
6404:
6398:
6397:
6395:
6388:
6385:
6384:
6367:
6350:
6345:
6342:
6341:
6336:
6335:
6328:
6321:
6313:
6307:
6306:
6292:
6291:External links
6289:
6287:
6286:
6272:
6252:(2): 112β132.
6234:
6218:
6206:
6189:
6183:
6166:
6160:
6143:
6125:
6097:
6091:
6074:
6046:
6040:
6032:United Nations
6020:
6014:
5997:
5991:
5974:
5959:
5949:on 8 June 2011
5928:
5922:
5905:
5899:
5882:
5876:
5859:
5853:
5836:
5817:
5806:United Nations
5789:
5769:
5763:
5743:
5721:
5705:
5694:
5688:
5675:
5659:
5642:
5603:
5591:
5585:
5568:
5562:
5545:
5534:United Nations
5522:
5502:
5480:
5458:
5431:
5409:
5396:
5374:
5360:
5343:
5338:
5322:
5303:
5297:
5280:
5269:
5254:
5225:
5219:
5206:
5200:
5180:
5174:
5157:
5151:
5134:
5128:
5111:
5089:
5073:
5051:
5045:
5027:
5021:
5004:
4987:
4973:
4956:
4933:
4919:
4902:
4879:
4873:
4856:
4834:
4816:
4810:
4797:
4791:
4774:
4758:
4752:
4735:
4724:
4699:
4682:
4676:
4659:
4646:
4629:
4623:
4606:
4594:
4588:
4571:
4565:
4548:
4528:
4507:
4493:
4473:
4459:
4451:Westview Press
4437:
4421:
4398:
4375:
4352:
4329:
4306:
4300:(in Spanish).
4287:
4281:(in Spanish).
4268:
4254:
4237:
4218:
4200:
4187:
4178:
4164:
4147:
4124:
4107:
4081:(2): 457β468.
4064:
4047:
4025:
4006:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3979:
3960:
3948:
3924:
3912:
3892:
3880:
3868:
3852:
3828:
3816:
3799:
3780:
3768:
3752:
3733:
3717:
3697:
3677:
3665:
3653:
3641:
3625:
3610:
3598:
3586:
3562:
3550:
3538:
3526:
3514:
3494:
3482:
3480:, p. 258.
3466:
3454:
3440:, p. 34;
3430:
3426:Sisovanna 2012
3418:
3416:, p. 258.
3403:
3384:
3364:
3360:Sisovanna 2012
3354:, p. 16;
3344:
3332:
3320:
3308:
3296:
3284:
3268:
3262:, p. 17;
3248:
3233:
3213:
3197:
3173:
3157:
3145:
3129:
3105:
3089:
3087:, p. 119.
3073:
3058:
3038:Dauvergne 2001
3030:
3006:
2980:
2968:
2966:, p. 170.
2956:NGO Forum 2005
2948:
2936:
2930:, p. 10;
2916:
2904:
2871:
2855:
2834:
2822:
2810:
2791:
2779:
2759:
2743:
2731:
2719:
2699:
2680:
2660:
2636:
2616:
2597:
2581:
2566:
2546:
2534:
2522:
2510:
2486:
2471:
2456:
2437:
2412:
2383:
2371:
2351:
2335:
2309:, p. 76;
2299:
2280:
2248:
2225:
2219:, p. 11;
2206:
2190:
2174:
2154:
2138:
2114:
2098:
2079:
2061:, p. 11;
2051:
2035:Kissinger 2003
2027:
2011:
1983:
1951:
1939:
1904:
1883:
1855:
1827:
1803:
1783:
1768:
1756:
1740:
1720:
1709:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1541:slash and burn
1523:
1520:
1432:
1429:
1407:, and 3% were
1340:
1337:
1255:slash and burn
1238:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1181:
1178:
1169:
1164:
1160:
1159:
1156:
1127:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1085:
1080:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1028:Trapeang Chres
1016:Srae Angkrorng
1009:
1004:
1000:
999:
996:
971:
966:
962:
961:
958:
944:
939:
935:
934:
931:
918:
913:
909:
908:
905:
902:
899:
830:
827:
779:montane forest
749:Yali Falls Dam
719:Annamite Range
713:regrown after
682:
679:
500:
497:
476:, but a harsh
450:Annamite Range
351:, you may see
339:
332:
331:
330:
327:
326:
313:
309:
308:
298:
292:
291:
288:
284:
283:
280:
276:
275:
272:
268:
267:
259:
255:
254:
250:
249:
246:
242:
241:
238:
234:
233:
229:
228:
223:
221:
214:
213:
206:
202:
201:
197:
196:
193:
189:
188:
183:
179:
178:
175:
171:
170:
157:
153:
152:
118:
117:
114:
106:
105:
99:
93:
92:
91:
88:
87:
84:
76:
75:
65:
64:
59:
56:
55:
45:
38:
35:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7114:
7103:
7100:
7098:
7095:
7094:
7092:
7085:
7075:
7072:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7062:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6956:
6954:
6950:
6935:
6932:
6931:
6929:
6925:
6921:
6914:
6909:
6907:
6902:
6900:
6895:
6894:
6891:
6875:
6872:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6862:
6860:
6857:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6842:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6832:
6831:
6829:
6827:
6823:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6808:
6806:
6804:
6800:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6760:
6758:
6756:
6752:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6711:
6709:
6707:
6703:
6697:
6695:
6691:
6685:
6683:
6679:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6644:
6642:
6640:
6636:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6607:
6603:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6578:
6576:
6574:
6570:
6567:
6561:
6556:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6537:
6535:
6531:
6527:
6526:
6521:
6516:
6512:
6507:
6498:
6493:
6491:
6486:
6484:
6479:
6478:
6475:
6461:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6438:
6435:
6428:
6426:
6425:
6422:
6414:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6399:
6396:
6389:
6387:
6386:
6383:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6348:
6343:
6334:
6329:
6327:
6322:
6320:
6315:
6314:
6311:
6304:
6299:
6295:
6294:
6283:
6279:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6259:
6255:
6251:
6247:
6240:
6235:
6231:
6227:
6223:
6219:
6215:
6211:
6207:
6203:
6199:
6195:
6190:
6186:
6184:87-90730-83-6
6180:
6176:
6172:
6167:
6163:
6161:87-90730-74-7
6157:
6153:
6149:
6144:
6140:
6136:
6135:
6130:
6126:
6115:
6111:
6107:
6103:
6098:
6094:
6092:0-275-96989-4
6088:
6084:
6080:
6075:
6063:
6059:
6055:
6051:
6047:
6043:
6041:92-1-120445-3
6037:
6033:
6029:
6025:
6021:
6017:
6015:1-55250-346-1
6011:
6007:
6003:
5998:
5994:
5992:1-931003-99-8
5988:
5984:
5980:
5975:
5971:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5945:
5941:
5934:
5929:
5925:
5923:0-521-59746-3
5919:
5915:
5911:
5906:
5902:
5896:
5892:
5888:
5883:
5879:
5877:0-415-29777-X
5873:
5869:
5865:
5860:
5856:
5850:
5846:
5842:
5837:
5830:
5823:
5818:
5811:
5807:
5803:
5795:
5790:
5786:
5782:
5775:
5770:
5766:
5764:0-8050-8006-6
5760:
5756:
5752:
5748:
5747:Short, Philip
5744:
5737:
5733:
5726:
5722:
5718:
5714:
5710:
5706:
5702:
5701:
5695:
5691:
5689:87-87062-98-4
5685:
5681:
5676:
5672:
5668:
5664:
5660:
5656:
5652:
5648:
5643:
5639:
5635:
5631:
5627:
5623:
5619:
5616:(6): 258β59.
5615:
5611:
5610:
5604:
5600:
5596:
5592:
5588:
5582:
5578:
5577:Lonely Planet
5574:
5569:
5565:
5559:
5555:
5554:Lonely Planet
5551:
5546:
5542:
5538:
5535:
5531:
5527:
5526:"Rattanakiri"
5523:
5512:
5508:
5503:
5496:
5492:
5485:
5481:
5474:
5470:
5463:
5459:
5455:
5451:
5447:
5443:
5439:
5438:
5432:
5421:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5403:
5399:
5393:
5389:
5382:
5381:
5375:
5371:
5367:
5363:
5361:1-85828-837-1
5357:
5353:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5335:
5331:
5327:
5323:
5308:
5304:
5300:
5298:0-520-07052-6
5294:
5290:
5286:
5281:
5277:
5276:
5270:
5266:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5251:
5245:
5237:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5222:
5216:
5212:
5207:
5203:
5201:0-7432-4577-6
5197:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5181:
5177:
5175:1-56432-272-6
5171:
5167:
5163:
5158:
5154:
5152:9781552502303
5148:
5144:
5140:
5135:
5131:
5129:4-431-25028-X
5125:
5121:
5117:
5112:
5105:
5101:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5082:
5078:
5074:
5067:
5063:
5056:
5052:
5048:
5046:971-561-437-X
5042:
5039:. June 2002.
5038:
5034:
5033:
5028:
5024:
5022:0-7007-1737-4
5018:
5014:
5010:
5005:
5001:
4997:
4993:
4988:
4984:
4980:
4976:
4974:0-931745-78-0
4970:
4966:
4962:
4957:
4950:
4946:
4939:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4922:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4903:
4891:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4874:1-4020-7003-9
4870:
4866:
4862:
4857:
4850:
4846:
4839:
4835:
4828:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4811:1-85743-133-2
4807:
4804:. Routledge.
4803:
4798:
4794:
4792:0-275-98513-X
4788:
4784:
4780:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4753:0-253-33854-9
4749:
4745:
4741:
4736:
4732:
4731:
4725:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4683:
4679:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4660:
4653:
4652:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4630:
4626:
4624:0-415-32602-8
4620:
4616:
4612:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4589:0-8058-5693-5
4585:
4581:
4577:
4572:
4568:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4549:
4538:
4534:
4529:
4522:
4515:
4514:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4494:0-300-04919-6
4490:
4486:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4460:0-8133-3510-8
4456:
4452:
4448:
4447:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4410:
4403:
4399:
4387:
4380:
4376:
4364:
4357:
4353:
4341:
4334:
4330:
4318:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4255:0-85598-430-9
4251:
4247:
4243:
4238:
4231:
4224:
4219:
4216:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4201:99950-51-04-4
4197:
4193:
4188:
4184:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4165:1-891620-00-2
4161:
4157:
4156:PublicAffairs
4153:
4148:
4141:
4137:
4130:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4071:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4056:Colored Stone
4053:
4048:
4037:
4030:
4026:
4011:
4007:
4000:
3993:
3989:
3988:
3977:, p. 19.
3976:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3965:
3957:
3952:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3928:
3921:
3916:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3896:
3889:
3884:
3877:
3872:
3865:
3862:, p. 9;
3861:
3856:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3832:
3826:, p. 16.
3825:
3820:
3814:, p. 13.
3813:
3808:
3806:
3804:
3797:, p. 14.
3796:
3791:
3789:
3787:
3785:
3777:
3772:
3765:
3761:
3756:
3749:
3745:
3740:
3738:
3730:
3726:
3721:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3701:
3694:
3690:
3687:, p. 8;
3686:
3685:Bourdier 2006
3681:
3674:
3669:
3663:, p. 33.
3662:
3657:
3651:, p. 29.
3650:
3645:
3639:, p. 38.
3638:
3634:
3629:
3623:, p. 38.
3622:
3617:
3615:
3608:, p. 42.
3607:
3602:
3595:
3590:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3566:
3560:, p. 36.
3559:
3554:
3548:, p. 36.
3547:
3542:
3535:
3530:
3523:
3518:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3498:
3491:
3486:
3479:
3475:
3470:
3463:
3458:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3434:
3427:
3422:
3415:
3410:
3408:
3400:
3396:
3391:
3389:
3381:
3377:
3374:, Article 5;
3373:
3368:
3361:
3358:, p. 6;
3357:
3353:
3348:
3341:
3336:
3329:
3324:
3317:
3312:
3306:, p. 30.
3305:
3300:
3293:
3288:
3281:
3277:
3272:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3252:
3246:, p. 11.
3245:
3240:
3238:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3217:
3210:
3206:
3201:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3177:
3170:
3166:
3161:
3154:
3149:
3142:
3138:
3133:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3109:
3102:
3098:
3093:
3086:
3082:
3077:
3070:
3065:
3063:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3034:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3010:
2994:
2990:
2984:
2977:
2972:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2952:
2946:, p. 10.
2945:
2940:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2920:
2914:, p. 93.
2913:
2908:
2892:
2888:
2881:
2875:
2869:, p. 85.
2868:
2864:
2859:
2853:, p. 12.
2852:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2832:, p. 10.
2831:
2826:
2819:
2814:
2808:, p. 11.
2807:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2788:
2783:
2777:, p. 79.
2776:
2772:
2768:
2763:
2756:
2752:
2747:
2740:
2735:
2728:
2723:
2717:, p. 13.
2716:
2712:
2708:
2703:
2696:
2692:
2687:
2685:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2664:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2640:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2620:
2613:
2609:
2604:
2602:
2594:
2590:
2585:
2578:
2573:
2571:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2550:
2543:
2538:
2531:
2526:
2520:, p. iv.
2519:
2514:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2490:
2483:
2478:
2476:
2468:
2463:
2461:
2453:
2449:
2444:
2442:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2409:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2380:
2375:
2368:
2364:
2363:Christie 2012
2360:
2355:
2348:
2344:
2339:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2303:
2296:
2292:
2287:
2285:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2252:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2230:
2222:
2218:
2213:
2211:
2203:
2199:
2194:
2187:
2183:
2182:Etcheson 2005
2178:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2158:
2151:
2147:
2142:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2118:
2111:
2107:
2102:
2096:
2092:
2089:, p. 5;
2088:
2083:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1999:Chandler 1991
1996:
1992:
1991:Chandler 1999
1987:
1980:
1976:
1975:Chandler 1991
1972:
1968:
1964:
1963:Chandler 1999
1960:
1955:
1949:, p. 10.
1948:
1943:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1915:Chandler 1991
1911:
1909:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1865:, p. 5;
1864:
1859:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1837:, p. 5;
1836:
1831:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1800:
1796:
1793:, p. 4;
1792:
1787:
1780:
1775:
1773:
1765:
1760:
1753:
1749:
1744:
1737:
1733:
1730:, p. 5;
1729:
1724:
1718:
1713:
1706:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1690:
1678:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1663:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1625:
1622:village near
1621:
1616:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1533:
1529:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1499:
1496:
1486:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1438:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1372:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1349:
1345:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1330:small airport
1325:
1317:
1313:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1253:, practicing
1252:
1243:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1172:Ta Veaeng Leu
1170:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1012:Serei Mongkol
1010:
1008:
1005:
1002:
1001:
997:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
972:
970:
967:
964:
963:
959:
956:
952:
948:
945:
943:
940:
937:
936:
932:
930:
926:
922:
919:
917:
914:
911:
910:
906:
903:
900:
897:
896:
893:
891:
882:
878:
875:
870:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
839:
837:
826:
824:
823:microclimates
820:
816:
812:
807:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
780:
776:
769:
765:
761:
756:
752:
750:
745:
741:
737:
735:
731:
727:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
687:
678:
676:
672:
667:
662:
656:
653:
648:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
617:
613:
612:Richard Nixon
608:
604:
602:
597:
593:
588:
584:
580:
576:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
552:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
496:
494:
489:
487:
483:
479:
475:
470:
465:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
416:of northeast
415:
407:Gem Mountains
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
370:
366:
358:
354:
350:
346:
344:
324:
314:
310:
306:
302:
299:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
260:
256:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
230:
222:
220:
217: β’
215:
211:
207:
203:
198:
194:
190:
187:
184:
180:
176:
172:
169:
158:
154:
149:
121:Coordinates:
119:
112:
107:
97:
89:
82:
77:
66:
62:
57:
43:
34:
30:
19:
7084:
7074:Tboung Khmum
7048:
7039:Preah Vihear
6984:Kampong Thom
6979:Kampong Speu
6969:Kampong Cham
6523:
6520:Capital city
6519:
6510:
6412:
6280:(in Khmer).
6249:
6245:
6230:the original
6214:the original
6202:the original
6170:
6147:
6139:the original
6132:
6117:. Retrieved
6078:
6066:. Retrieved
6057:
6054:Seagen Waves
6053:
6027:
6001:
5978:
5969:Boston Globe
5967:
5951:. Retrieved
5944:the original
5909:
5886:
5863:
5840:
5829:the original
5810:the original
5800:
5780:
5750:
5736:the original
5717:the original
5698:
5679:
5671:the original
5655:the original
5613:
5607:
5599:the original
5572:
5549:
5541:the original
5529:
5514:. Retrieved
5495:the original
5473:the original
5454:the original
5436:
5423:. Retrieved
5417:
5402:the original
5379:
5352:Rough Guides
5347:
5334:the original
5314:. Retrieved
5284:
5273:
5262:
5233:
5210:
5187:
5161:
5138:
5115:
5104:the original
5085:the original
5066:the original
5031:
5008:
4999:
4995:
4960:
4949:the original
4906:
4894:. Retrieved
4860:
4849:the original
4827:the original
4801:
4778:
4770:the original
4739:
4728:
4720:the original
4695:the original
4663:
4650:
4642:the original
4637:
4610:
4602:the original
4575:
4552:
4540:. Retrieved
4536:
4521:the original
4512:
4480:
4445:
4433:the original
4413:. Retrieved
4411:. March 2014
4390:. Retrieved
4388:. March 2014
4367:. Retrieved
4344:. Retrieved
4321:. Retrieved
4295:
4276:
4241:
4230:the original
4215:Introduction
4191:
4151:
4140:the original
4119:
4115:
4078:
4074:
4060:the original
4055:
4039:. Retrieved
4017:. Retrieved
3999:the original
3956:Calvet 2009a
3951:
3927:
3915:
3904:Calvet 2009a
3895:
3890:, p. 5.
3883:
3878:, p. 9.
3871:
3855:
3831:
3819:
3771:
3755:
3720:
3700:
3680:
3668:
3656:
3644:
3628:
3601:
3589:
3578:Kosonen 2007
3570:Clayton 2006
3565:
3553:
3541:
3536:, p. 7.
3529:
3517:
3512:, p. 9.
3497:
3492:, p. 9.
3485:
3478:Riddell 2006
3469:
3464:, p. 3.
3457:
3446:Riddell 2006
3433:
3421:
3414:Riddell 2006
3395:Clayton 2006
3367:
3347:
3342:, p. 6.
3335:
3323:
3311:
3299:
3287:
3271:
3266:, p. 6.
3251:
3216:
3200:
3176:
3165:Spooner 2008
3160:
3148:
3137:Vinding 2003
3132:
3121:UNESCAP 2006
3108:
3097:Summers 2002
3092:
3076:
3033:
3022:Calvet 2009b
3009:
2997:. Retrieved
2992:
2983:
2971:
2951:
2939:
2919:
2907:
2895:. Retrieved
2886:
2874:
2858:
2825:
2813:
2782:
2762:
2746:
2734:
2722:
2702:
2663:
2639:
2619:
2584:
2549:
2537:
2525:
2513:
2489:
2484:, p. 3.
2374:
2354:
2338:
2327:Vinding 2004
2311:Stidsen 2007
2302:
2291:Vinding 2004
2272:Vinding 2004
2256:Stidsen 2007
2251:
2240:Vinding 2004
2221:Waldick 2001
2193:
2177:
2166:Vajpeyi 2001
2157:
2141:
2117:
2112:, p. 5.
2101:
2082:
2071:Vajpeyi 2001
2054:
2030:
2014:
1986:
1954:
1942:
1875:Vajpeyi 2001
1858:
1847:Vajpeyi 2001
1830:
1819:Headley 1997
1806:
1786:
1766:, p. 4.
1759:
1754:, p. 5.
1743:
1723:
1712:
1675:
1662:missionaries
1648:
1628:
1564:
1558:(2.5β5
1535:
1510:, including
1500:
1491:
1479:malnutrition
1447:tuberculosis
1440:
1373:
1369:
1353:
1334:
1326:
1322:
1286:
1248:
916:Andoung Meas
887:
871:
840:
832:
819:Soil erosion
808:
772:
738:
707:Tonle Srepok
699:crater lakes
692:
657:
649:
621:
582:
578:
577:) and αα·ααΈ (
574:
567:
566:words αααα (
559:
553:
502:
490:
478:Khmerization
466:
458:TonlΓ© Srepok
388:
380:
364:
363:
357:Khmer script
340:
192:Subdivisions
72:αααααααααα·ααΈ
33:
7059:Stung Treng
6267:10852/67410
6114:10625/27747
5516:21 November
5002:(2): 33β42.
4892:. June 2019
4537:Khmer Times
3984:Works cited
3888:Hamade 2003
3844:Samath 2001
3824:Hamade 2003
3812:Hamade 2003
3795:Hamade 2003
3764:Hamade 2003
3744:Samath 2001
3705:Samath 2001
3689:Samath 2001
3633:CNPRDB 2003
3546:Hubbel 2007
3524:, p. 6
3504:, pp.
3474:Hubbel 2007
3462:Hamade 2003
3438:Hubbel 2007
3205:Palmer 2002
3153:Thomas 2004
3123:, pp.
3081:Kurczy 2009
3069:Dennis 1999
3050:Kurczy 2009
3040:, pp.
2995:(in German)
2944:Suzuki 2005
2928:Suzuki 2005
2924:Levett 2007
2863:CNPRDB 2003
2751:Hughes 2003
2715:Suzuki 2005
2707:Samath 2001
2691:Samath 2001
2668:Samath 2001
2656:Suzuki 2005
2644:Samath 2001
2628:Samath 2001
2626:, ch. 4β5;
2608:Samath 2001
2591:, pp.
2589:Samath 2001
2577:Kurczy 2009
2502:Xinhua 2007
2496:, pp.
2365:, pp.
2217:Suzuki 2005
2200:, pp.
2198:Samath 2001
2162:Becker 1998
2146:Thomas 2005
2130:Thomas 2005
2122:Samath 2001
2106:Becker 1998
2091:Samath 2001
2063:Samath 2001
2059:Clymer 2004
1971:Locard 1996
1959:Becker 1998
1947:Clymer 2004
1931:Martin 1994
1923:Dommen 2001
1896:Samath 2001
1867:Samath 2001
1849:, pp.
1839:Samath 2001
1781:, p. 5
1655:sacrificial
1538:subsistence
1399:, 11% were
1395:, 23% were
764:crater lake
666:concessions
624:Khmer Rouge
601:Brao people
570:"gem" from
558:. The name
486:Vietnam War
482:Khmer Rouge
426:Stung Treng
319:.ratanakiri
174:Established
143: /
7091:Categories
7064:Svay Rieng
7049:Ratanakiri
7014:Mondulkiri
6964:Battambang
6934:Phnom Penh
6854:Kaoh Peak
6725:Aekakpheap
6662:Lung Khung
5802:Conference
5275:Communisme
5235:Asia Times
3942:, p.
3940:Short 2006
3934:, p.
3900:Baird 2009
3876:Brown 2006
3866:, ch. 4β5.
3860:Brown 2006
3846:, p.
3838:, p.
3836:Tyler 2006
3746:, p.
3727:, p.
3725:Jones 2002
3707:, p.
3691:, p.
3661:NISC 2014b
3649:NISC 2014b
3637:NISC 2014b
3621:NISC 2014b
3606:NISC 2014b
3594:NISC 2014b
3580:, p.
3572:, p.
3558:NISC 2014b
3502:Brown 2000
3397:, p.
3378:, p.
3376:Tyler 2006
3352:NISC 2014a
3328:NISC 2014a
3316:NISC 2014c
3304:NISC 2013b
3278:, p.
3260:NISC 2013a
3256:NISC 2014c
3244:NISC 2014c
3223:, p.
3207:, p.
3167:, p.
3139:, p.
3115:, p.
3113:Baird 2013
3099:, p.
3026:Dobbs 1994
2912:NISC 2014c
2897:7 February
2851:Brown 2006
2830:Brown 2006
2818:Brown 2006
2806:Brown 2006
2787:Pheap 2015
2769:, p.
2753:, p.
2709:, p.
2693:, p.
2670:, p.
2646:, p.
2630:, p.
2610:, p.
2564:, ch. 4β5.
2556:, p.
2518:Brown 2006
2450:, p.
2431:, p.
2345:, p.
2329:, p.
2321:, p.
2319:Tyler 2006
2313:, p.
2293:, p.
2274:, p.
2266:, p.
2264:Tyler 2006
2258:, p.
2242:, p.
2184:, p.
2168:, p.
2148:, p.
2132:, p.
2124:, p.
2093:, p.
2073:, p.
2065:, p.
2045:, p.
2043:Short 2006
2037:, p.
2021:, p.
2019:Short 2006
2001:, p.
1993:, p.
1977:, p.
1965:, p.
1933:, p.
1925:, p.
1917:, p.
1898:, p.
1877:, p.
1869:, p.
1841:, p.
1813:, p.
1797:, p.
1734:, p.
1732:Stark 2004
1681:References
1528:Khmer Loeu
1526:See also:
1435:See also:
1413:Vietnamese
1403:, 3% were
1377:Khmer Loeu
1266:cash crops
1096:Aekakpheap
1058:Lbang Muoy
1050:Chey Otdam
986:Lung Khung
800:giant ibis
695:watersheds
650:After the
636:communists
632:Vietnamese
592:Khmer Loeu
560:Ratanakiri
527:, and the
509:Bronze Age
469:Khmer Loeu
422:Mondulkiri
389:RatanagirΔ«
381:RΓ΄tΓ’nΓ΄kΔri
365:Ratanakiri
253:Population
200:Government
46:Ratanakiri
7054:Siem Reap
7044:Prey Veng
6952:Provinces
6869:Phnum Kok
6849:Kaoh Pang
6844:Ka Choun
6788:Saom Thum
6768:Lum Choar
6672:Ting Chak
6629:Yeak Laom
6624:Labansiek
6565:divisions
6533:Landmarks
5868:Routledge
5755:Macmillan
5316:22 August
5244:cite news
5013:Routledge
4996:Watershed
4929:699009457
4896:27 August
4615:Routledge
4598:"Climate"
4580:Routledge
4557:Routledge
4210:148032215
4095:0257-9774
4075:Anthropos
4029:"Annex 1"
3920:AIPP 2006
3908:AIPP 2006
3534:Chat 2003
2506:AMRC 2003
2425:Bann 1997
2408:Bann 1997
2307:Hall 2011
1717:NISC 2019
1659:Christian
1601:jackfruit
1596:buffaloes
1592:Wild game
1222:Phnum Kok
1210:Kaoh Peak
1206:Kaoh Pang
1167:Ta Veaeng
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