1206:
861:
1080:
901:
725:
747:
140:
509:
1404:
762:
529:
940:) ratchets which use compressed air power to drive air powered socket wrenches which tighten or loosen nuts or bolts. A second major variety of compressed air powered tools are impact wrenches which are used for common tasks such as lug nuts on wheels. Electric powered impact wrenches for the same tasks are not uncommon. Small cordless 12 volt and 18 volt impact drivers are often used today as powered ratchets to remove and install nuts and bolts.
472:
492:
43:
1088:
some flexibility in tolerances, it is common to see two manufacturers make deep sockets of the same size but with slightly different depths even though both meet the same specification. Standard length, otherwise known as "shallow" sockets, have a lower profile and allow a user to access nuts in narrow spaces. Deep sockets are useful for turning nuts onto bolts when the bolt extends upwards into the socket (as in the case of many
997:
544:
879:
561:
832:
1023:
industries such as aircraft, PVC plumbing fittings or German and UK made automobiles. With rail cars, valve adjustment screws and pipe plugs, the 4-point square shaped driver can still be found in wide use both male and female configurations. Nuts and bolt heads are also produced in 12-point double hexagon shapes and various types of splines, more common to aircraft and aerospace applications.
608:
1009:
1113:
socket they allow the bolt or stud to extend through the socket, eliminating the need for a deep socket in some applications. By attaching to the outside of the socket they also allow the socket to be built up to 50% shorter and with 20% less width which is an advantage in some situations. Pass-through sockets and ratchets are built for
1391:, sometimes called crowfoot adapters, feature an open end similar to a spanner along with a square hole for a ratchet or breaker bar. They are used to reach otherwise inaccessible fastenings or to hold a tensioning nut at a specific torque whilst allowing access to a locking nut that would be inaccessible with a standard socket.
985:
1112:
Some sockets are designed to have the same outside diameter and shape within a given set size. Each pass-through socket, within a given socket set, is designed to be used with a "special" ratchet that fits on the outside of the socket and not to the middle of the socket. By fitting the outside of the
1022:
Less frequently used shapes include the square 4-point, triple square 12-point (not to be confused with 12-point double hexagon), octagonal 8-point (not to be confused with the more common 8-point double square shape). These less common shapes are typically found in special applications or particular
620:
mechanism allows the nut to be tightened or loosened with a reciprocating motion, without requiring that the wrench be removed and refitted after each turn. Typically, a small lever on the ratchet head switches the wrench between tightening and loosening mode. These drive fittings come in four common
1095:
Although most manufacturers offer only those sizes and depths described within the common ANSI or DIN specifications, some exceptions do exist. Specialty manufacturers such as IMPERIAL-Newton Corp offer an expanded range of "extra deep" sockets for special industrial applications; and popular brands
1026:
When working with common 6-point hexagonal fasteners, the 12-point shaped socket offers double the number of starting points or possible positions by which to put the socket on the nut, and so allows alignment every 30 degrees, rather than every 60 degrees of angle. Most manufacturers of sockets for
359:
specified in ANSI B107. This wide range of square drive sizes provides for a wide variety of socket types and sizes to suit small to very large nuts and bolts. Some square drivers have a through hole to attach the socket to the driver (using a retaining ring with O-ring and pin type, or single piece
1384:
are two articulated socket joints (about 1 inch (25 mm) long) combined at a right angle, that allow a bend in the turning axis of the wrench and socket. They are used with extensions and ratchets for turning a bolt or nut at a difficult to access location. Wobble extensions may be substituted
575:
A tube with six-sided sockets on both ends. It is turned with a short length of rod (Tommy bar or T-bar) inserted through two holes in the middle of the tube. Often used in situations where a common-sized fastener is recessed deep in a blind hole with minimal radial clearances for using a standard
368:
needed to loosen or tighten the fastener as may be required. Larger drivers are typically used with higher torque, while smaller drivers are used for convenience in smaller low torque applications. Given the limits of human strength and fatigue, torque above 800 Nâ‹…m (600 lbfâ‹…ft) of torque
216:
now have sockets of different types made to fit their bolts or nuts. Sockets often come as a "socket set" with many different sizes or types of sockets to fit the heads of different-sized fasteners. A ratchet of the "set size" is often included with the socket set. Sockets are commonly available in
1087:
Sockets are available in various depths or lengths, often divided by most manufacturers into two categories of "standard" and "deep" according to the ANSI or DIN standard they are made to and the tolerances allowed by those specifications for each length of socket. Because the standards allow for
1030:
Some specialized sockets are made with a specialized "6 flute" etc. socket that attaches to damaged bolts of both metric and fractional inch sizes for removal. Some specialized sockets are made to fit specific specialized applications and are designed and sized for that specific application. Spark
848:
A bar that attaches to a standard socket. Breaker bars are usually longer and built more sturdily than a standard ratchet handle and have a swiveling head that attaches to the socket. Breaker bars are used to break loose tight fasteners because their additional length and strength allows the same
414:
was the typical method of manufacture. With the proliferation of modern manufacturing methods it became just as easy to make hex heads and sockets as square ones. The hex form allows easier wrenching in confined surroundings (where nearby obstacles obstruct the swing of the wrench), because fewer
712:
The advantages of the system of a ratchet wrench with indexable sockets are speed of wrenching (it is much faster than a conventional wrench, especially in repetitive bolt-on or bolt-off usage) and efficiency of tooling cost and portability (it is much more efficient than a set of non-ratcheting
944:
ratchets with their characteristic higher torque are rare outside heavy industry. The sockets used for impact duty (called "impact sockets") are made with thicker walls and tempered to a lower hardness so as not to shatter under the impacts of the impact tool. They are typically finished in
381:—that is, a female driver to envelop the male head of a fastener—have existed for centuries. Early examples include the keys used to wind clocks since the Middle Ages. The heads and sockets were typically square; hex heads eventually became more common starting in the 20th century. The
1513:
1192:(T-3 through T-50) spline wrenches, 4-point (square), and 12-point (triple square) male bit drivers. Other specialized screw heads that are often installed or removed with screwdriver type handles and appropriate type tip have socket varieties that fit the various
1229:-inch), various extensions for each of the wrenches, an assortment of sockets for each wrench, and a variety of bits fitting on the smaller wrench for different types of screws. The image contains annotated descriptions for each item, visible when enlarged.
1335:
allow sockets of one drive size to be used with ratchets of another drive size. They consist of a male drive fitting of one size attached to a female drive fitting of another size. They are typically about 1 inch (25 mm) long. For example, a
1196:
and a can be attached to a socket wrench. Conversely, for low torque situations, a "socket spinner" screwdriver handle with a socket wrench type fitting on one end can be attached to many different types of sockets, bit drivers and extensions.
211:
The principal advantage of interchangeable sockets is that, instead of a separate wrench for each of the many different fastener sizes and types, only separate sockets are needed for each size and type. Because of their versatility, nearly all
1270:, sometimes called "extender arms", attach to a socket on one end and a ratchet on the other end of the extension. These "extend" the length of the socket and allow access to nuts or bolts that are difficult to reach. Extensions are typically
682:), and manufacturers construct them to 6.3 mm, 9.5 mm, 12.5 mm and 19 mm, having been rounded to a reasonable, if haphazard, metric value. Larger drive sizes such as 1 inch and above are usually only encountered on
1059:
materials. They are made from a thicker, tougher and more ductile alloy steel, often using CrMo steel to replace the CrV steel used in non-impact sockets. Most impact sockets made for "standard" hexagonal fasteners have a six-point design.
360:
molded retaining rings), a locking pin, or friction ball. Some common hand ratchets employ a quick release button on their top for quick socket release of smaller sockets. The tool chosen to drive the socket wrench ultimately supplies the
1034:
A much rarer form of socket is the penta socket, or 5 point socket, used with things such as, Telephone lines, waterworks, and certain vehicles. By far the most common use for them is with water meters, which have 5 sided bolts or nuts.
415:
degrees of arc are needed on each swing before it is possible to reposition the wrench onto the next set of flats. Ratchet wrenches further reduce this problem, as the wrench need only swing as many degrees as it takes for the ratchet
1308:
are collars with indents that fit on the back of most extensions preventing it from easily rolling away and allow one to easily grip extension and finger tighten or loosen nuts and bolts by turning extension + socket with or without
484:
A non-ratcheting socket wrench where the socket is attached permanently to the end of a L-shaped, or X-shaped bar. They are designed as special use socket wrenches for loosening and tightening lug nuts on automobile or truck wheels.
1287:
extensions have their socket attachment ends ground to allow the socket-extension interface to bend up to about 15 degrees. This additional flexibility often makes using a socket plus extension in a cramped location easier. A
1183:
Male bit drivers are sometimes incorrectly referred to as "sockets", but are in fact the opposite of a socket - a socket is a female recess or opening which receives another object. Common male bit drivers of this type include
853:
than a standard length socket wrench. The use of a breaker bar also avoids potential damage to the ratcheting mechanism of a socket wrench. Once the fastener is "broken loose," it can be turned with a socket wrench or by hand.
184:
Other common methods of driving sockets include pneumatic impact wrenches, hydraulic torque wrenches, torque multipliers and breaker bars. Some lesser known hybrid drivers include striking wrench tools with square drive, and
716:
Fine-tooth ratchets have finer teeth on the ratcheting components; these can be useful for tighter locations. Dual-pawl ratchets click twice for each tooth on the gear, effectively doubling the granularity of the mechanism.
1092:), a very typical example being exhaust clamp bolts on a car. Low-profile sockets, shorter even than standard sockets, are available for some applications, typically oil filter removal on engines with limited access.
1280:
to 20 inches (15 to 510 mm) in length in roughly 1-to-3-inch (25 to 75 mm) increments. They are sometimes attached together to get a needed length extension, and often have a knurled section for added
961:
There are two main types of sockets: impact and hand. Sockets are referred by their number of “points” for the pointed intersections of their multi-faceted interior sides. Common designs include :
369:
will generally involve some kind of power assist, instead of the user simply pushing on the handle of a wrench. Very large sockets and drivers are typically powered by hydraulics to achieve torque.
802:
A ratchet that doesn't use gears, but instead uses bearings to provide virtually no arc swing nor produces an audible or discernible click. This is not commonly used as the regular geared ratchet.
1063:
Chrome plated sockets are not suitable as the impact wrench may break the chrome plating, which can form razor sharp flakes - consequently impact sockets use different coatings - often a black
792:
Allow the socket to be twisted by twisting the ratchet handle around the handle axis. Requires less than one degree arc swing to rotate socket, which makes them ideal for very tight spaces.
1143:-inch sets in both SAE and metric sizes. By using a fine tooth ratchet and socket system that allow a pass-through ratchet to be used as a conventional ratchet handle with interchangeable
782:
Ratchets with a knurled palm sized circular ratchet handle with reversible socket attachment useful for rapidly loosening or tightening a bolt or nut. They come in a variety of sizes.
1163:-inch drives some ratchets can be used with standard sockets. They are built by a number of manufacturers with a variety of trade names. Craftsman Tools call theirs
921:
A fixed drive where the head spins relative to the handle spinning, with the handle having a drive attachment where a ratchet or other socket wrench can be attached.
407:. In current American English usage, the term "socket wrench" describes the wrench, not the socket. However, the term "socket wrench" is not used in British English.
186:
736:
Normally ratcheting and click when a preset torque is reached. Some torque wrenches have digital read-outs of torque. Other types of torque wrenches exist such as
679:
502:
A screwdriver-type handle for hand turning with a built-in female socket at the end of either metric or fractional inch sizes. May be of different lengths.
772:
Ratchets in which the entire ratchet head swivels with handle attachments on the side of the ratcheting head rather than the rear of the ratcheting head.
197:
The basic contemporary form of socket is hexagonal, referred to as "6-point" for the pointed intersections where its six solid sided facets meet.
740:
that only allows a preset torque to be reached before they slip. For some applications, torque multiplying devices are used with a torque wrench.
329: in (6.4, 9.5, 12.7, 15.9, 19.1, 25.4, 38.1, 63.5 and 88.9 mm) square drive sizes (dimensions up to 1
872:
Usually non-ratcheting, made to attach to standard sockets. By monitoring the degree of beam deflection, the applied torque can be determined.
808:
A number of other specialized ratchets—with hammer heads, multiple drive sizes, and other unusual features—are built by various manufacturers.
1464:“Socket wrench: A ratchet tool with a series of detachable sockets for tightening and loosening nuts of different sizes.“ Oxford Dictionaries
1104:
offer what are called "semi-deep" or "mid-length" sockets, which provide much of a deep socket's depth, while fitting in tighter locations.
953:
of the hand-tool variety. Standard sockets (i.e. non-impact sockets) may shatter if used with impact wrenches, presenting a safety risk.
1329:
inches (38 mm)) extensions that have a knurled attachments on them for easy hand tightening or loosening without the ratchet handle.
1302:-inch-long (25 to 38 mm) wobble extension added to the end of any extension will convert it to a slightly longer "wobble" extension.
1175:, etc.. Ratcheting box end wrenches can often be employed in the same application, but will nearly always be significantly wider.
181:
which allows the user to pivot the tool back and forth to turn its socket instead of removing and repositioning a wrench to do so.
1579:
1463:
1492:
1027:
larger hexagonal bolts produce them in 6-point (hexagonal) and limited sizes of 12-point (double-hexagonal) configurations.
755:
Ratchets in which the drive head pivots or swivels back and forth on the handle at a pivot to the rear of the ratchet head.
107:
890:
A crank-shaped handle that rapidly loosens or tightens a fastener when used with the correct socket. It works much like a
79:
403:
Patent Agency on June 16, 1863. The first illustration of the tool appears on p. 248 of the April 16, 1864 issue of
437:
233:
The interchangeable sockets are attached to the driving tool via a male/female square connection fitting (called the
126:
86:
1564:
1450:
Socket wrench: A wrench usually in the form of a bar and removable socket made to fit a bolt or nut
Merriam-Webster
189:(typically powered by on site hydraulic power such as present with military tanks, and many rail car applications).
441:
93:
64:
60:
17:
969:
Variants include designs with curved (splined) faces for off nut corner contact, to reduce chance of stripping
170:
format, rather than a typical open wrench/spanner to turn a fastener, typically in the form of a nut or bolt.
222:
710:" is often used as a blanket term for the nonmetric sizes, despite the technical inaccuracy of that usage.)
1064:
75:
996:
445:
1538:
1031:
plug sockets, oxygen sensor sockets, ball joint sockets, axle nut sockets, etc. fit in this category.
1209:
A typical professional grade socket set in a metal box. It contains two ratcheting socket wrenches (
1417:
53:
537:
A socket attached to a T-handle that is used for leverage. The socket may be fixed or sliding.
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8:
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Male drivers are also produced for use with socket head cap screws, and are often called
440:
and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by
1409:
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519:
390:
1594:
1385:
for some universal joint applications and have the advantage of not wobbling so much.
707:
386:
900:
1488:
617:
382:
178:
173:
The most prevalent form is the ratcheting socket wrench, often informally called a
144:
1559:
1520:. Vol. 10, no. 16. New York: Munn & Co. April 16, 1864. p. 248
1380:
941:
148:
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wrench/ratchet handle, such as automotive spark plugs or plumbing/tap hardware.
422:
The quick release feature common to ratchets was invented and patented in 1964 (
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706:). The sockets themselves come in a full range of inch and metric sizes. ("
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ASME B107 – specification for Socket
Wrenches, Handles, and Attachments
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491:
31:
27:
Lever with interchangeable socket heads to grip or turn a bolt or nut
42:
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341:
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A screwdriver handle with a male drive end for attaching sockets.
410:
Square heads and sockets were the easiest to make in the era when
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543:
365:
163:
831:
1233:
These are some of the common accessories that are used with
389:) sockets, was invented by an American, J.J. Richardson, of
355:-inch square drive is less popular, as are No. 4 and No. 5
237:). Standard sizes of square drives around the world include
1189:
699:
631:
416:
225:
sizes, and in short (shallow) and longer (deep) varieties.
218:
30:"Socket set" redirects here. For the software program, see
1074:
690:(articulated lorries), large cargo aircraft and passenger
1188:
hex wrenches (in both metric and fractional inch sizes),
607:
674:
drive"). Despite being denominated in inches, these are
713:
wrenches, with every size head having its own handle).
1051:
are expected to receive higher torques, which is also
1399:
1107:
345:
international standard with no metric equivalents).
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1586:
1560:Table of American socket and nut sizes in inches
974:12 point (24 facets) for use with hexagonal nuts
554:Used to tune some musical instruments' strings.
849:amount of force to generate significantly more
339:inches are standardized in ANSI B5.38-1958, a
166:in North American English) that uses a closed
1038:
522:with a fixed socket in place of the box end.
664: inch (referred to as "drives", as in "
616:The most common type of socket wrench. The
192:
1171:brands. Lowes calls their socket system
582:
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
1459:
1457:
1204:
1078:
686:of larger industrial equipment, such as
138:
1075:Standard-length and deep-length sockets
14:
1587:
966:6 point, hexagon, for hexagonal nuts.
177:. A ratchet incorporates a reversible
1565:SAE to Metric socket conversion chart
1454:
385:socket wrench, with interchangeable (
1445:
1443:
65:adding citations to reliable sources
36:
1263:-inch (and so on) socket wrenches:
24:
1356:-inch adapter allows sockets with
393:, Vermont. The tool was patented (
364:needed by the user to provide the
25:
1606:
1553:
1489:"U.S. Ratchet patent 38914, 1863"
1440:
1366:-inch drive holes to attach to a
1108:Pass-through sockets and ratchets
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1083:A set of deep sockets on a rail.
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204:(trademark) or the generic term
147:(above), four hex sockets and a
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52:needs additional citations for
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1167:, and also sells GearWrench's
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1539:"Americana: Wrenching Sears"
1065:phosphate conversion coating
1055:, and so need to be made of
7:
1570:Ratchet manufacturing video
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162:) is a type of spanner (or
10:
1611:
1575:Socket manufacturing video
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1039:Impact sockets and drivers
1002:"6 point" hexagonal socket
927:
435:
372:
29:
1376:-inch ratchet, and so on.
613:ratcheting socket wrench
419:to catch the next tooth.
187:hydraulic impact wrenches
1043:Sockets for use with an
377:Wrenches in the form of
1418:Hydraulic torque wrench
514:flex-head socket wrench
428:) by Peter M. Roberts.
193:Interchangeable sockets
1306:Extension Grip Collars
1230:
1084:
949:rather than the usual
583:Interchangeable socket
151:
1208:
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425:U.S. patent 3,208,318
142:
1389:Crow's foot adapters
894:adapted to sockets.
520:Combination wrenches
442:adding missing items
362:mechanical advantage
214:screw and bolt types
179:ratcheting mechanism
61:improve this article
1518:Scientific American
936:versions of "air" (
767:swivel-head ratchet
694:, and marine work (
680:common product name
405:Scientific American
401:Scientific American
1545:. 23 October 1978.
1476:U.S. patent 38,914
1410:Engineering portal
1231:
1085:
752:flex-head ratchet
566:spark plug wrench
396:U.S. patent 38,914
152:
1514:"Improved Wrench"
1315:are short (about
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1554:External links
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1014:Splined socket
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951:chrome plating
929:
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908:socket handle
906:spinner handle
904:
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874:
873:
870:
864:
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855:
846:
835:
827:
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823:
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812:Non-ratcheting
810:
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524:
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516:Saltus wrench
512:
504:
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500:
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487:
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467:
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453:
450:
433:
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399:) through the
374:
371:
230:
227:
194:
191:
160:socket spanner
135:
134:
49:
47:
40:
26:
18:Ratchet wrench
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1607:
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1429:
1428:Torque wrench
1426:
1424:
1423:Impact wrench
1421:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1405:
1400:
1390:
1387:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1334:
1333:Size adapters
1331:
1314:
1311:
1307:
1304:
1286:
1283:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1207:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1176:
1174:
1173:Xtreme Access
1170:
1166:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1093:
1091:
1090:bolted joints
1081:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1061:
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1054:
1050:
1049:impact driver
1046:
1045:impact wrench
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1010:
1005:
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993:
986:
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980:
973:
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952:
948:
943:
939:
935:
920:
918:offset drive
917:
915:
914:
910:
905:
902:
898:
897:
893:
892:brace and bit
889:
887:
884:speed handle
883:
880:
876:
875:
871:
869:
868:torque wrench
865:
862:
858:
857:
852:
847:
845:
842:
839:
836:
833:
829:
828:
824:
821:
818:
817:
809:
801:
798:
796:
795:
791:
788:
786:
785:
781:
779:palm ratchet
778:
776:
775:
771:
769:roto-ratchet
766:
763:
759:
758:
754:
751:
748:
744:
743:
739:
735:
733:
732:torque wrench
729:
726:
722:
721:
718:
714:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
633:
619:
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612:
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604:
600:
597:
594:
593:
574:
572:
569:
568:tube spanner
565:
562:
558:
557:
553:
551:
550:tuning wrench
548:
545:
541:
540:
536:
533:
530:
526:
525:
521:
518:
513:
510:
506:
505:
501:
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488:
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479:
476:
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469:
468:
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461:
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457:
447:
443:
439:
432:Related tools
429:
426:
420:
418:
413:
408:
406:
402:
397:
392:
388:
384:
380:
370:
367:
363:
358:
357:spline drives
344:
343:
236:
226:
224:
220:
215:
209:
207:
203:
202:Allen drivers
198:
190:
188:
182:
180:
176:
171:
169:
165:
161:
157:
156:socket wrench
150:
146:
141:
131:
128:
120:
117:November 2011
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
1542:
1533:
1522:. Retrieved
1517:
1508:
1497:. Retrieved
1483:
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1332:
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1305:
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1267:
1232:
1182:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1111:
1094:
1086:
1062:
1042:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
960:
957:Socket types
931:
886:speed brace
885:
843:
840:
825:Description
807:
737:
730:click-style
715:
711:
644: inch,
601:Description
571:box spanner
570:
567:
481:wheel brace
465:Description
452:Fixed socket
438:dynamic list
421:
409:
404:
376:
340:
235:square drive
234:
232:
229:Square drive
210:
205:
201:
199:
196:
183:
174:
172:
167:
159:
155:
153:
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
1201:Accessories
1069:black oxide
990:Torx socket
947:black oxide
866:beam-style
838:breaker bar
676:trade names
412:hand filing
1524:2008-07-01
1499:2008-05-21
1434:References
1268:Extensions
1219:-inch and
1153:-inch and
1133:-inch and
1053:percussive
934:power tool
841:power bar
618:ratcheting
588:Ratcheting
498:nut driver
478:lug wrench
436:This is a
383:ratcheting
87:newspapers
1346:-inch to
1169:Pass-Thru
1165:Max Axess
1102:Mac Tools
938:pneumatic
704:shipyards
692:airliners
684:fasteners
534:T-handle
391:Woodstock
387:indexable
32:SOCET SET
1595:Wrenches
1589:Category
1493:Archived
1396:See also
1309:ratchet.
342:de facto
1371:⁄
1361:⁄
1351:⁄
1341:⁄
1324:⁄
1297:⁄
1275:⁄
1258:⁄
1253:-inch,
1248:⁄
1243:-inch,
1238:⁄
1224:⁄
1214:⁄
1179:Drivers
1158:⁄
1148:⁄
1138:⁄
1128:⁄
1123:-inch,
1118:⁄
1098:Snap-on
1057:tougher
928:Powered
669:⁄
659:⁄
649:⁄
639:⁄
626:⁄
621:sizes:
379:sockets
373:History
350:⁄
334:⁄
324:⁄
310:⁄
301:,
296:⁄
282:⁄
277:,
272:⁄
267:,
262:⁄
257:,
252:⁄
247:,
242:⁄
175:ratchet
145:ratchet
101:scholar
1285:Wobble
851:torque
700:navies
366:torque
223:metric
168:socket
164:wrench
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
1288:1-to-
1281:grip.
1186:Allen
1096:like
1067:, or
819:Image
595:Image
459:Image
444:with
108:JSTOR
94:books
1543:Time
1190:Torx
822:Name
632:inch
598:Name
462:Name
417:pawl
315:and
221:and
158:(or
80:news
1100:or
1047:or
708:SAE
63:by
1591::
1541:.
1516:.
1491:.
1456:^
1442:^
1071:.
702:,
698:,
634:,
208:.
154:A
1527:.
1502:.
1373:8
1369:3
1363:4
1359:1
1353:8
1349:3
1343:4
1339:1
1326:2
1322:1
1319:+
1317:1
1299:2
1295:1
1292:+
1290:1
1277:2
1273:1
1260:2
1256:1
1250:8
1246:3
1240:4
1236:1
1226:2
1222:1
1216:4
1212:1
1160:8
1156:3
1150:4
1146:1
1140:2
1136:1
1130:8
1126:3
1120:4
1116:1
678:(
671:8
667:3
661:4
657:3
651:2
647:1
641:8
637:3
628:4
624:1
448:.
352:8
348:5
336:2
332:1
326:2
322:1
319:+
317:3
312:2
308:1
305:+
303:2
298:2
294:1
291:+
289:1
284:4
280:3
274:8
270:5
264:2
260:1
254:8
250:3
244:4
240:1
130:)
124:(
119:)
115:(
105:·
98:·
91:·
84:·
57:.
34:.
20:)
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