Rational choice theory

2787:

vast majority of its activities consist of unconscious appraisals and emotions. The significance of emotions in decision-making has generally been ignored by rational choice theory, according to these critics. Moreover, emotional choice theorists contend that the rational choice paradigm has difficulty incorporating emotions into its models, because it cannot account for the social nature of emotions. Even though emotions are felt by individuals, psychologists and sociologists have shown that emotions cannot be isolated from the social environment in which they arise. Emotions are inextricably intertwined with people's social norms and identities, which are typically outside the scope of standard rational choice models. Emotional choice theory seeks to capture not only the social but also the physiological and dynamic character of emotions. It represents a unitary action model to organize, explain, and predict the ways in which emotions shape decision-making.

2796:

is because “models of rational choice in the private sphere treat agents’ choices as instrumental”. “Behaviour in the public sphere, by contrast, is largely non-instrumental because it is non-consequential". Individuals make no difference to the outcome, “much as single molecules make no difference to the properties of the gas" (Herbert, G). This is a weakness of rational choice theory as it shows that in situations such as voting in an election, the rational decision for the individual would be to not vote as their vote makes no difference to the outcome of the election. However, if everyone were to act in this way the democratic society would collapse as no one would vote. Therefore, we can see that rational choice theory does not describe how everything in the economic and political world works, and that there are other factors of human behaviour at play.

2431:

alternatives they confront". In a social situation, there has to be a level of trust among the individuals. He noted that this level of trust is a consideration that an individual takes into concern before deciding on a rational action towards another individual. It affects the social situation as one navigates the risks and benefits of an action. By assessing the possible outcomes or alternatives to an action for another individual, the person is making a calculated decision. In another situation such as making a bet, you are calculating the possible lost and how much can be won. If the chances of winning exceeds the cost of losing, the rational decision would be to place the bet. Therefore, the decision to place trust in another individual involves the same rational calculations that are involved in the decision of making a bet.

2399:

to, politicians, lobbyists, businesspeople, activists, regular voters and any other individual in the national audience. The use of rational choice theory as a framework to predict political behavior has led to a rich literature that describes the trajectory of policy to varying degrees of success. For example, some scholars have examined how states can make credible threats to deter other states from a (nuclear) attack. Others have explored under what conditions states wage war against each other. Yet others have investigated under what circumstances the threat and imposition of international economic sanctions tend to succeed and when they are likely to fail.

2415:

of the friendship. Homan mentions that actions of humans are motivated by punishment or rewards. This reinforcement through punishments or rewards determines the course of action taken by a person in a social situation as well. Individuals are motivated by mutual reinforcement and are also fundamentally motivated by the approval of others. Attaining the approval of others has been a generalized character, along with money, as a means of exchange in both Social and Economic exchanges. In Economic exchanges, it involves the exchange of goods or services. In Social exchange, it is the exchange of approval and certain other valued behaviors.

2579:) assumptions (which require deductions to be simply analytic). To make rational calculations projectible, the agents may be assumed to have idealized abilities, especially foresight; but then the induction problem is out of reach because the agents of the world do not resemble those of the model. The agents of the model can be abstract, but they cannot be endowed with powers actual agents could not have. This also undermines methodological individualism; if behaviour cannot be reliably predicted on the basis of the ‘rational choices of agents’, a social order cannot reliably follow from the choices of agents. 2541:“Rationality” has played a central role in shaping and establishing the hegemony of contemporary mainstream economics. As the specific claims of robust neoclassicism fade into the history of economic thought, an orientation toward situating explanations of economic phenomena in relation to rationality has increasingly become the touchstone by which mainstream economists identify themselves and recognize each other. This is not so much a question of adherence to any particular conception of rationality, but of taking rationality of individual behavior as the unquestioned starting point of economic analysis. 2448: 4084: 2423:

concludes that people marry if the expected utility from such marriage exceeds the utility one would gain from remaining single, and in the same way couples would separate should the utility of being together be less than expected and provide less (economic) benefit than being separated would. Since the theory behind rational choice is that individuals will take the course of action that best serves their personal interests, when considering relationships it is still assumed that they will display such mentality due to deep-rooted, self-interested aspects of human nature.

105: 313: 175: 1140: 2390:

derived from voting and C is the cost of voting. It is from this that we can determine that parties have moved their policy outlook to be more centric in order to maximise the number of voters they have for support. It is from this very simple framework that more complex adjustments can be made to describe the success of politicians as an outcome of their ability or failure to satisfy the utility function of individual voters.

1128: 64: 25: 2550:

themselves the institutional structures of modern capitalist society, or something approximating them. But this way of looking at matters systematically neglects the ways in which modern capitalist society and its social relations in fact constitute the ‘rational’, calculating individual. The well-known limitations of rational-actor theory, its static quality, its logical antinomies, its vulnerability to arguments of

2718:. Theoretical choice focuses on social outcomes rather than individual outcomes. Social outcomes are identified as stable equilibria in which individuals have no incentive to deviate from their course of action. This orientation of others' behaviour toward social outcomes may be unintended or undesirable. Therefore, the conclusions generated in such cases are relegated to the "study of irrational behaviour". 222: 2519:

that the issues arising from basic maximizing models have extensive implications for econometric methodology (Hollis and Nell, 1975, p. 2). In particular it is this class of models – rational behavior as maximizing behaviour – which provide support for specification and identification. And this, they argue, is where the flaw is to be found. Hollis and Nell (1975) argued that

2628:

perspective, rational choice theory has provided very little to the overall understanding of political interaction - and is an amount certainly disproportionately weak relative to its appearance in the literature. Yet, they concede that cutting-edge research, by scholars well-versed in the general scholarship of their fields (such as work on the U.S. Congress by

2372:

preferences can explain group-level outcomes that fail to accomplish any one individual's preferred objectives. Rational choice theory provides a framework to describe outcomes like this as the product of rational agents performing their own cost–benefit analysis to maximize their self-interests, a process that doesn't always align with the group's preferences.

1287:. Contemporary theory bases rational choice on a set of choice axioms that need to be satisfied, and typically does not specify where the goal (preferences, desires) comes from. It mandates just a consistent ranking of the alternatives. Individuals choose the best action according to their personal preferences and the constraints facing them. 2527:. Indeed, they argue that rationality is central to neo-classical economics – as rational choice – and that this conception of rationality is misused. Demands are made of it that it cannot fulfill. Ultimately, individuals do not always act rationally or conduct themselves in a utility maximising manner. 2795:

Herbert Gintis has also provided an important criticism to rational choice theory. He argued that rationality differs between the public and private spheres. The public sphere being what you do in collective action and the private sphere being what you do in your private life. Gintis argues that this

2648:

Schram and Caterino (2006) contains a fundamental methodological criticism of rational choice theory for promoting the view that the natural science model is the only appropriate methodology in social science and that political science should follow this model, with its emphasis on quantification and

1652:

The theory can be applied to general settings outside of those identified by costs and benefits. In general, rational decision making entails choosing among all available alternatives the alternative that the individual most prefers. The "alternatives" can be a set of actions ("what to do?") or a set

1221:

out of available choice alternatives. These preferences are assumed to be complete and transitive. Completeness refers to the individual being able to say which of the options they prefer (i.e. individual prefers A over B, B over A or are indifferent to both). Alternatively, transitivity is where the

2761:

in the ancestral environment but not necessarily in the current one. Thus, when living at subsistence level where a reduction of resources may have meant death it may have been rational to place a greater value on losses than on gains. Proponents argue it may also explain differences between groups.

2518:

producer behaviour in both product and factor markets. Both are based on rational optimizing behaviour. They consider imperfect as well as perfect markets since neo-classical thinking embraces many market varieties and disposes of a whole system for their classification. However, the authors believe

2430:

Coleman discussed a number of theories to elaborate on the premises and promises of rational choice theory. One of the concepts that He introduced was Trust. It is where "individuals place trust, in both judgement and performance of others, based on rational considerations of what is best, given the

2414:

By making calculative decisions, it is considered as rational action. Individuals are often making calculative decisions in social situations by weighing out the pros and cons of an action taken towards a person. The decision to act on a rational decision is also dependent on the unforeseen benefits

2410:

According to Abell, Rational Choice Theory is "understanding individual actors... as acting, or more likely interacting, in a manner such that they can be deemed to be doing the best they can for themselves, given their objectives, resources, circumstances, as they seem them". Rational Choice Theory

2310:

is a well-developed field of mathematics. These two factors make rational choice models tractable compared to other approaches to choice. Most importantly, this approach is strikingly general. It has been used to analyze not only personal and household choices about traditional economic matters like

2743:

Assuming that the individual has adequately adapted to the rules of the social system in question – rationality will mean carrying out the dispositions of biopower. If the common denominator of both paradigms is the punishment-reward axis, then adapting to the system will mean maximising gains and

2709:

among sociologists regarding rational choice stems from a misunderstanding of the lack of realist assumptions. Social research has shown that social agents usually act solely based on habit or impulse, the power of emotion. Social Agents predict the expected consequences of options in stock markets

2672:

Other social scientists, inspired in part by Bourdieu's thinking have expressed concern about the inappropriate use of economic metaphors in other contexts, suggesting that this may have political implications. The argument they make is that by treating everything as a kind of "economy" they make a

2426:

Social Exchange and Rational Choice Theory both comes down to an individual's efforts to meet their own personal needs and interests through the choices they make. Even though some may be done sincerely for the welfare of others at that point of time, both theories point to the benefits received in

2786:

is a conscious and reflective process based on thoughts and beliefs. It presumes that people decide on the basis of calculation and deliberation. However, cumulative research in neuroscience suggests that only a small part of the brain's activities operate at the level of conscious reflection. The

2434:

Even though rational theory is used in Economics and Social settings, there are some similarities and differences. The concept of reward and reinforcement is parallel to each other while the concept of cost is also parallel to the concept of punishment. However, there is a difference of underlying

2398:

Rational choice theory has become one of the major tools used to study international relations. Proponents of its use in this field typically assume that states and the policies crafted at the national outcome are the outcome of self-interested, politically shrewd actors including, but not limited

2389:

Downs' work provides a framework for analyzing tax-rate preference in a rational choice framework. He argues that an individual votes if it is in their rational interest to do so. Downs models this utility function as B + D > C, where B is the benefit of the voter winning, D is the satisfaction

1295:

Rational choice theory can be viewed in different contexts. At an individual level, the theory suggests that the agent will decide on the action (or outcome) they most prefer. If the actions (or outcomes) are evaluated in terms of costs and benefits, the choice with the maximum net benefit will be

1263:

The concept of rationality used in rational choice theory is different from the colloquial and most philosophical use of the word. In this sense, "rational" behaviour can refer to "sensible", "predictable", or "in a thoughtful, clear-headed manner." Rational choice theory uses a much more narrow

2477:

underlies decision-making processes. Simon argues factors such as imperfect information, uncertainty and time constraints all affect and limit our rationality, and therefore our decision-making skills. Furthermore, his concepts of 'satisficing' and 'optimizing' suggest sometimes because of these

2418:

Rational Choice Theory in this instance, heavily emphasizes the individual's interest as a starting point for making social decisions. Despite differing view points about Rational choice theory, it all comes down to the individual as a basic unit of theory. Even though sharing, cooperation and

2422:

G.S Becker offers an example of how Rational choice can be applied to personal decisions, specifically regarding the rationale that goes behind decisions on whether to marry or divorce another individual. Due to the self-serving drive on which the theory of rational choice is derived, Becker

2664:

fiercely opposed rational choice theory as grounded in a misunderstanding of how social agents operate. Bourdieu argued that social agents do not continuously calculate according to explicit rational and economic criteria. According to Bourdieu, social agents operate according to an implicit

2549:

The concept of rationality, to use Hegelian language, represents the relations of modern capitalist society one-sidedly. The burden of rational-actor theory is the assertion that ‘naturally’ constituted individuals facing existential conflicts over scarce resources would rationally impose on

2371:

Rational choice theory provides a framework to explain why groups of rational individuals can come to collectively irrational decisions. For example, while at the individual level a group of people may have common interests, applying a rational choice framework to their individually rational

2738:

Jakub Chustecki pointed out, however, that the assumptions of the two paradigms need not contradict each other. In modern society, following micropower scripts brings certain social and economic benefits, and therefore, from the perspective of rational choice theory, fulfilling them can be

2734:

drew attention to the micro-power structures that shape the soul, body and mind and thus top-down impose certain decisions on individuals. Humans - according to the assumptions of the biopolitical paradigm - therefore conform to dominant social and cultural systems rather than to their own

2627:

argue that the empirical outputs of rational choice theory have been limited. They contend that much of the applicable literature, at least in political science, was done with weak statistical methods and that when corrected many of the empirical outcomes no longer hold. When taken in this

2574:

can be solved within the framework of neoclassical assumptions. The neoclassical approach is to call on rational economic man to solve both. Economic relationships that reflect rational choice should be ‘projectible’. But that attributes a deductive power to ‘rational’ that it cannot have

3661:

Somewhat surprisingly and independently, Hollis and Nell (1975) and Boland (1982) both use a ‘cross sectional approach’ to the understanding of neo-classical economic theory and make similar points about the foundations of neo-classicism. For an account see Nell, E.J. and Errouaki, K

2435:

assumptions in both contexts. In a social setting, the focus is often on the current or past reinforcements, with no guarantee of immediate tangible or intangible returns from another individual in the future. In Economics, decisions are made with heavier emphasis on future rewards.

2314:

In the field of political science rational choice theory has been used to help predict human decision making and model for the future; therefore it is useful in creating effective public policy, and enables the government to develop solutions quickly and efficiently.

2385:

concluded that a high income voter ‘votes for whatever party he believes would provide him with the highest utility income from government action’, using rational choice theory to explain people's income as their justification for their preferred tax rate.

2285: 3715: 2306:, subject to constraints (e.g. a budget). This has many advantages. It provides a compact theory that makes empirical predictions with a relatively sparse model - just a description of the agent's objectives and constraints. Furthermore, 1653:

of objects ("what to choose/buy"). In the case of actions, what the individual really cares about are the outcomes that results from each possible action. Actions, in this case, are only an instrument for obtaining a particular outcome.

2523:(broadly conceived) has provided neo-classicism with important support, which they then show to be unfounded. They base their critique of neo-classicism not only on their critique of positivism but also on the alternative they propose, 2311:

consumption and savings, but also choices about education, marriage, child-bearing, migration, crime and so on, as well as business decisions about output, investment, hiring, entry, exit, etc. with varying degrees of success.

2209:

The individual's preferences are then expressed as the relation between these ordinal assignments. For example, if an individual prefers the candidate Sara over Roger over abstaining, their preferences would have the relation:

2438:

Despite having both perspectives differ in focus, they primarily reflect on how individuals make different rational decisions when given an immediate or long-term circumstances to consider in their rational decision making.

1264:

definition of rationality. At its most basic level, behavior is rational if it is reflective and consistent (across time and different choice situations). More specifically, behavior is only considered irrational if it is

2118:, which reflects the empirical finding that, contrary to standard preferences assumed under neoclassical economics, individuals attach extra value to items that they already own compared to similar items owned by others. 2380:

Voter behaviour shifts significantly thanks to rational theory, which is ingrained in human nature, the most significant of which occurs when there are times of economic trouble. An example in economic policy, economist

2098:: identifying and weighing each alternative against every other may take time, effort, and mental capacity. Recognising the cost that these impose or cognitive limitations of individuals gives rise to theories of 2713:

However, sociology commonly misunderstands rational choice in its critique of rational choice theory. Rational choice theory does not explain what rational people would do in a given situation, which falls under

1790: 2505:

and an innovation in the field of economic methodology. Further, they outlined an alternative vision to neo-classicism based on a rationalist theory of knowledge. Within neo-classicism, the authors addressed

2318:

Despite the empirical shortcomings of rational choice theory, the flexibility and tractability of rational choice models (and the lack of equally powerful alternatives) lead to them still being widely used.

3318:

Rakner, L (1996) Rational choice and the problem of institutions. A discussion of rational choice institutionalism and its application by Robert Bates Bergen: Chr. Michelsen Institute (CMI Working Paper WP

1240:

Rational choice theory does not claim to describe the choice process, but rather it helps predict the outcome and pattern of choice. It is consequently assumed that the individual is a self-interested or

2204: 2588:

The validity of Rational Choice Theory has been generally refuted by the results of research in behavioral psychology. The revision or alternative theory that arises from these discrepancies is called

2070:: In a richer model that involves uncertainty about the how choices (actions) lead to eventual outcomes, the individual effectively chooses between lotteries, where each lottery induces a different 1750: 1222:

individual weakly prefers option A over B and weakly prefers option B over C, leading to the conclusion that the individual weakly prefers A over C. The rational agent will then perform their own

1186:

refers to a set of guidelines that help understand economic and social behaviour. The theory originated in the eighteenth century and can be traced back to the political economist and philosopher

4307: 1256:

that has been selected was picked based on restriction of financial, legal, social, physical or emotional restrictions that the agent is facing. After that, a choice will be made based on the

1217:

The basic premise of rational choice theory is that the decisions made by individual actors will collectively produce aggregate social behaviour. The theory also assumes that individuals have

3806:

A.M. McKinnon (2013). "Ideology and the Market Metaphor in Rational Choice Theory of Religion: A Rhetorical Critique of 'Religious Economies'". Critical Sociology, vol 39, no. 4, pp. 529-543.

2411:

has been used to comprehend the complex social phenomena, of which derives from the actions and motivations of an individual. Individuals are often highly motivated by their wants and needs.

2726:

The basic assumptions of rational choice theory do not take into account external factors (social, cultural, economic) that interfere with autonomous decision-making. Representatives of the

1237:

emphasises that the goals are not restricted to self-regarЭдеЧding, selfish, or material interests. They also include other-regarding, altruistic, as well as normative or ideational goals.

2478:

factors, we settle for a decision which is good enough, rather than the best decision. Other economists have developed more theories of human decision-making that allow for the roles of

4384: 2216: 2633: 2665:

practical logic—a practical sense—and bodily dispositions. Social agents act according to their "feel for the game" (the "feel" being, roughly, habitus, and the "game" being the

3024: 2757:

perspective suggests that many of the seeming contradictions and biases regarding rational choice can be explained as being rational in the context of maximizing biological

4632: 2302:

The rational choice approach allows preferences to be represented as real-valued utility functions. Economic decision making then becomes a problem of maximizing this

43: 3652:

For an in-depth examination of rationality and economic complexity, see Foley (1998). For an account of rationality, methodology and ideology, see Foley (1989, 2003).

2020:

Research since the 1980s sought to develop models that weaken these assumptions and argue some cases of this behaviour can be considered rational. However, the

4533:

Foley, D. K. (2003) Rationality and Ideology in Economics. lecture in the World Political Economy course at the Graduate Faculty of New School UM, New School.

243: 2407:

Rational choice theory and social exchange theory involves looking at all social relations in the form of costs and rewards, both tangible and non tangible.

1194:

to determine whether an option is right for them. Rational choice theory looks at three concepts: rational actors, self interest and the invisible hand.

2088:: when decisions affect choices (such as consumption) at different points in time, the standard method for evaluating alternatives across time involves 4485: 3388:

Jaleh Dashti-Gibson, Patricia Davis, and Benjamin Radcliff (1997). "On the Determinants of the Success of Economic Sanctions: An Empirical Analysis,"

2064:: The simple rational choice model assumes that individuals are capable of calculating the best course of action and that they always intend to do so. 4515:. An unpublished lecture to Berkeley graduate students in 1989 discussing personal and collective survival strategies for non-mainstream economists. 2653:, who in his work Neuropolitics shows that advances in neuroscience further illuminate some of the problematic practices of rational choice theory. 4383:

Cristian Maquieira, Jan 2019, Japan's Withdrawal from the International Whaling Commission: A Disaster that Could Have Been Avoided, Available at:

2629: 3117: 2673:

particular vision of the way an economy works seem more natural. Thus, they suggest, rational choice is as much ideological as it is scientific.

2637: 2058:: The rational choice model assumes that preferences will remain consistent, in order to maximize personal utility based on available information 3906:"Animal Spirits: How Human Psychology Drives the Economy, and Why it Matters for Global Capitalism, by George A. Akerlof and Robert J. Shiller" 1197:

Rationality can be used as an assumption for the behaviour of individuals in a wide range of contexts outside of economics. It is also used in

134: 3172:

Grüne-Yanoff, Till (2012). "Paradoxes of Rational Choice Theory". In Sabine Roeser; Rafaela Hillerbrand; Per Sandin; Martin Peterson (eds.).

2710:

and economic crises and choose the best option through collective "emotional drives," implying social forces rather than "rational" choices.

1761: 4573:

Gary Browning, Abigail Halcli, Frank Webster, 2000, Understanding Contemporary Society: Theories of the Present, London, SAGE Publications

4395:

Anthony Downs, 1957, An Economic Theory of Political Action in a Democracy, Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 65, No. 2, pp. 135–150

1296:

chosen by the rational individual. Rational behaviour is not solely driven by monetary gain, but can also be driven by emotional motives.

4345: 3673: 2025: 1265: 1170: 1102: 2681:

Rational choice theorists discuss individual values and structural elements as equally important determinants of outcomes. However, for

230: 3341:

Downs, A (1957) An Economic Theory of Political Action in a Democracy, Journal of Political Economy, volume 65, No. 2, Pages 135-150

4577: 2900: 1639: 3807: 2685:

reasons in the empirical application, more emphasis is usually placed on social structural determinants. Therefore, in line with

2144: 2075: 2029: 77: 4680: 3235: 4467: 4231: 4135: 3500: 3463: 3189: 3150: 3057: 3004: 1678: 286: 2923: 1918:

Together these two assumptions imply that given a set of exhaustive and exclusive actions to choose from, an individual can

3453: 1755:

For example, if a person can choose to vote for either Roger or Sara or to abstain, their set of possible alternatives is:

282: 1233:, which involves achieving a goal using the most cost effective method without reflecting on the worthiness of that goal. 3734: 2457:

Both the assumptions and the behavioral predictions of rational choice theory have sparked criticism from various camps.

4317: 4246:

See, for example, David D. Franks (2014), "Emotions and Neurosociology," in Jan E. Stets and Jonathan H. Turner, eds.,

2363:. In these fields, the use of rational choice theory to explain broad social phenomena is the subject of controversy. 3428: 268: 156: 91: 1248:

Rational choice theory has proposed that there are two outcomes of two choices regarding human action. Firstly, the

127: 4376:(2003). “Rationality and Game Theory”, in The Handbook of Rationality, The Oxford Reference Library of Philosophy, 2291: 1513: 1252:

will be chosen within all the possible and related action. Second, after the preferred option has been chosen, the

4727: 4717: 4640: 1356: 1163: 1922:

the elements of this set in terms of his preferences in an internally consistent way (the ranking constitutes a

1665: 1523: 3037: 2649:

mathematization. Schram and Caterino argue instead for methodological pluralism. The same argument is made by

2280:{\displaystyle u\left({\text{Sara}}\right)>u\left({\text{Roger}}\right)>u\left({\text{abstain}}\right).} 1245:”. Here, the individual comes to a decision that optimizes their preferences by balancing costs and benefits. 4722: 4303: 501: 3867:"The Quantitative Analysis of Large-Scale Data-sets and Rational Action Theory: For a Sociological Alliance" 763: 2571: 2554:, its failure to develop a progressive concrete research program, can all be traced to this starting-point. 1632: 2486:, and determination of individual tastes by their socioeconomic environment (cf. Fernandez-Huerga, 2008). 4494: 4335: 2937: 2494: 1800: 1112: 332: 322: 196: 83: 4588:

Rational Choice and Political Behaviour: A lecture by Herbert Gintis. YouTube video. 23:57. Nov 21,2018)

1458: 4527: 4459: 4368: 3587: 2868: 2511: 1156: 1106: 636: 626: 281:

This article is about a theory of economics. For rational choice theory as applied to criminology, see

1341: 4524:

Barriers and Bounds to Rationality: Essays on Economic Complexity and Dynamics in Interactive Systems

4474: 4355: 2833: 2806: 2735:

subjectively defined goals, which they would seek to achieve through rational and optimal decisions.

1669: 1453: 1223: 1191: 516: 187: 117: 3086: 3206: 2988: 2686: 2071: 1438: 1230: 1085: 823: 778: 631: 400: 344: 121: 113: 4695: 4223: 838: 4689: 4541: 4377: 4324: 3819: 3356:

Conflict among Nations: Bargaining, Decision Making, and System Structure in International Crises

2856: 2822: 2771: 2754: 2690: 2502: 2079: 1625: 1558: 1543: 1423: 1303: 788: 596: 586: 546: 536: 443: 366: 235: 4617:, edited by Christian Reus-Smit and Duncan Snidal. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 425–443. 4570:

Calhoun, C. et al. (1992) "Pierre Bourdieu: Critical Perspectives." University of Chicago Press.

192: 4633:"The 2003 reform of the Common Agricultural Policy: against all odds or rational explanations?" 3674:"Prospect Theory and International Relations: Theoretical Applications and Analytical Problems" 2817: 1593: 1448: 1276: 1272: 1218: 958: 803: 541: 481: 438: 385: 138: 4700: 2850: 2356: 1795:

The theory makes two technical assumptions about individuals' preferences over alternatives:

1548: 1092: 773: 748: 733: 591: 531: 511: 506: 2290:

A preference relation that as above satisfies completeness, transitivity, and, in addition,

2024:

show that this comes at a major cost of internal coherence, such that weakening any of the

4398: 4297: 2862: 2774:

criticize the rational choice paradigm by drawing on new findings from emotion research in

2427:

return. These returns may be received immediately or in the future, be it tangible or not.

2052:

about the alternatives, i.e., the ranking between two alternatives involves no uncertainty.

1443: 1375: 843: 665: 616: 581: 521: 486: 390: 380: 327: 2036:, or fully abandoning completeness rather than weakening it to "asymptotic" completeness. 8: 4212:

Paul H. Rubin and C. Monica Capra (2011). "The Evolutionary Psychology of Economics". In

2987:

Levin, J. and Milgrom, P., 2004. Introduction to choice theory. Available from internet:

2953: 2650: 2466: 2447: 2419:

cultural norms emerge, it all stems from an individual's initial concern about the self.

2340: 2307: 2099: 2049: 2021: 1868: 1661:

The available alternatives are often expressed as a set of objects, for example a set of

1553: 1428: 1069: 878: 700: 641: 566: 556: 526: 453: 361: 3371:

Bruce Bueno de Mesquita (1981). "Risk, Power Distributions, and the Likelihood of War,"

738: 4657: 4564: 4373: 4360: 4100: 4066: 4019: 3972: 3933: 3882: 3847: 3696: 3635: 3550: 3542: 3260: 3132: 3074: 2782:. They point out that rational choice theory is generally based on the assumption that 2507: 1603: 1518: 1433: 1097: 1053: 858: 695: 690: 670: 621: 561: 551: 496: 491: 463: 458: 428: 296: 4332:

Rationalizing Capitalist Democracy: The Cold War Origins of Rational Choice Liberalism

3778:

Pathologies of Rational Choice Theory: A Critique of Applications in Political Science

3402:

Carrots as Sticks: How Effective Are Foreign Aid Suspensions and Economic Sanctions?,

3292:

Pathologies of Rational Choice Theory: A Critique of Applications in Political Science

4661: 4313: 4227: 4131: 4104: 4058: 4023: 4011: 3937: 3925: 3886: 3866: 3839: 3627: 3496: 3459: 3434: 3424: 3239: 3185: 3146: 3103:, edited by Walter Carlsnaes, Thomas Risse, and Beth A. Simmons. London: SAGE, p. 87. 3053: 2957: 2895: 2758: 2567: 2348: 2344: 1615: 1598: 1226:

using a variety of criterion to perform their self-determined best choice of action.

1198: 988: 963: 873: 753: 710: 646: 611: 601: 433: 395: 351: 33: 4419: 4415: 3851: 3554: 3016: 913: 4685: 4649: 4628: 4349: 4219: 4195: 4164: 4092: 4070: 4050: 4003: 3964: 3917: 3878: 3831: 3688: 3619: 3534: 3488: 3177: 3138: 3049: 3045: 2949: 2666: 2551: 2303: 1508: 1388: 1038: 983: 968: 953: 938: 868: 848: 828: 783: 656: 606: 576: 571: 4411: 4096: 918: 4675: 4556: 4508: 4489: 4456:

The Economic Behavior of Human Beings: The Institutionalist//Post-Keynesian Model

4125: 3835: 3790: 3401: 3181: 3134:

Rethinking rational choice theory : a companion on rational and moral action

3112: 2844: 2827: 2811: 2783: 2731: 2715: 2661: 2600: 2596: 2589: 2530: 2451: 2328: 2135: 2115: 2111: 2048:: The simple rational choice model above assumes that the individual has full or 1927: 1563: 1346: 1253: 1249: 1242: 1132: 1043: 1008: 973: 908: 833: 818: 705: 680: 675: 651: 423: 418: 38: 4183: 4152: 3492: 2847: – Principle that an action is rational if it maximizes one's self-interest 4610:, edited by William Outhwaite and Stephen P. Turner. London: Sage, pp. 269–282. 4546: 4519: 4498: 3905: 3354:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; G. H. Snyder and P. Diesing (1977). 3328:

Anthony Downs (1957). "An Economic Theory of Political Action in a Democracy",

2604: 2559: 2498: 1393: 1383: 1351: 1311: 1063: 1048: 1013: 998: 978: 948: 768: 685: 375: 371: 4653: 4199: 4168: 4054: 4007: 3480: 3278:

Democracy, Bureaucracy and Public Choice: Economic Models in Political Science

2906:

http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_R000277&q Abstract

798: 4711: 4583:

Grenfell, M. (ed) (2008) "Pierre Bourdieu: Key concepts" London, Acumen Press

4389: 4341: 4062: 4015: 3929: 3890: 3843: 3631: 3438: 3375:, 25(4), pp. 541–68; J.D. Fearon (1995). "Rationalist Explanations for War," 2961: 2838: 2533:(2003, p. 1) has also provided an important criticism of the concept of 2382: 2352: 1361: 1234: 1028: 1018: 993: 933: 928: 923: 903: 893: 863: 853: 758: 661: 4613:

Kydd, Andrew H. (2008). "Methodological Individualism and Rational Choice,"

4294:

Soldiers of Reason: The RAND Corporation and the Rise of the American Empire

4085:"Enter your username and password - The University of Queensland, Australia" 4038: 3991: 3481:"Social Exchange and Rational Choice at the Micro Level: Looking Out for #1" 2905: 312: 3992:"Erklärt die Rational Choice Theorie die Ungleichheit der Bildungschancen?" 2779: 2620: 2483: 2107: 1403: 1144: 1058: 1003: 898: 888: 883: 808: 356: 3142: 2603:

work has been notably elaborated by research undertaken and supervised by

174: 4469:

Making Political Science Matter: Debating Knowledge, Research, and Method

4289: 3773: 2915: 2727: 2682: 2624: 2524: 2515: 2479: 2360: 2089: 2028:

axioms makes. The most severe consequences are associated with violating

1923: 1588: 1033: 1023: 813: 448: 4449:

Explaining Social Behavior - more Nuts and Bolts for the Social Sciences

3921: 3099:

Duncan Snidal (2013). "Rational Choice and International Relations," in

2909: 2693:

perspectives, rational choice explanations are considered mainstream in

285:. For rational choice theory as applied to international relations, see 4444: 4434: 4424: 3700: 3639: 3546: 3522: 2874: 2775: 2706: 2576: 2520: 2470: 2033: 1503: 1398: 1336: 1331: 1279:, assumed that agents make consumption choices so as to maximize their 1257: 1206: 1187: 943: 743: 4606:

Green, Donald P., and Justin Fox (2007). "Rational Choice Theory," in

4323:

Anand, P. (1993)."Foundations of Rational Choice Under Risk", Oxford:

3976: 3952: 3521:

Becker, Gary S.; Landes, Elisabeth M.; Michael, Robert T. (Dec 1977).

3394:

The Sanctions Paradox: Economic Statecraft and International Relations

2595:

The 'doubly-divergent' critique of Rational Choice Theory implicit in

4407: 3607: 3418: 3137:. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 8. 2694: 2336: 2332: 1785:{\displaystyle A=\{{\text{Vote for Roger, Vote for Sara, Abstain}}\}} 1498: 1483: 1280: 1202: 793: 724: 304: 4586:

Herbert Gintis. Centre for the study of Governance and Society CSGS(

4274:

Emotional Choices: How the Logic of Affect Shapes Coercive Diplomacy

4188:

Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska sectio K – Politologia

4157:

Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska sectio K – Politologia

3692: 3623: 3485:

Contemporary Sociological Theory: An Integrated Multi-Level Approach

2790: 2748: 2393: 3968: 3538: 2347:

in recent decades. It has had far-reaching impacts on the study of

1488: 1290: 4676:

Rational Choice Theory at the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

2999:

Susanne Lohmann (2008). "Rational Choice and Political Science,"

2744:

minimising losses, and will therefore be the most rational action

2127: 1493: 1284: 4576:

Grenfell, M (2011) "Bourdieu, Language and Linguistics" London,

3789:

For an account of Bourdieu's work, see the wikipedia article on

3608:"Decision and Organisation: A Volume in Honor of Jacob Marschak" 3570:

Economics as a Social Science: An Approach to Nonautistic Theory

3398:

Coercive Cooperation: Explaining Multilateral Economic Sanctions

3396:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; Lisa L. Martin (1992). 2402: 2138:

that an individual assigns over the available actions, such as:

2106:

Alternative theories of human action include such components as

221: 4347:

1989). "Economic Theory and the Hypothesis of Rationality," in

3358:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press; R. Powell (1990). 2721: 2700: 2474: 1127: 3452:

Browning, Gary; Halcli, Abigail; Webster, Frank (1999-12-09).

2676: 2366: 2016:

a comparison, they must therefore be indifferent in this case.

3996:

KZFSS Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie

3019:

and Charlotta Stern (2008). "Rational Choice and Sociology,"

2765: 2465:

As mentioned above, some economists have developed models of

2566:

The DNA of neoclassical economics is defective. Neither the

3606:

Loasby, B. J.; McGuire, C. B.; Radner, R. (December 1972).

3455:

Understanding Contemporary Society: Theories of the Present

2976:

Understanding Contemporary Society: Theories of the Present

2830: – Model of humans as rational, self-interested agents 2599:

has sometimes been presented as a revision or alternative.

2510:(in the form of indifference curves and simple versions of 2327:

Rational choice theory has become increasingly employed in

2199:{\displaystyle u\left(a_{i}\right)>u\left(a_{j}\right).} 1478: 1326: 3953:"General Social Equilibrium: Toward Theoretical Synthesis" 3572:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. pp. 22–44. 2351:, especially in fields like the study of interest groups, 1190:. The theory postulates that an individual will perform a 2294:, can be equivalently represented by a utility function. 4620:

Mas-Colell, A., M. D. Whinston, and J. R. Green (1995).

3400:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Claas Mertens, 1926:, minus some assumptions), and the set has at least one 3568:

Kamarck, Andrew M. (2009). "Chapter 3: Self-Interest".

3093: 1745:{\displaystyle A=\{a_{1},\ldots ,a_{i},\ldots ,a_{j}\}} 3265:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 2021. 2473:

plausible without completely abandoning the idea that

1864:

pairs of alternatives can be compared with each other.

4261:

The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling

3451: 3416: 3360:

Nuclear Deterrence Theory: The Search for Credibility

2974:

Gary Browning, Abigail Halcli, Frank Webster (2000).

2501:'s 1975 book offers both a philosophical critique of 2375: 2219: 2147: 1764: 1681: 4466:

Schram, Sanford F. and Brian Caterino, eds. (2006).

3735:"The Rationalist Delusion? A Post Hoc Investigation" 2841: – Economic theory applied to political science 4263:, 3rd ed. Berkeley: University of California Press. 3605: 3520: 4692:of rational choice theory in political forecasting 4392:(1957). "An Economic Theory of Democracy." Harper. 3818:Hechter, Michael; Kanazawa, Satoshi (1997-08-01). 2279: 2198: 2012:. Since (by completeness) the individual does not 1784: 1744: 4696:To See The Future, Use The Logic Of Self-Interest 3423:. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. 2791:The difference between public and private spheres 2749:Critiques on the basis of evolutionary psychology 2394:Rational choice theory in international relations 4709: 4518:Foley, D.K. (1998). Introduction (chapter 1) in 4214:Roberts, S. C. (2011). Roberts, S. Craig (ed.). 4184:"Rational choice theory in light of biopolitics" 4153:"Rational choice theory in light of biopolitics" 1964:implies that individual either strictly prefers 1933:The preference between two alternatives can be: 1291:Actions, assumptions, and individual preferences 126:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks 4608:The SAGE Handbook of Social Science Methodology 3817: 3716:"Prospect Theory, Risk Preference, and the Law" 3392:, 41(2), pp. 608–18; Daniel W. Drezner (1999). 2989:http://web. stanford. edu/~ jdlevin/Econ, 20202 2469:, such as Herbert Simon, which hope to be more 4681:Rational Choice Theory - Article by John Scott 4615:The Oxford Handbook of International Relations 2640:) has generated valuable scientific progress. 3523:"An Economic Analysis of Marital Instability" 2562:and Karim Errouaki (2011, Ch. 1) argued that: 2545:Foley (2003, p. 9) went on to argue that 2403:Rational choice theory in social interactions 1633: 1164: 3487:, New York, NY: Springer, pp. 165–193, 3171: 3044:. Springer Netherlands. pp. 1947–1950. 2814: – Branch of applied probability theory 2722:Criticism based on the biopolitical paradigm 2701:Criticism based on the assumption of realism 2460: 2074:over outcomes. The additional assumption of 1779: 1771: 1739: 1688: 4039:"The Rationality of Rational Choice Theory" 4036: 3297: 2877: – To like one thing more than another 2677:Criticism based on motivational assumptions 2643: 2367:Rational choice theory in political science 1846:, or the individual is indifferent between 92:Learn how and when to remove these messages 32:It has been suggested that this article be 4627: 3864: 3035: 2766:Critiques on the basis of emotion research 2583: 2489: 1984:occurs when an individual neither prefers 1640: 1626: 1171: 1157: 4482:Rationality, Allocation, and Reproduction 4224:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199586073.001.0001 4181: 4150: 4130:(Vintage books ed.). Vintage Books. 2656: 2537:and its role in economics. He argued that 2126:Often preferences are described by their 2039: 1275:writing about rational choice, including 269:Learn how and when to remove this message 157:Learn how and when to remove this message 4505:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4309:Choice Theory: A Very Short Introduction 4123: 3362:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3303: 3290:Donald P. Green and Ian Shapiro (1994). 3275: 3269: 3204: 3130: 3021:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics 3001:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics 2920:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics 2901:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics 2446: 246:of all important aspects of the article. 4213: 3903: 3713: 3567: 3478: 3106: 2859: – Form of psychological framework 2121: 2076:independence of irrelevant alternatives 2030:independence of irrelevant alternatives 4710: 4439:Nuts and Bolts for the Social Sciences 3989: 3950: 3042:Encyclopedia of Sciences and Religions 2935: 2610: 2575:consistently with positivist (or even 1776:Vote for Roger, Vote for Sara, Abstain 242:Please consider expanding the lead to 4259:See Arlie Russell Hochschild (2012), 4250:, vol. 2. New York: Springer, p. 267. 4248:Handbook of the Sociology of Emotions 3820:"Sociological Rational Choice Theory" 3757: 3581: 3579: 3390:American Journal of Political Science 2617:Pathologies of Rational Choice Theory 287:Rationalism (international relations) 4561:The Social Structures of the Economy 3795:The Social Structures of the Economy 3671: 2954:10.1146/annurev.soc.29.010202.100213 2739:interpreted as optimal and rational: 283:Rational choice theory (criminology) 215: 168: 98: 57: 18: 4206: 4037:Quackenbush, Stephen (2004-04-01). 3951:Fararo, Thomas J. (November 1993). 3793:. See also Pierre Bourdieu (2005). 3780:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 3589:Exchange and Rational Choice Theory 3585: 3294:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 3101:Handbook of International Relations 1656: 13: 4624:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 4593: 4538:The Foundations of Economic Method 4276:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3883:10.1093/oxfordjournals.esr.a018180 3865:Goldtborpe, John H. (1996-09-01). 3720:Northwestern University Law Review 3576: 2376:Rational choice in voting behavior 1940:occurs when an individual prefers 14: 4739: 4669: 3904:Rapetti, Martin (February 2012). 3732: 3479:Johnson, Doyle Paul, ed. (2008), 3233: 2968: 73:This article has multiple issues. 3205:Milgrom, Paul; Levin, Jonathan. 1138: 1126: 311: 220: 173: 103: 62: 23: 4641:Journal of European Integration 4414:, Pearson. Especially chapters 4266: 4253: 4240: 4216:Applied Evolutionary Psychology 4182:Chustecki, Jakub (2023-10-25). 4175: 4151:Chustecki, Jakub (2023-10-25). 4144: 4117: 4077: 4030: 3983: 3944: 3897: 3858: 3811: 3800: 3783: 3766: 3751: 3726: 3707: 3665: 3655: 3646: 3599: 3561: 3514: 3472: 3445: 3410: 3406:, Volume 68, Issue 2, June 2024 3404:International Studies Quarterly 3382: 3373:International Studies Quarterly 3365: 3344: 3335: 3322: 3312: 3306:The Rational Choice Controversy 3284: 3253: 3227: 3207:"Introduction to Choice Theory" 3198: 3165: 3124: 2938:"Beyond Rational Choice Theory" 2936:Boudon, Raymond (August 2003). 2322: 1978:or is indifferent between them. 1958:view them as equally preferred. 413:Concepts, theory and techniques 234:may be too short to adequately 81:or discuss these issues on the 4488:and scroll to chapter-preview 3417:Coleman, James Samuel (1990). 3050:10.1007/978-1-4020-8265-8_1549 3029: 3010: 2993: 2981: 2929: 2918:(2008). "Rational Behaviour," 2889: 1524:Utilitarian social choice rule 1229:One version of rationality is 244:provide an accessible overview 49:Proposed since September 2024. 1: 4451:, Cambridge University Press. 4441:, Cambridge University Press. 4431:, Cambridge University Press. 4283: 4097:10.1080/02691728.2016.1172358 3332:, Vol. 65, No. 2, pp. 135-150 3038:"Rationality (Philosophical)" 2898:and David Easley (2008). "," 2355:, behaviour in legislatures, 4403:Foundations of Social Theory 4365:Rationality and Coordination 3871:European Sociological Review 3836:10.1146/annurev.soc.23.1.191 3527:Journal of Political Economy 3420:Foundations of social theory 3330:Journal of Political Economy 3182:10.1007/978-94-007-1433-5_19 3118:Essays in Positive Economics 3036:Taliaferro, Charles (2013). 2978:, London: SAGE Publications. 2572:methodological individualism 2442: 1804:– for any two alternatives 7: 4603:. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 4463:. vol. 42 no. 3, September. 4336:University of Chicago Press 4272:See Robin Markwica (2018), 4218:. Oxford University Press. 3493:10.1007/978-0-387-76522-8_7 2871: – Economic phenomenon 2865: – Academic discipline 2799: 2297: 1268:, i.e. self-contradictory. 1212: 186:to comply with Knowledge's 10: 4744: 4528:Princeton University Press 4460:Journal of Economic Issues 4369:Cambridge University Press 4127:The history of sexuality / 4043:International Interactions 3990:Haller, Max (2001-09-01). 3824:Annual Review of Sociology 3377:International Organization 3304:Friedman, Jeffrey (1996). 3276:Dunleavy, Patrick (1991). 2942:Annual Review of Sociology 2869:Tyranny of small decisions 2512:revealed preference theory 280: 4654:10.1080/07036330600785749 4475:New York University Press 4454:Fernandez-Huerga (2008.) 4352:: Utility and Probability 4200:10.17951/k.2023.30.1.7-16 4169:10.17951/k.2023.30.1.7-16 4124:Foucault, Michel (1990). 4055:10.1080/03050620490462595 4008:10.1007/s11577-001-0079-1 3797:, Cambridge: Polity 2005. 2853: – Economics concept 2834:Positive political theory 2807:Bibliography of sociology 2461:The limits of rationality 2096:Limited cognitive ability 4551:Rational Econometric Man 4549:and Errouaki, K. (2011) 4542:George Allen & Unwin 4513:Ideology and Methodology 3910:Eastern Economic Journal 3758:Haidt, Jonathan (2012). 3352:The Strategy of Conflict 3308:. Yale University Press. 3262:Evolutionary Game Theory 3236:"Rational Choice Theory" 2882: 2687:structural functionalism 2644:Methodological critiques 2072:probability distribution 2068:Choice under uncertainty 1231:instrumental rationality 401:JEL classification codes 199:may contain suggestions. 184:may need to be rewritten 112:This article includes a 4690:Bruce Bueno de Mesquita 4599:Gilboa, Itzhak (2010). 4553:. Cheltenham: E. Elgar. 4378:Oxford University Press 4325:Oxford University Press 3714:Guthrie, Chris (2003). 3350:T.C. Schelling (1960). 3174:Handbook of Risk Theory 2857:Reasonable person model 2823:Emotional choice theory 2772:emotional choice theory 2755:evolutionary psychology 2691:social network analysis 2584:Psychological critiques 2503:neo-classical economics 2490:Philosophical critiques 2080:expected utility theory 2026:Von Neumann–Morgenstern 1559:Replaceability argument 1544:Demandingness objection 1417:Types of utilitarianism 1342:Claude Adrien Helvétius 1273:neoclassical economists 587:Industrial organization 444:Computational economics 141:more precise citations. 4728:Neoclassical economics 4718:Rational choice theory 4480:Walsh, Vivian (1996). 4429:Ulysses and the Sirens 3131:De Jonge, Jan (2012). 2908:." by Abstract & 2818:Ecological rationality 2746: 2657:Sociological critiques 2581: 2556: 2543: 2454: 2281: 2200: 2056:Consistent Preferences 2040:Additional assumptions 2034:transitive preferences 1786: 1746: 1594:Neoclassical economics 1584:Rational choice theory 1277:William Stanley Jevons 1184:Rational choice theory 439:Experimental economics 4503:Rational Economic Man 4473:New York and London: 3379:, 49(3), pp. 379–414. 3216:. Stanford University 3143:10.1057/9780230355545 2851:Rational expectations 2741: 2564: 2547: 2539: 2450: 2282: 2201: 2086:Inter-temporal choice 2062:Best course of action 1787: 1747: 1549:Mere addition paradox 1224:cost–benefit analysis 1192:cost–benefit analysis 4723:Economic methodology 4622:Microeconomic Theory 4330:Amadae, S.M.(2003). 3772:Donald P. Green and 3681:Political Psychology 3612:The Economic Journal 3176:. pp. 499–516. 2910:pre-publication copy 2863:Social choice theory 2615:In their 1994 work, 2607:and other scholars. 2570:nor the problems of 2217: 2145: 2122:Utility maximization 1818:in the set, either 1762: 1679: 1266:logically incoherent 666:Social choice theory 4686:The New Nostradamus 4374:Bicchieri, Cristina 4361:Bicchieri, Cristina 3957:Sociological Theory 3922:10.1057/eej.2010.16 3672:Levy, Jack (1992). 3586:Coleman, James. S. 2651:William E. Connolly 2611:Empirical critiques 2467:bounded rationality 2341:evolutionary theory 2308:optimization theory 2100:bounded rationality 2050:perfect information 2046:Perfect information 2022:Dutch book theorems 1860:. In other words, 1554:Paradox of hedonism 1514:Equal consideration 1133:Business portal 454:Operations research 434:National accounting 16:Sociological theory 4536:Boland, L. (1982) 4304:Allingham, Michael 3760:The Righteous Mind 3557:– via JSTOR. 3280:. London: Pearson. 2508:consumer behaviour 2455: 2277: 2196: 1886:, and alternative 1872:– if alternative 1782: 1742: 1604:Effective altruism 1519:Felicific calculus 464:Industrial complex 459:Middle income trap 114:list of references 4629:Nedergaard, Peter 4412:Surfing Economics 4399:Coleman, James S. 4342:Arrow, Kenneth J. 4233:978-0-19-958607-3 4137:978-0-679-72469-8 3733:Haidt, Jonathan. 3595:. pp. 36–54. 3502:978-0-387-76522-8 3465:978-1-84920-217-6 3191:978-94-007-1432-8 3152:978-0-230-35554-5 3121:, pp. 15, 22, 31. 3059:978-1-4020-8264-1 2896:Lawrence E. Blume 2730:paradigm such as 2601:Daniel Kahneman's 2568:induction problem 2349:political science 2345:political science 2268: 2249: 2230: 1938:Strict preference 1825:is preferred to 1777: 1650: 1649: 1616:Philosophy portal 1599:Population ethics 1357:Francis Hutcheson 1199:political science 1181: 1180: 279: 278: 271: 261: 260: 214: 213: 188:quality standards 167: 166: 159: 96: 56: 55: 51: 4735: 4688:- on the use by 4665: 4637: 4350:The New Palgrave 4277: 4270: 4264: 4257: 4251: 4244: 4238: 4237: 4210: 4204: 4203: 4179: 4173: 4172: 4148: 4142: 4141: 4121: 4115: 4114: 4112: 4111: 4081: 4075: 4074: 4034: 4028: 4027: 3987: 3981: 3980: 3948: 3942: 3941: 3901: 3895: 3894: 3862: 3856: 3855: 3815: 3809: 3804: 3798: 3787: 3781: 3770: 3764: 3763: 3755: 3749: 3748: 3746: 3745: 3739:academic.oup.com 3730: 3724: 3723: 3711: 3705: 3704: 3678: 3669: 3663: 3659: 3653: 3650: 3644: 3643: 3603: 3597: 3596: 3594: 3583: 3574: 3573: 3565: 3559: 3558: 3533:(6): 1141–1187. 3518: 3512: 3511: 3510: 3509: 3476: 3470: 3469: 3449: 3443: 3442: 3414: 3408: 3386: 3380: 3369: 3363: 3348: 3342: 3339: 3333: 3326: 3320: 3316: 3310: 3309: 3301: 3295: 3288: 3282: 3281: 3273: 3267: 3266: 3257: 3251: 3250: 3248: 3247: 3238:. Archived from 3231: 3225: 3224: 3222: 3221: 3214:web.stanford.edu 3211: 3202: 3196: 3195: 3169: 3163: 3162: 3160: 3159: 3128: 3122: 3110: 3104: 3097: 3091: 3090: 3084: 3080: 3078: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3033: 3027: 3014: 3008: 2997: 2991: 2985: 2979: 2972: 2966: 2965: 2933: 2927: 2904:, 2nd Edition. 2893: 2552:infinite regress 2304:utility function 2286: 2284: 2283: 2278: 2273: 2269: 2266: 2254: 2250: 2247: 2235: 2231: 2228: 2205: 2203: 2202: 2197: 2192: 2188: 2187: 2168: 2164: 2163: 1907:is preferred to 1893:is preferred to 1879:is preferred to 1839:is preferred to 1791: 1789: 1788: 1783: 1778: 1775: 1751: 1749: 1748: 1743: 1738: 1737: 1719: 1718: 1700: 1699: 1657:Formal statement 1642: 1635: 1628: 1509:Consequentialism 1389:John Stuart Mill 1299: 1298: 1173: 1166: 1159: 1145:Money portal 1143: 1142: 1141: 1131: 1130: 627:Natural resource 419:Economic systems 315: 292: 291: 274: 267: 256: 253: 247: 224: 216: 209: 206: 200: 177: 169: 162: 155: 151: 148: 142: 137:this article by 128:inline citations 107: 106: 99: 88: 66: 65: 58: 47: 27: 26: 19: 4743: 4742: 4738: 4737: 4736: 4734: 4733: 4732: 4708: 4707: 4672: 4635: 4601:Rational Choice 4596: 4594:Further reading 4557:Pierre Bourdieu 4386:, November 2019 4286: 4281: 4280: 4271: 4267: 4258: 4254: 4245: 4241: 4234: 4211: 4207: 4180: 4176: 4149: 4145: 4138: 4122: 4118: 4109: 4107: 4083: 4082: 4078: 4035: 4031: 3988: 3984: 3949: 3945: 3902: 3898: 3863: 3859: 3816: 3812: 3805: 3801: 3791:Pierre Bourdieu 3788: 3784: 3771: 3767: 3756: 3752: 3743: 3741: 3731: 3727: 3712: 3708: 3693:10.2307/3791682 3676: 3670: 3666: 3660: 3656: 3651: 3647: 3624:10.2307/2231324 3604: 3600: 3592: 3584: 3577: 3566: 3562: 3519: 3515: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3477: 3473: 3466: 3450: 3446: 3431: 3415: 3411: 3387: 3383: 3370: 3366: 3349: 3345: 3340: 3336: 3327: 3323: 3317: 3313: 3302: 3298: 3289: 3285: 3274: 3270: 3259: 3258: 3254: 3245: 3243: 3232: 3228: 3219: 3217: 3209: 3203: 3199: 3192: 3170: 3166: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3129: 3125: 3113:Milton Friedman 3111: 3107: 3098: 3094: 3082: 3081: 3072: 3071: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3034: 3030: 3023:, 2nd Edition. 3015: 3011: 2998: 2994: 2986: 2982: 2973: 2969: 2934: 2930: 2922:, 2nd Edition. 2913: 2894: 2890: 2885: 2880: 2845:Rational egoism 2828:Homo economicus 2812:Decision theory 2802: 2793: 2784:decision-making 2768: 2751: 2732:Michel Foucault 2724: 2716:decision theory 2703: 2679: 2662:Pierre Bourdieu 2659: 2646: 2621:Donald P. Green 2613: 2597:Prospect Theory 2590:Prospect Theory 2586: 2531:Duncan K. Foley 2492: 2471:psychologically 2463: 2452:Daniel Kahneman 2445: 2405: 2396: 2378: 2369: 2329:social sciences 2325: 2300: 2265: 2261: 2246: 2242: 2227: 2223: 2218: 2215: 2214: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2146: 2143: 2142: 2132:payoff function 2124: 2116:prospect theory 2112:Daniel Kahneman 2092:future payoffs. 2042: 2011: 2004: 1997: 1990: 1977: 1970: 1962:Weak preference 1953: 1946: 1928:maximal element 1913: 1906: 1899: 1892: 1885: 1878: 1858: 1851: 1844: 1837: 1830: 1823: 1816: 1809: 1774: 1763: 1760: 1759: 1733: 1729: 1714: 1710: 1695: 1691: 1680: 1677: 1676: 1659: 1646: 1610: 1609: 1608: 1578: 1570: 1569: 1568: 1564:Utility monster 1538: 1530: 1529: 1528: 1473: 1465: 1464: 1463: 1418: 1410: 1409: 1408: 1378: 1368: 1367: 1366: 1347:Cesare Beccaria 1321: 1293: 1254:feasible region 1250:feasible region 1243:homo economicus 1215: 1177: 1139: 1137: 1125: 1118: 1117: 1088: 1078: 1077: 1076: 1075: 839:von Böhm-Bawerk 727: 716: 715: 477: 469: 468: 424:Economic growth 414: 406: 405: 347: 345:classifications 290: 275: 264: 263: 262: 257: 251: 248: 241: 229:This article's 225: 210: 204: 201: 191: 178: 163: 152: 146: 143: 132: 118:related reading 108: 104: 67: 63: 52: 39:Decision theory 28: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4741: 4731: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4706: 4705: 4693: 4683: 4678: 4671: 4670:External links 4668: 4667: 4666: 4648:(3): 203–223. 4625: 4618: 4611: 4604: 4595: 4592: 4591: 4590: 4584: 4581: 4574: 4571: 4568: 4554: 4547:Edward J. Nell 4544: 4534: 4531: 4520:Peter S. Albin 4516: 4506: 4499:Edward J. Nell 4492: 4478: 4464: 4452: 4442: 4432: 4422: 4405: 4396: 4393: 4390:Downs, Anthony 4387: 4381: 4371: 4358: 4339: 4328: 4321: 4318:978-0192803030 4301: 4285: 4282: 4279: 4278: 4265: 4252: 4239: 4232: 4205: 4174: 4143: 4136: 4116: 4089:auth.uq.edu.au 4076: 4029: 4002:(3): 569–574. 3982: 3969:10.2307/201972 3963:(3): 291–313. 3943: 3916:(2): 276–278. 3896: 3877:(2): 109–126. 3857: 3830:(1): 191–214. 3810: 3799: 3782: 3765: 3750: 3725: 3706: 3687:(4): 283–310. 3664: 3654: 3645: 3598: 3575: 3560: 3539:10.1086/260631 3513: 3501: 3471: 3464: 3444: 3429: 3409: 3381: 3364: 3343: 3334: 3321: 3311: 3296: 3283: 3268: 3252: 3226: 3197: 3190: 3164: 3151: 3123: 3105: 3092: 3083:|website= 3058: 3028: 3017:Peter Hedström 3009: 3003:, 2nd Edition. 2992: 2980: 2967: 2928: 2887: 2886: 2884: 2881: 2879: 2878: 2872: 2866: 2860: 2854: 2848: 2842: 2836: 2831: 2825: 2820: 2815: 2809: 2803: 2801: 2798: 2792: 2789: 2770:Proponents of 2767: 2764: 2750: 2747: 2723: 2720: 2702: 2699: 2683:methodological 2678: 2675: 2658: 2655: 2645: 2642: 2630:Keith Krehbiel 2612: 2609: 2605:Jonathan Haidt 2585: 2582: 2560:Edward J. Nell 2558:More recently 2499:Edward J. Nell 2491: 2488: 2462: 2459: 2444: 2441: 2404: 2401: 2395: 2392: 2377: 2374: 2368: 2365: 2324: 2321: 2299: 2296: 2288: 2287: 2276: 2272: 2264: 2260: 2257: 2253: 2245: 2241: 2238: 2234: 2226: 2222: 2207: 2206: 2195: 2191: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2171: 2167: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2136:ordinal number 2123: 2120: 2104: 2103: 2093: 2083: 2078:then leads to 2065: 2059: 2053: 2041: 2038: 2018: 2017: 2009: 2002: 1995: 1988: 1979: 1975: 1968: 1959: 1951: 1944: 1924:total ordering 1916: 1915: 1911: 1904: 1897: 1890: 1883: 1876: 1865: 1856: 1849: 1842: 1835: 1828: 1821: 1814: 1807: 1793: 1792: 1781: 1773: 1770: 1767: 1753: 1752: 1741: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1725: 1722: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1706: 1703: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1687: 1684: 1658: 1655: 1648: 1647: 1645: 1644: 1637: 1630: 1622: 1619: 1618: 1612: 1611: 1607: 1606: 1601: 1596: 1591: 1586: 1580: 1579: 1577:Related topics 1576: 1575: 1572: 1571: 1567: 1566: 1561: 1556: 1551: 1546: 1540: 1539: 1536: 1535: 1532: 1531: 1527: 1526: 1521: 1516: 1511: 1506: 1501: 1496: 1491: 1486: 1481: 1475: 1474: 1471: 1470: 1467: 1466: 1462: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1446: 1441: 1436: 1431: 1426: 1420: 1419: 1416: 1415: 1412: 1411: 1407: 1406: 1401: 1396: 1394:Henry Sidgwick 1391: 1386: 1384:Jeremy Bentham 1380: 1379: 1376:Key proponents 1374: 1373: 1370: 1369: 1365: 1364: 1359: 1354: 1352:William Godwin 1349: 1344: 1339: 1334: 1329: 1323: 1322: 1319: 1318: 1315: 1314: 1312:Utilitarianism 1308: 1307: 1292: 1289: 1214: 1211: 1179: 1178: 1176: 1175: 1168: 1161: 1153: 1150: 1149: 1148: 1147: 1135: 1120: 1119: 1116: 1115: 1110: 1100: 1095: 1089: 1084: 1083: 1080: 1079: 1074: 1073: 1066: 1061: 1056: 1051: 1046: 1041: 1036: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1016: 1011: 1006: 1001: 996: 991: 986: 981: 976: 971: 966: 961: 956: 951: 946: 941: 936: 931: 926: 921: 916: 911: 906: 901: 896: 891: 886: 881: 876: 871: 866: 861: 856: 851: 846: 841: 836: 831: 826: 821: 816: 811: 806: 801: 796: 791: 786: 781: 776: 771: 766: 761: 756: 751: 746: 741: 736: 730: 729: 728: 722: 721: 718: 717: 714: 713: 708: 703: 698: 693: 688: 683: 678: 673: 668: 659: 654: 649: 644: 639: 634: 632:Organizational 629: 624: 619: 614: 609: 604: 599: 594: 589: 584: 579: 574: 569: 564: 559: 554: 549: 544: 539: 534: 529: 524: 519: 514: 509: 504: 499: 494: 489: 484: 478: 476:By application 475: 474: 471: 470: 467: 466: 461: 456: 451: 446: 441: 436: 431: 426: 421: 415: 412: 411: 408: 407: 404: 403: 398: 393: 388: 383: 378: 369: 364: 359: 354: 348: 342: 341: 338: 337: 336: 335: 330: 325: 317: 316: 308: 307: 301: 300: 277: 276: 259: 258: 238:the key points 228: 226: 219: 212: 211: 181: 179: 172: 165: 164: 122:external links 111: 109: 102: 97: 71: 70: 68: 61: 54: 53: 31: 29: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4740: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4715: 4713: 4703: 4702: 4697: 4694: 4691: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4673: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4642: 4634: 4631:(July 2006). 4630: 4626: 4623: 4619: 4616: 4612: 4609: 4605: 4602: 4598: 4597: 4589: 4585: 4582: 4579: 4575: 4572: 4569: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4555: 4552: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4532: 4529: 4526:. Princeton: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4514: 4510: 4507: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4495:Martin Hollis 4493: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4476: 4472: 4470: 4465: 4462: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4450: 4446: 4443: 4440: 4436: 4433: 4430: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4400: 4397: 4394: 4391: 4388: 4385: 4382: 4379: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4353: 4351: 4346: 4343: 4340: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4326: 4322: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4310: 4305: 4302: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4288: 4287: 4275: 4269: 4262: 4256: 4249: 4243: 4235: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4209: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4178: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4147: 4139: 4133: 4129: 4128: 4120: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4080: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4049:(2): 87–107. 4048: 4044: 4040: 4033: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3998:(in German). 3997: 3993: 3986: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3947: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3900: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3861: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3814: 3808: 3803: 3796: 3792: 3786: 3779: 3775: 3769: 3761: 3754: 3740: 3736: 3729: 3721: 3717: 3710: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3675: 3668: 3658: 3649: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3618:(328): 1414. 3617: 3613: 3609: 3602: 3591: 3590: 3582: 3580: 3571: 3564: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3517: 3504: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3475: 3467: 3461: 3457: 3456: 3448: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3430:0-674-31225-2 3426: 3422: 3421: 3413: 3407: 3405: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3385: 3378: 3374: 3368: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3347: 3338: 3331: 3325: 3315: 3307: 3300: 3293: 3287: 3279: 3272: 3264: 3263: 3256: 3242:on 2009-02-27 3241: 3237: 3234:Scott, John. 3230: 3215: 3208: 3201: 3193: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3168: 3154: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3135: 3127: 3120: 3119: 3114: 3109: 3102: 3096: 3088: 3076: 3061: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3032: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3013: 3006: 3002: 2996: 2990: 2984: 2977: 2971: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2932: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2914: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2902: 2897: 2892: 2888: 2876: 2873: 2870: 2867: 2864: 2861: 2858: 2855: 2852: 2849: 2846: 2843: 2840: 2839:Public choice 2837: 2835: 2832: 2829: 2826: 2824: 2821: 2819: 2816: 2813: 2810: 2808: 2805: 2804: 2797: 2788: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2763: 2760: 2756: 2745: 2740: 2736: 2733: 2729: 2719: 2717: 2711: 2708: 2698: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2674: 2670: 2668: 2663: 2654: 2652: 2641: 2639: 2638:Mat McCubbins 2635: 2631: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2608: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2593: 2591: 2580: 2578: 2573: 2569: 2563: 2561: 2555: 2553: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2526: 2522: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2495:Martin Hollis 2487: 2485: 2481: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2458: 2453: 2449: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2400: 2391: 2387: 2384: 2383:Anthony Downs 2373: 2364: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2309: 2305: 2295: 2293: 2274: 2270: 2262: 2258: 2255: 2251: 2243: 2239: 2236: 2232: 2224: 2220: 2213: 2212: 2211: 2193: 2189: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2169: 2165: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2141: 2140: 2139: 2137: 2134:. This is an 2133: 2129: 2119: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2101: 2097: 2094: 2091: 2087: 2084: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2066: 2063: 2060: 2057: 2054: 2051: 2047: 2044: 2043: 2037: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2015: 2008: 2001: 1994: 1987: 1983: 1980: 1974: 1967: 1963: 1960: 1957: 1950: 1943: 1939: 1936: 1935: 1934: 1931: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1910: 1903: 1896: 1889: 1882: 1875: 1871: 1870: 1866: 1863: 1859: 1852: 1845: 1838: 1831: 1824: 1817: 1810: 1803: 1802: 1798: 1797: 1796: 1768: 1765: 1758: 1757: 1756: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1723: 1720: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1704: 1701: 1696: 1692: 1685: 1682: 1675: 1674: 1673: 1671: 1667: 1664: 1654: 1643: 1638: 1636: 1631: 1629: 1624: 1623: 1621: 1620: 1617: 1614: 1613: 1605: 1602: 1600: 1597: 1595: 1592: 1590: 1587: 1585: 1582: 1581: 1574: 1573: 1565: 1562: 1560: 1557: 1555: 1552: 1550: 1547: 1545: 1542: 1541: 1534: 1533: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1476: 1469: 1468: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1421: 1414: 1413: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1381: 1377: 1372: 1371: 1363: 1362:William Paley 1360: 1358: 1355: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1345: 1343: 1340: 1338: 1335: 1333: 1330: 1328: 1325: 1324: 1317: 1316: 1313: 1310: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1300: 1297: 1288: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1269: 1267: 1261: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1246: 1244: 1238: 1236: 1235:Duncan Snidal 1232: 1227: 1225: 1220: 1210: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1195: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1174: 1169: 1167: 1162: 1160: 1155: 1154: 1152: 1151: 1146: 1136: 1134: 1129: 1124: 1123: 1122: 1121: 1114: 1111: 1108: 1104: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1090: 1087: 1082: 1081: 1072: 1071: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1015: 1012: 1010: 1007: 1005: 1002: 1000: 997: 995: 992: 990: 987: 985: 982: 980: 977: 975: 972: 970: 967: 965: 962: 960: 957: 955: 952: 950: 947: 945: 942: 940: 937: 935: 932: 930: 927: 925: 922: 920: 917: 915: 912: 910: 907: 905: 902: 900: 897: 895: 892: 890: 887: 885: 882: 880: 877: 875: 872: 870: 867: 865: 862: 860: 857: 855: 852: 850: 847: 845: 842: 840: 837: 835: 832: 830: 827: 825: 822: 820: 817: 815: 812: 810: 807: 805: 802: 800: 797: 795: 792: 790: 787: 785: 782: 780: 777: 775: 772: 770: 767: 765: 762: 760: 757: 755: 752: 750: 747: 745: 742: 740: 737: 735: 734:de Mandeville 732: 731: 726: 720: 719: 712: 709: 707: 704: 702: 699: 697: 694: 692: 689: 687: 684: 682: 679: 677: 674: 672: 669: 667: 663: 662:Public choice 660: 658: 655: 653: 650: 648: 645: 643: 640: 638: 637:Participation 635: 633: 630: 628: 625: 623: 620: 618: 615: 613: 610: 608: 605: 603: 600: 598: 597:Institutional 595: 593: 590: 588: 585: 583: 580: 578: 575: 573: 570: 568: 565: 563: 560: 558: 555: 553: 550: 548: 547:Expeditionary 545: 543: 540: 538: 537:Environmental 535: 533: 530: 528: 525: 523: 520: 518: 515: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 498: 495: 493: 490: 488: 485: 483: 480: 479: 473: 472: 465: 462: 460: 457: 455: 452: 450: 447: 445: 442: 440: 437: 435: 432: 430: 427: 425: 422: 420: 417: 416: 410: 409: 402: 399: 397: 394: 392: 389: 387: 384: 382: 379: 377: 373: 370: 368: 367:International 365: 363: 360: 358: 355: 353: 350: 349: 346: 343:Branches and 340: 339: 334: 331: 329: 326: 324: 321: 320: 319: 318: 314: 310: 309: 306: 303: 302: 298: 294: 293: 288: 284: 273: 270: 255: 245: 239: 237: 232: 227: 223: 218: 217: 208: 198: 194: 189: 185: 182:This article 180: 176: 171: 170: 161: 158: 150: 140: 136: 130: 129: 123: 119: 115: 110: 101: 100: 95: 93: 86: 85: 80: 79: 74: 69: 60: 59: 50: 45: 41: 40: 35: 30: 21: 20: 4699: 4645: 4639: 4621: 4614: 4607: 4600: 4587: 4560: 4550: 4537: 4523: 4512: 4509:Foley, D. K. 4502: 4481: 4468: 4458: 4455: 4448: 4438: 4428: 4402: 4364: 4348: 4331: 4308: 4296:. New York: 4293: 4290:Abella, Alex 4273: 4268: 4260: 4255: 4247: 4242: 4215: 4208: 4191: 4187: 4177: 4160: 4156: 4146: 4126: 4119: 4108:. Retrieved 4088: 4079: 4046: 4042: 4032: 3999: 3995: 3985: 3960: 3956: 3946: 3913: 3909: 3899: 3874: 3870: 3860: 3827: 3823: 3813: 3802: 3794: 3785: 3777: 3768: 3759: 3753: 3742:. Retrieved 3738: 3728: 3719: 3709: 3684: 3680: 3667: 3657: 3648: 3615: 3611: 3601: 3588: 3569: 3563: 3530: 3526: 3516: 3506:, retrieved 3484: 3474: 3454: 3447: 3419: 3412: 3403: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3384: 3376: 3372: 3367: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3346: 3337: 3329: 3324: 3314: 3305: 3299: 3291: 3286: 3277: 3271: 3261: 3255: 3244:. Retrieved 3240:the original 3229: 3218:. Retrieved 3213: 3200: 3173: 3167: 3156:. Retrieved 3133: 3126: 3116: 3108: 3100: 3095: 3063:. Retrieved 3041: 3031: 3020: 3012: 3000: 2995: 2983: 2975: 2970: 2945: 2941: 2931: 2919: 2899: 2891: 2794: 2780:neuroscience 2769: 2752: 2742: 2737: 2728:biopolitical 2725: 2712: 2705:Some of the 2704: 2680: 2671: 2660: 2647: 2616: 2614: 2594: 2587: 2565: 2557: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2534: 2529: 2493: 2484:institutions 2464: 2456: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2406: 2397: 2388: 2379: 2370: 2326: 2323:Applications 2317: 2313: 2301: 2289: 2208: 2131: 2130:function or 2125: 2108:Amos Tversky 2105: 2095: 2085: 2067: 2061: 2055: 2045: 2019: 2013: 2006: 1999: 1992: 1985: 1982:Indifference 1981: 1972: 1965: 1961: 1955: 1948: 1941: 1937: 1932: 1919: 1917: 1908: 1901: 1894: 1887: 1880: 1873: 1869:Transitivity 1867: 1861: 1854: 1847: 1840: 1833: 1826: 1819: 1812: 1805: 1801:Completeness 1799: 1794: 1754: 1662: 1660: 1651: 1583: 1472:Key concepts 1404:Peter Singer 1320:Predecessors 1294: 1270: 1262: 1247: 1239: 1228: 1216: 1196: 1183: 1182: 1103:Publications 1068: 691:Sociological 664: / 562:Geographical 542:Evolutionary 517:Digitization 482:Agricultural 386:Mathematical 357:Econometrics 265: 249: 233: 231:lead section 202: 193:You can help 183: 153: 144: 133:Please help 125: 89: 82: 76: 75:Please help 72: 48: 37: 4486:Description 4445:Elster, Jon 4435:Elster, Jon 4425:Elster, Jon 4334:, Chicago: 4194:(1): 7–16. 4163:(1): 7–16. 3774:Ian Shapiro 2948:(1): 1–21. 2916:Amartya Sen 2625:Ian Shapiro 2535:rationality 2525:rationalism 2516:marginalist 2480:uncertainty 2361:bureaucracy 2331:other than 2090:discounting 1589:Game theory 1219:preferences 939:von Neumann 592:Information 532:Engineering 512:Development 507:Demographic 449:Game theory 391:Methodology 139:introducing 4712:Categories 4704:audio clip 4540:. London: 4484:, Oxford. 4408:Dixon, Huw 4312:, Oxford, 4284:References 4110:2022-04-29 3762:. Vintage. 3744:2024-02-28 3508:2021-04-28 3246:2008-07-30 3220:2015-03-03 3158:2020-10-31 2875:Preference 2776:psychology 2707:scepticism 2577:pragmatist 2521:positivism 2357:coalitions 2335:, such as 2292:continuity 1666:exhaustive 1504:Eudaimonia 1454:Preference 1399:R. M. Hare 1337:David Hume 1332:Shantideva 1258:preference 1207:philosophy 1188:Adam Smith 1098:Economists 969:Schumacher 874:Schumpeter 844:von Wieser 764:von Thünen 725:economists 701:Statistics 696:Solidarity 617:Managerial 582:Humanistic 577:Historical 522:Ecological 487:Behavioral 381:Mainstream 252:April 2024 205:April 2024 147:April 2024 78:improve it 4662:154437960 4578:Continuum 4105:147848024 4063:0305-0629 4024:141730470 4016:1861-891X 3938:153652492 3930:0094-5056 3891:0266-7215 3844:0360-0572 3632:0013-0133 3439:801949422 3085:ignored ( 3075:cite book 3065:9 January 3025:Abstract. 2962:0360-0572 2695:sociology 2443:Criticism 2353:elections 2337:sociology 2333:economics 1954:and does 1724:… 1705:… 1672:actions: 1670:exclusive 1499:Happiness 1484:Suffering 1459:Classical 1439:Two-level 1281:happiness 1203:sociology 1014:Greenspan 979:Samuelson 959:Galbraith 929:Tinbergen 869:von Mises 864:Heckscher 824:Edgeworth 642:Personnel 602:Knowledge 567:Happiness 557:Financial 527:Education 502:Democracy 396:Political 362:Heterodox 305:Economics 236:summarize 197:talk page 84:talk page 4447:(2007). 4437:(1989). 4427:(1979). 4410:(2001), 4401:(1990). 4363:(1993). 4306:(2002). 4298:Harcourt 4292:(2008). 3852:14439597 3776:(1994). 3555:53494363 3458:. SAGE. 3115:(1953), 3005:Abstract 2924:Abstract 2800:See also 2634:Gary Cox 2298:Benefits 1537:Problems 1489:Pleasure 1424:Negative 1304:a series 1302:Part of 1213:Overview 1107:journals 1093:Glossary 1044:Stiglitz 1009:Rothbard 989:Buchanan 974:Friedman 964:Koopmans 954:Leontief 934:Robinson 819:Marshall 723:Notable 671:Regional 647:Planning 622:Monetary 552:Feminist 497:Cultural 492:Business 297:a series 295:Part of 4559:(2005) 4511:(1989) 4501:(1975) 4071:8811977 3701:3791682 3640:2231324 3547:1837421 3319:1996:6) 2759:fitness 2267:abstain 2128:utility 1900:, then 1494:Utility 1449:Average 1285:utility 1260:order. 1113:Schools 1105: ( 1064:Piketty 1059:Krugman 924:Kuznets 914:Kalecki 889:Polanyi 779:Cournot 774:Bastiat 759:Ricardo 749:Malthus 739:Quesnay 711:Welfare 681:Service 352:Applied 328:Outline 323:History 135:improve 44:Discuss 4660: 4565:Polity 4490:links. 4356:25-39. 4354:, pp. 4316: 4230: 4134: 4103: 4069: 4061: 4022: 4014: 3977:201972 3975: 3936: 3928: 3889: 3850: 3842: 3699: 3662:(2011) 3638: 3630: 3553: 3545: 3499: 3462: 3437: 3427: 3188: 3149: 3056: 2960: 2636:, and 2514:) and 2475:reason 2359:, and 2032:, and 2014:refuse 1998:, nor 1271:Early 1205:, and 1049:Thaler 1029:Ostrom 1024:Becker 1019:Sowell 999:Baumol 904:Myrdal 899:Sraffa 894:Frisch 884:Knight 879:Keynes 854:Fisher 849:Veblen 834:Pareto 814:Menger 809:George 804:Jevons 799:Walras 789:Gossen 657:Public 652:Policy 607:Labour 572:Health 429:Market 195:. The 34:merged 4658:S2CID 4636:(PDF) 4101:S2CID 4067:S2CID 4020:S2CID 3973:JSTOR 3934:S2CID 3848:S2CID 3697:JSTOR 3677:(PDF) 3636:JSTOR 3593:(PDF) 3551:S2CID 3543:JSTOR 3210:(PDF) 2883:Notes 2667:field 2248:Roger 1971:over 1832:, or 1811:and 1444:Total 1283:, or 1086:Lists 1054:Hoppe 1039:Lucas 1004:Solow 994:Arrow 984:Simon 949:Lange 944:Hicks 919:Röpke 909:Hayek 859:Pigou 829:Clark 744:Smith 706:Urban 686:Socio 676:Rural 376:Macro 372:Micro 333:Index 120:, or 36:with 4567:2005 4497:and 4418:and 4314:ISBN 4228:ISBN 4132:ISBN 4059:ISSN 4012:ISSN 3926:ISSN 3887:ISSN 3840:ISSN 3628:ISSN 3497:ISBN 3460:ISBN 3435:OCLC 3425:ISBN 3186:ISBN 3147:ISBN 3087:help 3067:2024 3054:ISBN 2958:ISSN 2778:and 2689:and 2623:and 2497:and 2343:and 2256:> 2237:> 2229:Sara 2170:> 2110:and 1920:rank 1853:and 1668:and 1479:Pain 1429:Rule 1327:Mozi 1070:more 794:Marx 784:Mill 769:List 4701:NPR 4650:doi 4220:doi 4196:doi 4165:doi 4093:doi 4051:doi 4004:doi 3965:doi 3918:doi 3879:doi 3832:doi 3689:doi 3620:doi 3535:doi 3489:doi 3178:doi 3139:doi 3046:doi 2950:doi 2753:An 2669:). 2114:'s 2005:to 1991:to 1956:not 1947:to 1862:all 1434:Act 1201:, 1034:Sen 754:Say 612:Law 42:. ( 4714:: 4698:- 4656:. 4646:28 4644:. 4638:. 4563:, 4522:, 4471:. 4367:. 4226:. 4192:30 4190:. 4186:. 4161:30 4159:. 4155:. 4099:. 4091:. 4087:. 4065:. 4057:. 4047:30 4045:. 4041:. 4018:. 4010:. 4000:53 3994:. 3971:. 3961:11 3959:. 3955:. 3932:. 3924:. 3914:38 3912:. 3908:. 3885:. 3875:12 3873:. 3869:. 3846:. 3838:. 3828:23 3826:. 3822:. 3737:. 3718:. 3695:. 3685:13 3683:. 3679:. 3634:. 3626:. 3616:82 3614:. 3610:. 3578:^ 3549:. 3541:. 3531:85 3529:. 3525:. 3495:, 3483:, 3433:. 3212:. 3184:. 3145:. 3079:: 3077:}} 3073:{{ 3052:. 3040:. 2956:. 2946:29 2944:. 2940:. 2697:. 2632:, 2619:, 2592:. 2482:, 2339:, 1930:. 1306:on 1209:. 374:/ 299:on 124:, 116:, 87:. 4664:. 4652:: 4580:. 4530:. 4477:. 4420:8 4416:7 4380:. 4344:( 4338:. 4327:. 4320:. 4300:. 4236:. 4222:: 4202:. 4198:: 4171:. 4167:: 4140:. 4113:. 4095:: 4073:. 4053:: 4026:. 4006:: 3979:. 3967:: 3940:. 3920:: 3893:. 3881:: 3854:. 3834:: 3747:. 3722:. 3703:. 3691:: 3642:. 3622:: 3537:: 3491:: 3468:. 3441:. 3249:. 3223:. 3194:. 3180:: 3161:. 3141:: 3089:) 3069:. 3048:: 3007:. 2964:. 2952:: 2926:. 2912:. 2275:. 2271:) 2263:( 2259:u 2252:) 2244:( 2240:u 2233:) 2225:( 2221:u 2194:. 2190:) 2185:j 2181:a 2177:( 2173:u 2166:) 2161:i 2157:a 2153:( 2149:u 2102:. 2082:. 2010:1 2007:a 2003:2 2000:a 1996:2 1993:a 1989:1 1986:a 1976:2 1973:a 1969:1 1966:a 1952:2 1949:a 1945:1 1942:a 1914:. 1912:3 1909:a 1905:1 1902:a 1898:3 1895:a 1891:2 1888:a 1884:2 1881:a 1877:1 1874:a 1857:j 1855:a 1850:i 1848:a 1843:i 1841:a 1836:j 1834:a 1829:j 1827:a 1822:i 1820:a 1815:j 1813:a 1808:i 1806:a 1780:} 1772:{ 1769:= 1766:A 1740:} 1735:j 1731:a 1727:, 1721:, 1716:i 1712:a 1708:, 1702:, 1697:1 1693:a 1689:{ 1686:= 1683:A 1663:j 1641:e 1634:t 1627:v 1241:“ 1172:e 1165:t 1158:v 1109:) 289:. 272:) 266:( 254:) 250:( 240:. 207:) 203:( 190:. 160:) 154:( 149:) 145:( 131:. 94:) 90:( 46:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.