1234:
1824:
1548:
353:
1367:
48:
His birth date is unknown; he may have been a "mature man" by the time he was appointed to rule Italy. In 889, Arnulf persuaded the East
Frankish nobility to recognise Zwentibold and Ratold as his heirs if no legitimate son was born to the queen. One historian suggests that it was Arnulf's plan all
65:
to receive the fidelity of the
Italian people." The somewhat elliptical passage leaves open whether Ratold was merely his father's "deputy" or a full-fledged "sub-king" in Italy. Soon after Arnulf left, his rival, Duke
41:). Their mothers are not named, and it is possible that their status was only downgraded to that of concubinage after Arnulf's marriage to Uota in 888. They may have originally been in
315:
1097:
1784:
53:
for
Zwentibold and Italy for Ratold) while reserving East Francia itself for his legitimate issue. After Arnulf was crowned
877:
308:
1931:
1744:
1090:
1053:
1696:
1013:
1889:
1852:
973:
624:
301:
1467:
1285:
1270:
1037:
544:
285:
1422:
1347:
1061:
1045:
1021:
941:
933:
1898:
1879:
1083:
1029:
997:
949:
925:
909:
1005:
965:
901:
1132:, the daughter of Pepin I, married Ansegisel, the son of Arnulf of Metz, and was the mother of Pepin II.
91:
parvulo filio suo nomine
Ratolfo, qui ei de concubina erat, ad fidem Italicae gentis Mediolanium dimisso
1531:
1356:
279:
1936:
1217:
1903:
438:
57:
in Rome in 896, he fell ill and quickly returned to
Germany by May, leaving, in the words of the
1155:
812:
1635:
981:
67:
1626:
1612:
989:
856:
8:
1726:
1722:
1660:
1656:
1616:
1536:
1399:
1394:
1329:
1110:
1075:
842:
807:
776:
741:
725:
669:
369:
361:
201:
24:
1174:
1832:
1804:
1795:
1736:
1594:
1498:
1242:
1205:
1151:
957:
790:
54:
293:
70:, took control of Italy and nothing more is heard of Ratold. Arnulf's legitimate son,
1874:
1865:
1841:
1740:
1682:
1590:
1481:
883:
864:
709:
462:
1711:
1645:
1527:
1193:
1182:
798:
717:
693:
209:
258:
Reuter, Timothy (2006). "Sex, Lies and Oath-Helpers: The Trial of Queen Uota". In
1692:
1664:
1598:
1556:
1409:
1275:
1233:
1147:
917:
826:
733:
259:
71:
33:
1688:
1571:
1518:
1476:
1404:
1261:
1178:
893:
685:
233:
214:
Phantoms of
Remembrance: Memory and Oblivion at the End of the First Millennium
1925:
1823:
1417:
1301:
1280:
834:
324:
61:, "his little son called Ratold, who had been born to him by a concubine, at
20:
1773:
1731:
1385:
1312:
771:
677:
221:
50:
23:
who reigned for a month or so in 896. He was an illegitimate son of King
1547:
1786:
1674:
1608:
1435:
656:
632:
608:
266:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 217–30. Originally published in
28:
1581:
1375:
1251:
1189:
1165:
1138:
1106:
851:
701:
600:
560:
536:
520:
385:
377:
352:
1603:
1366:
821:
785:
616:
592:
584:
568:
552:
528:
488:
268:
Kaiser Arnolf. Das ostfränkische Reich am Ende des 9. Jahrhunderts
648:
640:
512:
504:
496:
480:
472:
401:
393:
339:
576:
446:
417:
409:
226:
Rule and
Conflict in an Early Medieval Society: Ottonian Saxony
1129:
454:
62:
45:, "consent-based marriages", a kind of common-law marriage.
425:
1105:
1789:
from 888 until 898. It was the last
Carolingian kingdom.
138:
136:
134:
49:
along to secure sub-kingdoms for his illegitimate sons (
323:
109:
107:
105:
172:
160:
131:
74:, was recognised as his heir by the nobility in 897.
102:
148:
119:
1923:
1091:
309:
272:Zeitschrift für bayerische Landesgeschichte
1338:
1098:
1084:
316:
302:
238:Germany in the Early Middle Ages, 800–1056
274:, Beiheft 19 (Munich, 2002), pp. 253–70.
264:Medieval Polities and Modern Mentalities
1509:
244:
232:
166:
142:
1924:
257:
220:
195:
178:
154:
113:
1785:West Francia was in the hands of the
1079:
297:
208:
125:
13:
14:
1948:
253:, 2. Manchester University Press.
1822:
1546:
1365:
1232:
351:
249:. Manchester Medieval Sources,
37:as being born "by concubines" (
245:Reuter, Timothy, ed. (1991b).
84:
1:
216:. Princeton University Press.
188:
7:
10:
1953:
1932:9th-century kings of Italy
1532:Pepin, Count of Vermandois
284:: CS1 maint: postscript (
27:. He and his half-brother
1888:
1864:
1831:
1820:
1794:
1783:
1772:
1710:
1644:
1625:
1580:
1567:
1555:
1544:
1517:
1508:
1497:
1466:
1451:
1434:
1384:
1374:
1363:
1346:
1337:
1326:
1300:
1260:
1241:
1230:
1204:
1173:
1164:
1137:
1117:
876:
761:
668:
437:
360:
349:
332:
1122:Legend: → ≡ "father of",
764:(title disputed 887–933)
228:. London: Edward Arnold.
77:
251:Ninth-Century Histories
198:I re d'Italia (888–962)
1340:Sons of Charles Martel
1156:Childebert the Adopted
25:Arnulf of East Francia
1107:Pippinids, Arnulfings
196:Fasoli, Gina (1949).
68:Lambert II of Spoleto
31:are described by the
1537:Counts of Vermandois
974:Lothair III (or II)
327:between 476 and 1556
1890:Charles of Lorraine
1853:Charles of Lorraine
1723:Louis the Stammerer
1511:Sons of Charlemagne
1400:Charles the Younger
1395:Pepin the Hunchback
270:, ed. Franz Fuchs,
247:The Annals of Fulda
1796:Charles the Simple
1737:Charles the Simple
1919:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1768:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1741:Charles the Child
1683:Louis the Younger
1591:Louis II of Italy
1493:
1492:
1462:
1461:
1322:
1321:
1218:Hugh of Champagne
1073:
1072:
884:Holy Roman Empire
280:cite encyclopedia
210:Geary, Patrick J.
181:, pp. 38–39.
1944:
1937:Sons of emperors
1826:
1781:
1780:
1748:Lothair the Lame
1712:Charles the Bald
1646:Louis the German
1565:
1564:
1550:
1506:
1505:
1382:
1381:
1369:
1335:
1334:
1236:
1183:Chlodulf of Metz
1171:
1170:
1125:* ≡ "brother of"
1100:
1093:
1086:
1077:
1076:
1065:
1057:
1049:
1041:
1033:
1025:
1017:
1009:
1001:
993:
985:
977:
969:
961:
953:
945:
937:
929:
921:
913:
905:
897:
878:Kingdom of Italy
868:
860:
846:
838:
830:
816:
802:
794:
780:
753:
745:
737:
729:
721:
713:
705:
697:
689:
681:
660:
652:
644:
636:
628:
620:
612:
604:
596:
588:
580:
572:
564:
556:
548:
540:
532:
524:
516:
508:
500:
492:
484:
476:
468:
458:
450:
429:
421:
413:
405:
397:
389:
381:
373:
355:
343:
318:
311:
304:
295:
294:
289:
283:
275:
260:Nelson, Janet L.
254:
241:
229:
217:
205:
182:
176:
170:
164:
158:
152:
146:
140:
129:
123:
117:
111:
94:
88:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1911:
1884:
1860:
1827:
1818:
1790:
1775:
1760:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1715:
1706:
1699:
1693:Charles the Fat
1691:
1681:
1665:Louis the Child
1649:
1640:
1621:
1615:
1607:
1599:Louis the Blind
1576:
1560:
1557:Louis the Pious
1551:
1542:
1513:
1500:
1489:
1458:
1447:
1430:
1410:Louis the Pious
1370:
1361:
1342:
1328:
1318:
1296:
1256:
1237:
1228:
1200:
1160:
1133:
1128:
1113:
1104:
1074:
1069:
1063:
1055:
1047:
1039:
1031:
1023:
1015:
1007:
999:
991:
983:
975:
967:
959:
951:
943:
935:
927:
919:
911:
903:
895:
886:
881:
872:
866:
858:
844:
836:
828:
814:
800:
792:
778:
763:
757:
751:
743:
735:
727:
719:
711:
703:
695:
687:
679:
664:
658:
650:
642:
634:
626:
618:
610:
602:
594:
586:
578:
570:
562:
554:
546:
538:
530:
522:
514:
506:
498:
490:
482:
474:
466:
456:
448:
433:
427:
419:
411:
403:
395:
387:
379:
371:
356:
347:
341:
328:
322:
292:
277:
276:
234:Reuter, Timothy
191:
186:
185:
177:
173:
165:
161:
153:
149:
141:
132:
124:
120:
112:
103:
98:
97:
89:
85:
80:
72:Louis the Child
59:Annals of Fulda
34:Annals of Fulda
12:
11:
5:
1950:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1906:
1901:
1895:
1893:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1882:
1877:
1871:
1869:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1855:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1838:
1836:
1829:
1828:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1801:
1799:
1792:
1791:
1778:
1770:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1734:
1729:
1719:
1717:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1704:
1686:
1678:
1672:
1667:
1653:
1651:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1638:
1632:
1630:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1619:
1587:
1585:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1574:
1572:Arnulf of Sens
1568:
1562:
1553:
1552:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1540:
1524:
1522:
1515:
1514:
1503:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1487:
1484:
1479:
1473:
1471:
1464:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1439:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1391:
1389:
1379:
1372:
1371:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1353:
1351:
1344:
1343:
1332:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1316:
1307:
1305:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1267:
1265:
1262:Charles Martel
1258:
1257:
1255:
1254:
1248:
1246:
1239:
1238:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1209:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1198:
1186:
1179:Arnulf of Metz
1168:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1158:
1143:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1103:
1102:
1095:
1088:
1080:
1071:
1070:
1068:
1067:
1059:
1054:Frederick III
1051:
1043:
1035:
1027:
1019:
1011:
1003:
995:
987:
979:
971:
963:
955:
947:
939:
931:
923:
915:
907:
899:
890:
888:
874:
873:
871:
870:
862:
848:
840:
832:
818:
804:
796:
782:
767:
765:
759:
758:
756:
755:
747:
739:
731:
723:
715:
707:
699:
691:
683:
674:
672:
666:
665:
663:
662:
654:
646:
638:
630:
622:
614:
606:
598:
590:
582:
574:
566:
558:
550:
542:
534:
526:
518:
510:
502:
494:
486:
478:
470:
460:
452:
443:
441:
435:
434:
432:
431:
423:
415:
407:
399:
391:
383:
375:
366:
364:
358:
357:
350:
348:
346:
345:
336:
334:
330:
329:
325:Kings of Italy
321:
320:
313:
306:
298:
291:
290:
255:
242:
230:
218:
206:
192:
190:
187:
184:
183:
171:
169:, p. 134.
159:
147:
145:, p. 126.
130:
118:
116:, p. 219.
100:
99:
96:
95:
82:
81:
79:
76:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1949:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1887:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1863:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1830:
1825:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1793:
1788:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1771:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1713:
1709:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1647:
1643:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1624:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1605:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1539:
1538:
1533:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1496:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1465:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1433:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1325:
1315:
1314:
1310:Nibelung I →
1309:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1302:Childebrand I
1299:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1259:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1203:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1101:
1096:
1094:
1089:
1087:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1066:
1060:
1058:
1052:
1050:
1044:
1042:
1036:
1034:
1028:
1026:
1020:
1018:
1014:Frederick II
1012:
1010:
1004:
1002:
996:
994:
988:
986:
980:
978:
972:
970:
964:
962:
956:
954:
948:
946:
940:
938:
932:
930:
924:
922:
916:
914:
908:
906:
900:
898:
892:
891:
889:
885:
879:
875:
869:
863:
861:
854:
853:
849:
847:
841:
839:
833:
831:
824:
823:
819:
817:
810:
809:
805:
803:
797:
795:
788:
787:
783:
781:
774:
773:
769:
768:
766:
760:
754:
748:
746:
740:
738:
732:
730:
724:
722:
716:
714:
708:
706:
700:
698:
692:
690:
684:
682:
676:
675:
673:
671:
667:
661:
655:
653:
647:
645:
639:
637:
631:
629:
623:
621:
615:
613:
607:
605:
599:
597:
591:
589:
583:
581:
575:
573:
567:
565:
559:
557:
551:
549:
543:
541:
535:
533:
527:
525:
519:
517:
511:
509:
503:
501:
495:
493:
487:
485:
479:
477:
471:
469:
465:
461:
459:
453:
451:
445:
444:
442:
440:
436:
430:
424:
422:
416:
414:
408:
406:
400:
398:
392:
390:
384:
382:
376:
374:
368:
367:
365:
363:
359:
354:
344:
338:
337:
335:
331:
326:
319:
314:
312:
307:
305:
300:
299:
296:
287:
281:
273:
269:
265:
261:
256:
252:
248:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
194:
193:
180:
175:
168:
163:
157:, p. 15.
156:
151:
144:
139:
137:
135:
128:, p. 43.
127:
122:
115:
110:
108:
106:
101:
92:
87:
83:
75:
73:
69:
64:
60:
56:
52:
46:
44:
40:
39:ex concubinis
36:
35:
30:
26:
22:
21:king of Italy
18:
1700:
1669:
1602:
1535:
1510:
1339:
1330:Carolingians
1311:
1188:
1177:
1111:Carolingians
990:Frederick I
857:Berengar II
850:
820:
806:
784:
770:
762:Non-dynastic
749:
734:Charles III
678:Charlemagne
670:Carolingians
463:
333:Non-dynastic
271:
267:
263:
250:
246:
237:
225:
222:Leyser, Karl
213:
197:
174:
167:Reuter 1991b
162:
150:
143:Reuter 1991a
121:
90:
86:
58:
47:
42:
38:
32:
16:
15:
1732:Carloman II
1499:Carolingian
1386:Charlemagne
1313:Nibelungids
1146:Carloman →
1064:(1530–1556)
1056:(1452–1493)
1048:(1431–1437)
1040:(1355–1378)
1038:Charles IV
1032:(1327–1347)
1024:(1311–1313)
1016:(1212–1250)
1008:(1209–1212)
1000:(1186–1197)
992:(1154–1186)
984:(1138–1152)
982:Conrad III
976:(1125–1137)
968:(1106–1125)
960:(1093–1101)
952:(1056–1105)
944:(1039–1056)
936:(1026–1039)
928:(1004–1024)
920:(1002–1014)
843:Lothair II
777:Berengar I
772:Unruochings
718:Charles II
657:Desiderius
633:Hildeprand
609:Aripert II
464:Interregnum
179:Fasoli 1949
155:Leyser 1979
114:Reuter 2006
51:Lotharingia
43:Friedelehen
1926:Categories
1866:Lothair IV
1842:Lothair IV
1787:Robertians
1703:→ Adalbert
1675:Zwentibold
1609:Lothair II
1243:Grimoald I
1196:, his sons
1166:Arnulfings
1152:Grimoald I
1062:Charles V
1046:Sigismund
1022:Henry VII
958:Conrad II
942:Henry III
934:Conrad II
912:(996–1002)
887:(962–1556)
702:Lothair I
625:Liutprand
601:Raginpert
561:Perctarit
537:Perctarit
521:Aripert I
386:Theodahad
378:Athalaric
370:Theodoric
362:Ostrogoths
240:. Longman.
189:References
126:Geary 1994
29:Zwentibold
1727:Louis III
1677:→ Godfrey
1595:Ermengard
1582:Lothair I
1427:Theoderic
1376:Pepin III
1276:Pepin III
1252:Theudoald
1190:Ansegisel
1139:Pippinids
1030:Louis IV
998:Henry VI
950:Henry IV
926:Henry II
918:Arduin I
910:Otto III
904:(980–983)
896:(962–973)
867:(950–963)
865:Adalbert
859:(950–963)
852:Anscarids
845:(945–950)
837:(926–947)
829:(900–905)
827:Louis II
815:(922–933)
801:(891–897)
793:(889–894)
786:Guideschi
779:(887–924)
744:(896–899)
736:(879–887)
728:(877–879)
726:Carloman
720:(875–877)
712:(855–875)
704:(818–855)
696:(810–818)
688:(781–810)
680:(774–814)
659:(756–774)
651:(749–756)
643:(744–749)
627:(712–744)
617:Ansprand
611:(702–712)
595:(700–702)
593:Liutpert
587:(689–700)
585:Cunipert
571:(688–689)
569:Cunipert
563:(671–688)
553:Garibald
547:(662–671)
545:Grimoald
539:(661–662)
531:(661–662)
529:Godepert
523:(653–661)
515:(652–653)
507:(636-652)
499:(626–636)
491:(616–626)
489:Adaloald
483:(590–616)
475:(584–590)
467:(574–584)
457:(572–574)
449:(568–572)
428:(552–553)
420:(541–552)
404:(540–541)
396:(536–540)
388:(534–536)
380:(526–534)
372:(493–526)
342:(476–493)
236:(1991a).
1833:Louis IV
1805:Louis IV
1745:Carloman
1685:→ Louis
1657:Carloman
1636:Pepin II
1604:Bosonids
1482:Adalhard
1436:Carloman
1348:Carloman
1293:Remigius
1271:Carloman
1194:Pepin II
1006:Otto IV
966:Henry V
902:Otto II
822:Bosonids
813:Rudolph
799:Lambert
710:Louis I
694:Bernard
649:Aistulf
641:Ratchis
513:Rodoald
505:Rothari
497:Arioald
481:Agilulf
473:Authari
439:Lombards
402:Ildibad
394:Vitiges
340:Odoacer
224:(1979).
212:(1994).
1908:Charles
1875:Louis V
1846:Charles
1776:Francia
1757:Charles
1697:Bernard
1627:Pepin I
1617:Charles
1528:Bernard
1486:Bernhar
1468:Bernard
1414:Lothair
1286:Bernard
1222:Godfrey
1148:Pepin I
894:Otto I
880:within
750:Ratold
742:Arnulf
577:Alahis
447:Alboin
418:Totila
410:Eraric
262:(ed.).
202:Sansoni
55:emperor
1892:, sons
1880:Arnulf
1868:, sons
1835:, sons
1815:Rorico
1809:Arnulf
1798:, sons
1701:Ratold
1670:Ratold
1661:Arnulf
1584:, sons
1501:Empire
1470:, sons
1388:, sons
1378:, sons
1290:Jerome
1264:, sons
1214:Arnulf
1208:, sons
686:Pepin
455:Cleph
19:was a
17:Ratold
1904:Louis
1857:Henry
1849:Louis
1812:Drogo
1754:Pepin
1751:Drogo
1629:, son
1521:, son
1519:Pepin
1455:Pepin
1444:Pepin
1438:, son
1418:Drogo
1405:Pepin
1357:Drogo
1350:, son
1327:Early
1304:, son
1281:Grifo
1245:, son
1225:Pepin
1206:Drogo
1130:Begga
835:Hugh
808:Welfs
752:(896)
635:(744)
619:(712)
603:(701)
579:(689)
555:(671)
426:Teia
412:(541)
78:Notes
63:Milan
1899:Otto
1774:West
1716:sons
1689:Hugh
1680:Otto
1650:sons
1613:Hugh
1561:sons
1477:Wala
1423:Hugh
1109:and
882:the
791:Guy
286:link
1928::
1725:→
1695:→
1663:→
1659:→
1611:→
1601:→
1597:→
1593:→
1534:→
1530:→
1192:→
1181:→
1154:→
1150:→
855::
825::
811::
789::
775::
282:}}
278:{{
200:.
133:^
104:^
1714:,
1648:,
1559:,
1099:e
1092:t
1085:v
317:e
310:t
303:v
288:)
204:.
93:.
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