Rattanakosin Kingdom (1782–1932)

10327: 8727: 7745: 9330: 9608: 9829: 6457: 4826: 8305: 5363: 5683:. In his reign, thirty-eight new taxes were enacted to compensate the revenue loss. New tax farms required experienced collectors and the Chinese eagerly filled in these roles, leading to the creation of 'Chinese tax collector system'. When a new tax was announced, the Chinese merchants would compete for the rights to collect the tax on behalf of royal court. Those who promised highest amount of income would win this 'tax auction'. Deprived government revenues and decline in Chinese tributary trade in the 1840s pushed Siamese court towards more isolationist and conservative policies. Chinese tax farming system re-imposed restrictions and tariffs on most trades. British delegate Sir James Brooke, who argued that the Burney Treaty had not been honored by Siam, arrived in Bangkok in 1850 to find the Siamese court opposing any further concessions. In 1850, few years prior to the Bowring Treaty, Siam's total export value was around 5.6 million baht, with more than fifty percent came from natural products and fifteen percent from sugar export. 2885:) or the Financial Auditory Office in June 1873 to centralize and reorganize the taxation system to attain a more stringent revenue collection. Chulalongkorn underwent his second coronation in October 1873 to signify the assumption of the authorities but Si Suriyawong continued to hold de facto power. The king also appointed the Council of State in May 1874, composing of mid-ranking nobles from the Young Siam faction, and the 'Privy Council' in August 1874, composed exclusively of royal princes. Chulalongkorn's fiscal reforms conflicted with the existing benefits of the old nobility and put the king in political conflict with Si Suriyawong, who represented the conservative faction. Chulalongkorn exerted his legislative powers through the Council of State that passed many laws concerning tax reforms. Also in 1874, King Chulalongkorn made his first gradual step towards the abolition of slavery by decreeing that the redemption price of a child slave would continue to decline over age until the age of 21 when they would be freed. 3317: 7552:, which became known as the 'Roberts Treaty', was presented to King Rama III in 1833. The Roberts Treaty was the first treaty between United States and an Asian nation and Siam became the first Asian nation to come into official relations with United States. The content of the treaty was largely in the same manner as the British Burney Treaty. Difference between the American Roberts Treaty and British Burney Treaty was that the United States required to be granted the same prospective benefits as other Western nations. If Siam reduced the tariffs of any other Western nations, the United States would be eligible for the same rights. If Siam allowed any other Western nations but the Portuguese to establish a consulate, the Americans would also be allowed. The treaty also stipulated that if an American failed to pay Siamese debts or bankrupted, the Siamese would not punish or hold the American debtor as slave. 3817:, a popular Lanna monk, led a passive resistance in the 1910s against integration of Lanna monastic order into Central Siamese State Buddhism. Trainlines from Bangkok reached Pattani in 1919 and Chiang Mai in 1922. With creation of Monthon Pattani in 1905, the Pattani Malays of Muslim South were exempted from military conscription and most taxes. However, nationalistic education reforms affected Islamic Malay education in Pattani. Combined with dissatisfaction over the capitation tax, the rural Pattani Malays planned the Namsai uprising of 1922 but were again intercepted beforehand. Siamese government responded with Six Principles for Governance of Pattani Province in June 1923, proposed by Yommaraj Pan Sukhum, which pressed careful handling of Muslim South region through lenient tax measures and respect of the Islam religion. 6493:, had been by the king's side in political opposition against Si Suriyawong. By marrying to Pricha Konlakarn, Fanny Knox crossed factional division line and upset Si Suriyawong who intended to marry one of Bunnag gentlemen to her to cement alliance with consul Knox. Pricha's marriage drew ire from Siamese elite society as marrying Westerner was frowned upon at the time and required king's consent. Pricha Konlakarn had overseen a royal gold mine project. However, his abuses led to deaths of his workers. Local workers filed the case against Pricha Konlakarn with embezzlement and murder. Si Suriyawong, out of political motives, pushed for death penalty of Pricha as corruption on royal revenue was punishable by death. Thomas Knox, in desperate attempt to save Pricha Konlakarn for the sake of his daughter, brought British gunboat 5971:(暹羅國王). Siamese kings did not consider themselves as submitted tributary rulers but rather as amicable gift exchangers, while the Chinese court would construe this as vassal homage from Siam. Entering the tributary relationship with China permitted the Siamese royal court to conduct lucrative commercial activities there. The Siamese court presented commodities ascribed by the imperial court as tributes to the Chinese Emperor who, in return, granted luxurious goods, which were more valuable than Siamese presented goods, in exchange. The Siamese mission to China was a profitable expenditure in itself in the view of Siamese royal court. The tributary relation with China did not have political implications in Siam as the Beijing court wielded little to no influence over Siam. 2733:

growth of rice plantations and production in Central Siam as rice arose to become Siam's top export commodity. The increased scale of production led to demands for manpower in the industry that rendered the traditional corvée system less useful and thus social changes were needed. The Bowring Treaty of 1855 marks the beginning of 'modern' Siam in most histories. However, these commercial concessions took a drastic effect on government revenues, which was sacrificed in the name of national security and trade liberalization. The government relied on the corrupt and ineffective Chinese tax collector system to generate and levy numerous new tax farms that would compensate revenue loss. The disarray of the Siamese tax system would lead to fiscal reforms in 1873.

9682:) "Royal Preference" style. Sinicization was strong during the reign of King Rama III (r. 1824–1851), during which up to seventy Theravadin temples were either constructed or renovated and one quarter of those temples involved were in Chinese style. Chinese elements introduced were blue-and-white inlaid with stucco, ornate ceramic mosaic, ceramic roofs and ridged tiles. Pediments were plastered and decorated with Chinese floral motifs in ceramic mosaics rather than traditional wooden gilded Hindu-deities decorations. Chinese decorative objects including Chinese pagodas, door guardian statues, door frames and glass paintings were imported from China to be installed in chinoiserie temples. Well-known Chinese-style temples included Wat Ratcha-orot, 6794:

opportunity to dismantle Siamese influence. Swettenham and Lord Lansdowne forcefully proposed that Siam should allow British advisors in Kelantan and Terengganu. King Chulalongkorn sent a delegate Phraya Si Sahathep to talk directly to Lansdowne at London that Siam agreed to send British advisors to those Malay states but they were to be chosen by Siam. Kelantan-Siam and Terengganu-Siam Treaties were signed in December 1902, under British mediation, establishing the 'Advisor system'. Pro-Siamese British advisors, who were more loyal to Bangkok than to Singapore, were sent to Kelantan and Terengganu in July 1903, much to the dismay of Swettenham, who expected pro-colonial personnel from Straits Settlements to be appointed there instead.

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expansion of rice fields in Central Siam. Siam exported 60,000 tons of rice in 1857 and became one of the world's leading rice exporters in the 1860s as rice was mostly shipped to Hong Kong and Singapore. Increasing rice export put the raise on incentives of rice producers who worked more lands and produced more crop than that was simply to feed themselves. Another effect was the beginning of disparity of wealth between Central Siam and inner hinterlands when Central Siam flourished from new economies but the hinterlands, which had earlier depended on forest product trade through Central Siam, declined. Bowring Treaty also forced decriminalization of opium, which had been outlawed since 1809, in Siam.

7247: 10312: 1281: 9314: 1029: 7850: 8631:, the apostolic vicarate of Siam was divided into apostolic vicarates of Eastern Siam, corresponding to Siam proper, and Western Siam corresponding to Malay peninsula. Courvezy remained as the vicar apostolic of Western Siam at Singapore, while Pallegoix was appointed the vicar apostolic of Eastern Siam in Bangkok. Pallegoix was the first vicar apostolic to spend most of his time in Bangkok. As Siamese people were forbidden to convert, episcopal authority in Siam oversaw Christians of foreign origins. In 1841, there were total of 4,300 recorded Catholics in Siam with 1,700 Vietnamese Catholics in St. Francis Xavier Church in Bangkok, 700 Portuguese-Cambodian Catholics in 1043: 2462: 1057: 2737: 6723: 1805: 9329: 6330: 403: 9351: 5738: 6924: 1001: 4222: 3386: 3033: 2964: 5599: 2044: 3233: 415: 8643:, King Rama III ordered the Christian churches to release domesticated animals and feed them to make merits to appease the diseases according to Buddhist beliefs. Missionaries did not comply and incurred the anger of the king. Pallegoix then decided to release the animals per royal orders. King Rama III was satisfied but ordered the expulsions of eight priests who refused to comply. In 1852, King Mongkut personally wrote to the expelled eight missionaries urging them to return and promising not to impose Buddhist beliefs on missionaries in the future. 3966: 3935:

also expensive and the post-war economic downturn took a great toll on Siamese economy. Vajiravudh's profligacy has been cited in most historiographies as the root of Siam's subsequent financial crisis but Siam's fragile economy itself also played the part. Siam did not undergo industrialization due to lack of technological progress and remained an export-oriented agrarian economy. Fluctuating global rice commodity price, Siam's main export, in the 1920s, was combined with crop failures during 1919–1921 to worsen the situation. After 1919, Siam's

10073: 9021: 4970: 5291:, Chulalongkorn's Belgian advisor, told the king that violation of Siam's sovereignty by Western colonial powers was due to the fact that Siamese antiquated legal system, dated to Ayutthaya times, had not yet been modernized to conform with Western standards. Siamese government then began to consider abolition of Western extraterritorial jurisdiction in Siam to preserve Siam's sovereignty. Chulalongkorn established Legislative Council in 1897, composing of appointed Western legal specialists, to compose modern Siamese law based on the 2573:. Sultan Muhammad II of Kelantan had conflicts with his rival contender Tuan Besar and requested for military aid from Phraya Siphiphat. Siphiphat, however, posted himself as the negotiator and forced a peace agreement upon the warring Kelantanese factions. Tuan Besar rebelled again in 1840. Siam resolved to move Tuan Besar to somewhere else to placate the conflicts. Eventually, Tuan Besar was made the ruler of Pattani in 1842, becoming Sultan Phaya Long Muhammad of Pattani. His descendants would continue to rule Pattani until 1902. 9709: 5125: 4509: 3996:, consisting of five senior royal princes including Prince Paribatra who had been in control of military and Prince Damrong who resumed his roles in government. This Council of State assisted Prajadhipok in government but also sidelined the king's active roles. Royal princes returned to the government, reminiscing of the days of King Chulalongkorn, after the days of King Vajiravudh favoring his personal choices as Vajiravudh's personnel were gradually replaced by members of the royal family in the cabinet of the new reign. 5692: 2643: 3647: 10339: 9391: 7952: 6282: 10364: 9949: 9596: 7423: 211: 9375: 3581: 3744: 1138: 1110: 2721: 8538: 3623:) in January 1912 in an attempt to overthrow the absolute monarchy. However, the plot leaked and the conspirators were apprehended in April 1912. Understanding the context of liberal trends, Vajiravudh spared the conspirators from death sentences but gave prison terms only to top leaders of this abortive plot. Siamese government associated this rebellion with Chinese republican movement. The paramilitary movement largely disappeared by 1927, but was revived and evolved into the 10215:

religious works. Princes and young nobles received tuition from high-ranking monks in fine temples. Girls were not expected to be literate and were usually taught domestic arts such as culinary and embroidery. However, education for women was not restricted and upper-class women had more opportunities for literacy. There were some prominent female authors in the early Rattanakosin period. Craftsmanships and artisanships were taught internally in the same family or community.

9403: 2895: 9637: 6798: 4422: 3136: 9811:. Francis Chit opened his own studio in Kudi Chin in 1863, producing photos of temples, palaces, dignitaries, landscapes and cityscapes. Chit was appointed as official royal photographer in 1866 with title Khun Sunthornsathisalak and was later promoted in 1880 to Luang Akkhani Naruemit. Francis Chit accompanied King Chulalongkorn as royal photographer on royal trips abroad. Chit sent his son to learn photography at Germany and after his death in 1891 his studio 242: 4207:

physically and directly look at the king as common eyes should never cast on the king's divine body, lest they would be shot with earthen pellet at the eye as punishment, also possibly for security reasons. The king's person or any royal figures should never be physically touched. During royal barge processions in the rivers, if any members of royalty were sinking and drowning, it was forbidden for anyone to swim to save that royal person on the pain of death.

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connections. Any noblemen who wished to start his bureaucratic career should give himself into the service of one of the existing superiors to win the favor and support. Through the recommendations and connections of that superior, the novice official would find his place the bureaucracy. The system of connections maintained the noble status among the connected individuals, though the nobility class itself was not inclusive. Nobles received

4020: 4400:, who had been a Buddhist monk for 27 years, during which he learned about Western civilization, ascended the throne in 1851. King Mongkut greatly reformed the Siamese kingship concept and ideology. Even before his enthronement, Mongkut ordered court officials to wear upper garments during royal events as being bare-chested would be considered barbaric by Westerners. King Mongkut added Buddhist element of blessings by Buddhist monks to his 218: 10154: 9153: 8877: 47: 8574: 4056:

bureaucrats and essentially that there was little that was revolutionary about this event. David K. Wyatt, for instance, described the period of Thai history from 1910 to 1941 as "essentially the political working out of the social consequences of the reforms of Chulalongkorn's reign". The 1932 revolution was generally characterised as the inevitable outcome of "natural consequences of forces set in motion by Rama IV and Rama V".

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steady growth after 1850, from around five milliion people to 8.13 million by 1910. The population of Bangkok was around 100,000 people in 1850 and rose up to 478,994 in 1909. Introduction of Western medicine and establishment of sanitation system in the late nineteenth century greatly improved the quality of life and reduced the chance of deadly epidemics. In 1909, the first official modern nationwide Thai census was conducted.

7515: 6549: 2821: 8453: 10099:(1786–1855), who enjoyed royal favor as one of the most accomplished court poets. Sunthorn Phu's fortunes took a downturn, however, in 1824 when the new king Rama III, whom Sunthorn Phu had previously offended, ascended the throne. Phu ended up leaving royal court to become a wanderer and drunkard. It was during his unfortunate times of life that Sunthorn Phu produced his most famous works. His most important masterpiece was 8607:, Joseph-Louis Coudé and Arnaud-Antoine Garnault from Siam for their refusals to drink the sacred water to swear fealty to the king. Le Bon retired to Goa where he died in 1780. Coudé left for Kedah and he was appointed the new vicar apostolic of Siam in 1782. Coudé returned to Bangkok in 1783. Coudé was pardoned by King Rama I and was allowed to skip the lustral water drinking ceremony. Coudé took the vicarate seat at 5578:

Rama II allowed rice to be exported to China in some rice-surplus years. Chinese settler merchants played very important roles in the development of Siamese economy in the early Rattanakosin period. In the 1810s, the Chinese introduced the technology of sugar production leading to the establishment of numerous Chinese-owned sugarcane plantations in Central Siam. Crawfurd mentioned the Chinese sugarcane plantations in ฺ

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financial situation even in the time that Siam's economy was expanding and led to creation of fourteen even more tax farms in the reign of King Mongkut for Chinese collectors to levy. Numerous and disorganized taxes were scattered across many departments, which were under control of nobility who benefitted from their tax collection responsibilities. Largest taxes, opium tax and alcohol tax, belonged to the Bunnag-led

5351:, American citizens in Siam came under Siamese law and legal system but, as the compilation of modern Siamese civil code had not yet completed, the American legation had rights, up to five years after completion of Siamese civil code, to evoke any cases it deemed appropriate from Siamese court. Siam in early twentieth century was in the time of press freedom and liberal political discussions. In 1922, Thai workers of 1124: 6643:

Siam in March 1893, Rosebery expected the French to be satisfied with annexation only up to Middle Mekong. Rosebery made clear that the British would not intervene, while also telling Siam to comply with French demands. Rosebery sent some British gunboats to Bangkok under pretext to protect British subjects just to please the Siamese as the British vessels did not engage with the invading French gunboats during the

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consul-general in 1868. Acquainted with Siamese elite circle, Knox politically supported Pinklao and his lineage and became rather an ally of Si Suriyawong. With ascension of King Chulalongkorn in 1868 under regency of Si Suriyawong, Prince Wichaichan, Pinklao's son, was made Vice-King of Front Palace. When Knox was away in 1868, Chinese-Siamese tax collectors burnt down some British opium houses in Bangkok.

5408: 8349:. In the reign of King Rama III, massive number of nearly seventy Buddhist temples were either constructed or renovated in Bangkok, including both royal and demotic temples. In Early Bangkok, there were two Theravadin denominations: the mainstream Siamese Theravada and the Mon tradition. Influx of Mon people from Burma brought, along with them, the Mon Buddhist traditions and Mon monks themselves. 6584:, the king's commissioner at Chiang Mai, laid claims to trans-Salween 'Five Shan towns' or 'Thirteen Shan and Karenni towns' by organizing them into a unit called Wiang Chaipricha and sending Siamese troops to occupy the area. British Burma, however, viewed these towns as belonging to the Shan States under British control. Situation in northern frontiers was further aggravated by conflicts between 4005:

Bangkok's ever-flourishing political newspapers, the mouthpieces of the middle class, expressed fiery opinions towards absolutist Siamese royal regime. This compelled Prajadhipok's government to enact another law to restrict press freedom in 1927, decreeing that those who committed lèse-majesté would be condemned as enemies of the nation. Academic teachings of economic principles were also banned.

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should be abolished. Serious political disturbances were threatened in the capital, and in April 1932 the king agreed to introduce a constitution under which he would share power with a prime minister. This was not enough for the radical elements in the army. On 24 June 1932, while the king was at the seaside, the Bangkok garrison mutinied and seized power, led by a group of 49 officers known as "

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would subject to British consular authority and British law rather than Siamese judiciary system. The British were also allowed land ownership in area within 24-hour journey from Bangkok. Charles Hillier became the first British consul in Bangkok in 1856 but he died soon four months later. King Mongkut granted a land on Chao Phraya River bank next to Portuguese Consulate to be British Consulate.

3931:, mainly to accompany the royal princes in their studies and to produce native officials to work in modernized Siamese government. This led to the formation of the Siamese educated middle class, consisting of the former lower nobility class and the assimilated Chinese immigrants. These new middle class people were exposed to modern education and the Western ideas of civilization and progress. 9742: 7366:

side was established, where the Siamese were forbidden to have any military garrisons. Siamese government paid three million francs for indemnities. The French would continue to occupy Chanthaburi until these terms were achieved and satisfied. Anglo-French Declaration of January 1896 between British and French governments, not under knowledge of Siam, guaranteed Siamese sovereignty only in

3336:, the king's Belgian advisor, convinced the Siamese government that contravention of Siam's sovereignty by Western powers was due to the fact that Siamese law and its legal system, dated to Ayutthaya times, were antiquated and not yet modernized. King Chulalongkorn appointed the Legislative Council in 1897, composing of Western legal specialists, to create a modern Siamese law based on the 5388:), came under Siamese law. King Prajadhipok decreed, in 1927, that those who committed lèse-majesté were to be classified as enemies of the nation. Compilation of modern Siamese civil code took decades to complete. It was only in 1926 that the first portion of Siamese Civil and Commercial code was issued. Siamese civil code was eventually completed in 1935 in post-revolution rule of 3113:, a French colonialist advocate, in February 1887 to assume the position of the French consul in Luang Phrabang. Unable to go further, Waiworanat ended his campaign in April 1887, taking Haw and Tai captives, among them the brothers of Đèo Văn Trị to Bangkok. The enraged Đèo Văn Trị led the Black Flag Army to seize and plunder Luang Phrabang in June 1887. Auguste Pavie rescued King 5218:) and were used only in certain circumstances in criminal cases. Sometimes when the issues were not settled, defendants were made to dive into water or walk into fire to prove their guilty or innocence. Westerners were particularly horrified by these methods of judiciary tortures and sought to dissociate themselves from traditional Siamese inquisition, resulting in the granting of 8726: 5590:. In 1822, Siam exported more than 8 million pounds of sugar. For the first time, the export-oriented marketization took over native trade of forest products. However, the profits of these growing agro-industries were limited to the Chinese bourgeoisie and native elite class. The sugar industry remained as the major Siamese export well into the late nineteenth century. 3794:("Sino–Siamese magazine") publications to propagate republican revolutionary ideas among the Chinese in Siam, who had numbered to 8.3 million people. The king adopted anti-Chinese stance and referred to them as the 'Jews of the East'. Chinese immigrants became ready targets of Siamese economic nationalism. In 1913, Vajiravudh introduced surname system and defined Thai 7744: 7237:. French governments, both colonial and republican, with their colonialist and expansionist sentiments, reacted furiously to these events. Through journalism, French Colonial Party incited public hatred in France towards Siam. Siam also attempted to enlist support from the British, who took neutral stance and told Siam not to be provocative instead. 7806:, the black bellied Lao), were relocated down south to settle in Saraburi and Ratchaburi. The greatest influx of Lao people came in 1828 after the total destruction of Vientiane, which was estimated to be more than 100,000 people. Through the early nineteenth century, there was a gradual Lao population shift from the Mekong region to the 2063:. Decades of continuous warfare had left Siam depopulated and the Siamese court managed to muster only a total of 70,000 men against the 144,000 men of Burmese invaders. The Burmese, however, were over-stretched and unable to converge. Prince Sura Singhanat led his army to defeat the main army of King Bodawpaya in the Battle of Latya in 5359:('Laborer'). King Vajiravudh then decided to contain freedom of press and restore order through his decree on books, documents and journals in 1923, in which document editors were made liable to punishments of lèse-majesté offense. Propagation of political and economic theories against the monarchy was also considered similar offense. 5384:, an American Harvard Law professor, to be the Siamese delegate to embark on a European tour in 1924–1926 to conclude new treaties with European nations of behalf of Siam. France agreed to new treaty with Siam in 1925, in which French subjects in nearly all parts of Siam, except for those in Monthon Ubon and Monthon Isan (modern 8948:

conducts. A general defeated by the enemy in battlefield would be, in theory, subjected to death penalty. In the offensives, auspicious date and time were set to begin marching. Brahmanistic ceremony of cutting trees with similar names to the enemy was performed, while the army marched through a gate with Brahmins blessing with

9607: 5347:, extraterritorial jurisdiction of Germany and Austria-Hungary in Siam were retrospectively terminated from 1917 because they were war losers. For other Western nations, Siam sought to conclude a treaty with the United States first to procure a prototype for new treaties as America was then a rising dominating world power. In 4000:

from 10.8 to 6.8 million baht during the 1926–1927 fiscal year through reduction of the size of the bureaucracy. Many government positions were merged and those unnecessary ones were dissolved, accompanied by dismissals of a great number of bureaucrats and cutting of salaries of the remaining officials. Even some provincial

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population of Bangkok was estimated to be around 50,000 people. Chinese immigration was the greatest contributor to the population of Bangkok and Central Siam. By the 1820s, Bangkok had surpassed all other cities in Siam in population size. Others estimated population of major town centres in Central Siam in 1827 included

9828: 3867:. To go to war, Siam required a modern flag. The elephant flag was difficult to print so Vajiravudh adopted the tricolor flag in September 1917 with its colors reflecting the state trinity. For the first time, Siam, as a nation, participated in military conflict of world stage by sending its army on the French steamship 2868:

Chulalongkorn formed the Young Siam Society, composing of liberal Westernizing young princes and noblemen who aimed at state financial reforms and the abolition of government-regulated manpower control for the development of the economy, people and the kingdom, and also to consolidate royal power through centralization.

6353:, to London in 1857. This mission was the first Siamese mission to Europe since the last one in Ayutthaya Period in 1688. The envoys had audience with Queen Victoria in November 1857. There was a question about whether the Bowring Treaty terms affected and applied in Siam's tributary states including Lanna Chiang Mai. 2792:

France would accept Siamese claims over 'Siamese Laos'. Siam sent another mission to Paris to settle disputes. The treaty was finally ratified in Paris in July 1867, in which Siam officially ceded Cambodia but retained northwestern Cambodia including Battambang and Siem Reap, which would also later be ceded in 1907.

5729:. Nobles responsible for tax collection treated tax farms under their control as their own properties and sought to limit their payment to government treasury at fixed rate. Government revenues were not effectively harnessed from this deranged taxation system and led to fiscal reforms by King Chulalongkorn in 1873. 7565:

treaty. Balestier even did not manage to deliver the presidential letter. When Phrakhlang returned, Balestier complained to him that his younger brother Siphiphat had offended him as the envoy of the President of the United States but Phrakhlang did not respond. Eventually, Balestier left Bangkok empty-handed.

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relatively static at around 4 million people. Fertility rate was high but life expectancy was averaged to be less than 40 years with infant mortality rate as high as 200 per 1,000 babies. Wars and diseases were major causes of deaths. Men were periodically drafted into warfare. Siamese children died from

7403:. Franco–Siamese dispute over these issues led to protracted negotiation, in which Prince Dewawongse served as the Siamese representative, and the continuing French occupation of Chanthaburi. In the Franco–Siamese Convention of 1902, Siam agreed to registration of French Asian subjects in Siam as French 6858:

under Siamese modernized legal system, the 4 million pound British loan to Siam for construction of Southern Siamese railways and abrogation of the controversial Secret Convention of 1897, returning foreign policy independence to Siam. British extraterritorial jurisdiction over Siam, stipulated by the

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the advent of Thai political journalism. Newspapers were direct and contemptuous towards government against the absolute order, including the king himself, gaining readerships from all classes of society including women. Vajiravudh personally participated in these political discussions under pseudonym

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were widespread including accumulation of personal wealth and having children. Many attempts by the royal court were made to purify the monkhood and purged any of 'non-conformist' monks. In 1824, the young Prince Mongkut was ordained as a monk. However, his father King Rama II died fifteen days later

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rooted in the economic cause. Those commoners who faced financial problems could "sell" themselves to become slaves to earn money. Those who defaulted the debts would become slaves of their lenders. Parents and husbands could also sell their children or wives to become slaves. When a slave managed to

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The authority of Siamese government extended only to the towns and riverine agricultural lands. Most of the pre-modern Siamese lands were dense tropical jungles roamed by wild animals. Leaving the town for jungles was the most effective way to avoid the corvée obligations for Siamese men. The Siamese

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in Southern Siam. Phrakhlang's younger brother Phraya Siphiphat (That Bunnag) took over the task of receiving Joseph Balestier. However, the meetings were not friendly ones. According to Thai chronicles, Balestier behaved unceremoniously. Phraya Siphiphat rejected any proposals to modify the existing

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the French minister in Bangkok, in which Siam ceded Northwestern Cambodia to French Indochina in exchange for Trat and Dansai going back to Siam and the new registered French Asian subjects in Siam coming under Siamese legal system instead. This 1907 Treaty and the accompanying territorial settlement

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to Bangkok in 1864. Compromise agreement draft between Siam and France was brought by Aubaret to Paris to be ratified in 1865. However, ratification was delayed at Paris due to prospect that France would have to accept Siamese claims over 'Siamese Laos' – France's future colonial ambitions. Siam sent

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the new British Foreign Secretary supported British colonial expansion in Malay peninsula at the expense of Siam. Muhammad IV the new sultan of Kelantan was pro-British. Frank Swettenham the most outspoken advocate of British colonial expansion in Malay peninsula, who had been working against Siamese

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but Siam did not attend. Ney Elias then proceeded to uniterally demarcate the borders, which became northern portions of modern Myanmar–Thailand borders, and told the Siamese occupying forces to leave the trans-Salween disputed area. Also in 1889, King Chulalongkorn commanded the Northern Thai Prince

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the acting consul pressed for compensation from Siamese court. Si Suriyawong, who was the patron of tax collectors, vehemently defended his subordinates. When Knox returned, he ruled in favor of Si Suriyawong. The disgraced Alabaster resigned and left Siam. King Chulalongkorn assumed personal rule in

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to Bangkok in 1825. Henry Burney arrived at Ligor where he was escorted by Nakhon Noi to Bangkok in 1826. Agreements were reached and the Burney Treaty was signed in June 1826. Burney Treaty ended traditional Siamese royal court monopoly by allowing the British to trade freely and privately, in which

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enthronement ceremony, which had previously been mostly a Hindu ritual, as he emphasized the Buddhist dimension of Siamese kingship and also appeared more visible to general populace. Mongkut was the first Siamese king to actually wear the Great Crown of Victory to give the Western-style 'coronation'

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King Vajiravudh spent a great amount of money on his many projects and personal expenditures, totaling nine million baht accounting for about ten percent of annual state budget. Siam's expanding bureaucracy and modernization required a great amount of public spending. Participation in World War I was

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however managed to put down the Shan Rebellion in 1902. In April 1905, King Chulalongkorn outright abolished slavery. Also in 1905, Chulalongkorn replaced the traditional corvée labor system with a modern universal conscription system through the Military Conscription Act of August 1905 with recruits

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Amidst these reforms, however, the French sent gunboats to threaten Bangkok in 1893, prompting Siam to cede all of Laos east of the Mekong to French Indochina. The treaty terms of October 1893 also established a 25-km demilitarized zone along the Mekong but only on the Siamese side. The major fear of

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Crisis. Chulalongkorn, in his "swimming to the crocodile" move, asked Si Suriyawong for intervention to placate the situation. Si Suriyawong, however, suggested hard terms on Wichaichan who then fled to take refuge inside the British consulate five days later in January 1875. Siam was on the brink of

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in 1864, much to the embarrassment of Gabriel Aubaret of the French consul. The French sought to annul the opposing treaty as Aubaret brought a gunboat to Bangkok. A Franco-Siamese compromise draft over Cambodian issues was signed in 1865 but ratification was delayed in Paris due to the prospect that

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with borders defined by interactions with Western powers. The period was marked by the increased centralization of the monarch's powers, the abolition of labor control, the transition to an agrarian economy, the expansion of control over distant tributary states, the creation of a monolithic national

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subordinates. A noble and his family were exempted from the corvée. The distinction between the Lower Nobility and the commoners were indecisive. Commoners, at times, were appointed to the nobility by volunteering himself as a leader of a group. The Siamese court recruited officials through personal

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slaves to be drafted into services. However, pre-modern Siam did not maintain an accurate census of its population. The survey by the court focused on the recruitment of capable manpower not for statistical intelligence. Only able-bodied men were counted on that purpose, excluding women and children

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Actions of Captain Borey nevertheless brought Siam to the knees in favor of the French. On 20 July 1893, Auguste Pavie delivered ultimata to the Siamese government, including ceding of all lands east of Mekong to French Indochina, paying indemnities to French damages, punishment of offending Siamese

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to convince Siam to accept French terms. Pavie had no choices but to accept the policy of his superior. However, in a historic turn of event, Captain Borey, who had not yet been informed about the change of French plans, proceeded to cross the river bar at Paknam to Bangkok on 13 July 1893, bringing

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pressed this issue onto Siam, urging Siam to ensure safety in the frontiers or else the British would occupy these lands themselves. Chulalongkorn then sent his delegate Phraya Charoen Ratchamaitri, a brother of Mot Amatyakul and uncle of Phra Pricha Konlakarn, to negotiate an agreement with British

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In late nineteenth century, the presence of British subjects, both the British themselves and British Asian subjects including the Burmese, in Northern Siam i.e. Lanna increased due to the expanding teak logging industry there. Siamese northern frontiers, where many ethnic tribes lived, was far from

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required craftsmanship and did not meet the demands of Siam's growing economy. Government had to declare foreign coins legal for usage inside Siam in 1857. During the Siamese Mission to London in 1857, Queen Victoria gifted a coin-minting machine to Siamese court, leading to establishment of minting

5577:

Qing China had been the main trading partner of Siam since the late Ayutthaya period. In the early nineteenth century, Qing China requested to buy rice from Siam. Traditionally, rice was the forbidden commodity due to the fact that it was the main staple and crucial to stability of the kingdom. King

5078:

The governors of large cities, in practice, were also in charge of the affairs of its adjacent tributary kingdoms. The governor of Nakhon Ratchasima was responsible for the affairs in Lao kingdoms of Vientiane and Champasak. The governor of Nakhon Si Thammarat (Ligor) was responsible for the affairs

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as King Nangklao. Mongkut officially abolished the practice of eye-shooting in 1857 and encouraged commoners to come out of their houses to prostrate outside to see the king during royal processions. Mongkut appeared to be the first Siamese king to go on non-military, non-religious journeys to visit

4038:

No previous monarch of Siam had ever spoken in such terms. Many interpreted the speech not as Prajadhipok apparently intended, namely as a frank appeal for understanding and cooperation. They saw it as a sign of his weakness and evidence that a system which perpetuated the rule of fallible autocrats

4034:

In 1932, with the country deep in depression, the Supreme Council opted to introduce cuts in spending, including the military budget. The king foresaw that these policies might create discontent, especially in the army, and he therefore convened a special meeting of officials to explain why the cuts

3999:

As the conservative princely faction retook power, the immediate concern of the royal government was to address the ongoing state fiscal problems, inherited from Vajiravudh's reign, through austerities and retrenchments. The royal government actively and aggressively cut down government expenditures

3687:

Vajiravudh was a relatively liberal monarch as he allowed the public press to have opinions on him. During his reign, newspapers and magazines, in Siamese, English and Chinese languages, proliferated to discuss political ideologies of the time. Vajiravudh's reign was the age of popular press and saw

2915:

Both Chulalongkorn and Si Suriyawong agreed to abolish corvée labor. However, these reforms upset Prince Wichaichan of the Front Palace who had inherited from his father Pinklao, a huge manpower in service with more than one-thirds of the kingdom's revenue accorded to him, he also had the support of

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and who was then powerless under the sway of the Bunnag regent, spent his early reign learning and observing. Chulalongkorn visited Singapore and Dutch Java in 1871 and British India in 1872 where he learned about Western colonial administrations, becoming the first Siamese monarch to travel aboard.

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The Bowring Treaty had a great socioeconomic impact on Siam, the Siamese economy was neoliberalized; it began to transform from a self-subsistence to export-oriented economy and was incorporated into the world economy. The liberation of rice export, which had been previously restricted, led to rapid

9138:

In the early Rattanakosin period, Siam accumulated cannons and firearms. In 1807, there were total 2,500 functioning cannons in Siam, with 1,200 of them stationed in Bangkok, 1,100 distributed to provinces and the last 200 installed on 16 royal warships. The total number of firearms in Siam in 1827

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regiment that took responsibilities in naval warfare and the Mon regiment that served as Burmese-Siamese border patrol. The Mon regiment played crucial role in surveillance of the borders with Burma due to their familiarity with the area and would provide timely alerts of imminent Burmese incursion

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Since 1730 in Ayutthaya Period, Siam had forbidden Christian catechisms to be written in Siamese alphabets. Siamese, Mon and Lao-Lanna people were also forbidden to convert, on the pain of death. In pre-modern Siam, religion was closely tied with ethnicity. Westerners were allowed to practice their

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was conducted in the reign of King Rama II. The Chinese settlers played a very important role in the development of Siamese economy in the early Bangkok period. The unrestricted Chinese were free to move around the kingdom, serving as commercial middlemen and became the first 'bourgeoisie' class of

7365:

was signed on 3 October 1893 between Prince Dewawongse the Siamese Foreign Minister and Le Myre de Vilers as French plenipotentiary. Siam officially ceded all Lao lands east of Mekong to French Indochina. A demilitarized zone of 25 kilometers all along the western bank of Mekong only on the Siamese

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the British Minister at Bangkok, in which Siam ceded Northern Malay sultanates including Kedah, Kelantan, Terengganu and Perlis, which had been more or less, at least nominally, under Siamese suzerainty, to British Malaya in exchange for all British subjects in Siam, both Asian and European, coming

6759:

to Siamese royal court, which were sent regularly. However, these tributary relations were vague and ill-defined in the realm of modern international law and diplomacy. British Foreign Office and Colonial Office had different approaches towards Siamese rule over the Malay peninsula and Siam usually

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taking refuge in the British-held Penang. The British at Penang were concerning about Siamese presence in Kedah when Crawfurd arrived on the island in 1822. Crawfurd arrived in Bangkok in 1822. There was no English translators in Siamese court so the British messages were translated into Portuguese

5720:

Trade agreements of Bowring Treaty and other 'unequal treaties' with Western nations also took detrimental effects on Siamese government revenues. Traditional trade tariffs was sacrificed in order to preserve the kingdom's security in regards of colonial threats. This put Siamese government in dire

5522:

who paid the tax in form of local valuables instead of serving corvee labors. Gold, lacquer, saltpeter, teak and beeswax were extracted from the hinterland regions of Khorat Plateau and the Upper Chao Phraya Basin for Bangkok. These forests products were usually sold to foreign merchants to benefit

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Majority of the Siamese legal corpus were lost in the Fall of Ayutthaya in 1767. Siamese authorities then relied on scattered legal manuscripts to operate. In 1804, a woman who was in relationship with another man successfully sued for divorce from her husband. The husband complained that the court

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in 1900, only returning to Siam in 1903. King Chulalongkorn made a promise that his son and successor Vajiravudh would consent to a constitution. Chulalongkorn embarked on another European tour in 1907 to seek cure for his illness, with Crown Prince Vajiravudh as the regent during his absence. King

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as regent during royal absence, to promote the image of his kingdom as civilized and Westernized not a candidate for colonization. Meanwhile, French exertion of authority over its 'French Asian subjects' in Siam, namely the Lao, Cambodian and Vietnamese, led to protracted unsettled negotiations and

3070:

in 1886. This development escalated imperialist designs on Siam and led to increased Western presence in the northern Siamese hinterlands. Siam responded to imperialist threats with centralization and internal restructuring that integrated tributary states into Siam proper, ending their autonomies.

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that took over control of all revenues. However, the conservative faction won the day as King Chulalongkorn chose to stall further reforms for a decade to prevent political conflicts. The king realized that his old regent still held substantial powers and that he needed more political consolidation

2934:

the governor of the Straits Settlements, who had earlier maintained friendly relations with Chulalongkorn, arrived in Bangkok from Singapore in February 1875 to act as mediator. Clarke was sympathetic to the king's cause and his intervention was fruitful. Wichaichan was forced to accept humiliating

2115:

defected to Siam. Siam came to temporarily occupy the Tenasserim Coast. However, as the court was preparing for the invasions of Lower Burma, King Bodawpaya sent his son Thado Minsaw to reclaim Tenasserim. The Siamese were soundly defeated by the Burmese in the Battle of Tavoy in 1793 and ceded the

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short style, which remained the national hairstyle until the 1900s. Prior to the 20th century, the primary markers that distinguished class in Thai clothing were the use of cotton and silk cloths with printed or woven motifs, but both commoners and royals alike wore wrapped, not stitched clothing.

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to cover the waist to halfway down the thigh, while women covered the waist to well below the knee. Bare chests and bare feet were accepted as part of the Thai formal dress code, and is observed in murals, illustrated manuscripts, and early photographs up to the middle of the 1800s. However, after

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King Rama II (r. 1809–1824) was a great patron of Siamese poetry and his reign was considered to be "Golden Age of Thai literature". His court hosted a large number of authors and it was said that any nobles who could compose fine literary works would gain royal favor. King Rama II the 'poet king'

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During religious reforms in mid-nineteenth century, King Mongkut discouraged the use of Khom Thai script in religious works for reason that its exclusivity gave wrong impression that Khmer script was holy and magical, ordering the monks to switch to Thai script in recording Buddhist canon. Mongkut

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The Burmese Wars and the Fall of Ayutthaya in 1767 prompted the Siamese to adopt new tactics. Less defensive strategies and effective manpower control contributed to Siamese military successes against her traditional enemies. Acquisition of Western flintlock firearms through diplomatic and private

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district. However, as French bishops continued to monopolize vicarate position in Siam, Coudé faced oppositions from the Portuguese who formed the majority of Catholics in Bangkok. Coudé left Bangkok for Kedah where he died in 1785 and was succeeded by Garnault in 1787. Vicars apostolic of Siam in

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learning as the sole doctrinal source and considered meditations, magical practices and folklore syncretism as mythical. In 1851, Prince Mongkut decided to order Thammayut monks to abandon Mon-style robes due to pressures. Prince Mongkut went to become the king in 1851 and the Mon-style monk robes

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s had turned into Franco–Siamese conflicts over Sipsong Chuthai instead, in which surveys and mapmaking are crucial parts to territorial claims of each party on the region. In December 1888, after arguments, in the Agreement of Muang Thaeng, Pavie and Surasak Montri agreed that Siam would withdraw

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annexed and laid claims to all Siamese lands east of Mekong, including eastern half of Kengcheng. This led to conflicting British and French claims in Kengcheng in upper reaches of Mekong in order to reach China. The British outright seized control of whole Kengcheng in 1895. Both sides eventually

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to Bangkok to force the release of his son-in-law. Despite Knox's interjection, Pricha Konlakarn was sentenced to death and executed in November 1879. Thomas Knox, after his fourteen years of tenure, was relieved of his consul position in 1879 for his improper exercise of power and the Knox family

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purchase firearms to be used in Burmese Wars, were dissatisfied. The final straw came when Crawfurd delivered the personal letter of the Kedah sultan to King Rama II, complaining Nakhon Noi as the source of his discontents. The negotiations were effectively soured. Crawfurd eventually departed for

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Siamese king was revered by his subjects as a deity on earth and was treated as such. In a royal audience, the king sat high on elaborate royal throne with his ministers and officials prostrating on the floor with their hands joined together, not looking at the king nor wearing any upper garments,

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Thai political history was little researched by Western Southeast Asian scholars in the 1950s and 1960s. Thailand, as the only nominally "native" Southeast Asian polity to escape colonial conquest, was deemed to be relatively more stable as compared with other newly independent states in Southeast

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Prajadhipok had just returned from his military education in France and the United Kingdom when he learned of his unexpected succession to the royal throne in 1925. Prajadhipok was unprepared and openly stated his lack of experiences in government, requesting assistances from senior figures. This

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King Chulalongkorn sent another Siamese expedition to subjugate the Haws at the Plain of Jars in 1884–1885 but the campaign was disastrous. The Siamese court then took a more serious approach on the Chinese insurgents. Freshly-modernized Siamese regiments were sent to suppress the Haws and to take

3080:

urged Bangkok to tighten its control over Lanna. King Chulalongkorn sent a royal commissioner to Chiang Mai in 1883 to initiate reforms. Central-Siamese-style governance and stringent taxation were imposed. Reforms were promising at first but gradually dwindled away due to the persistence of Lanna

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by the Tây Sơn. In 1789, Aphaiphubet took control of Cambodia and became the Regent. Later that same year Nguyễn Phúc Ánh took Saigon and established himself in Southern Vietnam. In 1794, King Rama I allowed Ang Eng to return to Cambodia to rule as king and carved the northwestern part of Cambodia

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warfare was land-based or riverine. When a naval warfare was initiated, the authority would gather native Siamese riverine barges and, if possible, Western galleons or Chinese junks. The Siamese relied on either Chinese or Malay junks for seafaring activities. Commercial and war vessels were used

8947:

In wartime, all court officials and ministers, civilian or military, were expected to lead armies in battle. The bureaucratic apparatus would turn into war command hierarchy with the king as supreme commander and ministers becoming war generals. There was a specific martial law regulating the war

7478:, under direct Siamese rule in 1794 through a line of Siam-appointed governors of Battambang. Franco–Siamese Treaty of 1867 confimed Siamese rule over Northwestern Cambodia. However, the French viewed this area as being rightfully belonging to Cambodia. Siam organized Northwestern Cambodia into a 7232:

to pressure Siam to relinquish all Lao lands on the left bank (east) of Mekong to French Indochina. The Siamese believed that they had support from the British so they did not yield. Siamese defense forces at the frontiers responded, resulting in capture of French official Thoreaux in May and the

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tribute to Siam was a 'token of friendship' rather than token of submission but the Foreign Office ruled in favor of Siam in 1885, saying that the British should maintain Siam's sovereignty in the region as a buffer state. Lord Salisbury the British Foreign Secretary was sympathetic towards Siam,

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was minimally informed about this treaty. The British exploited Siam's vulnerability to further their gains in the Malay peninsula. The treaty soon became a source of frictions and discontents between the British and Siamese government as Siam could not grant any concessions, both territorial and

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adopted a non-intervening policy, agreeing to allow the French to encroach and annex Siamese Lao lands east of Mekong, in order to avoid Anglo–French conflicts, while also preserving Siam's sovereignty. Facing French threats, Siam requested for British assistance. When the French actually invaded

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to China. W.J. Archer the British vice-consul of Chiang Mai argued that Kengcheng's vassalge to Siam was invalid. The looming French threats left Siam with no choices but to comply with British demands. In 1892, King Chulalongkorn consented to surrender trans-Salween Shan–Karenni towns to British

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pushed for clarifications of some vagueness, leading to the 'Supplementary Agreement of 1856'. Parkes returned to Bangkok with ratifications exchanged in 1856. Bowring Treaty reduced and fixed general standard tariff at three percent and granted extraterritoriality to British subjects in Siam who

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was a son of Taksin so the new royal court of Bangkok was officially recognized and the king was invested title by the Qing court in 1787. Siam sent tributes to China once every three years. The Chakri kings used the family name "Zheng" (鄭), which was the family name of King Taksin, in diplomatic

5716:

Revolutionary effect of Bowring Treaty was that Siamese economy was liberalized as never been before, shifting away from traditional subsistence to export-oriented economy, expanded in market volume and integrated into world economy. Rice arose to become the top export commodity, leading to rapid

5712:

or measurement duties, which was based on ship size, was abolished and incoming merchant ships were levied for duties only once along the course of trade venture, whether import or export. The rice export, which had been previously restricted due to concerns of national security, was liberalized.

5501:

of agricultural land. The rice fields belonging to the nobility were exempted until the reign of King Rama III. Other specific kinds of products were levied included sugarcane, indigo, green beans, soybeans, sesame, tobacco, lemon basil, onions, turmeric, jutes, tamarinds, bananas, mangoes, betel

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the British consul. On one night in December 1874, a fire broke out in the king's royal palace, in which the Front Palace police forces were to enter to help put down fires but they were denied entry by the king's guards for fear that the Front Palace had set up the fire scene to enter the king's

10214:

There was no official institutions for education such as universities in pre-modern Siam. Siamese traditional education was closely tied to the Buddhist religion. Boys went to temples or became novice monks to learn Thai and Pāli languages from monks, who offered tutorships for free as a part of

8694:

arrived in this period. American missionaries were called 'physicians' by the Siamese because they usually practiced Western medicine. Though their missionary works were largely unclimactic, they contributed to Thai history by the introduction of Western sciences and technologies. These included

8468:

or law regulating daily life conducts. Valid ordination required presentation of existing genuine monks to transmit the monkhood onto the new monk. Buddhist monks traced their lineage of ordinations back to Buddha himself. In the early Bangkok period, the Siamese authority faced dilemma in which

8352:

A Siamese man, regardless of social class, was expected to be ordained as a monk at some parts of his life. Usually, a young man at the age of twenty temporarily became a monk as a part of coming-of-age customs. Women could not become monks, though she can shave her hair and wear white robes but

7735:

Siam's economy, at least in Central Siam, was neoliberalized from subsistence economy to rice-export-oriented economy through the Bowring Treaty of 1855. This stimulated population growth as surplus food drove more new births to provide labor for the economy. The population of Siam experienced a

7191:

under French auspices. This act enraged Siamese government, who sent troops to arrest Bang Bien at Muang Phuan in 1891. Pavie was transferred from Luang Prabang to become the French consul-general at Bangkok in 1892. In April 1892, two French men defied Siamese authorities by attempting to cross

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or the measurement duties were still intact. After the First Opium War in 1842, the British came to dominate maritime trade in Asia and the British pushed for more free trades. Siamese court introduced the Chinese tax collector system, in which Chinese merchants would 'auction' for new commodity

5678:

King Rama III, who ascended the throne in 1824, faced major financial problems. The Burney Treaty of 1826, which terminated royal trade monopoly, took drastic effect on the royal court revenue. King Rama III then realized that, instead of relying on the Royal Junks, the royal court should rather

5428:

Due to the raging wars and population dearth, the overall productivity of Siam in the early decades of Rattanakosin remained relatively low. The Siamese economy in the early Bangkok period was based on subsistence agrarian economy. Commoners lived on the production of their lands and the central

5310:

Rolin-Jaequemyns left Siam in 1902 to return to his hometown in Belgium where he soon died. Georges Padoux, the king's new French legal advisor, was appointed as the head of legislative body in 1905. After the event of 1893, the French had been demanding that all 'French Asian subjects' in Siam,

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maintained the appeal court that settled cases from the primary courts. Unsettled cases from outlying cities were also appealed to Bangkok. When the appeal court failed to settle the case, it would be forwarded to the king himself. Presiding over the Supreme Royal Court was a part of royal daily

2795:

Western imperialism introduced Siam to a new concept of border demarcation and territorial proclamations. In pre-modern Southeast Asia, borders between polities were ill-defined. The traditional Siamese government only had an authority in cities, towns and agricultural areas; while mountains and

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as the centre of Lanna in 1797. King Bodawpaya was eager to regain Burmese control over Lanna. The Burmese invaded Chiang Mai in 1797 and 1802, in both occasions Kawila defended the city and Prince Sura Singhanat marched north to relieve Chiang Mai. The Siamese and Lanna forces then proceeded to

10284:

Rama VI was the first king of Siam to set up a model of the constitution at Dusit Palace. He wanted first to see how things could be managed under this Western system. He saw advantages in the system, and thought that Siam could move slowly towards it, but could not be adopted right away as the

9802:

French bishop Pallegoix introduced daguerreotypes to Siam in 1845. Pallegoix had another French priest Louis Larnaudie bring camera apparatus from Paris to Bangkok. However, Siamese superstitious belief was against photography in aspect that photos would entrap person's soul. Later King Mongkut

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Chinese immigration was the greatest contributor to the population growth of Central Siam. They were increasingly integrated into Siamese society over time. Crawfurd mentioned 31,500 male registered Chinese taxpayers in Bangkok in his visit in 1822. Malloch stated that, during his stay in 1826,

7837:

took refuge and settled in Bangkok along with his Vietnamese followers. Cambodians were deported to Siam in Siamese-Vietnamese conflict events of 1812 and 1833. They were settled in Bangkok and the Prachinburi area. In 1833, during the Siamese expedition to Cochinchina, Christian Vietnamese and

6793:

from Sultan of Kelantan for his company Duff Syndicate but his grant was not ratified by Siamese government, who insisted that tributary rulers had no rights to issue concessions without approval from Bangkok. Duff complained his case to the Foreign Office and to Frank Swettenham, who took this

6220:

asked to acquire firearms for Siam. Crawfurd, however, said that the British would sell firearms on conditions that Siam "were at peace with the friends and neighbours of the British nation", indirectly referring to Burma. Siamese court, whose main concern in dealings with Western powers was to

4055:

and to resist the encroachment of revolutionary communism. By implication, this line of argument suggests the 1932 revolution was nothing more than a coup that simply replaced the absolute monarchy and its aristocracy with a commoner elite class made up of Western-educated generals and civilian

3729:

criminal offense. Vajiravudh's reign was relatively liberal and creative yet restrictive to any realistic profound changes. Still, King Vajiravudh was committed to absolute monarchy and denied Western liberal ideologies on the grounds that Siam had its own unique traditional principles based on

3259:

After the demise of Somdet Chaophraya Si Suriyawong in 1883, King Chulalongkorn was in control of the government by the mid-1880s and was able to implement reforms. After decades of domination by powerful nobility, Chulalongkorn brought many royal princes – his brothers and sons – to government

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Bangkok was founded in 1782 as the royal seat and became the primate city of Siam. Bangkok inherited the founding population from Thonburi, which had already been enhanced by the influx of Lao and Cambodian war captives and Chinese and Mon immigrants. Through the early Rattanakosin period, the

7695:

Surviving sources on the accurate population of pre-modern Siam does not exist. Only through the estimated projections that the demographic information of pre-modern Siam was revealed. In the first century of the Rattanakosin period, the population of what would become modern Thailand remained

7575:

to conclude a new treaty. Arrival of Harris was at the same time when the British Harry Parkes had been negotiating supplementary terms of Bowring Treaty. Reception of the American envoy was delayed to due Siamese court preventing the British and the American to meet and join efforts to demand

6849:, King Chulalongkorn's advisor, told Siamese government that Siam should sacrifice its non-Thai peripheral tributary states in exchange for more favorable treaty terms, in similar manner to the Franco–Siamese Treaty of 1907. This connotation coincided with Southern Siamese railway project. The 4004:

s were merged. This policy had some positive effects as Siam's state finance shifted from deficit to surplus within three years but these developments bred political resentments from the educated bureaucratic middle class, who found themselves suddenly unemployed, towards the royal government.

3205:

the Minister of Foreign Affairs went to 'congratulate' the French invaders but Pavie presented an ultimatum, urging Siam to cede lands east of the Mekong, to pay an indemnity of three million francs and to punish Phra Yot Mueang Khwang. As Siam hesitated, the French imposed a naval blockade on

2168:

on the Andaman Coast. Meanwhile, the court in Bangkok sent armies to relieve Thalang but faced logistic difficulties and Thalang fell to the Burmese in 1810. However, the Siamese were still able to repel the Burmese from Thalang. The Burmese invasion of Phuket in 1809–1810 was the last Burmese

8741:

After the fall of the Ayutthaya Kingdom and failed attempts to reacquire the portage route long by the Chakri rulers, Persian and Muslim influence in Siam declined as Chinese influence within the kingdom grew. Despite this, however, the Muslim community remained a sizable minority in Bangkok,

6682:

for the French. The Anglo-French Declaration was signed in January 1896, without Siamese acknowledgement, in which neither the British nor the French should advance their armed forces into the Menam Valley of Central Siam, guaranteeing Siam's sovereignty only in Central Siam, allowing British

5155:

The king was the sole legislator of the kingdom. His words were recorded and inscribed to become laws. There was no single unified judiciary department as cases were distributed among the judging courts of each ministries according to the concerning matter. For example, foreign trade disputes

3918:

professor, as the delegate of Siam to re-negotiate treaties with European nations on his European tour of 1924–1926. France and United Kingdom consented to new treaties with Siam in 1925. Extraterritorial rights of foreigners in Siam and restriction of tariff imposition on imported goods were

9435:

As early Chakri kings sought to emulate old Ayutthaya, art tradition of Early Rattanakosin Period followed the style of Late Ayutthaya. Siamese arts and architecture reached new peak in Early Bangkok in early nineteenth century. Prevailing mood was that of reconstruction with little explicit

7486:

and Dansai to enforce treaty terms. France and Siam brought forward a delimitation commission to define boundaries between Siam and French Indochina. Fernand Bernard was appointed as the French representative. Bernard reported back to Paris in 1906 that French holding of Dansai and Kratt was

3541: 3029:. King Chulalongkorn sent Siamese armies who managed to temporarily drive the Haws into the mountains. The Yellow Flag Army was defeated in 1875 by Chinese authorities and disintegrated into petty groups of bandits but had a resurgence and made their permanent settlement at the Plain of Jars. 9558:

pagoda of Wat Arun was constructed in 1842 and finished in 1851. It remained the tallest structure in Siam for a significant period of time. When King Mongkut, who was then a Buddhist monk, made pilgrimages to Northern Siam he took inspiration from Sukhothai-Singhalese rounded pagoda style,

7607:

in 1785, in which Burma sent the total number of 144,000 men to invade Siam who managed to only gather 70,000 men for defenses. D.E. Malloch, who accompanied Henry Burney to Bangkok in 1826, noted that Siam was thinly populated and the Siamese lands could support about twice the size of its

6481:

the governor of Straits Settlements, who had earlier maintained cordial correspondences with King Chulalongkorn, arrived in February 1875 to mediate the conflicts, he reversed British stance on the situation, favoring Chulalongkorn and forcing Wichaichan to accept humiliating terms instead.

6467:

arrived in Siam in 1851 when he was hired by Vice-King Pinklao to train modernizing Front Palace armies. Knox married a Tavoyan woman and had children with her including his daughter Fanny Knox. Thomas Knox then switched to diplomatic career, becoming vice-consul in 1857, consul in 1865 and

5250:

at Bangkok under British law rather than indigenous Siamese judiciary system, with the British consul himself acting as the judge. The United States acquired similar agreement with Siam in the Harris Treaty of 1856, France also in 1856 and other Western nations followed. These agreements of

4206:

or "Under the Specks of Dusts Under the Royal Feet" as second person pronoun. Whenever the king went out of royal palace on processions, lattice fences were placed along the way to barricade the sight as royal policemen would tell commoners to go inside, shut the doors and windows, never to

3421:

to Siam in exchange for northwestern Cambodia including Battambang and Siemreap, which were ceded to French Indochina and the French also agreed to curtail exertion of jurisdiction over French Asian subjects in Siam. Lastly, Siam decided to relinquish the Northern Malay sultanates including

2947:

for reforms. Only after the death of Si Suriyawong in 1883 that King Chulalongkorn was able to assume his full powers and implement his reforms. When Prince Wichaichan died in 1885, Chulalongkorn abolished the centuries-old Office of Front Palace altogether in 1886 and appointed his own son

2752:

Siam managed to balance itself between European governments and their own colonial administrations. King Mongkut sent Siamese missions to London in 1857 and to Paris in 1861. These missions were the first Siamese missions to Europe after the last one in 1688 during the Ayutthaya period. The

9134:

cannons were also used. In the reign of King Rama III, the Siamese learned to produce small cast-iron cannons from the Chinese. In 1834, Christian Vietnamese from Cochinchina immigrated to settle in Bangkok and formed the Vietnamese firearm regiment that specialized in cannons and muskets.

3612:

in May 1911 as paramilitary force under his direct control. This alienated Vajiravudh from a group of mid-ranking military personnel who were offended by corporeal punishment of a military officer on Vajiravudh's orders some years prior. This group of junior military officers conspired the

9671:

where he renovated the existing Chom Thong Temple in Chinese style using stucco decorated with Chinese motifs rather than traditional Siamese decorations. The renovation completed in 1831 and the temple became known as Wat Ratcha-orot Temple, which was the prototype of Sino-Siamese fusion

3304:

the Siamese court came true when the French invaded in 1893, as the survival of Siam's sovereignty was left at the mercy of Anglo-French conflicts. As the British expressed their concerns over French advances on Siam, the Anglo-French agreement of 1896 guaranteed Siam's independence as a "

5670:

in June 1826, which ended three centuries of royal monopoly by granting the rights to the British to trade privately. However, some trade restrictions remained. Rice and ammunition were not permitted to be traded freely and British merchandise ships were still required to go through the

5311:

including the Laotians, the Cambodians and the Vietnamese, including those who had immigrated during pre-modern wars a century prior, come under French jurisdiction – a demand that Siamese government would not accept, leading to decade-long protracted Franco–Siamese negotiations. In the

4413:

or the Great Elected King, in which the populace elected the most capable one as their leader, as the basis for his kingship, even though he was not actually elected by modern sense and also reflecting his ascension to the throne through support of the powerful nobility. The concept of

3660:

Unlike his father Chulalongkorn, who filled the cabinet with senior royal princes, Vajiravudh preferred his personal favorites, who were mostly princes of younger generation. Initially, Vajiravudh's government was dominated by senior princes from his father's reign. With resignation of

6571:

in 1885, the British completed their control over the Shan States in 1889. Even though the British had previously recognized the eastern bank of Salween as being under Siamese influence, Siam held no power nor authorities over the trans-Salween Shan States. Siam then had borders with

5986:

telling Taksin to restore the Ayutthayan dynasty instead of establishing himself as king. Later the Qing court took more positive view on Taksin, who managed to send a diplomatic tributary mission to Beijing in 1781. The Chinese imperial court was informed that the new Siamese king

8474:

and his elder half-brother Prince Chetsadabodin took the throne as King Rama III. Prince Mongkut stayed in monkhood to avoid political intrigues and pursued religious and intellectual life. Prince Mongkut soon found that the mainstream Siamese monkhood was then generally laxed in

7580:

to Siamese court and asserted to Vice-King Pinklao that the United States "had no territory in the East and desired none". Siamese Harris Treaty, based on Bowring Treaty and signed in May 1856, granted similar rights to the Americans including low tariff and extraterritoriality.

8969:

militia infantry, who were armed with melee weapons such as swords, spears or javelin or matchlock firearms formed the backbone of Siamese armies. Regiments also indicated social hierarchy, with nobility on horseback and the king on an elephant, while commoners were on foot.

9051:). Though the Siamese were unable to produce firearms, European traders provided unrelenting sources of firearms. Captured enemy ammunition was another source of supply. Firearms usage later spread to native Siamese soldiers who received training from European arquebusiers. 6703:, into the scene. Siam, still under French threats, had no choices but to accept any forms of British protection. This 'Secret Convention' was kept in secrecy because both Siam and the British could not afford the French to demand similar concessions. Even the government of 6596:. Kengcheng and Kengtung had dynastic ties as Lord Kawng Tai of Kengcheng ascended as the ruler of Kengtung in 1881. Kawng Tai replaced himself with his uncle Salino as the new ruler of Kengcheng but Salino sought to move away from Burmese domination by moving his seat to 7128: 3577:

Chulalongkorn died in October 1910. His son Vajiravudh ascended as new king Rama VI as the first Siamese king to be educated abroad. Western colonialist threats were technically over and Siam faced new challenges – movements towards constitutional monarchy and democracy.

2930:

civil war and foreign intervention with Wichaichan resisting any compromises for he believed the British would give him full support. After many unsuccessful negotiations, Si Suriyawong suggested that the British invited a respectable figure to deal with this situation.

7349:

officials and deposition of three million francs to guarantee the terms. Siam bargained to cede only to the 18th parallel, angering the French. The French then officially severed their relations with Siam on July 26 and imposed naval blockade on Bangkok at the mouth of

6456: 5912:

house in royal treasury department. ฺThree British engineers arrived in Siam with the machine in 1857 but all three of them died soon from fever, drowning and cholera, leaving the machine unoperated. King Mongkut then had to assign a native Siamese nobleman named Moed (

3763:

During WWI, King Rama VI decreed two changes to the Siamese national flag in 1916–1917, first to a red background to a five-stripe design of red and white for civil usage and then to the red, white, and blue national ensign in use today, taking inspiration from Allied

7555:

However, the Chinese tax collector system imposed many tariffs in the 1840s that rendered trade much less profitable. No American merchants ship sailed to Bangkok from 1838 to 1850. Like the British, the Americans later requested for amendments of the initial treaty.

388: 9500:), which was for general public religious services. Bas reliefs of gable pediments represented Hindu figures and patterns made from gilded carved wood or glass mosaics. Innovation was that temple buildings in Bangkok Period were enclosed by cloister galleries called 2357:. Ming Mạng sent Anouvong back to Vientiane to negotiate with Siam. However, Anouvong retook control of Vientiane only to be pushed back by Phraya Ratchasuphawadi in 1828. Anouvong was eventually captured and sent to Bangkok where he was imprisoned and died in 1829. 387: 386: 7390:

or French Asian subjects, effectively exerting French jurisdiction over Siam. Siamese government said that this demand was impossible because those ethnic immigrants had been assimilated and their ancestries were largely forgotten. The French also learned that the

7274:

British gunboats began to arrive in Bangkok in early July 1893, under the pretext to protect British subjects. British arrival prompted Pavie, who asserted that the French had rights to bring vessels to Bangkok per the 1856 Treaty, to send two more French gunboats

9077:, had been a major supplier of firearms to the Siamese court. During the Nine Armies' War in 1785, Light provided the defenders of Thalang with muskets. Light also gave 1,400 muskets to the Siamese court, earning him the title Phraya Ratcha Kapitan. In 1792, the 7845:

were deported to settle in Bangkok at Bang Lamphu. In the 1830s, Pattani and Kedah rebellions prompted deportations of 4,000 to 5,000 Malays from the south to settle on the eastern suburbs of Bangkok known as Saensaep and at Nakhon Si Thammarat in the aftermath.

6321:', was an advocate of free trade principles. Though free trade proposals were initially opposed by Somdet Chaophraya 'Ong Noi' Phichaiyat, agreements were reached and Bowring Treaty was signed in April 1855. Harry Parkes brought drafted agreement to London where 9245:

and became an important Siamese shipbuilder. In 1828, Nakhon Noi constructed augmented Chinese junks rigged with Western masts. These Chinese-Western fusion war junks were used during the Battle of Vàm Nao in 1833 where they faced large Vietnamese 'mobile fort'

389: 5703:

Facing geopolitical pressures, Siamese government under liberal-minded King Mongkut and Chaophraya Si Suriyawong (Chuang Bunnag) gave in to British demands with the signing of Bowring Treaty in 1855. General import tariff was reduced and fixed at three percent

1806: 9468:

or main ordination hall of Wat Phra Kaew is the best-preserved structure that can be an example of how Ayutthayan style was implemented in Early Bangkok Period. Three-tiered roof, decorated gable motifs with curved base and inlaid mother-of-pearl doors of the

3206:

Bangkok. The Siamese court hoped to find British support against French aggression but the British were unresponsive so Siam resolved to comply unconditionally to French demands in July 1893. French gunboats left Bangkok in August 1893 but proceeded to occupy

6989:. The treaty was finally ratified in July 1867. Earlier Cambodian-Siamese treaty was annulled as Siam officially ceded Cambodia to France but retained northwestern Cambodia including Battambang and Siemreap. The treaty also allowed the French to navigate the 4035:

were necessary. In his address he stated the following, "I myself know nothing at all about finances, and all I can do is listen to the opinions of others and choose the best... If I have made a mistake, I really deserve to be excused by the people of Siam."

4825: 7053:

of 1884–1885. After gaining control over Vietnam, the French pursued colonial ambitions over Laos, which had been under Siamese control since 1779. In the highlands that separated Laos from Northern Vietnam, there had been several Tai princedoms, including

5641:

was subjected to multitudes of duties including 1,499-tical (equivalent to baht) measurement duties for ship size, 2,906 ticals for import duties and 6,477 ticals for export duties. These duties had been a major source of revenue for royal court. Moreover,

2584:

emerged as the most powerful maritime power in the region and was eager for more favorable trade agreements. By the 1840s, Siam had re-imposed trade tariffs through the Chinese tax collector system. Both the British and the Americans sent their delegates

6528:

stipulated establishment of the second British consulate at Chiang Mai and Anglo–Siamese mixed judicial court, composing of native Siamese judges applying Siamese law with British legal advisors, at Chiang Mai to oversee British subjects in provinces of

336: 7865:

in 1757, the Mon people of Lower Burma suffered from genocide by the Burmese and had taken refuge in Siam since the late Ayutthaya period. Another failed Mon rebellion caused an influx of Mon people in 1774 in Thonburi period. In 1814, Mon people of

6612:

of Nan to bring forces to occupy and vassalize Kengcheng to safeguard against British incursions. Kengtung accepted British rule in 1890. British Burma then, on behalf of Kengtung, laid claims to Kengcheng as the British had been seeking pathways to

9581:

Buddha images were not as extensively cast as they used to be in Ayutthaya Period. Numerous Buddha images from ruinous cities of Ayutthaya, Sukhothai and Phitsanulok were moved to be placed in various temples in Bangkok during Early Bangkok Period.

2527:

Tunku Kudin, a nephew of the former Kedah sultan, reclaimed Kedah by force in 1831 and rose up against Siam. Pattani, Kelantan and Terengganu joined on the Kedahan side against Siam. King Rama III sent forces under Nakhon Noi and a navy fleet under

337: 2557:(younger brother of Phrakhlang), to quell the rebellion. Siamese forces recaptured Alor Setar in 1839. Chaophraya Nakhon Noi the Raja of Ligor died in 1838, leaving Malay affairs to Phraya Siphiphat. The latter then divided Kedah into four states: 7150:

The sack of Luang Prabang by Đèo Văn Trị in 1887 worsened Siam's situation in the frontiers and also provided the French an opportunity to challenge Siam's power in the region. Siam had no choice but to request for French military aid against the

7890:

Provinces. The Chinese settlers were adorned with special treatment by the royal court. Unlike other ethnicities, the Chinese were spared from corvée obligations and wartime drafts on the condition that they paid a certain amount of tax known as

7086:

to mimic similar rights that Siam had granted to the British at Chiang Mai in 1883, even though there was virtually no French subjects in Laos by that time. Siam allowed the French to establish the second consulate at Luang Prabang in 1886 with

5768:

originated in the Sukhothai period and had been in use through the Ayutthaya period. A silver bar was cut into discrete units of weight, which were melted and cast into strips that were bent to curve in the form of curled worms – hence the name

2509:

was signed in 1826, in which centuries-old royal Siamese monopoly over Western trades ended, this allowed the British to trade freely in Siam. The treaty also recognized Siamese claims over Kedah. However, some trade restrictions including the

3368:

in 1901–1902. Sultan Abdul Kadir, the last raja of Pattani, sought British support from Singapore and planned an insurgency but was caught beforehand as seven Pattani Malay sultanates were integrated into Siam in 1902. The Shan immigrants in

2796:

forests were largely left alone as they were difficult to be reached by authorities. In the era of colonialism, border claims and mapmaking were keys to Siam's standing against colonial encroachments. British and Siamese delegates met at the

7585:

was hired as the first American consul in Bangkok. Compared to the British and the French, the United States had little interest in Siam. J.H. Chandler succeeded as American consul in Bangkok in 1859. King Mongkut sent a letter to President

5429:

authority levied taxes as income. Land was abundant, while manpower was in shortage. Taxation and Royal Junk expenditures were the main revenues of the royal court. Traditionally, as in Ayutthaya, the royal court levied four kinds of taxes;

2625:, who became Somdet Chaophraya Prayurawong and Somdet Chaophraya Phichaiyat, respectively, cementing the roles and powers of the Bunnag family in Siamese foreign affairs during the mid-19th century. Chuang Bunnag, Prayurawong's son, became 3117:

of Luang Phrabang and took him on a canoe to Bangkok. The French took this opportunity to enter and occupy Sipsong Chuthai, which Siam had attempted to claim. After arguments between Surasak Montri and Pavie, it was agreed in 1888 that

9939:

to promote printing of Tripitaka instead of traditionally inscribing on palm leaves but it did not come into popular use and eventually fell out of usage. Only in 1893 that first whole set of the Pāli canon in Thai script was printed.

7119:

s had been pacified, Waiworanat ended his campaign and returned to Bangkok in 1887. However, Đèo Văn Trị was enraged that the Siamese had captured his brothers so he ransacked Luang Prabang two months later in 1887. Pavie rescued King

2847:, giving Pinklao immense powers. Vice-King Pinklao predeceased King Mongkut in 1866. After the demise of his peers, Chaophraya Si Suriyawong emerged as the most powerful nobleman. King Mongkut took a trip to observe a solar eclipse at 3075:

forests and their sometimes-conflicting forestry patents granted to British loggers might provoke British intervention. Lanna was the first target of reforms as it stood at the frontline of a possible British incursion. Anglo-Siamese

385: 10402:

to fashion modern personas that were publicized domestically and internationally by means of mechanically reproduced images." Stitched clothing, including court attire and ceremonial uniforms, were invented during the reign of King

3850:

in 1914, even though the king was pro-Allies due to his British educational background. Vajiravudh soon realized that staying in neutrality would deprive Siam of its due concessions. Vajiravudh eventually led Siam to declare war on

2483:

for tariffs to be levied and goods to be purchased by the Royal Warehouse. Foreigners could not directly and privately trade important profitable government-restricted goods with the native Siamese. In 1821, the Governor-General of

9065:. Flintlock muskets produced twice firing frequency in comparison to matchlock arquebus. However, like other kingdoms in the Far East, flintlock firearms remained rare commodity and were acquired through purchases from Westerners. 6698:

to any other colonial powers than the British. This 1897 Secret Convention was problematic for Siam as it served to guarantee British interests in Malay peninsula and also thwarted Siam's attempt to bring a third power, namely the

6409:, pressing the Terengganu sultan to surrender. When Terengganu did not yield, British warships bombarded Terengganu, leaving fires and damages. Mahmud Muzaffar eventually returned to Siam. As Terengganu was Siam's tributary state, 7091:, who was an advocate of making Laos a French colony, serving as the first French vice-consul at Luang Prabang. Pavie's taking of position at Luang Prabang coincided with Siamese expedition under Chaomuen Waiworanat (later became 3946:, giving precedence to the lineages of Vajiravudh's true brothers who shared the same mother Queen Saovabha, followed by the princes who were born to Chulalongkorn's two other main queens. Vajiravudh's fifth consort gave birth to 2159:

Prince Sura Singhanat died in 1803. King Rama I appointed his own son Prince Itsarasunthon as the succeeding Prince of the Front Palace in 1806. King Rama I died in 1809 and Prince Itsarasunthon ascended the throne to become King

7155:

s. Unbeknownst to Siam, the French had allied with Đèo Văn Trị who allowed French troops under Théophile Pennequin to occupy Muang Lay in French expedition to conquer Sipsong Chuthai. Surasak Montri led his Siamese troops to the

5255:

were parts of the 'unequal treaties' and compromised Siamese sovereignty. Chinese immigrants, whose legal status in Siam was ambiguous, usually registered themselves as British or French subjects in order to avoid Siamese laws.

2132:, the stronghold of Burmese authority in Lanna, in 1804, eliminating Burmese influence in that region. Siamese victories over the Burmese in Lanna allowed Siam to expand domination north towards the northernmost Tai princedoms: 5543:

or the stipends of all administrative officials and the construction of palaces and temples and firearm purchases. In the early decades of Rattanakosin, the financial situation of the royal court was in strain. In 1796, Prince

7385:

The French demanded registration of Lao, Cambodian and Vietnamese immigrants in Siam, regardless of how many generations they had been in Siam, including voluntary immigrants and war prisoners of the pre-modern era, as French

6400:

of Terengganu due to familial relations. Mahmud Muzaffar came to reside in Bangkok in 1861. In 1862, Mahmud Muzaffar, telling Siamese court that he was to visit his mother in Terengganu, procured a Siamese ship to Terengganu.

8603:

religion freely in Siam but conversion of native people was forbidden as it deviated from ethnocultural norms. In 1779, King Taksin of Thonburi ordered the expulsion of three French Catholic priests: Olivier-Simon Le Bon the

8286:

Outside the social pyramid were the Buddhist monks, who were revered and respected by the Siamese of all classes including the king. The Buddhist monks were exempted from corvée and any forms of taxation as, according to the

8095:, excluding the people of tributary kingdoms, were required to periodically serve the royal court in corvée labors and wars – a form of universal conscription. Due to manpower shortage, King Rama I ordered all available male 7590:

in 1861, suggesting that Siam would gift elephants to be beasts of burden, in which President Lincoln politely declined, stating that "steam has been our best and most efficient agent of transportation in internal commerce".

3260:

roles. The princes received modernized education and formed an educated elite. The king began to send his sons for European education in 1885. Many princes were specialized in their responsible fields. Most notable ones were

2492:

to Bangkok. Crawfurd arrived in Bangkok in 1822, delivering both the British concern of Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin and also for demands of trade concessions; however the negotiations soured. Siam sent troops to aid the British in

3450:

and for British surrender of most extraterritorial jurisdiction in Siam. These lost territories were on the fringes of the Siamese sphere of influence, which Siam had only exerted some degree of control, the concept of the

10140:). Sunthorn Phu's greatness was his literary range, his brilliant creativity and naturalism not restricted to refined formalities. Phu's genuine language, sincerity and realism made his works appealing to the public mass. 10091:, a folktale. The king was an accomplished musician, playing and composing for the fiddle and introducing new instrumental techniques. He was also a sculptor and is said to have sculpted the face of the Niramitr Buddha in 7856:

was patronised by Nangklao, who ordered the temple enlarged and constructed many new structures within. The temple is shaped like a Chinese junk, to signify the importance of Chinese commerce within Siam during Nangklao's

6666:, who reconsidered British policies towards this Franco–Siamese issue, was more proactive in defending Siam. In October 1895, Lord Salisbury proposed that both the British and the French should jointly agree to leave the 6417:

protested the incident to London, urging for investigation. British parliament criticized Cavenagh for his attacks on 'friendly town' and instructed British naval commanders not to attack without orders of the Admiralty.

6365:

the ruler of Chiang Mai asserted that the Bowring Treaty did not affect Lanna as there was no mention about tributary states in the treaty and suggested that the British should conclude a separate treaty with Chiang Mai.

4912:

in the Ayutthaya period. However, Phitsanulok was largely depopulated in the early Rattanakosin due to the wars in the Thonburi period and its role as an outpost against northern Burmese invasions diminished in favor of

9091:), was responsible for the keeping and training of firearms. Royal court strictly controlled the firearm trade in Siam. Firearms could only be purchased by the royal court and unpurchased firearms should be taken back. 5323:

or royal defamation law was introduced, with imprisonment up to seven years for insult of royalty. With a modern law in Siamese hands, the British surrendered most of their extraterritorial jurisdiction in Siam in the

9446:) or Ten Guilds of Royal Craftsmen to produce arts, crafts and architecture. Traditional Siamese arts mainly served royal palaces and temples. King Rama I the founder of Rattanakosin kingdom began construction of the 4527:

In the early period, Rattanakosin inherited most of the bureaucratic apparatus from the late Ayutthaya. The Siamese royal court bureaucracy centred on the six ministries. The two top prime ministers of the court were

8157:

served alternating two months and became alternating three months in subsequent reigns. Royal services included garrison maintenance and drills, palace and temple constructions, participation in royal ceremonies and

3499:, with a Europeanized kingship, exerted unlimited royal powers through a centralized bureaucracy. His reign also saw the emergence of commoner liberal figures, who had been imprisoned for their ideologies, including 5890:

Before Bowring Treaty of 1855, most Siamese economic transactions were done through barter exchange. After Bowring, the Siamese economy expanded in scale and led to monetization of the economy. Cash in the forms of

2532:

to put down the Malay insurgency. The Raja of Ligor recaptured Kedah in 1832. In 1838, Tunku Muhammad Sa'ad, another nephew of the Kedah sultan, in concert with Wan Muhammad Ali (called Wan Mali in Thai sources) an

9792:

works. Previously, traditional Siamese painting was limited to two-dimensional presentation. Khrua In Khong, active in the 1850s, introduced Western-influenced three-dimensional style to depict Buddhist scenes and

9454:, which was the 'royal chapel' used by the king for ceremonies without any monks residing, in 1783. Royal palace pavilions took inspiration from Ayutthayan palace buildings. When finished, Wat Phra Kaew housed the 8332:

in 1788, which was regarded as the ninth Buddhist council according to Thai narrative. King Rama I renovated many local existing temples of Bangkok into fine temples. Important monastic temples of Bangkok included

8282:) or the war captive slaves. If a slave woman became a wife of the master or his son, she would be freed. If a slave was captured by the enemy troops and managed to break free and return, the slave would be freed. 3463:

network polity into more-compact modern nation-state with centralized bureaucracy and clearly-defined boundaries, bordering British Burma in the west, French Indochina in the east and British Malaya to the south.

6962:, accompanied by French Consul Aubaret, to bring Cambodian regalia to Oudong in June 1864, where French admiral Desmoulins placed Cambodian crown onto Norodom, signifying French authority over Cambodia. However, 4114:

or Lord of Land. The king owned all lands in his kingdom before being distributed to his subjects and was empowered to deliver death sentences to any of his subjects per his judgement. Royal commands were called

3683:

or viceroy as superintendents. The king's favoritism allowed ordinary men of non-royal backgrounds, who were allowed more education and opportunities, to rise up the government through connections with the king.

2875:, becoming Somdet Chaophraya Si Suriyawong. Under the ineffective Chinese tax collector system, King Chulalongkorn found the government treasury to be in debt. He initiated his reforms with the establishment of 1903:. The first half of this period was characterized by the consolidation of Siamese power in the center of Mainland Southeast Asia and was punctuated by contests and wars for regional supremacy with rival powers 5097:

ruling was unjustified and appealed the case to King Rama I. King Rama I then opinioned that the existing laws of Siam were corrupted and ordered the recompilation of Ayutthaya laws to rectify and cleanse or

15764: 15731: 15719: 15466: 5614:

or Royal Junks became less profitable due to competition with growing private sectors. Since the Ayutthaya period in the fifteenth century, the Siamese royal court had monopolized foreign trades through the

4786:

is the theoretical amount of land and numerical rank accorded to an official for his position in bureaucracy, which determined the amount of production received and the severity of punishment for crime. The

335: 6941:

in 1862, they took over Vietnam's position in competing against Siam and were proved to be expansionist colonial power. Earlier in 1860, King Ang Duong of Cambodia had died, resulting in civil war between

6830: 6691: 6651:, which the British also claimed, leading to overlapping Anglo–French territorial claims at Kengcheng in the upper reaches of Mekong. The British were dissatisfied with French aggression towards Siam. The 9694:

of Wat Arun, constructed during the reign of Rama III, was adorned with Chinese stucco motifs, representing fusion of array of styles. Chinese style persisted into the reign of King Mongkut in the 1860s.

3416:

in 1904 confirmed mutual recognition of Siamese independence by both powers. In 1907, French and Siamese delegates met to demarcate Franco-Siamese borders and it was decided that France returned Trat and

5646:

would haggle and bargain for suppressed prices as foreign merchants could not trade 'restricted goods' directly with the private Siamese. Government-restricted goods in early nineteenth century included

3724:

tramline worker strike in 1922, the first labor struggle in Thai history, Vajiravudh decided to curb press freedom and restore order through his Publication Act of January 1923, making editors liable to

8616:

the early Bangkok period usually spent most of tenure in Kedah, Penang, and Mergui due to resistance from the Portuguese in Bangkok who always requested for Portuguese bishops from either Goa or Macau.

8035:

or more and his family. Siamese bureaucratic positions were not hereditary, though some positions were conserved among prominent lineages due to familial and personal connections. The nobility were the

5339:) Law of 1913, putting emphasis on paternal nationality. Any persons with a Thai father, regardless of birthplace, domestic or abroad, were to be classified as Thai citizens under Thai law. Siam joined 5315:, the French assumed authority over existing French Asian subjects in Siam but left new registered French Asian subjects to Siamese jurisdiction in exchange for many lands in Laos and Cambodia going to 7663:) to strictly control the available manpower. The man would be branded with the heated iron cast to create an imprinting tattoo on the back of his hand in the symbol of his responsible department. The 2368:

led the fleet. However, the Siamese forces were defeated in the naval Battle of Vàm Nao and retreated. The Siamese defeat confirmed Vietnamese domination over Cambodia. Ming Mạng annexed Cambodia into

3669:

replaced Prince Damrong as the king's most competent administrator. By 1915, the royal cabinet shifted from being dominated by senior princes to being filled with the king's inner circles. Peripheral

7766:

Since the Thonburi period, Siam had acquired ethnic population through many campaigns against the neighbouring kingdoms. Ethnic war captives were forcibly relocated. In 1779, when the Siamese forces

6405:

the governor of Straits Settlements was greatly alarmed by Siamese intervention as it would broaden the war. Cavenagh demanded that Siam retrieve Mahmud Muzaffar back to Bangkok and sent gunboats to

6123:

tradition might give misguided impression that Siam had been under political suzerainty of China and was inappropriate for an independent sovereign kingdom to conduct. King Mongkut then ordered the

2569:

and Kedah proper. The former Kedah sultan reconciled with the Siamese and he was finally restored as Sultan of Kedah in 1842. The journey of Phraya Siphiphat to the south in 1839 coincided with the

383: 8119:. Unregistered men were denied legal existence and would not be protected by any laws. While men were subjected to periodic government services, women were not recruited. There were three types of 5246:

to British subjects in Siam, meaning that any legal cases concerning any British subjects, in both civil and criminal cases, would be tried and under jurisdiction of the newly established British

4282:. The ritual, which was conducted by the Hindu court Brahmins, mainly involved bathing in and pouring upon the king the sacred water, which was procured from five Siamese rivers and four ponds in 2681:

to the British in Siam, who would be subject to a British consular authority and British law instead of traditional Siamese inquisition, as Westerners sought to dissociate themselves from Siamese

8705:, arrived in 1835), who introduced surgery, printing and vaccination to Siam, Presbyterian Jesse Caswell (arrived in 1839 together with Asa Hemenway), who closely associated with Prince Mongkut, 6959: 6346: 5574:. The royal court acquired valuable products from the hinterland and loaded them on the junks to be traded. Chinese merchants enhanced this process by taking the role as middlemen and shippers. 2013:

to be placed in Wat Phra Kaew. In 1785, King Rama I performed a full coronation ceremony and named the new city "Rattanakosin", which meant the "Jewel of Indra" referring to the Emerald Buddha.

6357:

arrived in 1857 to take the consul position in Bangkok. Schomburgk, himself a naturalist, visited Chiangmai in 1859–60 to observe political situation and to explore possible ways to connect to

3382:

serving for a limited time. The first modern Siamese law, the Penal Code, was promulgated in 1908. Compilation of modern Siamese law would take nearly four decades, only to be finished in 1935.

3284:

system that replaced the traditional tributary network of semi-independent rulers with numerous levels of territory-based administrative units with a centrally-appointed commissioner in charge.

7918:

served as the main ideology on which the societal principles were based. The king and the royal dynasty stood atop of the social pyramid. Below him was the common populace who were either the

7200:

pushed to make Siam a French protectorate. The French wanted the whole eastern side of Mekong in order to reach the Upper Mekong, which they believed would provide access to China. Next year,

3459:

by Thai military nationalists. Through his long reign, Chulalongkorn implemented government, fiscal and social reforms and shed Siamese tributary periphery, transforming Siam from traditional

3396:

The influence of the Colonial Party in Paris pressed for more Siamese concessions during the negotiations, in which Prince Devawongse was the Siamese representative. In 1904, Siam had to cede

3308:" only in Siam's core territories, allowing British intervention in Southern Siam and French intervention in Eastern Siam. King Chulalongkorn embarked on his Grand European Tour in 1897, with 3268:

in internal affairs. Following the European model, by the suggestion of Prince Devawongse, King Chulalongkorn began to form modern ministries in 1888 to the replace centuries-old disorganized

8308:

Photograph of Wat Arun in 1862. A principal temple of the Thonburi and Rattanakosin periods; the temple's iconic central prang was later rebuilt to its present appearance during the reign of

7560:, a French man who became American diplomat, arrived in Bangkok in 1850 to propose the amendments. Phrakhlang (Dit Bunnag), the usual receiver of Western envoys, had been away conducting the 6241: 2364:

at Saigon in 1833. King Rama III took the opportunity to eliminate Vietnamese influence in the region. He assigned Chaophraya Bodindecha to lead armies on invading Cambodia and Saigon, while

1981:. The official foundation date of Bangkok is 21 April 1782 when the city pillar was consecrated in a ceremony. King Rama I underwent an abbreviated form of coronation in 1782. He founded the 12658: 10017:

or Department of Royal Scribes formed circles of illustrious court poets and scholars under royal supervision. Traditional Siamese non-fiction genre includes Buddhist and historical themes.

6240:. However, the 'Mergui Incident' in 1825, in which Siamese and British commanders argued over the deportation of people of Mergui, prompted King Rama III to withdraw all troops from Burma. 5939:, in which the Chinese imperial court recognized the rulers of Siam to maintain relations, since Sukhothai and Ayutthaya periods. Siamese missions to the Chinese imperial court were called 5348: 3903: 3898:

Through its proud participation in the World War I, Siam pushed for abrogation of the 'unequal treaties' with Western powers, previously made during the mid-nineteenth century that granted

7482:

in 1891, which was renamed as Monthon Burapha or "Eastern Province" in 1901. After the 1904 Treaty, in spite of French withdrawal from Chanthaburi, the French proceeded to occupy Kratt or

2235:

were taken as hostages to Bangkok. In 1782, King Rama I installed Nanthasen as King of Vientiane. However, Nanthasen was dethroned in 1795 due to his alleged diplomatic overtures with the

11372:

Presented at a Seminar on "Harbour Cities Along the Silk Road," 10–11 January 1991, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia, Centre for Social and Cultural Studies, Indonesia Institute of Sciences

8556:, and learnt Western sciences and philosophy that would later influence Mongkut's rational rethinking and Buddhist realism in his Thammayut ideals. Thammayut emphasized the importance of 8325:

monkhood was one of the main policies of Siamese royal court in the early Rattanakosin period. King Rama I ordered the high-ranking monks to convene the Buddhist council to recompile the

3958:

rank but he was Vajiravudh's half-brother, having a different mother. Per Vajiravudh's 1924 succession law, the Siamese throne would go to Vajiravudh's 32-year-old younger brother Prince

3159:

Franco-Siamese relations deteriorated after the French seizure of Sipsong Chuthai in 1887. Auguste Pavie, who had been transferred to become French consul in Bangkok, brought the gunboat

8955:

Siamese armies in the early Bangkok period consisted mostly of conscripted militias, who might or might not go through military training. There was also professional standing army – the

5003:

and the provision of other resources. In wartime, tributary kingdoms were requested to send troops or to join the war on behalf of Siam. Tributary kingdoms of the Rattanakosin included;

4319:

of celestial deities. The High Brahmins then presented the king with royal regalia and a full ceremonial name inscribed on a golden plate. Finally, the king relayed his first command or

1973:". This was done due to its better strategic position in defenses against Burmese invasions from the West, the area was protected from attack by the river to the west and by a series of 9967:

Siamese royal court of Early Bangkok Period sought to restore royal epics and plays lost during the wars. Kings Rama I and Rama II themselves wrote and recomposed royal plays including

7687:

of Southern Siamese people were conducted in 1785, 1813 and 1849. Effective manpower control was one of major policies of the Siamese court in order to maintain stability and security.

7488: 7435: 7362: 6838: 5312: 333: 5662:

When the British arrived in the 1820s, they saw traditional royal monopoly as a hindrance and implied that free trade should be the better agreement. This culminated in the arrival of

15471: 15441: 15426: 384: 6477:

in 1874–75, when Knox was absent again, the acting consul Newman acted in concert with Knox's interest to support and provide shelter to Prince Wichaichan in British consulate. When

3786:. King Vajiravudh invented Thai elite nationalism that emphasized Siamese unified national identity under traditional social hierarchy. Seow Hutseng (蕭佛成), head of Siamese branch of 3040:

In pre-modern Southeast Asia, traditional polities were not defined by territorial borders but rather a network and a hierarchy of alliances and tributary obligations defined by the

2169:

incursion into Siamese territories in Thai history. Siam remained vigilant of prospective Burmese invasions through the 1810s. Only when Burma ceded Tenasserim to the British in the

10265:

King Rama III ordered traditional Thai religious and secular arts, including Buddhist doctrines, traditional medicine, literature and geopolitics to be inscribed on stone steles at

8304: 9229:

Growing powers of the British and the Vietnamese in the 1820s urged Siam to engage in naval preparations against possible incursions from sea. Siamese temporary fleets composed of

7963:

side of Bangkok, commissioned by Chao Phraya Phichaiyat (That Bunnag). Large temple projects patronized and built by the nobility was also typical of the early Rattanakosin period.

6912:

the vicar apostolic of Siam, to conclude Franco-Siamese Treaty of 1856 that, in similar manner to British Bowring Treaty, granted low tariff and extraterritoriality to the French.

10041:

respectively. Despite foreign origins of these works, they were appropriated into Thai literature repertoire to be distinctively Thai and incorporated many local Siamese legends.

6626:

agreed to divide Kengcheng among themselves, using the Mekong as border, in 1896 with eastern half of Kengcheng going to French Indochina and western half going to British Burma.

6148:

John Crawfurd, a Scottish diplomat, was the leader of British mission to Siam in 1822, which was the first official contact between Siam and British Empire in Rattanakosin period.

3056:, minor Lao-Lanna chiefdoms and Muslim Malay sultanates of the south. In facing colonial encroachment, however, territories and sovereignty had to be clearly defined. The British 10105:– a poetic work with more than 30,000 lines telling stories of a rogue womanizer prince who left his kingdom to pursue gallant adventures in the seas. Sunthorn Phu produced many 8783:) or the Department of the Right Pier that dealt with trade and affairs with Muslim Indians and Middle Easterners. Shiite Persians were elite Muslims who served as officials in 5377: 5304: 3907: 5556:

to his officials. King Rama I replied that the prince should invest more in the Royal Junks to earn money. King Rama I conducted his personal trade with Qing China through the

5362: 4051:

Asia. It was perceived to have retained enough continuity from its "traditions", such as the institution of the monarchy, to have escaped from the chaos and troubles caused by

2442:. Pattani rebelled in 1789–1791 and 1808. Siam ended up dividing Pattani into seven distinct townships to rule. Kelantan was separated from Terengganu in 1814. In 1821, Sultan 5918:) to learn operation of minting machine. First Siamese machine-minted coinage was issued in 1860. It took time for Siamese society to accept modern coin usage and traditional 5411: 5208:

or judiciary tortures including compression of skull, hammering of nails and entering a large rattan ball to be kicked by an elephant. These torture methods were known as the

4848:, were organized into the 'Hierarchy of Cities', in which small towns were under the jurisdiction of larger cities. There were four levels of cities, in descending order; the 2622: 2554: 6958:

without Siam's acknowledgement. Gabriel Aubaret assumed consular position in Bangkok in 1864. The French urged Siam to release Cambodian royal regalia for Norodom. Siam sent

3942:

Vajiravudh was unmarried for most of his reign until 1920 when he betrothed himself to a candidate and took three consorts during 1921–1922. In 1924, King Vajiravudh enacted

1997:. In 1783, the Bangkok city walls were constructed with part of the bricks taken from the Ayutthaya ruins. Lao and Cambodian laborers were assigned to dig the city moat. The 6232:

in 1824, Crawfurd informed Siam that the British Empire was at war with Burma and requested Siamese aid. King Rama III then assigned Siamese troops led by the Mon commander

7841:

Due to the insurgencies of Malay tributary states against Siam, Malays were deported as war captives to Bangkok on several occasions. In 1786, when Pattani was sacked, the

6293:

The new king Mongkut, who had ascended the throne in 1851 and his minister Chaophraya Si Suriyawong (Chuang Bunnag) embraced more liberal policies than their predecessors.

2597:

of 1855 that these goals were achieved, liberalizing the Siamese economy and ushering a new period of Thai history. King Rama III reportedly said on his deathbed in 1851: "

2935:

terms of giving up his Vice-King position but retaining the Front Palace Office, a reduction of his manpower to 200 men and his virtual grounding inside the Front Palace.

9667:

or Ministry of Trade and had acquainted with Chinese traders in Bangkok. In 1820, Prince Chetsadabodin led army to the west to fight the Burmese. He rested his troops at

8055:) stipends as income. When a noble died, his belongings and estates were organized and reported to the royal court who would take a part of the wealth as inheritance tax. 4158:. The king was also the sole legislator of the kingdom as his commands were inscribed to become law although, in theory, his laws and commands could not deviate from the 4137:, which has two aspects; the Glorious Universal Conqueror who won military successes in battles and the aspect of King of Universal Justice, who upheld and protected the 334: 6056:'Department of the Left Pier') that dealt with Chinese affairs and were usually Chinese-speakers themselves. The mission consisted of three dignitaries; the First Envoy 15396: 14925: 7169:

from Sipsong Chuthai in exchange for Siam retaining Houaphanh and Muang Phuan. Pavie and French Indochina based their claims on Laos on Vietnamese historical archives.

5328:, in which all British subjects in Siam, including both the British and the Burmese, became subjected to Siamese law, in exchange for Northern Malay sultanates joining 15391: 9804: 9538:

towering in the center. While temples were built with sturdy bricks, vernacular and lay residential structures were wooden and did not endure for long period of time.

6525: 6517: 6490: 6176:, not the East India Company. The Kedah Sultanate attempted to retake Penang but failed, resulting in the official handover of Penang to the British in 1791. In 1800, 3077: 2434:

refused. The Siamese prince then sent armies to sack Pattani in 1786, bringing Pattani into Siamese rule. The Malay states of Pattani, Kedah and Terengganu (including

1071: 1015: 8526:

forbid the monks to touch money. New Pāli pronunciation and the routine of daily Buddhist chanting were also introduced. Prince Mongkut was appointed as the abbot of

7792:). The Lao elite class, including the princes who were the sons of the Lao king, were settled in Bangkok. In 1804, the Siamese-Lanna forces captured the Burmese-held 15877: 15865: 15496: 4966:). The governorship of large cities were usually passed down through generations of the same family due to that family's important role and connections in the area. 8620:

arose as the centre of immigrated Vietnamese Catholics. Kedah, Malacca, Singapore and Tenasserim were added to the territory of apostolic vicarate of Siam in 1840.

8548:

The royal court had mixed reactions with the Thammayut. King Rama III tolerated Thammayut but commented on the Mon-style robes. Prince Rakronnaret, who oversaw the

5633:

or measurement duties that was based on the size of the ship. Crawfurd exemplified the situation in 1822 by narrating a commercial venture of British merchant brig

5307:

on conditions that Japanese extraterritorial jurisdiction in Siam would terminate as soon as Siam completed its legislation of modernized civil and criminal codes.

5182:) or council of twelve Bramanistic jurors who possessed legal knowledge and acted only as the advisory body of consultants but held no power to judge the cases and 2380:

as puppet queen regnant of Cambodia. In 1840, the Cambodians arose in general rebellion against Vietnamese domination. Bodindecha marched Siamese armies to attack

6974:

in August 1864. Aubaret was embarrassed at the existence of such opposing treaty. The French sought to annul Cambodian-Siamese treaty and Aubaret brought gunboat

15911: 15446: 9799:

riddles. In his temple-mural paintings, Khrua In Khong depicted Western townscapes, applying laws of perspective and using color and light-and-shade techniques.

9290:, a British merchant in Bangkok, brought a steamboat to Bangkok for the royal court to see in 1844 but King Rama III refused to buy the ship due to overpricing. 6486: 2570: 10001:"Inner plays"), was reserved only for royal court and was performed by all-female actors that were part of royal regalia, in contrast to vernacular, boisterous 5283:

in order to unify scattering Siamese judiciary courts of various departments into a single unified system. After French military threats to Bangkok during the

2863:

without Chulalongkorn's consent. His regency was the time when the power of the Bunnags reached an apex. The young king Chulalongkorn, who had been educated by

17082: 6524:

as the border between British and Siamese spheres of influences. However, this agreement alone was ineffective in dealings with British subjects in Lanna. The

6233: 9012:

to the Bangkok court. The members of the Mon regiment were usually Mon immigrants who had been escaping the Burmese rule into Siam since the Thonburi period.

6265:

the governor of Labuan arrived in 1850 to amend agreements. However, his proposals were vehemently rejected by Siamese trade officials. Brooke even suggested

15894: 10175: 9174: 8898: 6115:

was in mourning for his father Emperor Daoguang. Another mission was re-dispatched in 1852. However, the mission was robbed by local Chinese bandits and the

64: 10766: 7914:

Despite important political changes, the traditional Siamese society in the early Rattanakosin period remained largely unchanged from the Ayutthaya period.

6916:

became the first French consul in Bangkok. King Mongkut sent a mission led by Phraya Siphiphat (Phae Bunnag) to Paris in 1861, where they had audience with

6432:

in 1852. In 1866, after difficulties, British India sent a special commissioner Edward O'Riley to meet with Siamese delegate Phraya Kiat the Mon officer at

2330: 15584: 8687: 5473: 5416: 3181:

in June 1893. The French parliament in Paris, dominated by colonialist sentiments, ordered strong military retaliation on Siam. Two more French gunboats,

17077: 13842: 9476:

In Early Bangkok Period, local existing temples in Bangkok were renovated into fine temples. Central structures of Thai temples included ordination hall

5343:

in 1917 on the Allies side, earning Siam an opportunity to re-negotiate and abolish Western extraterritoriality in Siam. According to Article 135 of the

2243: 5461:

also measured the width of the incoming ships to determine the size of the ship. Tariff was collected in accordance with the size of the ship, known as

13885: 13442:

Journal of an Embassy from the Governor General of India to the Courts of Siam and Cochin China exhibiting a view of the Actual State of those kingdoms

10311: 8373:) that focused on mental exercise and meditation practices. Phra Yanasangvorn Suk was an influential monk in the 1810s who specialized in meditational 7419:) to French Indochina in exchange for settlement over "French Asian subjects" in Siam and French withdrawal from Chanthaburi, signed in February 1904. 6774: 3316: 7603:

in 1767 was the final blow as most Siamese were either deported to Burma or perished in war. The manpower shortage of Siam was exemplified during the

7340:. Borey eventually managed to anchor off at the French embassy. Both the Siamese and the French were equally shocked by the actions of Captain Borey. 15436: 11364: 8627:

as his coadjutor in 1838. Courvezy moved to stay permanently in Singapore, leaving Pallegoix in Bangkok. In 1841, in accordance with the papal brief

7549: 6192: 2938:

The aftermath of this crisis was a political triumph for Chulalongkorn and the waning of the Bunnag powers as Si Suriyawong retired to his estate in

2521: 111: 13726: 6690:

Lord Salisbury, however, skeptically viewed this 1896 declaration as being insufficient to safeguard Siam and proposed Siam for another treaty. The

17092: 14844: 14148:

Crosby, Kate (November 2000). "Tantric Theravada: A Bibliographic Essay on the Writings of François Bizot and others on the Yogāvacara Tradition".

13814: 12665: 8482:

and, therefore, the authentic lineage traceable to Buddha. In 1830, Prince Mongkut moved from Wat Mahathat to Wat Samorai and officially began the

7374:. The French refused all Siamese officials, both civil and military, to enter this so-called demilitarized zone, leading to Siamese abandonment of 7312: 6663: 6507:

stable. Occasional Shan and Karen raids in the frontiers damaged British properties and sometimes British subjects were hurt. In 1873, the British

83: 1280: 15726: 10515: 8478:. He then met Phra Sumethmuni a Mon monk in 1830 and discovered that Mon traditions was more strict and closer to the supposed original Buddha's 6478: 5606:

ratified in June 1826. The Burney Treaty ended three centuries of royal court monopoly on foreign trades by allowing the British to trade freely.

5303:, and Rolin-Jaequemyns himself. In 1898, Japan asked for extraterritorial rights from Siam. Siam agreed to grant extraterritoriality to Japan in 2931: 2661:

and Chaophraya Si Suriyawong realized that, due to the geopolitical situation, Siam could stand no more against British demands for concessions.

9081:

asked to buy muskets and gunpowder from Francis Light. Flintlock muskets were usually reserved for the elite troops and those who could afford.

6674:

alone. The French agreed with this plan as it would allow both the British and the French to pursue colonial acquisitions outside Central Siam,

5566:) or Royal Junks, in joint venture with Chinese merchants who provided the crew. Export demands on Siam had been mainly forest products such as 11049: 8248:

slaves were always in the service of the masters and usually lived in the same quarters. Both men and women can be slaves. The majority of the

5380:

also put Japanese people in Siam under Siamese law under similar conditions to the Americans. King Vajiravudh assigned Phraya Kanlayana Maitri

5238:

and trial by supernatural forces, especially in criminal cases and they were unwilling to be under jurisdiction of Siamese authorities. In the

2396:

to successfully take Phnom Penh and lay siege on Siamese-held Oudong. After months of siege, Siam and Vietnam negotiated for peace with Prince

10574:

Strange Parallels: Volume 1, Integration on the Mainland: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830 (Studies in Comparative World History)

10531:

Strange Parallels: Volume 1, Integration on the Mainland: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830 (Studies in Comparative World History)

7407:. However, the treaty faced strong opposition in the French parliament, who insisted that Siam should cede more territories. In the augmented 6460:

Thomas George Knox was the British representative in Siam for fourteen years from 1865 to 1879 and deeply involved in native Siamese politics.

6160:

in exchange for British military protection against Siam. Kedah had stopped sending tribute to the Siamese court since the dissolution of the

5708:, which was lower than other Asian states including China's five percent and Japan's five percent, on all items except for opium and bullion. 2360:

Anouvong's rebellion worsened Siamese-Vietnamese relations. Lê Văn Duyệt died in 1832 and his posthumous punishments by Ming Mạng spurred the

90: 16692: 11828: 9233:, which were for riverine and coastal campaigns and either constructed or levied. Siamese warships were essentially Chinese junks armed with 7205: 3704:

lexicons. The king himself was an author and theatrical actor. Vajiravudh experimented democracy with a mock-democracy miniature town called

3167:. When Siam did not comply, the French advanced their forces into Laos, resulting in the killing of French officer Grosgurin at the hands of 1755: 6913: 5899:, Indian rupee, Japanese and Vietnamese coins flooded into Siam. Siamese people were reluctant to switch to coin usage and stuck with their 3887:

during 1918–1919. Siamese forces joined the victory parade at Paris in July 1919. Siam's entry into the Allies side secured Siam a place in

17112: 15759: 12187: 8938: 8153:), for the royal court, six months per year in total, and were allowed freetime to return to their farmlands. In the reign of King Rama I, 6779: 2446:(known in Thai sources as Tuanku Pangeran) of Kedah was found forging an alliance with Burma – Siam's longtime rival. Siamese forces under 1977:

to the north, east and south. The east bank was surrounded by low marshlands inhabited by the Chinese, whom King Rama I ordered to move to

5234:

Westerners who came to Siam during the early nineteenth century were horrified of traditional Indo–Siamese judiciary system that involved

3274:

central governance. In April 1892, the first modern Siamese cabinet was formed, consisting mostly of royal princes. Prince Damrong became

2290:. The panicked King Ang Chan II fled to take refuge at Saigon under the protection of Vietnam. Siamese forces sacked Oudong and returned. 2242:

Yumreach Baen, a pro-Siamese Cambodian noble, staged a coup in Cambodia to overthrow and kill the pro-Vietnamese Cambodian Prime Minister

2092:

to invade Kanchanaburi concentrating only in one direction. King Rama I and his brother Prince Sura Singhanat defeated the Burmese in the

15882: 15870: 15714: 15289: 12635:

Rising China and Asian Democratization: Socialization to "Global Culture" in the Political Transformations of Thailand, China, and Taiwan

9880:. Native Siamese people spoke Siamese language. Other languages were spoken by ethnic immigrants or people of tributary states including 7972:

was the theoretical and numerical rank accorded to every men of all classes in the kingdom, except the king himself, as described in the

6421: 2485: 2075:, the ruler of Lampang, managed to hold the siege for four months until relief forces from Bangkok came to rescue Lampang. In the south, 6228:

Despite the events during his mission in 1822, Crawfurd remained in contact with the Siamese court as the Resident of Singapore. In the

2501:. However, a dispute prompted King Rama III to withdraw the Siamese armies from Burma. In 1825, the British sent another mission led by 402: 97: 15451: 15431: 7815: 6970:

had earlier secretly had Norodom sign another opposing treaty that recognized Siamese suzerainty over Cambodia, which was published in

2202: 2198: 1782: 780: 14048:

Sternstein, Larry (March 1984). "The Growth of the Population of the World's Pre-eminent 'Primate City': Bangkok at its Bicentenary".

3193:, forcing its way up to Bangkok to threaten the Siamese royal palace as gunfire was exchanged between French gunboats and the Siamese 16387: 16059: 11810:"Part2 : Treaty of Friendship, Trade and Navigation (1858) – the Beginning of the Diplomatic Relations Between the Two Kingdoms" 10338: 8500:') movement. He studied and followed Mon traditions. Prince Mongkut re-ordained as a monk in Mon tradition at Wat Samorai, where the 6576:

in Lanna, leading to Anglo–Siamese competitions over these mountainous unclaimed lands, which were rich in profitable teak. In 1884,

4198:-derived lexicons, was used. Siamese subjects used extreme deference in their conversation with the king, referring to themselves as 16863: 8214:

were usually local commodities and valuables, which the royal court would collect and sell to the foreigners as a source of revenue.

16292: 15577: 15367: 12806:

Between Integration and Secession: The Muslim Communities of the Southern Philippines, Southern Thailand, and Western Burma/Myanmar

6635: 4144:

Even though no human law could restrict Siamese king's authority, morally, the king was compelled to observe Ten Kingly Virtues or

2669:, who was the representative of the British government in London (rather than East India Company), arrived at Bangkok in 1855. The 2263: 2186: 79: 9222:

or the Cham-Malay regiment who possessed naval knowledge. The naval commander would be either Phraya Ratchawangsan, the leader of

8841:) for the Islamic peoples in general. In traditional Siam, religion was closely tied with ethnicity. Muslims in Siam included the 6010:

with the handle sculpted in the shape of camel. On each mission, the Siamese envoys presented three letters to the Chinese court;

3802:, the first modern Siamese university, in honor of his father, in 1916. Vajiravudh also instituted compulsory modern education in 3696:, in which the king translated many Western works and explored novel abstract ideas through creation of modern vocabularies using 2785:

responded by having Norodom sign another opposing treaty that recognized Siamese suzerainty over Cambodia and had it published in

17107: 17072: 16756: 16568: 15456: 15387: 15382: 15372: 15269: 8691: 8682:. Tomlin stayed only for nine months and Gützlaff stayed until 1833. Protestant missions in Siam was then very nascent. American 6613: 3939:

and state budget were in great deficit, with great amount of silver flowing out of the kingdom, destabilizing the baht currency.

3640: 3531:

as the model for self-motivated Asian modernization success. King Chulalongkorn was officially eulogized as "Phra Piya Maharaj" (

3519:

who radically proposed for representative government and a parliament to limit royal powers in 1905. Thianwan also advocated for

2165: 2153: 2100: 2076: 2060: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 741: 14009:

Ouyyanont, Porphant (September 1997). "Bangkok's Population and the Ministry of Capital in Early 20th Century in Thai History".

10254:

exams were organized by the royal court, who encouraged Pāli learning in order to uphold Buddhism, and were usually held in the

8659:

for his subjects in 1858, ending more than a century of conversion ban and opened new era of native Siamese Christian converts.

3491:). Chulalongkorn responded to this petition, saying that the kingdom needed reforms first. Chulalongkorn created modern Siamese 2871:

When King Chulalongkorn reached the age of 20 in 1873, the regency ended as Si Suriyawong was rewarded with the highest rank of

16610: 15916: 15899: 14981: 9780:

Siam opened the kingdom as the result of the Bowring Treaty of 1855, leading to influx of Western influences onto Siamese art.

9250:

war junks armed with heavy cannons. King Rama III then ordered the construction of Vietnamese-style mobile-fort junks in 1834.

7300: 6694:

was signed on 6 April 1897, in which Siam was made to promise that Siam would not grant any concessions in Southern Siam below

6261:

taxes and levy the taxes on behalf of government. This new taxation system effectively re-imposed trade barriers in the 1840s.

4995:), each of which were political entities in its own rights and bound to Siam through the Southeast Asian political ideology of 3888: 3244: 1650: 9041:

to Siam in the sixteenth century. The Portuguese and other Europeans filled in positions in the arquebusier regiment known as

7535:

as the American envoy to the Far East in 1831. After visiting Canton and Danang, Roberts arrived in Bangkok in 1833 on the US

3344:

continued to form, ending the powers of the old local lords. Integration of Lanna began in 1893 and it became a fully-fledged

2689:. The treaty also stipulated the establishment of a British consulate in Bangkok. The Bowring Treaty was followed by similar ' 16541: 16441: 15401: 14917: 14793: 12460: 10746: 10719: 10692: 10651: 10635: 10608: 10387: 9868:

was used to write worldly matters including historical chronicles, government decrees and personal poems, while a variant of

8632: 8604: 8578: 7600: 6647:. However, the French indeed annexed up to Upper Mekong, not satisfied with Middle Mekong as Rosebery had expected, reaching 6212: 2443: 1931:

identity, and the emergence of an urban middle class. However, the failure to implement democratic reforms culminated in the

8233:

slaves were, by law, considered properties of their masters that can be traded, inherited and given to other people without

7675:

was traditionally conducted once in a generation, usually once per reign and within Central Siam. King Rama III ordered the

17087: 16878: 16318: 13539: 9864:) to be used onto royalty characterized by Khmer lexicon usage. Another set of special vocabulary was used onto the monks. 8965:) – but its role in warfare was largely diminished in comparison to the Ayutthaya period due to the manpower shortage. The 7509: 5300: 5272: 4418:

the consensual king enabled the king to relate more to his subjects as Mongkut based his kingship on the consent of people.

3910:

served as prototypes for other renewed treaties with Western nations. King Vajiravudh commissioned Phraya Kanlayana Maitri

3806:

nation-wide, including the Muslim Malay South, in primary level for all genders through his Primary Education Act of 1921.

2843:

When King Mongkut ascended the throne in 1851, he appointed his younger brother Pinklao as Vice-King or Second King of the

9714:

Chakri Maha Prasat Throne Hall (1876), designed by British architect John Clunis, represents Siamese-Western fusion style.

5506:

revenue were from the alcoholic spirit tax, fishery tax, market tax, gambling den tax, fruit orchard tax and the boat tax.

2392:

ordered the Vietnamese to retreat and the Siamese took over Cambodia. The war resumed in 1845 when Emperor Thiệu Trị sent

414: 17097: 16424: 16367: 16150: 16145: 15658: 15653: 15570: 15552: 10598: 9130:

cannons inflicted high damages on the battlefields and were sought after to purchase from Westerners by the court. Small

7767: 7604: 7295:

commanded Captain Borey to bring those two French gunboats to Bangkok. With escalating French threats from Pavie, Prince

5493:); taxes imposed on specific kinds of commodity such as rice, fruits and beverages. Rice producers were charged with two 5149: 3600:

and left Siam as one of the few functioning absolute monarchies in Asia. The British-educated new king Vajiravudh was an

3390: 2283: 2208: 2190: 1641: 1632: 1089: 16531: 8808:

in Siamese). King Rama II ordered the Muharram rituals to be performed before him in the royal palace in 1815 and 1816.

8544:, where Prince Mongkut was the abbot from 1836 to 1851, became the administrative headquarter of modern Thammayut order. 7074:

had been ravaging and pillaging these Tai princedoms since the 1870s and Siam struggled hard to deflect and contain the

5887:

stipends to government officials in the form of white clothes. Some taxes were collected in form of commodity products.

4936:. The local bureaucracy in each city was headed by the governor. Below the governor was the vice-governor called either 16563: 16287: 16222: 10581: 10538: 7357:

were restored. To punish Siam for the delay, the French imposed even harsher terms and went on to occupy Chanthabun or

6994: 5389: 3278:

Minister of Interior in 1892. Damrong introduced a modern bureaucracy and, in 1893, announced the establishment of the

3163:

to Bangkok in March 1893 and pressed the Siamese government to relinquish all Lao lands on the left (east) bank of the

2562: 2422:

declared that the Northern Malay sultanates should resume tributary obligations as it had during the Ayutthaya period.

1892: 11809: 10358: 7616:

Manpower had been a scarce resource during the early Bangkok period. The Department of Conscription or Registers, the

17067: 17062: 17057: 16451: 15406: 14900: 13924: 13207: 13166: 13088: 12948: 12916: 12891: 12866: 12838: 12813: 12785: 12760: 12708: 12642: 12617: 12565: 12527: 12485: 11447: 10201: 9200: 8924: 7497: 2781:

in 1863 without Siam's acknowledgement and the French crowned Norodom as King of Cambodia in 1864. Si Suriyawong the

1748: 130: 12292:

The Indochinese Experience of the French and the Americans: Nationalism and Communism in Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam

10183: 9182: 8906: 7980:

determined each man's exact level in the social hierarchy. For example, the Sakdina of the nobility ranged from 400

6954:

the governor of French Cochinchina sailed to Oudong in 1863, persuading Norodom to sign a treaty to make Cambodia a

6498:

left Siam. These incidents prompted King Chulalongkorn to send a mission to London in 1880 to explain the incident.

6164:

in 1767. Following the ascension of the Chakri dynasty, Siam demanded the resumption of tributary missions from the

5453:), both land and riverine, where officials inspected the commodity goods. One out of ten goods was collected by the 4290:

wood octagonal throne to be anointed by the Brahmins eight times each in eight directions. The king then sat on the

3408:

on the right (west) bank to France in return for French abandonment of Chanthaburi but the French proceeded to hold

2458:. A son of Nakhon Noi was installed as the governor of Kedah. The Kedah sultanate ceased to exist for a time being. 104: 16247: 16181: 16171: 15257: 9430: 9255: 6963: 3993: 3928: 3666: 3569: 2824: 2626: 1231: 9566:

Traditional Thai painting was dedicated to Buddhist mural arts of temples depicting Buddhist themes including the

5781:

Seal, which was the kingdom seal, on one side and the regal seal of each reign on other side. King Rama I had the

5625:) or Royal Warehouse. All incoming foreign ships including European merchants should go through inspection by the 16504: 16338: 16232: 15979: 10762: 10118: 9763: 8770: 7713: 7337: 6998: 6955: 5063: 4520: 3252: 2778: 2558: 1884: 1708: 1550: 6904:

in Ayutthaya Period. The French maintained low-level presence in Siam through French missionary works. In 1856,

6103:

and the British took over maritime trade in Asia. The Sino-Siamese trades shifted from junk trades based on the

5471:), or the measurement duties. Large ships paid more tariff. Arriving foreign traders were charged with tariffs. 3902:

and low tariff imposition onto Westerners. These concessions had been compromising Siam's national sovereignty.

2414:

tributes to Siam were freed temporarily from Siamese domination. In 1786, after expelling Burmese invaders from

16590: 16551: 16237: 16155: 15663: 12188:"Red, Black, Yellow and Striped Banners: The Siamese Military Expedition to Laos and SIpsongchuthai of 1884–85" 11345:

Social Transformations in India, Myanmar, and Thailand: Volume I: Social, Political and Ecological Perspectives

10451: 10179: 9178: 9028: 8902: 8640: 7705: 7701: 7201: 6397: 5629:

and would subject to at least two duties; the general eight-percent tariff levied on merchandise goods and the

5280: 4999:. Native culture and traditions were largely retained. The Siamese court required the periodic presentation of 4261: 4216: 3452: 2943: 68: 16831: 15411: 9282:

in 1836. However, the barques and brigantines were already outdated by the mid-nineteenth century in favor of

8552:, was the main opponent of Thammayut. Prince Mongkut acquainted himself with Westerners in Bangkok, including 8200:

who resided in distant regions and whose journey to periodically serve was impractical can pay the tax called

6951: 6607:

In 1889, the Government of India requested Anglo–Siamese joint boundaries settlement, led by British official

6252:

The Burney Treaty also offered the British some disadvantages. The British in Siam, who were horrified by the

3527:

against predominantly polygamic patriarchal Siamese traditional society of his time. Siamese visionaries took

2774: 17052: 17047: 17042: 16724: 16658: 16419: 16345: 16282: 16257: 16052: 15526: 12070: 10414:

launched a campaign to encourage Thai women to wear long hair instead of traditional short hair, and to wear

10270: 10022: 9258:

pioneered the construction of western-style seafaring ships. In 1835, Chuang Bunnag successfully constructed

8334: 7680: 7408: 7354: 7246: 6984: 6928: 6871: 6842: 6826: 6555:

shows the thirteen Shan and Karenni towns of trans-Salween region given up by Siam to British Burma in 1892.

6046:

Seal served as confirmation of validity of the Siamese mission. Siamese envoys to China were hailed from the

5539:

Taxes were collected in forms of commodities or currency money. Main spending of the royal court went to the

5243: 3943: 3899: 3884: 3825: 2400:, who would recognize both Siamese and Vietnamese suzerainty, installed as the new King of Cambodia in 1848. 2302: 2251: 2194: 767: 35: 14951: 10109:

s, poems describing journeys and longing for home and loved ones, including Nirat Mueang Klaeng (journey to

10049:

hierophant from 1851 to 1853, produced vast array of educational literature including a new version of Thai

9624: 8763:, though it could also refer to a mosque. Muslim communities in Siam were led by Phraya Chula Ratchamontri ( 7901:). Once the tax was paid, they were given an amulet to be tied around their wrists as the symbol. The first 4928:

The governors of cities were ranked according to the level and importance of their cities. The governors of

17102: 16900: 16751: 16631: 16605: 16519: 16217: 16186: 16176: 16010: 16005: 15521: 15506: 11788: 10461: 10285:

majority of the Siamese people did not have enough education to understand such a change just yet. In 1916

10228:). Monks took exams to be qualified to rise up in the ecclesiastic bureaucracy. There were three levels of 10018: 9668: 8059:

The royalty and the nobility, who had authority over and commanded the commoners, were collectively called

7862: 7539: 6980: 6850: 6802: 6717: 5325: 5319:. The Penal Code, the first modern Siamese law, was promulgated in 1908. In the Penal Code of 1908, modern 3856: 3835: 3443: 2921:

quarters. King Chulalongkorn then had his guards surround the Front Palace. This incident was known as the

1741: 1693: 1688: 1260: 969: 17: 13919:. Translated by Isarabhakdi, Vijavat. Bangkok: International Studies Center, Minister of Foreign Affairs. 13623:

Erika, Masuda (2007). "The Fall of Ayutthaya and Siam's Disrupted Order of Tribute to China (1767–1782)".

13014: 10262:

exam was the vehicle both for intellectual pursuits and for advancement in monastic hierarchy for a monk.

7208:

began offensives into Siam-controlled territories of Laos by sending forces to seize Southern Laos around

4486:. Mongkut went on another trip to Southern Siam in 1863, embarking on a modern steamboat, going as far as 254: 31: 16890: 16668: 16262: 16252: 15934: 15421: 13547: 10375:

As same as Ayutthaya period, both Thai males and females dressed themselves with a loincloth wrap called

8636: 8353:

would not officially be regarded as a monk. There were two monastic paths: the doctrinal 'city-dwelling'

6445: 4132: 3880: 3864: 3214:, which had been under Siamese rule for about a century since 1779, joined French Indochina in 1893. The 2809: 2047:

Siamese Territory and Dominion at its largest in 1805 resulting from the Burmese-Siamese War of 1802-1805

1510: 1204:

This historical period is more colloquially referred to as the Rattanakosin period in Thailand. The term

1076: 14819: 12402:

Jeshurun, Chandran (1970). "The Anglo-French Declaration of January 1896 and the Independence of Siam".

9854:) was the language of Rattanakosin government. The royal court maintained a specialized register called 8773:

since 1656 and until 1939. Phraya Chula Ratchamontri was also the Lord of the Right Pier who headed the

7849: 2855:

was confirmed to succeed the throne under the regency of Si Suriyawong. The latter unprecedentedly made

224: 16821: 16615: 16585: 16556: 16546: 16446: 16140: 16115: 15673: 15531: 15486: 14974: 8812:

Mosques were established and concentrated on the West bank of Chao Phraya River in Thonburi. Important

8608: 8179:

served under services of their princes. However, due to the manpower shortage, King Rama I ordered the

7267: 7225: 7217: 7161: 7143: 6901: 6618: 5284: 4446:

his subjects the provinces. During late 1857 to early 1858, King Mongkut went on his journey along the

4327: 4028: 4014: 3456: 3377:

in 1902, declaring for Lanna traditions to be upheld and for the killing of Central Siamese officials.

3094: 2393: 2373: 1932: 1869: 1336: 943: 868: 829: 14360:"Missionary Sketches: A Concise History of the American Baptist Missionary Union By S. F. Smith, 1885" 11365:"Ayudhya: Capital-port of Siam and its "Chinese connection" in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries" 11156:

Paths to Conflagration: Fifty Years of Diplomacy and Warfare in Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam, 1778–1828

10258:. Examinations involved translation and oral recitation of Pāli doctrines in front of examiner monks. 10218:

The only higher education available in pre-modern Siam was the Buddhist Pāli doctrinal learning – the

9313: 8518:

monks were brownish-red in colour and worn over both shoulders in Mon style, while the robe colour of

8390:

or Buddhist hierophant or Supreme Patriarch, appointed by the king, was the head of Siamese monkhood.

4170:

as the basis for his royal decrees. Buddhist aspect of Siamese kingship, pertaining to the concept of

4106:

enthronement ceremony. A Siamese king held absolute authority over his subjects in the kingdom, being

4088:

who wielded legislative, executive and judicial powers. Early Bangkok kings, first three kings of the

2613:

the Vice-King or Second King of the Front Palace. Mongkut also granted the exceptionally high rank of

2469:

Since the 15th century, the Siamese royal court had retained a monopoly on foreign trades through the

2361: 16806: 16699: 16578: 16573: 16536: 16526: 16514: 16492: 16277: 16110: 15612: 13800: 10981: 9094:

The Siamese had been able to cast their own cannons since the Ayutthaya period. Native Siamese large

9027:, taken from Pattani in 1786 to Bangkok, an example of a native bronze cannon now placed in front of 8672: 8412:

Ariyawongsa Katayan and took official residence at Wat Mahathat. Royal court controlled the Buddhist

7528: 7467: 7392: 7316: 6410: 6354: 6322: 6204: 6181: 5936: 5748:

Seal of the kingdom imprinted on one side and the regal seal of the reign imprinted on the other side

5535:); collected as fees from government procedures such as court hearings and other document procedures. 5026: 4996: 3360:

system. However, the centralization policies were not without resistance. Numerous tribal leaders in

3041: 2451: 2212: 1048: 542: 14313: 14106: 13985:

Prasartkul, Pramote (January 2019). "Prospects and Contexts of Demographic Transitionsin Thailand".

11287: 10274: 6896:, depicting Phraya Siphiphat (Phae Bunnag) handling the Siamese royal letter to Emperor Napoleon III 5200:

or Police Bureau dealt specifically with criminal cases including murder, robbery and adultery. The

3770:

In his speech to the Wild Tiger Corps, King Vajiravudh instituted the sacred inseparable trinity of

3665:

from government in 1915 due to friction with the new king, Siamese administration took an overturn.

2282:

who became pro-Vietnamese. While the pro-Siamese Prince Ang Sngoun, younger brother of Ang Chan II,

1857: 17117: 16784: 16675: 16663: 16355: 16328: 16045: 16000: 15341: 15294: 15177: 15127: 14775:

Buddhism, Education and Politics in Burma and Thailand: From the Seventeenth Century to the Present

14290: 14190:

New Buddhist Movements in Thailand: Towards an Understanding of Wat Phra Dhammakaya and Santi Asoke

12024:

Briggs, Lawrence Palmer (1947). "Aubaret and the Treaty of July 15, 1867 between France and Siam".

10345: 10298: 10164: 9287: 9163: 8887: 7092: 7038: 6722: 6520:

dictated Lanna–Siam to employ security forces to guard the frontiers and indirectly recognized the

6429: 5579: 5352: 5288: 4437:

Mongkut took the regnal name King Chomklao and established a new naming convention with the suffix

3799: 3721: 3447: 3378: 3337: 3333: 3086: 2992: 2736: 1698: 1683: 510: 14547: 14411:

Simmonds, E.H.S. (1963). "The Thalang Letters, 1773–94: political aspects and the trade in arms".

14342: 14267: 12558:

Golden Dragon And Purple Phoenix: The Chinese And Their Multi-ethnic Descendants in Southeast Asia

6893: 6473:

1873 and appointed Henry Alabaster, nemesis of Si Suriyawong, to be his royal advisor. During the

4044: 3481:, laid a petition to King Chulalongkorn in January 1885, urging the king to endorse Western-style 2673:

was signed in April 1855, in which tariffs were reduced and standardized to three percent and the

2239:

in favor of Inthavong. When King Inthavong died in 1804, Anouvong succeeded as King of Vientiane.

2107:, which was the former territory of Ayutthaya. King Rama I marched Siamese armies to lay siege on 16981: 16479: 16360: 15501: 15326: 14250: 13655:

Sites of Modernity: Asian Cities in the Transitory Moments of Trade, Colonialism, and Nationalism

10168: 9214: 9167: 8891: 8624: 8553: 7870:

rose up against an oppressive Burmese governor and the 40,000 of Mon people migrated through the

7762:

of Vientiane during his exile. The temple itself had been a centre of a Lao community in Bangkok.

7492: 7471: 7142:

in 1888, partaking in many diplomatic conflicts against Siam. He played instrumental rule in the

6909: 6887: 6568: 6310: 6229: 5583: 5381: 5366: 3911: 3821: 3482: 3365: 3321: 3057: 2909: 2498: 2461: 2447: 2369: 2174: 57: 14359: 8363:) that focused on Theravada philosophy and Pāli learning and the meditational 'forest-dwelling' 7822:

and its whole Phuan population were deported to Siam in order to curb Vietnamese influence. The

7100: 5982:

of Thonburi had been in difficulties gaining recognition from the Chinese imperial court due to

4405:

sense. Western representatives were also present for the first time. Mongkut adopted an epithet

4145: 3871:

and also sending flying air force squadron to France in June 1918. Siam had already established

3098: 16976: 16653: 16350: 16212: 15377: 15217: 15212: 15207: 15182: 15151: 10489: 9881: 9238: 8562: 7178: 6200: 5680: 5373:

to be delegate of Siam to renew treaties with European nations on equal terms during 1924–1925.

4339: 4242: 4024: 3951: 3496: 3168: 3126: 2844: 2605:, who had been a Buddhist monk for 27 years, ascended the throne in 1851 with support from the 2093: 1308: 1299: 459: 455: 321: 11201:

Southern Vietnam under the Reign of Minh Mang (1820–1841): Central Policies and Local Response

10069:. Traditional Thai literature were produced in first three reigns more than any other periods. 9126:) were European-produced cast-iron cannons with relatively larger calibre and shorter barrel. 8175:

were granted by the king to the princes according to the ranks and honors of the princes. The

2051:

The Burmese continued to pose a major threat to the Siamese state of existence. In 1785, King

16910: 16826: 16746: 16687: 16600: 16372: 16333: 16267: 16200: 15860: 15511: 15227: 14967: 10456: 9904:

lexicon entered Thai language. Chinese loanwords prompted invention of two new tone markers;

9567: 9008: 8541: 8527: 8346: 7455: 7416: 7353:. Siam eventually accepted all French demands unconditionally as the blockade was lifted and 7296: 7234: 6923: 6841:, Siam ceded Northwestern Cambodia to French Indochina in exchange for curtailment of French 6656: 6573: 6542: 6437: 6385: 6374: 6306: 6298: 5737: 5648: 5015: 4519:

Office of Samuha Nayok the Prime Minister of Northern Siam, later becomes the Seal of modern

3927:

Siamese royal government began to send non-royal men for European education in 1897, through

3614: 3585: 3477:

A group of Siamese princes, ambassadors and officials working as diplomats in Europe, led by

3397: 3296: 3261: 3240: 3202: 3049: 2899: 2801: 2666: 2385: 2346: 2291: 2064: 1020: 842: 10407:. Western forms of dress became popular among urbanites in Bangkok during this time period. 9630:

Pediment façade of Wat Thepthidaram, made from stucco decorated with Chinese floral patterns

8139:

were under the services of various functional departments of the royal court. In Ayutthaya,

8006:. The traditional Siamese society was roughly stratified into four distinct social classes; 7066:

that owed traditional allegiances and tributes to either or both Laos–Siam and Vietnam. The

6256:

methods of judiciary tortures, were still subjected to Siamese laws and court. The infamous

4221: 2724:

A white elephant, facing the hoist, centred on a red field. National ensign decreed by King

2593:) to Bangkok in 1850 to propose treaty amendments but were strongly rejected. Only with the 16927: 16741: 16719: 16709: 16704: 16643: 16414: 16407: 16392: 16382: 16306: 16100: 16095: 15944: 15939: 15617: 15607: 15247: 15222: 15192: 15023: 12096:

Worshipping the Great Moderniser: King Chulalongkorn, Patron Saint of the Thai Middle Class

11315:

Ghosts of the Past in Southern Thailand: Essays on the History and Historiography of Patani

11130:

Paths to Conflagration: Fifty Years of Diplomacy and Warfare in Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam

10042: 9543: 9533: 9358: 9350: 8788: 8439: 7797: 7793: 7626:), was responsible for the record-keeping of able-bodied men eligible for corvée and wars. 7395:, newly-acquired by the French in 1893, had ruled over some lands west of Mekong including 7213: 6862:

of 1855 some fifty years prior, was mostly abolished by this Anglo–Siamese Treaty of 1909.

6846: 6750: 6695: 6370: 6362: 6285:

Arrival of Sir John Bowring the Governor of Hong Kong in 1855 culminated in the signing of

5344: 5117:

that served the Siamese kingdom for the next century. The Siamese laws had taken the Indic

5034: 5030: 4065: 3872: 3717: 3573: 3210:

on Siam's eastern coast to assure their compliance. The treaty was signed in October 1893.

3053: 2702: 2350: 2258:

arrived in Bangkok to take refuge from the Tây Sơn rebels. In 1784, Siamese forces invaded

2236: 2220: 2216: 1678: 1540: 1062: 1034: 559: 506: 210: 10050: 9892:

of southern sultanates and other minority languages. Languages of Chinese immigrants were

9532:) was new structure of Early Bangkok characterized by cruciform plan with Angkorian-style 9510:), which was not present in Ayutthaya. Sacred ceremonial grounds for monks were marked by 7936:

slaves, though there were substantial degree of social mobility. Ethnic immigrants became

7196:

without proper documents nor paying tariffs, ending up expelled. French Colonial Party or

6444:

to Andaman Sea. Border agreement treaty was signed in 1868, becoming definition of modern

4131:(City of the Deity). Like other contemporary Southeast Asian monarchs, Siamese king was a 3109:, who was closely allied with the Black Flags. These events coincided with the arrival of 2601:

there will be no more wars with Vietnam and Burma. We will have them only with the West".

8: 17007: 17000: 16969: 16964: 16771: 16595: 16467: 16323: 16272: 16227: 16080: 16072: 15593: 15516: 15476: 15232: 15081: 10363: 10114: 10029: 8656: 7459: 7193: 7002: 6943: 6905: 6730: 6704: 6530: 6508: 6474: 6389: 6329: 5545: 5252: 5219: 4897: 4829: 4479: 4287: 3860: 3224:) was the time when Siam came closest to being conquered by a Western imperialist power. 3178: 2939: 2922: 2889: 2848: 2766: 2741: 2714: 2698: 2678: 2419: 2043: 1990: 1850: 1269: 961: 855: 816: 680: 371: 13505:

Negotiating with Imperialism: The Unequal Treaties and the Culture of Japanese Diplomacy

13455:

Terwiel, B.J. (1999). "The Bowring Treaty: Imperialism and the Indigenous Perspective".

13054: 7814:

Basin of Isan, leading to the foundation of numerous towns in Isan. In 1833, during the

7599:

The Siamese effective manpower had been in decline since the late Ayutthaya period. The

6617:

Burma. France's entry into the scene further complicated the issue. In the aftermath of

6168:. When the Siamese army was at the doorstep of Kedah, the British refused to assist the 6107:

to the free trades using British cargoes. Upon his ascension, King Mongkut dispatched a

5974:

Kings of the Chakri dynasty of the early Rattanakosin period continued the tradition of

5443:); The royal court collected tariffs from both internal and external checkpoints called 5101:

the laws of any distortions. The physical copies were imprinted with the three seals of

4102:

or God-King cult, in which the king was consecrated as deity on earth through the Hindu

3032: 16942: 16801: 16736: 16714: 16509: 16429: 16242: 15984: 15362: 15242: 15197: 15187: 15172: 14428: 14165: 14073: 13490:

China's Foreign Places: The Foreign Presence in China in the Treaty Port Era, 1840–1943

13256:

The Kingdom and People of Siam: With a Narrative of the Mission to that Country in 1855

13081:

Thailand’s Buddhist Kingship in the 20th and 21st Centuries: Power, Influence and Rites

12237: 12229: 12049: 12041: 11997: 11989: 11043: 10588:"Siam's population must have increased from c. 2,500,000 in 1600 to 4,000,000 in 1800." 10509: 10468: 10318: 10290: 10126: 9730: 9575: 9560: 9381: 8769:), the position that had been held by a single lineage of Shiite Persian descendant of 8262:, to be free). Only two types of slaves that were lifelong and irredeemable. They were 7871: 7755: 7519: 7463: 7412: 7333: 7059: 6938: 6746: 6464: 6433: 6237: 6165: 6157: 5652: 5296: 5264: 5067: 4475: 3965: 3915: 3875:

and had been training Siamese aviators since 1913. Siamese forces arrived in Europe at

3662: 3401: 3389:

Spheres of influence abandoned by Siam to Western powers from 1785 to 1909, shown as a

3265: 3248: 3215: 3194: 3148: 2988: 2917: 2758: 2706: 2494: 2318: 2117: 2104: 1880: 1713: 492: 261: 12151:

Slices of Thai History: From the curious & controversial to the heroic & hardy

9488:), which was wide rectangular in shape, for monks to chant and perform ceremonies and 8395: 6853:

was signed on 10 March 1909 between Prince Devawongse the Siam's Foreign Minister and

6289:

that had great socioeconomic impact on Siam, becoming a turning point in Thai history.

5944: 4186:. However, Early Bangkok kingship remained essentially the same as that of Ayutthaya. 2963: 17016: 16895: 16885: 16873: 16868: 16761: 16648: 16436: 16125: 16120: 15813: 15638: 15633: 15321: 15252: 15237: 14896: 14699:

World Musics in Context: A Comprehensive Survey of the World's Major Musical Cultures

14432: 14169: 14065: 13920: 13808: 13203: 13162: 13084: 12944: 12937: 12912: 12887: 12862: 12834: 12809: 12781: 12756: 12704: 12638: 12613: 12561: 12523: 12481: 12456: 12241: 12053: 12001: 11736:

The Political Economy of Manufacturing Protection: Experiences of ASEAN and Australia

11443: 10742: 10715: 10688: 10631: 10604: 10577: 10534: 10399: 9601:

Wat Ratcha-orot (constructed 1820–31) was the prototype of Chinese-style Thai temple.

9020: 8825: 8709: 8696: 8378: 7350: 7229: 7139: 7071: 7055: 7026: 6684: 6667: 6639: 6333:

Siamese ambassadors, led by Phraya Montri Suriyawong (Chum Bunnag), in audience with

6302: 6266: 6161: 6092: 5656: 5598: 5320: 5022:. The principalities of Phrae and Nan were other princedoms ruled by local dynasties. 5011: 4901: 4845: 4487: 4471: 4467: 4085: 3892: 3810: 3726: 3524: 3516: 3492: 3385: 3309: 3232: 3190: 2984: 2976: 2787: 2701:, August 1856), Denmark (1858), Portugal (1858), the Netherlands (1860) and Prussia ( 2546: 2415: 2389: 2306: 2170: 1962: 1923: 1595: 1585: 1405: 1221:

of 1855, the country was referred to as the "Kingdom of Siam" in diplomatic treaties.

548: 514: 14077: 13673: 12778:

From Beijing to Port Moresby: The Politics of National Identity in Cultural Policies

10269:

from 1831 to 1841. The Epigraphic Archives of Wat Pho was recognized by UNESCO as a

10072: 8993:

There were ethnic regiments that were assigned with special tasks. For example, the

7104: 6760:

dealt directly with London to bypass the colonial government at Singapore. In 1882,

6393: 6111:

mission to China in 1851. The mission was rejected at Guangzhou on the grounds that

3560:

the designated heir died prematurely in 1895. Chulalongkorn then made his other son

3102: 16959: 16947: 16915: 16497: 16130: 15643: 15548: 14834: 14420: 14157: 14057: 12221: 12033: 11981: 10286: 9873: 9803:

embraced photography. Larnaudie taught wet-plate photography to a Siamese nobleman

9683: 9613: 8821: 8404:

was the ecclesiastic hierarchy with ranks and positions nominated by the king. The

8087:

commoners constituted the majority of the population and were under the control of

7557: 7439: 7400: 7367: 7292: 7046: 7030: 6761: 6726: 6671: 6622: 6577: 6538: 6534: 6406: 6378: 6222: 6112: 6088: 5983: 5316: 5124: 5113:(treasury), signifying that the laws affected kingdom-wide and became known as the 5019: 4969: 4841: 4447: 4351: 4254: 4092:, inherited kingship concept from Ayutthayan kingship, which had been dominated by 3950:

two days before his death in November 1925, without leaving any male heirs. Prince

3936: 3713: 3609: 3565: 3418: 3413: 3325: 3119: 2980: 2860: 2797: 2590: 2056: 1865: 1605: 1560: 1117: 1006: 714: 475: 231: 14959: 14789: 13693:

The Guiana Travels of Robert Schomburgk, 1835–1844: The boundary survey, 1840–1844

12071:"International Boundary Study No. 63 – February 1, 1966 Burma – Thailand Boundary" 10659: 9061:

from French soldiers visiting Siam in the seventeenth century during the reign of

8679: 7082:. The French demanded that Siam allow establishment of second French consulate at 5793:

seal. The seal of King Rama III was in the shape of a palace. The weight units of

5552:

annually, informed King Rama I that his share was inadequate to be distributed as

17021: 16937: 16841: 16402: 16397: 16377: 16028: 15974: 15491: 15202: 15156: 13753:

Bombay Anna: The Real Story and Remarkable Adventures of the King and I Governess

12450: 12131:

Breaking the Chains: Slavery, Bondage, and Emancipation in Modern Africa and Asia

10736: 10709: 10682: 10625: 10417: 10110: 10101: 10076: 10011:"Outer plays") that entertained commoner folk and performed by all-male troupes. 9893: 9755: 9708: 9687: 9642: 9478: 9463: 9335: 9242: 9070: 8683: 8667:

In 1828 saw the arrival of first two Protestant missionaries in Bangkok: British

7973: 7956: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7568: 7518:

Edmund Roberts, the American diplomat, arrived in Bangkok in March 1833 with the

7329: 7241: 7050: 6742: 6675: 6644: 6469: 6402: 6208: 6185: 6169: 6096: 6038:

the Minister of Trade with the Lotus Seal of Ministry of Trade and the Royal Seal

5571: 5235: 5205: 5133: 5114: 5055: 5049: 4982: 4792: 4229:

sat on the octagonal throne to be blessed by Brahmins in eight directions during

4179: 3814: 3693: 3646: 3593: 3374: 3198: 3152: 3130: 3081:

rulers, whose traditional privileges and powers were compromised by the reforms.

3071:

Lanna lords had benefitted from their traditional ownership of the vast northern

3064: 3045: 3014: 2694: 2686: 2577: 2542: 2439: 2423: 2342: 2246:

in 1783. Chaos and upheavals that ensued caused Yumreach Baen to take young King

2141: 1731: 1703: 1530: 352: 13940:

Bunnag, Amornrat (January 2012). "Toward an Historical Demography of Thailand".

12859:

Diminishing Conflicts in Asia and the Pacific, Why Some Subside and Others Don't

11255:

Thailand's Political History: From the Fall of Ayutthaya in 1767 to Recent Times

9784:, a native Siamese monk-painter, was known for his earliest adoption of Western 9390: 8949: 8384:

Monastic governance was organized into a hierarchical ecclesiastic bureaucracy.

6489:, a promising young Siamese nobleman, in 1878. Pricha Konlakarn and his father, 6281: 6091:

ordered Siam to send tributes once every four years instead of three years. The

5481:

on foreign merchant ships, which had been the major revenue for the royal court.

5192:) or layman judges who carried out actual judgements under suggestions from the 3954:

of Nakhon Sawan was the eldest surviving brother of Vajiravudh of the celestial

3446:

in exchange for British loan of four million pounds to Siam for construction of

2642: 2479:) or Royal Warehouse. Foreign merchants had to present their ships and goods at 2408:

After the Fall of Ayutthaya in 1767, the Northern Malay states that used to pay

16952: 16905: 16779: 15906: 15461: 15331: 15299: 15096: 15091: 15017: 13959:

Grabowsky, Volker (1996). "The Thai Census of 1904: Translation and Analysis".

12939:

Thailand's Struggle for Democracy: The Life and Times of M. R. Seni Pramoj

11330:

Political Integration Policy in Thailand: The Case of the Malay Muslim Minority

9948: 9929: 9925: 9889: 9785: 9781: 9751: 9455: 8817: 8796: 8635:, 500 Portuguese-Siamese Catholics in the Santa Cruz Church and another 500 at 8457: 7951: 7874:

to Siam. King Rama II sent his young son Prince Mongkut to welcome the Mons at

7649:

and those who had escaped from authority to live in the wilderness of jungles.

7532: 7422: 7157: 7013:

on the southern side, with Northwestern Cambodia remaining under Siamese rule.

6859: 6822: 6770: 6734: 6652: 6589: 6585: 6382: 6338: 6334: 6286: 6270: 6177: 5696: 5329: 5247: 5239: 5223: 4836:

s or first level cities that held authorities over surrounding satellite towns.

4776:

in the reign of King Rama I, with some exceptions. They were later elevated to

4430: 4299: 4195: 4089: 4069: 4052: 4040: 3855:

in July 1917, following the American entry into the war. Vajiravudh dispatched

3852: 3624: 3439: 3349: 2864: 2828: 2690: 2670: 2594: 2581: 2431: 2338: 2149: 2133: 2112: 2006: 1982: 1916: 1900: 1500: 1218: 1103: 949: 803: 496: 471: 467: 30:"Rattanakosin" and "Rattanakosin Era" redirect here. For the calendar era, see 15797: 14839: 14424: 14161: 14061: 8416:

to regulate and preserve traditions that were considered orthodox through the

7800:

inhabitants of Chiang Saen, which were by that time known as "Lao Phung Dam" (

7233:

killing of French officer Grosgurin in June at the hands of Siamese commander

6396:, erupted. Wan Ahmad allied with Mahmud Muzaffar, who also allied with Sultan 5883:

remained prevalent. In the reign of King Rama II, the royal court distributed

5691: 4202:

or "Servant of Buddha" as the first person pronoun and addressing the king as

3580: 1445: 17036: 16858: 16836: 16731: 15954: 15949: 15818: 15416: 15346: 15284: 15120: 15054: 10404: 10255: 9877: 9851: 9789: 9747: 9451: 9374: 9341: 9066: 8504:

accumulated followers. The mainstream Siamese monks then became known as the

8464:

Upon ordination, the Buddhist monk would take the vow of 227 precepts as the

8326: 7545: 7411:, Siam ceded areas on the west (right) bank of Mekong, including Sainyabuli, 7308: 7131: 7088: 7083: 7010: 6733:

from 1901 to 1904, was the most prominent proponent of colonial expansion of

6700: 6521: 6441: 6425: 6217: 6196: 6173: 6153: 6100: 5896: 5667: 5603: 5268: 4717: 4716:

levels determined the official's position in the bureaucratic hierarchy (see

4621:), the Ministry of Trade and Treasury, was headed by Chao Phraya Phrakhlang ( 4190:

bare-chested. In speaking with royalty, a special language register known as

3803: 3795: 3709: 3628: 3601: 3292: 3236: 3110: 3060: 3022: 2952: 2852: 2832: 2805: 2754: 2618: 2606: 2529: 2506: 2489: 2365: 2354: 2326: 2080: 2002: 1831: 1822: 1799: 1773: 1131: 754: 718: 626: 451: 438: 184: 160: 11596:

From Extraterritoriality to Equality: Thailand's Foreign Relations 1855–1939

10273:

and were examples of materials with closer resemblance to modern education.

10087:

was known to personally wrote many works and even composed a new version of

9663:

King Rama III, known before ascension as Prince Chetsadabodin, had overseen

8329: 8027:); The nobility referred to any men who held a government position with the 7187:

official called Bang Bien, who had rebelled against Siam, as an official in

2995:. Siamese people called the Chinese who came from the northern highlands as 2713:' in Western sources) were the main negotiators. King Mongkut also declared 2520:) or measurement duties were still intact. Siam also concluded the similar " 2140:. Kawila of Chiang Mai sent forces to raid Keng Tung in 1802 and subjugated 16811: 15787: 15709: 15688: 15336: 15274: 15074: 14069: 11956:

Cambodia Captured: Angkor's First Photographers in 1860s Colonial Intrigues

10294: 10096: 9901: 9885: 9869: 9836: 9808: 9770: 9571: 9447: 9131: 9095: 8668: 8644: 8537: 7875: 7823: 7536: 7288: 7184: 6917: 6294: 6262: 6245: 5892: 5753: 5663: 5587: 4508: 4426: 4093: 3597: 3500: 3305: 3164: 3036:

Siamese influence and territorial claims before the R.E.112 (1893) Incident

2662: 2586: 2502: 2286:

against his brother in 1811. The Siamese forces marched from Battambang to

2089: 1998: 1994: 1927: 1876: 1415: 1355: 1345: 922: 661: 463: 14577:

Barthe, Christine; González, Carmen Pérez; Nassar, Issam; Geoffroy, Éric.

11712:

Bruce, Robert (1969). "King Mongkut of Siam and His Treaty with Britain".

9595: 8573: 7732:

was the second most populated city in Rattanakosin Kingdom after Bangkok.

7006: 6708:

commercial, to any other powers but only to the British in Southern Siam.

6172:, arguing that the treaty made with the Sultan was between the Sultan and 2894: 2376:

as the governor. After the death of Ang Chan II, Minh Mạng also installed

16920: 16846: 16794: 16680: 16105: 15833: 15113: 15066: 13781:

Contesting Visions of the Lao Past: Laos Historiography at the Crossroads

12831:

The Routledge International Handbook of Language Education Policy in Asia

10130: 10122: 9978: 9865: 9402: 8842: 8676: 8617: 8452: 7928:), who were the leader of their subordinates and held official posts, or 7853: 7842: 7819: 7725: 7717: 7375: 7358: 7209: 7188: 7063: 6854: 6797: 6358: 5340: 4905: 4459: 4372: 4283: 4246: 4226: 3970: 3959: 3847: 3846:

Vajiravudh initially declared neutrality for Siam during early stages of

3839: 3705: 3356:. The Provincial Administration Act of 1897 defined the structure of the 3207: 3135: 3018: 2534: 2279: 2145: 2137: 2129: 2111:

in 1788 but did not succeed. In 1792, the Burmese governors of Tavoy and

1953:

Chakri ruled under the name Ramathibodi, but was generally known as King

1912: 1888: 1846: 1385: 650: 529: 13350:

Asian Expansions: The Historical Experiences of Polity Expansion in Asia

13186:

The Coronation Ritual and Thai Kingship since the mid-nineteenth century

13015:"The Organization of Thai Society in the Early Bangkok Period 1782-1873" 12520:

Constitutional Bricolage: Thailand's Sacred Monarchy Vs. The Rule of Law

11789:"The Eagle and the Elephant: Thai-American Relations Since 1833, 5th ed" 9912:

that were used exclusively for Chinese words to transmit Chinese tones.

9807:, who was the first native Siamese photographer, and a Siamese Catholic 9636: 8426:) or Department of Monastic Affairs that had authorities to investigate 7108: 6886:

Reception of the Siamese ambassadors by the Emperor Napoleon III at the

6436:

in 1866 to explore and demarcate Anglo-Siamese borders between Siam and

5764:) as currency until it was officially replaced with flat coins in 1904. 3650:

Administrative map of Siam in 1916, showing rearrangement of provincial

3106: 15823: 15754: 15279: 15139: 15134: 15106: 15060: 14615:

India-Thailand Cultural Interactions: Glimpses from the Past to Present

13886:"The 1902 Siamese-Kelantan Treaty: An End To The Traditional Relations" 13272:

Low, James (1851). "On the ancient connection between Kedah and Siam".

13159:

Masked: The Life of Anna Leonowens, Schoolmistress at the Court of Siam

12233: 12209: 12045: 11993: 11036:

Intercourse between Burma and Siam as recorded in Hmannan Yazawindawgyi

10431: 10411: 10377: 10088: 9412: 8760: 8746: 8737:, was renovated into distinct Thai style in the reign of King Rama III. 8386: 7981: 7838:

Cambodians from Cochinchina were taken to settle in Bangkok in Samsen.

7779: 7771: 7729: 7475: 7447: 7427: 7396: 7287:

the French gunboat already there, escalating the threats. Rear Admiral

6881: 6814: 6786: 6597: 5958: 5862:

Different currencies were used in Lanna and Lao Kingdoms. In Laos, the

5637:

that brought goods from British India with the value of 24,282 ticals.

5370: 5335:

King Vajiravudh defined Thai nationality through his Thai Nationality (

5292: 5129: 5118: 5071: 4812: 4558: 4421: 4155: 3947: 3787: 3561: 3557: 3545: 3431: 3405: 3270: 2948: 2856: 2709:, Mongkut's younger half-brother and Chaophraya Si Suriyawong (called ' 2538: 2427: 2295: 2268: 2124: 1966: 1475: 1395: 1318: 692: 638: 241: 15562: 14820:"The Body and Sexuality in Siam: A First Exploration in Early Sources" 12478:

Imperial Alchemy: Nationalism and Political Identity in Southeast Asia

9720: 7315:

for arbitration. Develle agreed to halt Pavie's two gunboats and sent

4840:

Cities and towns in 'Siam proper', which correspond roughly to modern

4409:

or "Elected by Consensus of All", emphasizing the Buddhist concept of

4237: 3743: 3472: 2720: 2438:, which was then part of Terengganu) came under Siamese suzerainty as 2083:) in 1786. After the unfruitful campaign, King Bodawpaya sent his son 16932: 16853: 16815: 16484: 15828: 15792: 15704: 14511:

Christie, Jessica Joyce; Bogdanovic, Jelena; Guzmán, Eulogio (2016).

14489:

Architecture of Thailand: A Guide to Tradition and Contemporary Forms

11100:

Asian Borderlands: The Transformation of Qing China's Yunnan Frontier

10013: 9283: 9055: 9035: 8750: 8612: 8444: 8317: 7915: 7883: 7811: 7807: 7759: 7451: 7431: 7379: 7029:– a confederacy of twelve Tai princedoms. During 1886–1888, Siam and 6754: 6648: 6608: 6593: 6560: 6188:

delayed official British contact with Siam for another twenty years.

6077: 5863: 5000: 4974: 4832:, the political and cultural centre of Southern Siam, was one of the 4639:), the Ministry of Agriculture, was headed by Chao Phraya Pollathep ( 4609:), the Ministry of Palatial Affairs, was headed by Chao Phraya Thamma 4385: 4250: 4167: 4019: 3876: 3528: 3090: 3026: 2851:

but contracted malaria and died in October 1868. His 15-year-old son

2800:

in 1866 to explore and define Anglo-Siamese borders between Siam and

2762: 2410: 2397: 2272: 2228: 2224: 2052: 1465: 1455: 1425: 1208:

can still refer to Thailand today since Bangkok is still its capital.

928: 247: 16037: 14380:

The Shi'ite Muslims in Thailand from Ayutthaya Period to the Present

12037: 11985: 10153: 9490: 9152: 8876: 2329:

led the Siamese captives to rise against their Lao overseers in the

1230:

From 1925 to 1932, it had an established legislative council called

46: 16789: 16068: 15481: 15316: 15042: 14216:

Forest Recollections: Wandering Monks in Twentieth-Century Thailand

12225: 11113:

Gerini, G.E. (1905). "Historical Retrospect of Junkceylon Island".

11070:

Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland

10391: 10302: 10092: 10080: 10066: 9974: 9969: 9960: 9616:(constructed 1836–39), another example of Sino-Siamese style temple 9511: 9459: 9363: 9038: 8706: 8342: 8309: 7960: 7834: 7775: 7721: 7697: 7514: 7121: 7079: 6947: 6810: 6790: 6548: 6216:

then into Malay and into Thai. Crawfurd proposed tariff reduction.

6014:

The royal letter to the Chinese Emperor inscribed on a golden plate

5567: 5080: 4917:. The cities and towns in Northern Siam were under jurisdiction of 4649:

Additionally there were other subsidiary departments, for example:

4483: 4451: 4442: 4306: 4278: 4098: 3782:(Monarchy), which were the essence of Siamese nation, from British 3754: 3701: 3520: 3478: 3427: 3114: 3006: 2968: 2820: 2770: 2765:

of Cambodia died in 1860, followed by a civil war between his sons

2761:

in 1862. The French were proven to be a hostile new neighbor. King

2550: 2435: 2334: 2310: 2278:

King Ang Eng of Cambodia died in 1796 and was succeeded by his son

2255: 2232: 2010: 1978: 1970: 1958: 1853: 1179: 1164: 1159: 602: 217: 14232:

Chaiwan, Saad (1984). "A Study of Christian Mission in Thailand".

13540:"The Coinage of Siam: The Coins of the Bangkok Dynasty, 1782–1924" 12340:

Meyers, Dean (1994). "Siam at the end of the Nineteenth Century".

8980:) was responsible for horse-keeping for royal elite troops, while 6131:

of 1852 was the last Siamese tribute mission to China in history.

5369:, with Siamese title Phraya Kanlayana Maitri, was commissioned by 4973:

Tributary kingdoms of Siam were required to periodically send the

3540: 3097:

in Sipsong Chuthai. However, Siamese forces faced resistance from

2541:

from the Siamese. Kedahan forces invaded Southern Siam, attacking

1787: 15771: 15738: 15311: 15101: 15086: 15048: 15036: 10266: 9952: 9900:. Ethnic immigration also affected Siamese language. Plethora of 9897: 9251: 8590: 8338: 7968: 7867: 7830: 7679:

of Laos in 1824, which became one of the preceding events of the

7434:, had been ruled by Siam-appointed governors since 1794. Through 6513: 4702: 4397: 3671: 3652: 3280: 2979:

in China in 1864, the remaining Chinese dissident forces entered

2725: 2658: 2647: 2610: 2602: 2377: 2275:

for Aphaiphubet to govern as governor under direct Siamese rule.

2247: 2161: 2085: 2068: 2059:

sent massive armies to invade Siam in five directions during the

1908: 1868:

as the capital of Siam. This article covers the period until the

1861: 1435: 1375: 1184: 1174: 614: 590: 524: 428: 298:"Unity Amongst Those Uniting Brings About Success and Prosperity" 14681:

South-East Asia: Languages and Literatures : a Select Guide

14413:

The School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London

13708:

The Lost Territories: Thailand's History of National Humiliation

13418:

Distant Shores: Colonial Encounters on China's Maritime Frontier

12452:

The Lost Territories: Thailand's History of National Humiliation

11033: 10738:

Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830

10684:

Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830

10652:"Number of population in Thailand : 1911–1990 census years" 9108:), which were made of bronze and usually 4–5 inches in calibre. 8377:

practices, which was interpreted by some modern scholars as the

8091:. They were mostly agricultural producers. All able-bodied male 7021: 6773:'s expansion. Things took a downturn for Siam during 1900–1902. 6144: 4892:

was the highest level of city representing regional centre. The

4556:

or Ministry of Military. Below them were the Four Ministries or

4178:-upholding king, was reaffirmed through the promulgation of the 3830: 3287: 15889: 15030: 13188:. National University of Singapore. ScholarBank@NUS Repository. 12610:

Chaiyo! King Vajiravudh and the Development of Thai Nationalism

11638:

Historical Dictionary of United States-Southeast Asia Relations

11270:

Lost Goddesses: The Denial of Female Power in Cambodian History

10603:. Kuala Lumpur; New York : Oxford University Press. 1995. 9795: 9279: 9230: 9074: 9058: 8497: 8321: 8183:

to serve additional one-month per year in direct royal service.

7887: 7042: 6990: 6818: 6601: 6545:

served as the first British vice-consul in Chiang Mai in 1884.

5988: 5979: 5880: 5790: 5420:

or the Royal Warehouse from the 1820s to 1857. He later became

5059: 5007: 4956:), Below the vice-governor was the deputy vice-governor called 4914: 4455: 4314: 4175: 4163: 3435: 3067: 2773:

which led to Norodom to seek French assistance. French admiral

2745: 2566: 2455: 2381: 2287: 2259: 2072: 1974: 1954: 1896: 1520: 1365: 578: 11758:

Tarling, Nicholas. "The Mission of Sir John Bowring to Siam".

10113:, his father's hometown, 1806–07), Nirat Phra Bat (journey to 8730:

Bangluang Mosque in Kudi Chin, built by a Muslim named Toh Yi

8561:

were reinstated. The leadership of Thammayut passed to Prince

5407: 5355:

tramline went on strike with support from socialist newspaper

4791:

of each every single government position was described in the

3798:

in response to Chinese citizenship claims. Vajiravudh founded

2314: 2211:

in 1779 during the Thonburi period, all three Lao kingdoms of

14733:

Fry, Gerald W.; Nieminen, Gayla S.; Smith, Harold E. (2013).

11886:

Subject Siam: Family, Law, and Colonial Modernity in Thailand

9956: 9656:

s were made from stucco. Chinese-style pediment was apparent.

9548: 9062: 9004: 8848: 8639:

and 800 Vietnamese Catholics in Chanthaburi. In 1849, during

7304: 6806: 5744:(lit. curled worm), the silver bullet money of Siam with the 5686: 4310: 4286:, and the Bramanistic blessing, in which the king sat on the 3423: 3370: 2488:, in the mission to establish trade contacts with Siam, sent 2403: 2108: 1915:

powers of Britain and France in which Siam remained the only

1904: 13520:

Consuls and the Institutions of Global Capitalism, 1783–1914

13400:

A History of Natural Resources in Asia: The Wealth of Nature

12857:

Regan, Anthony J.; Aspinall, Edward; Jeffrey, Robin (2013).

11714:

Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society

11684:

Skinner, Cyril (1966). "The Civil War in Kelantan in 1839".

11616:

U.S. Presidents and Foreign Policy: From 1789 to the Present

10980: 10576:(Kindle ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 295. 9396:

Wall mural of Wat Chaithit temple depicting Buddhist stories

9213:

Before 1852, Siam did not have a standing navy. Most of the

8787:. Shiites in Siam were characterized by their ritual of the 7833:

and his Cambodian retinue were settled in Bangkok. In 1783,

7758:

of Bangkok, was constructed under the sponsorship of Prince

6997:. Siam then made joint preliminary border demarcations with 5593: 5259: 5172:

Siamese law court involved two sets of legal personnel: the

3922: 3085:

control of the frontier in 1885. Chaomuen Waiworanat (later

3017:

and the Yellow Flag. In 1875, the Yellow Flag Army attacked

13668: 13666: 13664: 12076:. Bureau of Intelligence and Research, Department of State. 9741: 9267: 8557: 8103:

or the consciption tattooing was imposed on the registered

7576:

further concessions. Harris presented gifts from President

7483: 7371: 7135: 7127: 6983:, in 1865 to settle Cambodian issue disputes and to attend 6679: 6273:

of 1855 that the British rhetorical demands were achieved.

6119:

translator was killed. King Mongkut then asserted that the

5752:

Rattanakosin Kingdom used the silver bullet money known as

5385: 5083:

was responsible for the affairs in Pattani and Terengganu.

5040: 4463: 3919:

abolished, restoring Siam's judiciary and fiscal autonomy.

3697: 3409: 3361: 3211: 3072: 2322: 2164:. King Bodawpaya then took the opportunity to initiate the 1875:

The maximum zone of influence of Rattanakosin included the

1169: 292: 14595:อยู่เย็น, วิภาวรรณ. "ที่มาของไม้ตรีและไม้จัตวาในภาษาไทย". 13914: 12753:

Labour, Politics and the State in Industrialising Thailand

11783: 11781: 11779: 11777: 11775: 11773: 11771: 11769: 11589: 11587: 11585: 11583: 11581: 11579: 11577: 11575: 11573: 11571: 11569: 11567: 11565: 11563: 11561: 11559: 11557: 11555: 11553: 11551: 11549: 11547: 11545: 11543: 11541: 11539: 11537: 11535: 11533: 11531: 11529: 11527: 11525: 11523: 11158:. Southeast Asia Program Publications, Cornell University. 9069:

the British merchant, who had been residing in Thalang or

8272:) who were born from slave parents in their services, and 7774:

from Vientiane were deported to settle in Central Siam in

7491:

was signed on 13 March 1907 between Prince Dewawongse and

4591:), the Police Bureau, was headed by Chao Phraya Yommaraj ( 3044:. The multicultural Siamese empire had hosted a number of 3013:

insurgents coalesced into Banner Armies, most notably the

2693:' with other Western nations including the United States ( 2349:) to capture Raxabut Nyô. Anouvong and his family fled to 2116:

Tenasserim Coast to Burma for perpetuity, becoming modern

14953:

Absolute Dreams. Thai Government Under Rama VI, 1910–1925

12884:

Luang Wichit Wathakan and the creation of a Thai identity

12701:

Gambling, the State and Society in Thailand, c. 1800–1945

12360:

Gambling, the State and Society in Thailand, c. 1800–1945

11686:

Monographs of the Malaysian Branch, Royal Asiatic Society

11521: 11519: 11517: 11515: 11513: 11511: 11509: 11507: 11505: 11503: 9436:

innovations. Like in Ayutthaya, the Bangkok court hosted

7944:

also, with the exception of the Chinese who had paid the

7728:

at 5,000 people. Within the Siamese sphere of influence,

7343: 7172: 6087:

By the 1830s, the Chinese junk trades declined. In 1839,

6084:. The Siamese mission then proceeded by land to Beijing. 4908:, which had been the centre of Northern Siam, used to be 4313:

to merge into the king's person. The king thus became an

4162:

or the established norms. In contrast to Ayutthaya, King

2757:

dominated the kingdom's foreign affairs. France acquired

1243:

1800 (Lieberman)/Early 19th century (Baker-Phongpaichit).

14576: 14548:"Silpa Bhirasri: Father of Contemporary Art in Thailand" 14510: 13661: 11665: 10398:

From the 1860s onward, Thai royals "selectively adopted

9991:"Royal writing"). Refined royal theater plays, known as 9323:

characterized by cruciform plan with spire in the center

8820:(Kudi Yai or the Great Kudi, oldest mosque in Bangkok), 7571:, on his way to Japan, arrived in Siam in April 1856 on 3122:

received Sipsong Chuthai while Siam retained Houaphanh.

1943: 14030:

Epidemics and Pandemics: Their Impacts on Human History

13078: 12262:

Regions and National Integration in Thailand, 1892–1992

11766: 10490:""สยาม" ถูกใช้เรียกชื่อประเทศเป็นทางการสมัยรัชกาลที่ 4" 8623:

Jean-Paul Courvezy, the vicar apostolic of Siam, chose

7829:

During one of the civil wars in Cambodia in 1782, King

7134:

is known for his crucial role in French acquisition of

6485:

Fanny Knox, daughter of Thomas Knox, married her lover

6269:

but eventually left empty-handed. It was not until the

6249:

the British accepted of Siamese domination over Kedah.

5477:

or the Royal Warehouse was responsible for the levy of

4552:), the Prime Minister of Southern Siam who oversaw the 4538:), the Prime Minister of Northern Siam who oversaw the 3809:

Integration of former tributary polities continued. In

3708:, founded in July 1918, as a city with a constitution, 2677:(measurement duties) was abolished. The treaty granted 2305:

against Siam in 1827. He led the Lao armies to capture

2067:

in 1786. In the north, the Burmese laid siege on Lanna

14871:

Thailand's Luxury Spas: Pampering Yourself in Paradise

13573:

Coins and Currency: An Historical Encyclopedia, 2nd ed

13274:

The Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia

11972:

Thomson, Stanley (1945). "Siam and France 1863–1870".

11500: 10232:

exams inherited from Ayutthaya with each level called

9920:

first appeared around mid-to-late eighteenth century.

9344:

is an example of Ayutthaya/Early Bangkok architecture.

8990:) was responsible for taking care of royal elephants. 8107:

to assign their duties. Boys whose height reached two

5953:"to offer gifts"). The Chinese Emperors conferred the 3675:

provinces were rearranged and reorganized into larger

3348:, Monthon Phayap, in 1899. The remaining Lao towns in 3299:

in Saint Petersburg on his Grand European Tour in 1897

2262:

to reinstate Nguyễn Phúc Ánh but were defeated in the

1856:(then known as Siam). It was founded in 1782 with the 1845:, were names used to reference the fourth and current 14787: 14530: 14526: 14524: 14522: 14482: 14480: 14478: 14476: 14474: 14472: 14107:"Wat Phichayayatikaram Woravihara ( Wat Phichaiyat )" 11829:"The Prussian Expedition to the Far East (1860–1862)" 11668:

Malay Kingship in Kedah: Religion, Trade, and Society

9319:

Dusit Maha Prasat Throne Hall (1789) – an example of

8291:, monks could not produce or earn wealth on his own. 7332:. Borey exchanged gunfires with Siamese defenders at 7124:

of Luang Prabang from his burning palace to Bangkok.

5992:

letters to China. Chinese imperial court granted the

5229: 4470:. In 1859, King Mongkut embarked on a royal visit to 3720:

compared to later periods of Thai history. After the

2839:

in 1873, and retained powers until his death in 1883.

2777:

had Norodom sign a treaty that placed Cambodia under

1922:

Internally the kingdom developed into a centralized,

14710: 14708: 14679:

Herbert, Patricia; Milner, Anthony Crothers (1989).

14456: 14454: 14452: 14450: 14448: 14446: 14444: 14442: 13056:

Siamese State Ceremonies: Their History And Function

12856: 12828: 12659:"Southern Thailand: The Problem with Paramilitaries" 10275:

The Epigraphical Archives of Wat Pho (external link)

9876:

was used to write Buddhist Pāli texts including the

7882:

12,000 Chinese people arrived in Siam annually from

7708:

had claimed 30,000 and 40,000 deaths, respectively.

3568:, the new Crown Prince. Vajiravudh went to train at 2859:, son of Pinklao, Vice-King of the Front Palace and 2454:. Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin took refuge in British-held 1985:

and made his younger brother Chao Phraya Surasi the

1935:

and the establishment of a constitutional monarchy.

1911:. The second period was one of engagements with the 14989: 14768: 14766: 14750: 14748: 14746: 14744: 14486: 14209: 14207: 14205: 14203: 14201: 14199: 14043: 14041: 14039: 13980: 13978: 13976: 13974: 13289: 13287: 12930: 12928: 11922:

Culture and Power in Traditional Siamese Government

11651:Andaya, Barbara Watson; Andaya, Leonard Y. (2001). 10658:. National Statistical Office. 2004. Archived from 10390:, central Thai women began cutting their hair in a 7220:began. Also in March, Pavie brought French gunboat 5502:nuts, coconuts, durians, oranges, etc. The largest 4276:'to anoint with holy water', originated from Vedic 3552:

1910–1925), supported nationalism and modernization

3473:

Liberalism and early movements towards constitution

2983:in 1868, pillaging and occupying Tai princedoms of 2250:to Bangkok. King Rama I appointed Yumreach Baen as 71:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 14579:An Early Album of the World: Photographs 1842–1896 14519: 14469: 14183: 14181: 14179: 14004: 14002: 14000: 13566: 13564: 13562: 13468: 13466: 13296:Siam Mapped: A History of the Geo-Body of a Nation 12936: 12436:Thai Legal History: From Traditional to Modern Law 12310:Siam Mapped: A History of the Geo-body of a Nation 12182: 12180: 12178: 11915: 11631: 11629: 11627: 11625: 11281: 11279: 10429: 10415: 10359:History of Thai clothing § Early Rattanakosin 8577:Jean-Baptist Pallegoix was the vicar apostolic of 7446:Siam had annexed Northwestern Cambodia, including 7336:under Danish commander "Phraya Chonlayuth Yothin" 7099:s in 1885–1887. The Siamese faced opposition from 7033:competed to claim and gain control over this area. 3692:. His reign was also an affluent period of modern 3639:or the Tiger Corps survived in modern Thailand as 2942:. In April 1875, Chulalongkorn created the modern 2637: 2099:After these victories over Burmese invaders, Siam 2079:were able to fend off Burmese attacks on Thalang ( 856:Declarations of war on Germany and Austria-Hungary 369: 350: 319: 286: 190: 166: 14705: 14692: 14690: 14650: 14648: 14646: 14644: 14531:Jotisalikorn, Chami; Bhumadhon, Phuthorn (2012). 14506: 14504: 14502: 14500: 14498: 14439: 14128: 14126: 14124: 14122: 14120: 13721: 13719: 13717: 13435: 13433: 13431: 13429: 13427: 13411: 13409: 12829:Kirkpatrick, Andy; Liddicoat, Anthony J. (2019). 12397: 12395: 12393: 12391: 12389: 12303: 12301: 12255: 12253: 12251: 12166: 12109: 12107: 12105: 12065: 12063: 11913: 11911: 11909: 11907: 11905: 11903: 11901: 11899: 11897: 11895: 11593: 11358: 11356: 11354: 11309: 11307: 11305: 11149: 11147: 11145: 11143: 11141: 11139: 10986:Dynastic Chronicles, Bangkok Era, the First Reign 10623: 10095:. Among royal poets was the most prominent one – 9839:-derived Ariyaka script invented by King Mongkut 8749:of Persian descent from Ayutthaya settled in the 7496:had ramification into modern times, resulting in 7037:The French gained control of Vietnam through the 7016: 6659:were on the brink of war over Siam in July 1893. 3977:1925–1935) was the last absolute monarch of Siam. 3364:who claimed supernatural powers arose during the 3332:After 1893, several Siamese reforms accelerated. 17034: 14763: 14741: 14732: 14674: 14672: 14670: 14668: 14666: 14628: 14626: 14624: 14391: 14389: 14227: 14225: 14196: 14036: 13971: 13883: 13779:Goscha, Christopher E.; Ivarsson, Søren (2003). 13369: 13284: 13249: 13247: 13245: 13243: 13241: 13239: 13237: 13221: 13219: 13197: 12925: 12906: 12433: 12387: 12385: 12383: 12381: 12379: 12377: 12375: 12373: 12371: 12369: 11949: 11947: 11945: 11943: 11941: 11939: 11937: 11935: 11933: 11931: 11847: 11843: 11841: 11491: 11469: 11467: 11465: 11463: 11461: 11459: 11034:Phraison Salarak (Thien Subindu), Luang (1919). 10735:Lieberman, Victor B.; Victor, Lieberman (2014). 10681:Lieberman, Victor B.; Victor, Lieberman (2014). 9578:. Colors were restricted mostly to earth-tones. 9473:were characteristic of Ayutthayan architecture. 7667:enabled prompt identification and prevented the 6377:was deposed by the Dutch in 1857. Also in 1857, 6002:) to the Siamese king in recognition. The jaded 5160:or Trade Ministry and land disputes belonged to 4079: 3227: 2632: 2148:in 1805. In 1805, the Prince of Nan invaded the 14632: 14572: 14570: 14568: 14566: 14564: 14373: 14371: 14369: 14329:Sharing Jesus Effectively in the Buddhist World 14176: 13997: 13746: 13744: 13742: 13740: 13559: 13533: 13531: 13529: 13463: 12175: 11967: 11965: 11848:Berkwitz, Stephen C.; Thompson, Ashley (2022). 11729: 11727: 11725: 11723: 11679: 11677: 11622: 11276: 11198: 11029: 11027: 11025: 11009: 11007: 11005: 11003: 11001: 10999: 10997: 10995: 10734: 10680: 10533:(Kindle ed.). Cambridge University Press. 9112:cannons were put on city walls or on warships. 8742:particularly in the first hundred years or so. 8589:and also for his close companionship with King 7474:, called "Inner Cambodia" in Thai), containing 6805:, Siam ceded four Northern Malay sultanates of 6180:(Province Wellesley) was ceded to Britain. The 6076:. The Siamese mission took maritime journey to 5279:In 1892, King Chulalongkorn established modern 5275:, was eulogized as "Father of Modern Thai Law". 4391: 2825:Somdet Chaophraya Si Suriyawong (Chuang Bunnag) 14893:The Politics of Dress in Asia and the Americas 14687: 14641: 14608: 14606: 14597:วารสารภาษาไทยและวัฒนธรรมไทย มหาวิทยาลัยศิลปากร 14533:Classic Thai: Designs* Interiors* Architecture 14495: 14354: 14352: 14117: 13778: 13714: 13618: 13616: 13614: 13612: 13424: 13406: 13365: 13363: 13361: 13359: 13317: 13315: 13313: 13311: 13309: 13307: 13305: 12664:. Asia Report. 23 October 2007. Archived from 12555: 12353: 12351: 12335: 12333: 12331: 12329: 12327: 12325: 12323: 12321: 12319: 12298: 12285: 12283: 12281: 12279: 12277: 12275: 12273: 12271: 12248: 12144: 12142: 12140: 12102: 12089: 12087: 12085: 12083: 12060: 12019: 12017: 12015: 12013: 12011: 11892: 11733: 11351: 11302: 11136: 10942: 10938: 10936: 10934: 10932: 10930: 10928: 10926: 10924: 10922: 10920: 10918: 10916: 10914: 10912: 10910: 10908: 10906: 10904: 10902: 10900: 10898: 10896: 10894: 10892: 10890: 10888: 10886: 10884: 10882: 10880: 10878: 10876: 10874: 10872: 10870: 10868: 10866: 10864: 10862: 10860: 10858: 10856: 10854: 10852: 10850: 10848: 10846: 10844: 10842: 10840: 10838: 10836: 10834: 10832: 10830: 10828: 10826: 10824: 10822: 10820: 10818: 10816: 10814: 10812: 10810: 10808: 10806: 10804: 10065:(1832) that described Burmese-Siamese Wars of 9554:or pagodas in Early Bangkok Period. The grand 9303: 8647:issued thanks to King Mongkut by papal briefs 8581:from 1841 to 1862. He was known for his works 7370:, allowing French intervention in Eastern and 6778:rule over the Malays since the 1880s, was the 6501: 6309:, arrived in Bangkok in March 1855 along with 4166:sought rhetoric and explanation from orthodox 3733: 2958: 288:Sabbesaṃ Saṅghabhūtānaṃ Sāmaggī Vuḍḍhi Sādhikā 17083:States and territories disestablished in 1932 16053: 15578: 15437:Siamese–American Treaty of Amity and Commerce 14975: 14678: 14663: 14621: 14386: 14308: 14306: 14304: 14302: 14300: 14222: 13843:"The Anglo-Siamese Secret Convention of 1897" 13596: 13594: 13592: 13590: 13588: 13586: 13584: 13582: 13343: 13341: 13339: 13337: 13335: 13333: 13324:Ancient Siamese Government and Administration 13234: 13216: 13141:A History of Manners and Civility in Thailand 12366: 11928: 11879: 11838: 11707: 11705: 11703: 11701: 11699: 11697: 11695: 11609: 11607: 11605: 11456: 11433: 11431: 11429: 11427: 11425: 11423: 11421: 11419: 11417: 11415: 11413: 11411: 11409: 11407: 11405: 11403: 11401: 11286:Bisalputra, Pimpraphai; Sng, Jeffery (2020). 11285: 11171:Vientiane: Transformations of a Lao Landscape 10802: 10800: 10798: 10796: 10794: 10792: 10790: 10788: 10786: 10784: 8712:(arrived in 1833) and Baptist J.H. Chandley ( 7770:during the Thonburi period, ten thousands of 5903:. Foreign coins were melted and re-cast into 5414:, personal name That Bunnag, was the head of 5299:, the king's son who had just graduated from 5014:), which was subdivided into the Kingdoms of 4900:, which was the centre of Southern Siam, and 4768:in the Bangkok period. The Four Ministers of 4182:in 1804 to restore the original pure form of 3716:and as a theatrical play. It was the time of 3313:continuing French occupation of Chanthaburi. 2991:that would normally send tributes to the Lao 2808:to the Andaman Sea, thus becoming the modern 2123:Lord Kawila was finally able to re-establish 1749: 15467:Siamese Mission to the United Kingdom (1857) 14891:Peleggi, Maurizio (2010). Mina Roces (ed.). 14868: 14728: 14726: 14561: 14487:Sthapitanond, Nithi; Mertens, Brian (2012). 14366: 14285: 14283: 14281: 14279: 14277: 13813:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 13737: 13699: 13526: 13267: 13265: 12307: 11962: 11877: 11875: 11873: 11871: 11869: 11867: 11865: 11863: 11861: 11859: 11734:Findlay, Christopher; Garnaut, Ross (2017). 11720: 11674: 11650: 11399: 11397: 11395: 11393: 11391: 11389: 11387: 11385: 11383: 11381: 11068:Low, James (1835). "History of Tenasserim". 11022: 10992: 10554: 10552: 10550: 9769:Photo of entrance door of Wat Arun taken by 9559:culminating in construction of round-shaped 9218:interchangeably. The navy was manned by the 8939:History of the Thai armed forces before 1852 8469:Buddhist laws declined as the violations of 6629: 6345:King Mongkut sent a Siamese mission, led by 5018:, Lampang and Lamphun under the rule of the 4241:Thai royal regalia, clockwise from top; the 3627:, alternatively called the Village Scouts. ( 3485:in the event known as Incident of Year 103 ( 3352:west of the Mekong were organized into four 2967:Siamese armies and war elephants during the 14813: 14811: 14714: 14603: 14460: 14349: 13652: 13609: 13393: 13391: 13389: 13387: 13385: 13383: 13381: 13356: 13302: 13012: 12775: 12348: 12316: 12268: 12137: 12080: 12008: 11478:. Macmillan International Higher Education. 11127: 11063: 11061: 11059: 10687:. Cambridge University Press. p. 302. 10514:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 10400:Victorian corporeal and sartorial etiquette 10367:Portrait of King Chulalongkorn wearing the 10182:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 9181:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 8905:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 8253:repay the debts, the slave would be freed ( 6829:, a 4 million pound loan and abrogation of 5610:By the reign of King Rama II, however, the 4441:, posthumously naming his predecessor King 3891:in 1919, becoming a founding member of the 3588:, which was aborted by leakage of the plot. 3515:"sovereignty") for "democracy" in 1894 and 2815: 2223:came under Siamese domination. Lao Princes 32:Thai solar calendar § Rattanakosin Era 17078:States and territories established in 1782 16060: 16046: 15585: 15571: 14982: 14968: 14772: 14754: 14297: 14213: 14047: 13984: 13952: 13579: 13330: 13293: 12934: 12434:Harding, Andrew; Pongsapan, Munin (2021). 12167:Baker, Chris; Phongpaichit, Pasuk (2022). 11753: 11751: 11749: 11747: 11745: 11692: 11635: 11602: 11048:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 10976: 10974: 10781: 10630:. Cambridge University Press. p. 26. 10624:Baker, Chris; Phongpaichit, Pasuk (2022). 10437: 10423: 10237: 10223: 10129:, 1842) and Nirat Mueang Phet (journey to 10006: 9996: 9986: 9859: 9818: 9677: 9527: 9517: 9505: 9495: 9483: 9441: 9117: 9103: 9086: 9046: 8998: 8985: 8975: 8960: 8836: 8803: 8778: 8764: 8754: 8713: 8700: 8509: 8491: 8421: 8368: 8358: 8277: 8267: 8257: 8224: 8205: 8191: 8166: 8148: 8130: 8078: 8064: 8050: 8022: 7923: 7896: 7801: 7787: 7749: 7658: 7635: 7621: 6900:Franco-Siamese relations terminated after 6051: 6022: 5997: 5962: 5948: 5913: 5850: 5836: 5822: 5812: 5802: 5759: 5687:Bowring Treaty and consequences: 1855–1873 5620: 5561: 5530: 5513: 5488: 5466: 5448: 5438: 5213: 5187: 5177: 4990: 4961: 4951: 4941: 4883: 4873: 4863: 4853: 4707: 4695: 4681: 4669: 4657: 4640: 4634: 4622: 4616: 4604: 4592: 4586: 4576: 4563: 4547: 4533: 4376: 4364: 4355: 4343: 4331: 3987: 3885:Siamese forces themselves participating in 3618: 3532: 3486: 3467: 3219: 3172: 3000: 2880: 2515: 2474: 2404:Malay Peninsula and contacts with the West 2341:of the Front Palace to defeat Anouvong at 2180: 1812: 1756: 1742: 413: 401: 363: 344: 313: 279: 176: 152: 14838: 14723: 14590: 14588: 14274: 14262: 14260: 14245: 14243: 14187: 14008: 13958: 13625:Taiwan Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 13570: 13472: 13262: 12963: 12259: 12113: 11919: 11856: 11487: 11485: 11378: 11362: 11153: 10988:. Centre for East Asian Cultural Studies. 10972: 10970: 10968: 10966: 10964: 10962: 10960: 10958: 10956: 10954: 10571: 10547: 10528: 10202:Learn how and when to remove this message 10021:was known for his translation of Chinese 9943: 9652:) represented Sino-Siamese fusion style. 9201:Learn how and when to remove this message 8925:Learn how and when to remove this message 8014:; including the king and the royal family 7183:Vietnamese Nguyen government appointed a 6741:Since 1786, Northern Malay sultanates of 5594:Burney Treaty and consequences: 1826–1855 4904:, which was the centre of the northeast. 4498: 3923:Rise of middle class and financial crisis 3859:of 1,284 volunteer men, under command of 3052:, the Lao Kingdoms of Luang Phrabang and 407:Sphere of influence of Rattanakosin, 1805 131:Learn how and when to remove this message 27:Fourth kingdom in the history of Thailand 14808: 14696: 14654: 14633:Gambier, Yves; Stecconi, Ubaldo (2019). 14410: 14132: 14090: 13987:Journal of Population and Social Studies 13942:Journal of Population and Social Studies 13879: 13840: 13439: 13415: 13378: 13156: 13116: 12968:. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press. 12886:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. 12401: 11953: 11850:Routledge Handbook of Theravāda Buddhism 11670:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 135. 11473: 11342: 11327: 11267: 11237: 11056: 10562:4th edition. Cambridge University Press. 10362: 10297:, as well as the first Thai university, 10117:, 1807), Nirat Phukhaothong (journey to 10071: 9947: 9827: 9226:, or Phrakhlang, the Minister of Trade. 9019: 9015: 8725: 8572: 8536: 8451: 8443: 8303: 7950: 7848: 7743: 7513: 7421: 7245: 7126: 7020: 6922: 6880: 6796: 6785:In 1900, Robert William Duff procured a 6721: 6662:The returning British Foreign Secretary 6547: 6455: 6328: 6280: 6143: 5736: 5690: 5597: 5548:of the Front Palace, who received 1,000 5406: 5402: 5361: 5258: 5123: 4968: 4824: 4507: 4433:of the Kingdom of Siam from 1878 to 1910 4420: 4236: 4220: 4210: 4018: 3964: 3829: 3645: 3579: 3539: 3384: 3315: 3286: 3231: 3134: 3093:to pacify Houaphanh and then proceed to 3031: 2962: 2893: 2819: 2735: 2719: 2641: 2609:. King Mongkut made his younger brother 2460: 2177:that Burmese threats effectively ended. 2042: 1948: 1234:, although it had no legislative powers. 281:สพฺเพสํ สงฺฆภูตานํ สามคฺคี วุฑฺฒิ สาธิกา 17093:Former countries of the interwar period 15592: 15270:Thao Thep Krasattri and Thao Si Sunthon 14915: 14890: 14817: 14581:. Art Book Magazine / Louvre Abu Dhabi. 14395: 14377: 14231: 13933: 13910: 13908: 13906: 13904: 13902: 13877: 13875: 13873: 13871: 13869: 13867: 13865: 13863: 13861: 13859: 13836: 13834: 13832: 13830: 13828: 13826: 13824: 13794: 13792: 13790: 13774: 13772: 13770: 13768: 13766: 13764: 13762: 13690: 13517: 13477:. Flipside Digital Content Company Inc. 13454: 13397: 13372:The Rise and Decline of Thai Absolutism 13253: 13225: 13048: 12776:Domingues, Virginia; Wu, David (2014). 12560:. World Scientific Publishing Company. 12517: 12312:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. 12207: 11971: 11814:Royal Thai Embassy, Copenhagen, Denmark 11742: 11683: 11440:The Rise and Decline of Thai Absolutism 11252: 11213: 11097: 11018:. Flipside Digital Content Company Inc. 11013: 10487: 10125:, 1831), Nirat Phra Pathom (journey to 9298: 7070:s or Chinese insurgents of the aborted 6567:After British conquest of Burma in the 6411:Chaophraya Thiphakorawong (Kham Bunnag) 6080:, where Chinese officials verified the 5675:for the measurement duties imposition. 5242:of 1855, Siamese court agreed to grant 5226:of 1855 and other subsequent treaties. 5079:in Kedah and Kelantan. The governor of 4323:. The Siamese royal insignia included: 4074: 3596:in 1911 overthrew the Chinese imperial 3572:in 1896 and studied history and law at 3264:who specialized in foreign affairs and 2353:of Vietnam under protection of Emperor 14: 17035: 14886: 14884: 14882: 14880: 14585: 14545: 14513:Political Landscapes of Capital Cities 14257: 14240: 14147: 13939: 13798: 13750: 13705: 13640:The Mission to Siam and Hué, 1821–1822 13603:Maritime China in Transition 1750–1850 13571:Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (29 July 2019). 13537: 13502: 13180: 13178: 13152: 13150: 13134: 13132: 13130: 13128: 13112: 13110: 13108: 13106: 13104: 13102: 13100: 13074: 13072: 13070: 13068: 13066: 13046: 13044: 13042: 13040: 13038: 13036: 13034: 13032: 13030: 13028: 13008: 13006: 13004: 13002: 13000: 12998: 12996: 12994: 12992: 12990: 12978: 12732: 12698: 12603: 12601: 12599: 12597: 12448: 12357: 12339: 12289: 12210:"Britain, Siam, and Malaya: 1875–1885" 12148: 12093: 12023: 11482: 11233: 11231: 11229: 11227: 11225: 11112: 10951: 10714:. Yale University Press. p. 122. 7611: 7344:Territorial Losses to French Indochina 7173:Franco–Siamese War and Paknam Incident 6960:Phraya Montri Suriyawong (Chum Bunnag) 6592:princely statelet of Chiang Khaeng or 6347:Phraya Montri Suriyawong (Chum Bunnag) 5699:of 1855 on traditional Thai black book 4820: 792:• Westernization and nationalism 16067: 16041: 15566: 15388:Burmese Invasions of Chiangmai (1797) 14963: 14612: 13637: 13622: 13487: 13475:Regional Economic History of Thailand 13321: 13052: 12983:. Singapore: Oxford University Press. 12881: 12852: 12850: 12803: 12799: 12797: 12750: 12746: 12744: 12728: 12726: 12724: 12722: 12720: 12694: 12692: 12690: 12688: 12686: 12632: 12607: 12595: 12593: 12591: 12589: 12587: 12585: 12583: 12581: 12579: 12577: 12551: 12549: 12547: 12545: 12543: 12541: 12539: 12513: 12511: 12509: 12507: 12505: 12503: 12501: 12499: 12497: 12429: 12427: 12425: 12423: 12421: 12419: 12417: 12415: 12413: 12162: 12160: 12128: 11711: 11613: 11183: 11168: 11082: 10707: 10279: 9977:) and Inao (Thai version of Javanese 9823: 9698: 9585: 8662: 8299: 7818:, the Siamese forces took control of 7739: 7671:from escaping government duties. The 7164:in 1887 but the wars to suppress the 6995:French Mekong expedition of 1866–1868 6981:Phraya Surawong Waiyawat (Won Bunnag) 6825:in exchange for surrender of British 6634:During the Franco–Siamese conflicts, 6451: 5937:Chinese tributary relationship system 5872:were also accepted in those regions. 5777:bullet coins were imprinted with the 4686:), the Department of Monastic Affairs 4503: 4008: 2831:of 1855, became regent of young King 2553:. King Rama III sent a fleet, led by 1944:Early Rattanakosin period (1782–1855) 1821: 1800:[ʔāːnāːt͡ɕàkráttāná(ʔ)kōːsǐn] 1798: 80:"Rattanakosin Kingdom" 1782–1932 14928:from the original on 31 October 2016 14850:from the original on 7 November 2016 14796:from the original on 27 October 2016 14637:. John Benjamins Publishing Company. 14594: 14343:"Jesse Caswell | Middlebury History" 14027: 13899: 13856: 13821: 13787: 13759: 13600: 13347: 13191: 13138: 12981:The End of Absolute Monarchy in Siam 12475: 11883: 11442:. United Kingdom: Routledge Curzon. 11437: 10769:from the original on 7 November 2015 10763:"Rattanakosin period (1782–present)" 10180:adding citations to reliable sources 10147: 9733:(1898) was made from Italian marble. 9422:), a Buddha image in sitting posture 9179:adding citations to reliable sources 9146: 8903:adding citations to reliable sources 8870: 7303:telegraphed the Siamese minister at 7206:governor-general of French Indochina 6908:arrived in Bangkok, with the aid of 6335:Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom 5907:silver bullets. However, casting of 5789:of his reign. King Rama II used the 5651:, sappanwood, tin, peppers, timber, 5150:House of Representatives of Thailand 5136:, imprinted with the three seals of 5086: 4690:Government officials were ranked by 2951:as a Western-style Crown Prince and 2812:when the treaty was signed in 1868. 2388:in 1841. The new Vietnamese Emperor 2298:to rule under Vietnamese influence. 1965:to the east bank, to the village of 1919:state to maintain its independence. 69:adding citations to reliable sources 40: 17113:18th-century establishments in Siam 14877: 14326: 14093:Flashpoints in the War on Terrorism 13915:HRH Prince Wan Waithayakon (2022). 13271: 13175: 13147: 13125: 13097: 13063: 13025: 12987: 12964:Steinberg, D. J., ed. (1971). 12909:Kings Countries & Constitutions 12116:Thailand: A Struggle for the Nation 11757: 11222: 11214:Lanzona, Vina A. (7 January 2020). 11098:Giersch, Charles Patterson (2006). 11067: 10558:Baker, Chris; Phongpaichit, Pasuk. 10428:), a tubular skirt, instead of the 10246:levels were re-organized into nine 10061:that narrated morals for women and 9073:from 1765 to 1786 when he moved to 8597: 8210:) instead of physical service. The 7041:, also gaining complete control of 7001:in 1868 with border markers put at 6993:in Siamese territories, leading to 6876: 6195:the Governor-General of India sent 6152:In 1785, the Sultan of Kedah ceded 3944:modern Siamese royal succession law 2654:1853–1868) in western style uniform 2465:View of the city of Bangkok in 1828 24: 15452:Siamese–Vietnamese War (1841–1845) 15432:Siamese–Vietnamese War (1831–1834) 14944: 14398:Southeast Asian Warfare, 1300–1900 14050:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 13370:Kesboonchoo Mead, Kullada (2006). 12847: 12794: 12741: 12717: 12683: 12574: 12536: 12494: 12410: 12157: 11438:Mead, Kullada Kesboonchoo (2004). 10121:, 1828), Nirat Suphan (journey to 9541:Redented-corner and Neo-Angkorian 9270:, while Prince Isaret constructed 8759:) was the Siamese term for Shiite 8530:, which became the headquarter of 7544:. Roberts met and negotiated with 7426:Northwestern Cambodia, containing 5267:of Ratchaburi (1874–1920), son of 5230:Extraterritoriality and modern Law 5091: 5001:ceremonial golden and silver trees 4975:ceremonial golden and silver trees 4896:s in the Rattanakosin period were 4724:levels were, in descending order; 4294:throne, when the High Brahmins or 4127:) and his capital city was called 3879:in July 1918 just in time for the 3455:" was not created until after the 2619:Chaophraya Phrakhlang (Dit Bunnag) 2524:" with the United States in 1833. 2345:and Phraya Ratchasuphawadi (later 2203:Siamese–Vietnamese War (1841–1845) 2199:Siamese–Vietnamese War (1831–1834) 781:Siamese–Vietnamese War in Cambodia 25: 17129: 14873:. Tuttle Publishing. p. 183. 14735:Historical Dictionary of Thailand 14555:Varasarn Mahavidhayalai Silpakorn 13884:Suwannathat-Pian, Kobkua (1984). 13755:. University of California Press. 13161:. University of Wisconsin Press. 12907:Suwannathat-Pian, Kobkua (2012). 12308:Thongchai, Winichakul (c. 1994). 11826: 11666:Maziar Mozaffari Falarti (2013). 11594:Suthiwartnarueput, Owart (2021). 11188:. University of California Press. 8863:Chao Sen, referring to Persians. 8430:violations and to defrock monks. 7994:of a basic Buddhist monk was 400 6979:another mission to Paris, led by 6753:had owed traditional tributes of 6711: 6139: 6134: 5046:Cambodia (contested with Vietnam) 4977:as tributes to the Bangkok court. 4662:), the Department of Conscription 3537:, "Great Beloved King") in 1907. 2827:emerged to prominent roles after 16022: 15472:Siamese Mission to France (1861) 15258:Supreme Council of State of Siam 14918:"Women's Status in Thai Society" 14909: 14862: 14781: 14755:O'Neil, Maryvelma Smith (2008). 14539: 14404: 14335: 14320: 14141: 14099: 14084: 14021: 13917:A Diplomatic History of Thailand 13684: 13646: 13631: 13511: 13496: 13481: 13448: 13079:Marie-Sybille de Vienne (2022). 12943:. New York: Holmes & Meier. 11216:Women Warriors in Southeast Asia 10337: 10325: 10310: 10152: 9981:). Kings' own works were called 9762: 9740: 9719: 9707: 9635: 9623: 9606: 9594: 9547:were the most popular styles of 9431:Thai temple art and architecture 9401: 9389: 9373: 9349: 9328: 9312: 9151: 8875: 8824:(Kudi Lang, the Lower Kudi) and 7510:Thailand–United States relations 7503: 6213:Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin Halim Shah 6127:to be discontinued in 1863. The 5164:or Ministry of Agriculture. The 4328:Great Nine-Tiered White Umbrella 3753: 3742: 3089:) took a commanding position at 2173:in 1826 in the aftermath of the 1725: 1279: 1232:Supreme Council of State of Siam 1136: 1122: 1108: 1094: 1069: 1055: 1041: 1027: 1013: 999: 419:Administrative map of Siam, 1916 381: 331: 246: 240: 216: 209: 45: 16879:Traditional musical instruments 15553:History of Thailand (1932–1973) 15407:Cambodian rebellion (1811–1812) 14991:Rattanakosin Period (1782–1932) 14790:"Rama VI of the Chakri Dynasty" 14515:. University Press of Colorado. 14463:Thai Art with Indian Influences 14135:Culture and Customs of Thailand 13348:Wade, Geoff (17 October 2014). 13326:. London: Bernard Quaritch Ltd. 13059:. London: Bernard Quaritch Ltd. 12972: 12957: 12900: 12875: 12822: 12769: 12651: 12626: 12469: 12442: 12201: 12122: 11820: 11802: 11659: 11644: 11476:A New History of Southeast Asia 11336: 11321: 11288:"The Hokkien Rayas of Songkhla" 11261: 11246: 11207: 11192: 11177: 11162: 11121: 11106: 11091: 11076: 10947:(2nd ed.). Silkworm Books. 10755: 10728: 10701: 10674: 10644: 8828:(Kudi Khao or the White Kudi). 8568: 8143:served alternating months, the 7782:, where they were known as the 7458:(modern Cambodian provinces of 7338:Andreas du Plessis de Richelieu 6780:governor of Straits Settlements 6692:Anglo–Siamese Secret Convention 6388:, who was supported by British 6276: 5349:American–Siamese Treaty of 1920 3974: 3904:American–Siamese Treaty of 1920 3549: 3218:of 1893 or Crisis of Year 112 ( 2835:in 1868, given highest rank of 2651: 2638:Bowring Treaty and consequences 2191:Cambodian rebellion (1811–1812) 2039:Burmese–Siamese War (1809–1812) 2035:Burmese–Siamese War (1802–1805) 2031:Burmese–Siamese War (1797–1798) 2027:Burmese–Siamese War (1792–1794) 2023:Burmese–Siamese War (1785–1786) 2016: 2005:were completed in 1784 and the 1957:, he moved the royal seat from 1237: 56:needs additional citations for 17108:1932 disestablishments in Siam 17073:History of Peninsular Malaysia 14950:Greene, Stephen Lyon Wakeman. 14827:Manusya: Journal of Humanities 13294:Winichakul, Thongchai (1997). 13053:Wales, H. G. Quaritch (1931). 12612:. University Press of Hawaii. 12608:Vella, Walter Francis (2019). 12480:. Cambridge University Press. 12455:. University of Hawaii Press. 11636:Weatherbee, Donald E. (2008). 10741:. Cambridge University Press. 10617: 10600:Thailand, economy and politics 10591: 10565: 10522: 10481: 10452:Coronation of the Thai monarch 7826:were settled in Central Siam. 7382:cities that fell in the zone. 7202:Jean Marie Antoine de Lanessan 7017:Conflicts over Sipsong Chuthai 6937:After the French had acquired 6218:Phraya Phrakhlang (Dit Bunnag) 5039:Semi-independent chiefdoms in 4407:Maha Chonnikorn Samoson Sommut 4217:Coronation of the Thai monarch 4027:waiting for orders during the 4023:Group of soldiers standing on 3881:Allied occupation of Rhineland 3667:Chaophraya Yommaraj Pan Sukhum 3604:gentleman. Vajiravudh created 2623:Phraya Siphiphat (That Bunnag) 2505:to Bangkok. The Anglo-Siamese 2430:resolved to send tributes but 1864:), which replaced the city of 1224: 1211: 1198: 358:"The Floating Moon on the Sky" 280: 13: 1: 15527:1924 Palace Law of Succession 14956:. Bangkok: White Lotus, 1999. 14916:Sarutta (10 September 2002). 14683:. University of Hawaii Press. 14659:. P.S. Press Company Limited. 14461:Jermsawatdi, Promsak (1979). 14234:East Asia Journal of Theology 14218:. University of Hawaii Press. 14137:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 13710:. University of Hawaii Press. 13492:. Hong Kong University Press. 13420:. Princeton University Press. 13298:. University of Hawaii Press. 13143:. Cambridge University Press. 12637:. Stanford University Press. 12438:. Cambridge University Press. 12214:The Journal of Modern History 12171:. Cambridge University Press. 12118:. SEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute. 11655:. University of Hawaii Press. 11614:Hodge, Carl Cavanagh (2007). 11186:The Making of South East Asia 11128:Ngaosyvathn, Mayoury (2018). 11087:. Cambridge University Press. 10474: 10410:During the early 1900s, King 10344:Maha Chulalongkorn Building, 10289:came to Siam. Rama VI set up 10134: 10057:that narrated moral lessons, 9933: 9840: 9646: 9416: 9254:(later known as Pinklao) and 8745:After the Fall of Ayutthaya, 8731: 8394:was treated as a prince with 7690: 7594: 7498:Cambodian–Thai border dispute 7489:Franco–Siamese Treaty of 1907 7436:Franco–Siamese Treaty of 1907 7363:Franco–Siamese Treaty of 1893 6927:Siamese elephant pavilion at 6843:extraterritorial jurisdiction 6839:Franco–Siamese Treaty of 1907 6827:extraterritorial jurisdiction 6095:of 1842, in the aftermath of 5930: 5313:Franco–Siamese Treaty of 1907 4542:or Ministry of Interior, and 4493: 4262:Siamese enthronement ceremony 4194:, characterized by Indic and 4080:Kingship Concept and Ideology 3900:extraterritorial jurisdiction 3826:Siamese occupation of Germany 3228:Reforms of King Chulalongkorn 2902: 2633:Early modern Siam (1855–1909) 2156:and Chiang Hung surrendered. 1895:. The kingdom was founded by 1858:establishment of Rattanakosin 830:Franco-Siamese crisis of 1893 36:Rattanakosin (disambiguation) 15549:Thonburi Kingdom (1767–1782) 15522:Siamese Expeditionary Forces 15507:Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909 15442:Kedah Insurgency (1838–1839) 15427:Kedah Insurgency (1831–1832) 14869:Jotisalikorn, Chami (2013). 14818:Terwiel, Barend Jan (2007). 14773:Dhammasami, Khammai (2018). 14635:A World Atlas of Translation 13653:Wongsurawat, Wasana (2016). 13473:Ouyyanont, Porphant (2018). 13202:. Cornell University Press. 12979:Batson, Benjamin A. (1984). 12733:Mishra, Patit Paban (2010). 12114:Kasetsiri, Charnvit (2022). 11363:Kasetsiri, Charnvit (1991). 11328:Anurugsa, Panomporn (1989). 10982:Thipakornwongse, Chao Phraya 10293:, modeled after the British 10143: 9888:of Laos and Khorat Plateau, 9054:The Siamese were exposed to 8633:Immaculate Conception Church 8433: 7653:court devised the method of 7550:Treaty of Amity and Commerce 7270:, published on 22 July 1893. 6803:Anglo–Siamese Treaty of 1909 6718:Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909 6563:under Anglo–Siamese dispute. 5925: 5785:Lotus Seal imprinted on the 5666:and the promulgation of the 5326:Anglo–Siamese Treaty of 1909 4392:Reformed Modernized Kingship 3865:Western front of World War I 3857:Siamese Expeditionary Forces 3836:Siamese Expeditionary Forces 3503:who coined the Siamese term 3444:Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909 2444:Ahmad Tajuddin Halim Shah II 2325:. Phraya Palat and his wife 2294:brought Ang Chan II back to 7: 17088:1782 establishments in Siam 16757:Water supply and sanitation 15402:Burmese Invasion of Thalang 14788:Bing Soravij BhiromBhakdi. 14757:Bangkok: A Cultural History 14715:Van Esterik, Penny (2020). 14214:Tiyavanich, Kamala (1997). 14091:Reverson, Derek S. (2013). 13961:Journal of the Siam Society 13841:Numnonda, Thamsook (1965). 13801:"The Pacification of Burma" 13605:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. 13548:Journal of the Siam Society 13507:. Harvard University Press. 13503:Auslin, Michael R. (2009). 13457:Journal of the Siam Society 12966:In Search of Southeast Asia 12404:Journal of the Siam Society 12342:Journal of the Siam Society 12294:. Indiana University Press. 12264:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. 12195:Journal of the Siam Society 12153:. Proglen Trading Co., Ltd. 11924:. Cornell University Press. 11920:Englehart, Neil A. (2018). 11888:. Cornell University Press. 11760:Journal of the Siam Society 11292:Journal of the Siam Society 11240:Culture and Customs of Laos 11203:. Cornell University Press. 11132:. Cornell University Press. 11115:Journal of the Siam Society 11102:. Harvard University Press. 10445: 10430: 10416: 10352: 10242:). In the 1810s, the three 9304:Continuation from Ayutthaya 9215:Continental Southeast Asian 8866: 8855:Malayu (Malays) and Shiite 8637:Holy Rosary Calvário Church 8583:Description du Royaume Thai 8294: 8244:who were allowed freetime, 7959:, a Buddhist temple on the 7531:was appointed by President 7313:Minister of Foreign Affairs 7301:Minister of Foreign Affairs 6952:Pierre-Paul de La Grandière 6518:Treaty of Chiangmai in 1874 6502:Agreements on Northern Siam 6349:, boarding on British ship 6031:Seal and Siamese Royal Seal 5732: 5345:Treaty of Versailles (1919) 5054:Northern Malay Sultanates; 4059: 4043:". Thus ended 800 years of 3889:Versailles Peace Conference 3734:Nationalism and World War I 3641:National Scout Organization 3495:, in which the king, as an 3245:Minister of Foreign Affairs 3078:Treaty of Chiangmai in 1883 2959:Threats from western powers 2775:Pierre-Paul de La Grandière 2301:King Anouvong of Vientiane 2264:Battle of Rạch Gầm-Xoài Mút 2187:Battle of Rạch Gầm-Xoài Mút 2166:Burmese invasion of Thalang 2144:, Mueang Luang Phukha, and 1788: 1077:Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom 370: 351: 320: 287: 191: 167: 10: 17134: 17098:2nd millennium in Thailand 16611:Controlled-access highways 15532:Siamese revolution of 1932 15487:1893 Franco-Siamese crisis 14792:. The Siamese Collection. 14759:. Oxford University Press. 14701:. Oxford University Press. 14657:Introduction to Literature 13799:Croswaithe, Charles, Sir. 13695:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. 13416:Macauley, Melissa (2021). 13184:Dabphet, Siriporn (2009). 13013:Rabibhadana, Akin (1969). 12935:Van Praagh, David (1996). 12290:Dommen, Arthur J. (2003). 12260:Grabowsky, Volker (1995). 12133:. Univ of Wisconsin Press. 11343:Yamahata, Chosein (2021). 11154:Ngaosīvat, Mayurī (1998). 10572:Lieberman, Victor (2003). 10529:Lieberman, Victor (2003). 10356: 10059:Krishna teaches his Sister 9973:(adapted from Indian epic 9428: 9366:(constructed from 1842–51) 9293: 9034:The Portuguese introduced 8936: 8831:The Siamese used the term 8437: 7909: 7507: 7438:, Siam ceded this area to 7268:French legation in Bangkok 7254:depicting French gunboats 7239: 7176: 7111:, who had allied with the 7103:, son of Đèo Văn Sinh the 6902:Siamese revolution of 1688 6869: 6715: 6305:in London rather than the 6301:, who was the delegate of 6006:Seal bore Chinese letters 5397: 5222:to Western nations in the 5132:, which was a part of the 4807:and the Four Ministers of 4233:ceremony in February 1927. 4214: 4204:Taifa La-ong Thuli Phrabat 4063: 4015:Siamese revolution of 1932 4012: 3819: 3617:or Rebellion of Year 130 ( 3564:, who had been staying at 3457:Siamese Revolution of 1932 3412:instead. The Anglo-French 3177:) the Siamese governor of 3124: 3101:, son of Đèo Văn Sinh the 2887: 2452:invaded and captured Kedah 2184: 2020: 1938: 1933:Siamese revolution of 1932 1870:Siamese revolution of 1932 1823:[ráttāná(ʔ)kōːsǐn] 893:• Early 19th century 327:"Long Live the Great King" 29: 16994: 16770: 16693:Universities and colleges 16639: 16630: 16475: 16466: 16314: 16305: 16208: 16199: 16164: 16088: 16079: 16019: 15993: 15967: 15927: 15853: 15846: 15806: 15780: 15747: 15697: 15681: 15672: 15626: 15600: 15545: 15422:Lao rebellion (1826–1828) 14997: 14895:. Sussex Academic Press. 14840:10.1163/26659077-01004003 14491:. Editions Didier Millet. 14425:10.1017/S0041977X00070348 14396:Charney, Michael (2018). 14314:"Jean Baptiste Pallegoix" 14162:10.1080/14639940008573729 14062:10.1017/S0022463400012200 13228:Love in the Time of Money 13200:Mongkut, the King of Siam 13198:Abbot Low Moffat (2019). 13157:Habegger, Alfred (2014). 12699:Warren, James A. (2013). 12522:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 12518:Mérieau, Eugénie (2021). 12358:Warren, James A. (2013). 12129:Klein, Martin A. (1993). 12026:The Far Eastern Quarterly 11974:The Far Eastern Quarterly 11834:. University of Freiburg. 10945:Thailand: A Short History 10711:Thailand: A Short History 10462:Chakri kings' family tree 10438: 10424: 10238: 10224: 10024:Romance of Three Kingdoms 10019:Chaophraya Phrakhlang Hon 10007: 9997: 9987: 9860: 9678: 9528: 9518: 9506: 9496: 9484: 9442: 9118: 9104: 9087: 9047: 8999: 8986: 8976: 8961: 8837: 8804: 8779: 8765: 8755: 8714: 8701: 8673:London Missionary Society 8655:(1861). Mongkut declared 8522:monks was bright-orange. 8510: 8492: 8422: 8369: 8359: 8278: 8268: 8258: 8225: 8206: 8192: 8167: 8149: 8131: 8079: 8065: 8051: 8023: 7924: 7897: 7802: 7788: 7750: 7702:Cholera epidemics of 1820 7659: 7636: 7622: 7317:Charles Le Myre de Vilers 7226:French embassy at Bangkok 7093:Chaophraya Surasak Montri 6872:France–Thailand relations 6865: 6630:Secret Convention of 1897 6578:Prince Phichit Prichakorn 6440:in Tenasserim Hills from 6323:Law Officers of the Crown 6317:. Si Suriyawong, called ' 6236:to assist the British in 6182:French Revolutionary Wars 6052: 6023: 5998: 5967:) on Siamese monarchs as 5963: 5949: 5914: 5851: 5837: 5823: 5813: 5803: 5760: 5621: 5562: 5531: 5514: 5489: 5467: 5449: 5439: 5378:Japan–Siam Treaty of 1924 5305:Japan–Siam Treaty of 1898 5214: 5188: 5178: 4991: 4962: 4952: 4942: 4884: 4874: 4864: 4854: 4756:. The two top ministers, 4708: 4696: 4682: 4670: 4658: 4641: 4635: 4623: 4617: 4605: 4593: 4587: 4577: 4564: 4548: 4534: 4521:Thai Ministry of Interior 4377: 4365: 4356: 4344: 4332: 4253:, Royal Slippers and the 4150:and to follow the way of 3988: 3908:Japan–Siam Treaty of 1924 3632: 3619: 3533: 3487: 3391:map of territorial losses 3379:Chaophraya Surasak Montri 3220: 3173: 3087:Chaophraya Surasak Montri 3001: 2881: 2707:Prince Wongsathirat Sanit 2617:to the Bunnag brothers – 2537:adventurer, again retook 2516: 2475: 2195:Lao rebellion (1826–1828) 1835: 1813: 1777: 1193: 1152: 1049:Kingdom of Luang Phrabang 978: 968: 956: 938: 915: 911: 901: 891: 887: 882: 878: 865: 852: 839: 826: 813: 800: 790: 777: 764: 751: 738: 728: 724: 710: 702: 698: 686: 676:• 1782–1803 (first) 674: 670: 660: 656: 644: 632: 620: 608: 596: 584: 574:• 1782–1809 (first) 572: 568: 558: 535: 523: 481: 445: 434: 424: 412: 400: 364: 345: 314: 305: 272: 205: 200: 177: 153: 147: 17068:19th century in Cambodia 17063:18th century in Cambodia 17058:20th century in Thailand 16425:House of Representatives 16319:Administrative divisions 15412:Crawfurd Mission to Siam 15342:Gustave Rolin-Jaequemyns 15178:Bhanurangsi Savangwongse 14777:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 14697:Fletcher, Peter (2004). 14655:Surasith, Nares (2005). 14378:Chularatana, Julispong. 14331:. William Carey Library. 14188:Mackenzie, Rory (2007). 13727:"The Attack Oh Tringanu" 13322:Wales, Quaritch (1934). 13226:Shulich, Thomas (2009). 13117:Segaller, Denis (2005). 13083:. Taylor & Francis. 13019:Cornell Thailand Project 12911:. Taylor & Francis. 12755:. Taylor & Francis. 12737:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 12703:. Taylor & Francis. 11958:. Jasmine Image Machine. 11268:Jacobsen, Trudy (2008). 11199:Choi Byung Wook (2018). 11014:Van Roy, Edward (2018). 10708:Wyatt, David K. (2003). 10388:Second Fall of Ayutthaya 10346:Chulalongkorn University 10299:Chulalongkorn University 9409:Phra Phuttha Trilokachet 9380:Sukhothai-style rounded 9029:Thai Ministry of Defence 8721: 8316:Maintenance of orthodox 8240:consent. In contrast to 7681:Anouvong's Lao Rebellion 7640:) – a list of available 7393:Kingdom of Luang Prabang 7355:Franco–Siamese relations 7216:in March 1893, thus the 7160:town of Muang Thaeng or 6964:Chaophraya Si Suriyawong 6526:Chiangmai Treaty of 1883 6446:Myanmar-Thailand borders 6430:Second Anglo-Burmese War 5289:Gustave Rolin-Jaequemyns 4921:and Southern Siam under 4309:to invite the Hindu god 4029:Revolution, 24 June 1932 3994:Supreme Council of State 3800:Chulalongkorn University 3778:(Buddhist Religion) and 3679:s or regions, each with 3448:Southern Siamese railway 3334:Gustave Rolin-Jaequemyns 3147:under fire from Siamese 2975:After the defeat of the 2816:Regency of Si Suriyawong 2717:to his subjects in 1858. 2627:Chaophraya Si Suriyawong 688:• 1868–1885 (last) 646:• 1925–1932 (last) 15497:Shan Rebellion of Phrae 15327:Jean-Baptiste Pallegoix 14546:Jamuni, Pairoj (1992). 14465:. Abhinav Publications. 14133:Kislenko, Arne (2004). 14011:Southeast Asian Studies 13893:Journal of Siam Society 13850:Journal of Siam Society 13691:Rivière, Peter (2006). 13518:de Goey, Ferry (2015). 13440:Crawfurd, John (1828). 12735:The History of Thailand 12556:Khoon Choy Lee (2013). 12149:Stearn, Duncan (2019). 11494:Early History of Penang 11474:Ricklefs, M.C. (2010). 11238:Kislenko, Arne (2009). 10943:David K. Wyatt (2004). 10488:Silpa-1 (6 July 2017). 10317:Vajiramonkut Building, 9846:to write Buddhist texts 9819:Language and Literature 9813:Francis Chit & Sons 9356:Landmark Neo-Angkorian 9241:maintained his dock at 9237:cannons. In the 1820s, 9142: 8944:purchases was crucial. 8816:s in Thonburi included 8625:Jean-Baptiste Pallegoix 8605:vicar apostolic of Siam 8456:King Mongkut observing 8125:Direct royal servants, 7493:Victor Collin de Plancy 6910:Jean-Baptiste Pallegoix 6888:Palace of Fontainebleau 6668:Menam Chao Phraya River 6600:on the eastern side of 6569:Third Anglo–Burmese War 6337:at Garter Throne Room, 6230:First Anglo-Burmese War 6199:to Siam. Also in 1821, 5922:was used concurrently. 5868:silver bars were used. 5773:meaning 'curled worm'. 5367:Francis Bowes Sayre Sr. 5244:extraterritorial rights 4666:Phra Khlang Maha Sombat 3982:led to the creation of 3929:Thai king's scholarship 3822:Siam during World War I 3635:) The junior branch of 3625:Volunteer Defense Corps 3483:constitutional monarchy 3468:Modern Siam (1910–1932) 3375:Shan Rebellion of Phrae 2993:Kings of Luang Phrabang 2910:Bangkok National Museum 2810:Myanmar-Thailand border 2499:First Anglo-Burmese War 2331:Battle of Samrit Fields 2181:Siamese–Vietnamese Wars 2175:First Anglo-Burmese War 2077:Lady Chan and Lady Mook 435:Official languages 16564:Science and technology 16532:Special economic zones 16001:Constitutional history 15378:Tha Din Daeng campaign 15218:Kitiyakara Voralaksana 15213:Paribatra Sukhumbandhu 15208:Chakrabongse Bhuvanath 15183:Devawongse Varoprakarn 15152:Chakrabongse Bhuvanath 15037:Phutthaloetla Naphalai 14717:Materializing Thailand 14327:Lim, David S. (2005). 14251:"Olivier Simon Le Bon" 13751:Morgan, Susan (2008). 13731:Hansard, UK Parliament 13706:Strate, Shane (2015). 13674:"Bangkok: before 1926" 13538:Le May, R. S. (1924). 13488:Nield, Robert (2015). 13254:Bowring, John (1857). 13139:Jory, Patrick (2021). 12751:Brown, Andrew (2004). 12633:Lynch, Daniel (2006). 12476:Reid, Anthony (2010). 12449:Strate, Shane (2015). 12208:Kiernan, V.G. (1956). 12094:Stengs, Irene (2009). 11954:Mizerski, Jim (2016). 11492:Muhammad Haji Salleh. 11253:Terwiel, B.J. (2005). 11184:Cœdès, George (1983). 10765:. GlobalSecurity.org. 10372: 10083: 9964: 9944:Traditional literature 9882:Northern Thai language 9850:Siamese (now known as 9847: 9815:continued to operate. 9672:architecture – called 9340:or ordination hall of 9266:) as the first native 9239:Chao Phraya Nakhon Noi 9031: 8738: 8594: 8563:Pavares Variyalongkorn 8545: 8461: 8449: 8448:Old Dhammayuttika seal 8313: 8161:Distributed servants, 8115:were eligible for the 8099:to be registered. The 7964: 7955:Aerial night photo of 7858: 7816:Siamese-Vietnamese War 7763: 7546:Chao Phraya Phrakhlang 7525: 7443: 7415:and Melouprey (modern 7409:treaty version of 1904 7271: 7235:Phra Yot Mueang Khwang 7147: 7115:s. Believing that the 7034: 6986:Exposition Universelle 6934: 6930:Exposition Universelle 6897: 6834: 6738: 6564: 6461: 6392:, against his brother 6342: 6290: 6149: 5879:currency existed, the 5749: 5700: 5607: 5602:Thai duplicate of the 5425: 5424:Borom Maha Phichaiyat. 5374: 5301:Faculty of Law, Oxford 5276: 5273:Faculty of Law, Oxford 5152: 4978: 4932:s were usually ranked 4837: 4780:in subsequent reigns. 4772:were initially ranked 4524: 4515:Seal, the Seal of the 4499:Traditional government 4434: 4340:Great Crown of Victory 4305:to open the portal of 4258: 4243:Great Crown of Victory 4234: 4031: 3978: 3861:Phraya Phichaicharnrit 3843: 3657: 3589: 3553: 3393: 3329: 3300: 3256: 3169:Phra Yot Mueang Khwang 3156: 3037: 2972: 2912: 2877:Ho Ratsadakorn Phiphat 2840: 2749: 2729: 2705:, 1861), all of which 2655: 2466: 2252:Chaophraya Aphaiphubet 2048: 591:Phutthaloetla Naphalai 377:"Glorify His Prestige" 322:Chom Rat Chong Charoen 34:. For other uses, see 16921:Mythological creature 16452:Deputy Prime Minister 16368:Intelligence agencies 15748:Northeastern Thailand 15512:Palace Revolt of 1912 15447:Kelantanese Civil War 15397:Capture of Chiangsaen 15363:Foundation of Bangkok 15228:Abhakara Kiartivongse 15031:Phutthayotfa Chulalok 14150:Contemporary Buddhism 13601:Wang, Gungwu (2004). 12804:Yegar, Moshe (2002). 12169:A History of Thailand 11884:Loos, Tamara (2018). 11653:A History of Malaysia 11085:A History of Thailand 11083:Baker, Chris (2005). 10627:A History of Thailand 10560:A History of Thailand 10366: 10256:Emerald Buddha temple 10075: 10055:Samutthakhot Khamchan 9951: 9831: 9043:Krom Farang Maen Peun 9023: 9016:Weapons and artillery 8729: 8576: 8540: 8455: 8447: 8307: 7954: 7852: 7747: 7524:(shown in the image). 7517: 7425: 7417:Preah Vihear province 7249: 7130: 7039:Treaty of Huế in 1884 7024: 6926: 6884: 6831:Secret Treaty of 1897 6800: 6725: 6551: 6543:Edward Blencowe Gould 6487:Phra Pricha Konlakarn 6459: 6386:Tun Mutahir of Pahang 6332: 6299:Governor of Hong Kong 6284: 6147: 6068:and two translators; 6027:) letter bearing the 5935:Siam had entered the 5740: 5694: 5601: 5410: 5403:Pre-Burney: 1782–1826 5386:Northeastern Thailand 5365: 5262: 5127: 4972: 4828: 4764:, were always ranked 4674:), the Royal Treasury 4511: 4424: 4240: 4224: 4211:Enthronement Ceremony 4147:Thotsaphit Ratchatham 4022: 3984:Abhiradhamontri Sabha 3968: 3833: 3804:Central Thai language 3784:God, King and Country 3649: 3615:Palace Revolt of 1912 3586:Palace Revolt of 1912 3583: 3543: 3388: 3320:Captured convicts of 3319: 3297:Nicholas II of Russia 3290: 3235: 3138: 3035: 2966: 2897: 2823: 2739: 2723: 2697:, May 1856), France ( 2667:Governor of Hong Kong 2645: 2571:Kelantanese Civil War 2530:Chaophraya Phrakhlang 2464: 2366:Chaophraya Phrakhlang 2362:Lê Văn Khôi rebellion 2347:Chaophraya Bodindecha 2313:, while his son King 2094:Tha Dindaeng Campaign 2046: 2009:was transferred from 1949:Foundation of Bangkok 1021:Kingdom of Chiang Mai 730:• Establishment 579:Phutthayotfa Chulalok 17053:19th century in Siam 17048:18th century in Siam 17043:Rattanakosin Kingdom 16579:Traditional medicine 16293:World Heritage Sites 16248:Environmental issues 15618:Peopling of Thailand 15502:Holy Man's Rebellion 15457:Kengtung expeditions 15248:Rangsit Prayurasakdi 15223:Chirapravati Voradej 15193:Narisara Nuwattiwong 14613:Ghosh, Lipi (2017). 14535:. Tuttle Publishing. 14291:"Jean-Paul Courvezy" 14268:"Joseph Louis Coudé" 13398:Bankoff, G. (2007). 12882:Barmé, Scot (1993). 11169:Askew, Marc (2006). 10457:List of Chakri kings 10176:improve this section 9902:Southern Min Chinese 9561:Wat Phra Pathomchedi 9299:Art and architecture 9175:improve this section 9098:cannons were called 8899:improve this section 8789:Mourning of Muharram 8718:, arrived in 1843). 8692:Baptist missionaries 8641:the Cholera epidemic 8587:Dictionarium linguae 8440:Dhammayuttika Nikaya 7361:in August 1893. The 7005:on northern side of 6918:Emperor Napoleon III 6851:Anglo–Siamese Treaty 6678:for the British and 6516:. The Anglo–Siamese 6428:in aftermath of the 6371:Mahmud Muzaffar Shah 6363:Kawilorot Suriyawong 6234:Chaophraya Mahayotha 6203:the "Raja of Ligor" 6193:Marquess of Hastings 5695:Thai version of the 5546:Maha Sura Singahanat 4450:shoreline, visiting 4200:Kha Phra Phutthachao 4123:, through Old Khmer 4110:or Lord of Life and 4084:Siam had been under 4075:Traditional Kingship 4066:Monarchy of Thailand 3796:nationality by blood 3584:Conspirators of the 3366:Holy Man's Rebellion 3253:Minister of Interior 2450:the "Raja of Ligor" 2207:When Siamese forces 2118:Tanintharyi Division 1969:, meaning "place of 1961:on the west bank of 1790:Anachak Rattanakosin 1778:อาณาจักรรัตนโกสินทร์ 1770:Rattanakosin Kingdom 1679:Peopling of Thailand 1615:Rattanakosin Kingdom 1063:Kingdom of Champasak 1035:Kingdom of Vientiane 192:Ratcha-anachak Sayam 168:Anachak Rattanakosin 154:อาณาจักรรัตนโกสินทร์ 149:Rattanakosin Kingdom 65:improve this article 17103:1782 establishments 16029:Thailand portal 15935:Nakhon Si Thammarat 15594:History of Thailand 15477:Front Palace Crisis 15233:Purachatra Jayakara 15082:Maha Sura Singhanat 14028:Hays, J.N. (2005). 13638:Finlayson, George. 13374:. Psychology Press. 12808:. Lexington Books. 12671:on 29 February 2012 11332:. Texas University. 11016:Siamese Melting Pot 10271:Memory of the World 10043:Prince Poramanuchit 10030:Razadarit Ayedawbon 9083:Krom Phra Saengpuen 8657:freedom of religion 8400:used on him. Below 8186:Taxpayer servants, 7863:Hanthawaddy Kingdom 7612:Manpower management 7283:to Bangkok to join 7025:Sipsong Chuthai or 6956:French protectorate 6906:Charles de Montigny 6731:Straits Settlements 6705:Straits Settlements 6509:Government of India 6475:Front Palace Crisis 6390:Straits Settlements 6303:Aberdeen government 6060:, the Second Envoy 5807:, 60 g of silver), 5518:); levied from the 5382:Francis Bowes Sayre 5281:Ministry of Justice 5271:who studied law at 5253:extraterritoriality 5220:extraterritoriality 5148:, displayed at the 5128:A physical copy of 4898:Nakhon Si Thammarat 4830:Nakhon Si Thammarat 4821:Regional government 4795:. For example, the 4583:Krom Phra Nakhonban 4480:Nakhon Si Thammarat 4117:Phra Ratcha Ongkarn 3912:Francis Bowes Sayre 3842:in Paris, July 1919 3497:enlightened monarch 3221:วิกฤตการณ์ ร.ศ. ๑๑๒ 3005:) – hence the name 2944:Ministry of Finance 2923:Front Palace Crisis 2890:Front Palace Crisis 2849:Prachuap Khiri Khan 2742:Norodom of Cambodia 2740:Coronation of King 2715:freedom of religion 2699:Charles de Montigny 2679:extraterritoriality 2646:Photograph of King 1891:, and the northern 1819:Thai pronunciation: 1732:Thailand portal 1511:Nakhon Si Thammarat 1217:Beginning with the 897:1,000,000–4,000,000 817:Front Palace Crisis 681:Maha Sura Singhanat 372:Sansoen Phra Barami 16591:Telecommunications 16243:Floods in Thailand 16141:Siamese Revolution 15243:Wongsa Dhiraj Snid 15198:Kashemsri Subhayok 15188:Damrong Rajanubhab 15173:Vajirananavarorasa 14737:. Scarecrow Press. 13680:. 31 January 2016. 13678:Room for Diplomacy 11796:Royal Thai Embassy 11640:. Scarecrow Press. 11347:. Springer Nature. 11317:. NUS Press. 2013. 10469:History of Bangkok 10373: 10332:Vajiravudh College 10319:Vajiravudh College 10291:Vajiravudh College 10280:Educational reform 10084: 9965: 9955:on his chariot, a 9848: 9833:Bhikkhu Patimokkha 9824:Linguistic changes 9750:mural painting of 9731:Wat Benchamabophit 9699:Western influences 9586:Chinese influences 9382:Phra Pathommachedi 9264:Klaew Klang Samutr 9139:were over 57,000. 9032: 8972:Krom Phra Asawarat 8753:district. 'Kudi' ( 8739: 8686:missionaries from 8663:Protestant mission 8595: 8546: 8462: 8450: 8408:would be entitled 8314: 8300:Theravada Buddhism 8264:That Nai Ruean Bia 7965: 7916:Theravada Buddhism 7878:on that occasion. 7872:Three Pagodas Pass 7861:After the Fall of 7859: 7764: 7748:Wat Bang Sai Kai ( 7740:Ethnic immigration 7526: 7500:during 2008–2011. 7444: 7334:Chulachomklao Fort 7272: 7218:Franco–Siamese War 7179:Franco–Siamese War 7148: 7144:Franco-Siamese War 7095:) to suppress the 7035: 6935: 6914:Comte de Castelnau 6898: 6835: 6764:argued that Malay 6739: 6729:, the governor of 6619:Franco–Siamese War 6565: 6465:Thomas George Knox 6462: 6452:Thomas George Knox 6434:Three Pagodas Pass 6343: 6341:, in November 1857 6307:East India Company 6291: 6209:sultanate of Kedah 6166:Sultanate of Kedah 6158:East India Company 6150: 6064:, the Third Envoy 5750: 5701: 5673:Phra Khlang Sinkha 5657:Hanbury's garcinia 5655:, lead, ivory and 5644:Phra Khlang Sinkha 5627:Phra Khlang Sinkha 5617:Phra Khlang Sinkha 5608: 5497:s of rice per one 5474:Phra Khlang Sinkha 5426: 5422:Somdet Chao Phraya 5417:Phra Khlang Sinkha 5375: 5285:Franco–Siamese War 5277: 5265:Raphi Phatthanasak 5153: 4983:tributary kingdoms 4979: 4838: 4525: 4504:Central government 4435: 4296:Phra Maha Rajaguru 4259: 4249:, the Fan and the 4235: 4168:Theravada Buddhism 4032: 4009:Revolution of 1932 3979: 3844: 3792:Chinosayam Warasap 3658: 3590: 3570:Sandhurst Military 3554: 3511:"people" and Pali 3488:เหตุการณ์ ร.ศ. ๑๐๓ 3394: 3330: 3301: 3257: 3237:King Chulalongkorn 3216:Franco–Siamese War 3195:Chulachomklao Fort 3157: 3149:Chulachomklao Fort 3127:Franco–Siamese War 3038: 2973: 2918:Thomas George Knox 2913: 2898:Photograph of the 2841: 2750: 2730: 2687:judiciary tortures 2656: 2481:Phra Khlang Sinkha 2471:Phra Khlang Sinkha 2467: 2339:Prince Sakdipolsep 2049: 869:Siamese revolution 493:Theravada Buddhism 17030: 17029: 16990: 16989: 16977:Traditional games 16626: 16625: 16462: 16461: 16442:Political parties 16346:Foreign relations 16301: 16300: 16195: 16194: 16126:Ayutthaya Kingdom 16121:Sukhothai Kingdom 16035: 16034: 15963: 15962: 15928:Southern Thailand 15854:Northern Thailand 15847:Regional kingdoms 15842: 15841: 15807:Southern Thailand 15781:Northern Thailand 15560: 15559: 15540: 15539: 15322:Dan Beach Bradley 15253:Mahidol Adulyadej 15238:Yugala Dighambara 15146:Hereditary Prince 14922:Thaiways Magazine 13230:. Thomas Shulich. 13121:. Silkworm Books. 12462:978-0-8248-5437-9 10748:978-0-511-65854-9 10721:978-0-300-08475-7 10694:978-0-511-65854-9 10637:978-1-009-01483-0 10610:978-967-65-3097-4 10442:), a cloth wrap. 10381:. Men wore their 10212: 10211: 10204: 10063:Lilit Taleng Phai 10051:Vessantara Jātaka 10033:into prose works 9983:Phra Ratchaniphon 9211: 9210: 9203: 8935: 8934: 8927: 8766:พระยาจุฬาราชมนตรี 8710:John Taylor Jones 8697:Dan Beach Bradley 8629:Univerci Dominici 8609:Santa Cruz church 8496:'adhering to the 8458:Buddhist precepts 8379:Tantric Theravada 8002:of a slave was 5 7756:Thonburi District 7601:Fall of Ayutthaya 7487:impractical. The 7372:Northeastern Siam 7351:Chao Phraya River 7328:, leading to the 7266:anchoring at the 7230:gunboat diplomacy 7072:Taiping Rebellion 6972:The Straits Times 6680:Northeastern Siam 6640:Foreign Secretary 6479:Sir Andrew Clarke 6355:Robert Schomburgk 6267:gunboat diplomacy 6238:Tenasserim Region 6225:later that year. 6207:and occupied the 6201:Phraya Nakhon Noi 6162:Ayutthaya Kingdom 6093:Treaty of Nanking 5119:Mānu-Dharmaśāstra 5087:Law and judiciary 5012:Northern Thailand 4902:Nakhon Ratchasima 4846:Southern Thailand 4700:) levels and the 4366:ฉลองพระบาทเชิงงอน 4357:พระแสงขรรค์ชัยศรี 4086:absolute monarchy 4045:absolute monarchy 3893:League of Nations 3873:its own air force 3594:Xinhai Revolution 3493:absolute monarchy 3262:Prince Devawongse 3241:Prince Devawongse 3203:Prince Devawongse 3191:Chao Phraya River 2977:Taiping Rebellion 2873:Somdet Chaophraya 2837:Somdet Chaophraya 2788:The Straits Times 2779:French protection 2615:Somdet Chaophraya 2448:Phraya Nakhon Noi 2394:Nguyễn Tri Phương 2374:Trương Minh Giảng 2370:Trấn Tây Province 2321:invaded Southern 2307:Nakhon Ratchasima 2171:Treaty of Yandabo 2101:staged offensives 1963:Chao Phraya River 1811:, abbreviated as 1786: 1766: 1765: 1664: 1663: 1658: 1657: 1596:Ayutthaya Kingdom 1586:Sukhothai Kingdom 1569: 1568: 1493:Regional kingdoms 1484: 1483: 1327: 1326: 1313:9000 BCE–5500 BCE 1253: 1252: 1148: 1147: 1144: 1143: 1082: 1081: 925:(until 1904) 835:July–October 1893 742:Nine Armies' Wars 634:• 1910–1925 622:• 1868–1910 610:• 1851–1868 598:• 1824–1851 586:• 1809–1824 549:Absolute monarchy 476:Chinese languages 390: 338: 141: 140: 133: 115: 16:(Redirected from 17125: 17010: 17003: 16752:Waste management 16637: 16636: 16488: 16473: 16472: 16312: 16311: 16206: 16205: 16136:Rattanakosin era 16131:Thonburi Kingdom 16086: 16085: 16062: 16055: 16048: 16039: 16038: 16027: 16026: 16025: 16011:Economic history 16006:Military history 15968:Regional history 15920: 15903: 15886: 15874: 15851: 15850: 15768: 15735: 15723: 15698:Central Thailand 15679: 15678: 15587: 15580: 15573: 15564: 15563: 15383:Tavoy expedition 15373:Nine Armies' War 15368:Tây Sơn–Siam War 15000: 14999: 14984: 14977: 14970: 14961: 14960: 14938: 14937: 14935: 14933: 14913: 14907: 14906: 14888: 14875: 14874: 14866: 14860: 14859: 14857: 14855: 14849: 14842: 14824: 14815: 14806: 14805: 14803: 14801: 14785: 14779: 14778: 14770: 14761: 14760: 14752: 14739: 14738: 14730: 14721: 14720: 14712: 14703: 14702: 14694: 14685: 14684: 14676: 14661: 14660: 14652: 14639: 14638: 14630: 14619: 14618: 14610: 14601: 14600: 14592: 14583: 14582: 14574: 14559: 14558: 14552: 14543: 14537: 14536: 14528: 14517: 14516: 14508: 14493: 14492: 14484: 14467: 14466: 14458: 14437: 14436: 14408: 14402: 14401: 14393: 14384: 14383: 14375: 14364: 14363: 14356: 14347: 14346: 14339: 14333: 14332: 14324: 14318: 14317: 14310: 14295: 14294: 14287: 14272: 14271: 14264: 14255: 14254: 14247: 14238: 14237: 14229: 14220: 14219: 14211: 14194: 14193: 14185: 14174: 14173: 14145: 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10519: 10513: 10505: 10503: 10501: 10485: 10441: 10440: 10435: 10427: 10426: 10421: 10341: 10329: 10314: 10301:, modeled after 10287:higher education 10241: 10240: 10227: 10226: 10207: 10200: 10196: 10193: 10187: 10156: 10148: 10139: 10136: 10127:Phra Pathomchedi 10010: 10009: 10000: 9999: 9990: 9989: 9963:in Wat Phra Kaew 9938: 9935: 9874:Khom Thai script 9863: 9862: 9845: 9842: 9766: 9744: 9723: 9711: 9690:. Neo-Angkorian 9684:Wat Thepthidaram 9681: 9680: 9674:Phra Ratchaniyom 9651: 9648: 9639: 9627: 9614:Wat Thepthidaram 9610: 9598: 9563:pagoda in 1853. 9531: 9530: 9521: 9520: 9509: 9508: 9499: 9498: 9487: 9486: 9445: 9444: 9421: 9418: 9405: 9393: 9377: 9353: 9332: 9316: 9206: 9199: 9195: 9192: 9186: 9155: 9147: 9121: 9120: 9107: 9106: 9090: 9089: 9050: 9049: 9002: 9001: 8989: 8988: 8979: 8978: 8964: 8963: 8930: 8923: 8919: 8916: 8910: 8879: 8871: 8840: 8839: 8826:Bangluang Mosque 8822:Kudi Charoenphat 8807: 8806: 8782: 8781: 8768: 8767: 8758: 8757: 8736: 8733: 8717: 8716: 8704: 8703: 8598:Catholic mission 8554:Bishop Pallegoix 8528:Wat Baworn Nivet 8513: 8512: 8495: 8494: 8425: 8424: 8372: 8371: 8362: 8361: 8281: 8280: 8271: 8270: 8261: 8260: 8239: 8228: 8227: 8209: 8208: 8195: 8194: 8170: 8169: 8152: 8151: 8134: 8133: 8082: 8081: 8068: 8067: 8054: 8053: 8026: 8025: 7927: 7926: 7900: 7899: 7824:Lao Phuan people 7805: 7804: 7791: 7790: 7753: 7752: 7662: 7661: 7639: 7638: 7628:Krom Suratsawadi 7625: 7624: 7618:Krom Suratsawadi 7605:Nine Armies' War 7558:Joseph Balestier 7468:Banteay Meanchey 7440:French Indochina 7047:Northern Vietnam 7031:French Indochina 7027:Sipsong Chauthai 6946:and his brother 6933:at Paris in 1867 6894:Jean-Leon Gerome 6890:, June 27, 1861, 6762:Frank Swettenham 6727:Frank Swettenham 6683:intervention in 6623:French Indochina 6558: 6554: 6407:Kuala Terengganu 6403:William Cavenagh 6379:Pahang Civil War 6295:Sir John Bowring 6113:Emperor Xienfeng 6099:, abolished the 6089:Emperor Daoguang 6055: 6054: 6034:The letter from 6026: 6025: 6001: 6000: 5984:Emperor Qianlong 5966: 5965: 5957:investitures (封 5952: 5951: 5917: 5916: 5854: 5853: 5840: 5839: 5826: 5825: 5816: 5815: 5806: 5805: 5763: 5762: 5653:Malabar cardamom 5624: 5623: 5565: 5564: 5534: 5533: 5523:the royal court. 5517: 5516: 5492: 5491: 5470: 5469: 5452: 5451: 5442: 5441: 5412:Phraya Siphiphat 5317:French Indochina 5217: 5216: 5191: 5190: 5181: 5180: 5179:ลูกขุน ณ ศาลหลวง 5156:belonged to the 5025:Lao kingdoms of 4994: 4993: 4965: 4964: 4955: 4954: 4945: 4944: 4887: 4886: 4877: 4876: 4867: 4866: 4857: 4856: 4711: 4710: 4699: 4698: 4685: 4684: 4673: 4672: 4671:พระคลังมหาสมบัติ 4661: 4660: 4654:Krom Suratsawadi 4644: 4643: 4638: 4637: 4626: 4625: 4624:เจ้าพระยาพระคลัง 4620: 4619: 4608: 4607: 4596: 4595: 4590: 4589: 4580: 4579: 4567: 4566: 4551: 4550: 4537: 4536: 4380: 4379: 4368: 4367: 4363:Royal Slippers ( 4359: 4358: 4352:Sword of Victory 4347: 4346: 4345:พระมหาพิชัยมงกุฎ 4335: 4334: 4333:นพปฎลมหาเศวตฉัตร 4255:Sword of Victory 3991: 3990: 3976: 3757: 3746: 3714:model parliament 3634: 3622: 3621: 3610:Wild Tiger Corps 3566:Ascot, Berkshire 3551: 3536: 3535: 3490: 3489: 3453:lost territories 3414:Entente Cordiale 3338:civil law system 3326:Ubon Ratchathani 3223: 3222: 3176: 3175: 3139:French gunboats 3120:French Indochina 3046:tributary states 3004: 3003: 2981:Northern Vietnam 2907: 2904: 2884: 2883: 2882:หอรัษฎากรพิพัฒน์ 2861:heir presumptive 2798:Tenasserim Hills 2691:unequal treaties 2663:Sir John Bowring 2653: 2555:Phraya Siphiphat 2519: 2518: 2478: 2477: 2440:tributary states 2351:Nghệ An Province 2284:decided to rebel 2254:. Also in 1783, 2105:Tenasserim Coast 2061:Nine Armies' War 2057:Konbaung dynasty 1837: 1825: 1820: 1816: 1815: 1810: 1809: 1808: 1802: 1797: 1793: 1781: 1779: 1758: 1751: 1744: 1730: 1729: 1728: 1606:Thonburi Kingdom 1582: 1581: 1497: 1496: 1342: 1341: 1323:2,100 BCE–200 CE 1305: 1304: 1294: 1293: 1283: 1273: 1255: 1254: 1244: 1241: 1235: 1228: 1222: 1215: 1209: 1202: 1140: 1139: 1126: 1125: 1118:French Indochina 1112: 1111: 1098: 1097: 1086: 1085: 1073: 1072: 1059: 1058: 1045: 1044: 1031: 1030: 1017: 1016: 1007:Thonburi Kingdom 1003: 1002: 996: 995: 980: 979: 947: 931:(from 1860) 715:Early modern era 543:Mandala monarchy 447:Spoken languages 417: 405: 392: 391: 375: 367: 366: 365:สรรเสริญพระบารมี 356: 348: 347: 340: 339: 325: 317: 316: 290: 283: 282: 250: 244: 220: 213: 195: 194: 188: 180: 179: 171: 170: 164: 156: 155: 145: 144: 136: 129: 125: 122: 116: 114: 73: 49: 41: 21: 17133: 17132: 17128: 17127: 17126: 17124: 17123: 17122: 17118:Former kingdoms 17033: 17032: 17031: 17026: 17013: 17006: 16999: 16986: 16891:Public holidays 16886:Performing arts 16766: 16669:Sex trafficking 16622: 16486: 16458: 16297: 16263:Protected areas 16191: 16160: 16075: 16066: 16036: 16031: 16023: 16021: 16015: 15994:Topical history 15989: 15959: 15923: 15914: 15897: 15880: 15868: 15838: 15802: 15776: 15762: 15743: 15729: 15717: 15693: 15668: 15622: 15596: 15591: 15561: 15556: 15541: 15536: 15492:Paknam incident 15351: 15203:Jayanta Mongkol 15161: 15157:Asdang Dejavudh 15021: 14993: 14988: 14947: 14945:Further reading 14942: 14941: 14931: 14929: 14914: 14910: 14903: 14889: 14878: 14867: 14863: 14853: 14851: 14847: 14822: 14816: 14809: 14799: 14797: 14786: 14782: 14771: 14764: 14753: 14742: 14731: 14724: 14713: 14706: 14695: 14688: 14677: 14664: 14653: 14642: 14631: 14622: 14611: 14604: 14593: 14586: 14575: 14562: 14550: 14544: 14540: 14529: 14520: 14509: 14496: 14485: 14470: 14459: 14440: 14409: 14405: 14394: 14387: 14376: 14367: 14358: 14357: 14350: 14341: 14340: 14336: 14325: 14321: 14312: 14311: 14298: 14289: 14288: 14275: 14266: 14265: 14258: 14249: 14248: 14241: 14230: 14223: 14212: 14197: 14186: 14177: 14146: 14142: 14131: 14118: 14105: 14104: 14100: 14089: 14085: 14046: 14037: 14026: 14022: 14007: 13998: 13983: 13972: 13957: 13953: 13938: 13934: 13927: 13913: 13900: 13888: 13882: 13857: 13845: 13839: 13822: 13806: 13805: 13797: 13788: 13777: 13760: 13749: 13738: 13725: 13724: 13715: 13704: 13700: 13689: 13685: 13672: 13671: 13662: 13651: 13647: 13636: 13632: 13621: 13610: 13599: 13580: 13569: 13560: 13542: 13536: 13527: 13516: 13512: 13501: 13497: 13486: 13482: 13471: 13464: 13453: 13449: 13438: 13425: 13414: 13407: 13396: 13379: 13368: 13357: 13346: 13331: 13320: 13303: 13292: 13285: 13270: 13263: 13252: 13235: 13224: 13217: 13210: 13196: 13192: 13183: 13176: 13169: 13155: 13148: 13137: 13126: 13115: 13098: 13091: 13077: 13064: 13051: 13026: 13011: 12988: 12977: 12973: 12962: 12958: 12951: 12933: 12926: 12919: 12905: 12901: 12894: 12880: 12876: 12869: 12855: 12848: 12841: 12827: 12823: 12816: 12802: 12795: 12788: 12774: 12770: 12763: 12749: 12742: 12731: 12718: 12711: 12697: 12684: 12674: 12672: 12668: 12661: 12657: 12656: 12652: 12645: 12631: 12627: 12620: 12606: 12575: 12568: 12554: 12537: 12530: 12516: 12495: 12488: 12474: 12470: 12463: 12447: 12443: 12432: 12411: 12400: 12367: 12356: 12349: 12338: 12317: 12306: 12299: 12288: 12269: 12258: 12249: 12206: 12202: 12190: 12186: 12185: 12176: 12165: 12158: 12147: 12138: 12127: 12123: 12112: 12103: 12092: 12081: 12073: 12069: 12068: 12061: 12038:10.2307/2049157 12022: 12009: 11986:10.2307/2049449 11970: 11963: 11952: 11929: 11918: 11893: 11882: 11857: 11846: 11839: 11831: 11827:Bernd, Martin. 11825: 11821: 11808: 11807: 11803: 11791: 11787: 11786: 11767: 11756: 11743: 11732: 11721: 11710: 11693: 11682: 11675: 11664: 11660: 11649: 11645: 11634: 11623: 11612: 11603: 11592: 11501: 11496:. Penerbit USM. 11490: 11483: 11472: 11457: 11450: 11436: 11379: 11367: 11361: 11352: 11341: 11337: 11326: 11322: 11313: 11312: 11303: 11284: 11277: 11266: 11262: 11251: 11247: 11236: 11223: 11212: 11208: 11197: 11193: 11182: 11178: 11167: 11163: 11152: 11137: 11126: 11122: 11111: 11107: 11096: 11092: 11081: 11077: 11066: 11057: 11041: 11040: 11032: 11023: 11012: 10993: 10979: 10952: 10941: 10782: 10772: 10770: 10761: 10760: 10756: 10749: 10733: 10729: 10722: 10706: 10702: 10695: 10679: 10675: 10665: 10663: 10650: 10649: 10645: 10638: 10622: 10618: 10611: 10597: 10596: 10592: 10584: 10570: 10566: 10557: 10548: 10541: 10527: 10523: 10507: 10506: 10499: 10497: 10486: 10482: 10477: 10448: 10361: 10355: 10348: 10342: 10333: 10330: 10321: 10315: 10282: 10208: 10197: 10191: 10188: 10173: 10157: 10146: 10137: 10115:Phra Phutthabat 10102:Phra Aphai Mani 10077:Phra Aphai Mani 9959:scene from the 9946: 9936: 9843: 9826: 9821: 9778: 9777: 9776: 9775: 9774: 9767: 9759: 9758: 9745: 9736: 9735: 9734: 9724: 9716: 9715: 9712: 9701: 9661: 9660: 9659: 9658: 9657: 9649: 9640: 9632: 9631: 9628: 9619: 9618: 9617: 9611: 9603: 9602: 9599: 9588: 9433: 9427: 9426: 9425: 9424: 9423: 9419: 9406: 9398: 9397: 9394: 9386: 9385: 9378: 9369: 9368: 9367: 9354: 9346: 9345: 9333: 9325: 9324: 9317: 9306: 9301: 9296: 9207: 9196: 9190: 9187: 9172: 9156: 9145: 9048:กรมฝรั่งแม่นปืน 9018: 8982:Krom Khotchaban 8941: 8931: 8920: 8914: 8911: 8896: 8880: 8869: 8785:Kromma Tha Khwa 8775:Kromma Tha Khwa 8734: 8724: 8665: 8600: 8571: 8550:Krom Sankhakari 8542:Wat Bowon Nivet 8442: 8436: 8418:Krom Sankhakari 8302: 8297: 8269:ทาสในเรือนเบี้ย 8237: 8040:who controlled 7974:Three Seals Law 7957:Wat Phichai Yat 7912: 7835:Nguyễn Phúc Ánh 7742: 7700:yearly and the 7693: 7614: 7597: 7588:Abraham Lincoln 7578:Franklin Pierce 7569:Townsend Harris 7548:. The draft of 7512: 7506: 7346: 7330:Paknam Incident 7244: 7242:Paknam incident 7181: 7175: 7140:Sipsong Chuthai 7056:Sipsong Chuthai 7051:Sino-French War 7019: 6999:French Cambodia 6879: 6874: 6868: 6720: 6714: 6676:Malay peninsula 6657:French Republic 6645:Paknam Incident 6632: 6561:Kengcheng state 6556: 6552: 6504: 6470:Henry Alabaster 6454: 6381:, which pitted 6279: 6186:Napoleonic Wars 6170:Kedah Sultanate 6156:to the British 6142: 6137: 6097:First Opium War 5933: 5928: 5881:barter exchange 5735: 5689: 5596: 5405: 5400: 5371:King Vajiravudh 5295:system, led by 5236:trial by ordeal 5232: 5206:trial by ordeal 5134:Three Seals Law 5115:Three Seals Law 5094: 5092:Traditional law 5089: 5020:Chetton dynasty 4880:Mueang Chattawa 4823: 4793:Three Seals Law 4678:Krom Sankhakari 4506: 4501: 4496: 4448:Eastern Siamese 4416:Maha Sommutiraj 4411:Maha Sommutiraj 4394: 4219: 4213: 4180:Three Seals Law 4119:(from Sanskrit 4094:Angkorian-Khmer 4082: 4077: 4072: 4064:Main articles: 4062: 4017: 4011: 3925: 3828: 3820:Main articles: 3815:Khruba Siwichai 3780:Phra Maha Kasat 3768: 3767: 3766: 3765: 3760: 3759: 3758: 3749: 3748: 3747: 3736: 3694:Thai literature 3505:Prachathippatai 3479:Prince Prisdang 3475: 3470: 3322:holy man rebels 3230: 3199:Paknam Incident 3174:พระยอดเมืองขวาง 3155:on 13 July 1893 3153:Paknam incident 3133: 3131:Paknam incident 3125:Main articles: 3063:and the French 3050:Lanna Chiangmai 3021:, occupied the 3015:Black Flag Army 2985:Sipsong Chuthai 2961: 2905: 2892: 2818: 2695:Townsend Harris 2640: 2635: 2578:First Opium War 2406: 2343:Nong Bua Lamphu 2256:Nguyễn Phúc Ánh 2237:Tây Sơn dynasty 2205: 2185:Main articles: 2183: 2152:confederacy of 2055:of the Burmese 2041: 2021:Main articles: 2019: 1951: 1946: 1941: 1917:Southeast Asian 1849:kingdom in the 1836:ราชอาณาจักรสยาม 1828:Kingdom of Siam 1818: 1804: 1803: 1795: 1762: 1726: 1724: 1719: 1718: 1674: 1666: 1665: 1660: 1659: 1579: 1571: 1570: 1494: 1486: 1485: 1339: 1329: 1328: 1302: 1291: 1271: 1264: 1249: 1248: 1247: 1242: 1238: 1229: 1225: 1216: 1212: 1203: 1199: 1189: 1137: 1123: 1109: 1095: 1090:Kingdom of Siam 1070: 1056: 1042: 1028: 1014: 1000: 942: 934: 904: 894: 871: 858: 845: 832: 819: 806: 793: 783: 770: 757: 744: 731: 689: 677: 647: 635: 623: 611: 599: 587: 575: 554: 519: 505: 491: 448: 420: 408: 396: 393: 382: 378: 376: 368: 359: 357: 353:Bulan Loi Luean 349: 346:บุหลันลอยเลื่อน 341: 332: 328: 326: 318: 301: 268: 267: 266: 264: 259: 257: 251: 245: 237: 236: 234: 229: 227: 221: 214: 196: 189: 182: 178:ราชอาณาจักรสยาม 175: 174: 173:Kingdom of Siam 172: 165: 158: 151: 150: 137: 126: 120: 117: 74: 72: 62: 50: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 17131: 17121: 17120: 17115: 17110: 17105: 17100: 17095: 17090: 17085: 17080: 17075: 17070: 17065: 17060: 17055: 17050: 17045: 17028: 17027: 17025: 17024: 17019: 17012: 17011: 17004: 16996: 16995: 16992: 16991: 16988: 16987: 16985: 16984: 16979: 16974: 16973: 16972: 16970:Solar calendar 16967: 16965:Lunar calendar 16957: 16956: 16955: 16950: 16945: 16940: 16935: 16930: 16925: 16924: 16923: 16918: 16913: 16898: 16893: 16888: 16883: 16882: 16881: 16871: 16866: 16861: 16856: 16851: 16850: 16849: 16839: 16834: 16829: 16824: 16819: 16809: 16804: 16799: 16798: 16797: 16787: 16782: 16776: 16774: 16768: 16767: 16765: 16764: 16759: 16754: 16749: 16744: 16739: 16734: 16729: 16728: 16727: 16722: 16712: 16707: 16702: 16697: 16696: 16695: 16685: 16684: 16683: 16673: 16672: 16671: 16666: 16661: 16656: 16646: 16640: 16634: 16628: 16627: 16624: 16623: 16621: 16620: 16619: 16618: 16613: 16608: 16598: 16593: 16588: 16586:Stock Exchange 16583: 16582: 16581: 16576: 16571: 16561: 16560: 16559: 16554: 16549: 16544: 16539: 16529: 16524: 16523: 16522: 16517: 16507: 16502: 16501: 16500: 16490: 16482: 16476: 16470: 16464: 16463: 16460: 16459: 16457: 16456: 16455: 16454: 16447:Prime Minister 16444: 16439: 16434: 16433: 16432: 16427: 16417: 16412: 16411: 16410: 16405: 16400: 16390: 16385: 16380: 16375: 16370: 16365: 16364: 16363: 16353: 16348: 16343: 16342: 16341: 16331: 16326: 16321: 16315: 16309: 16303: 16302: 16299: 16298: 16296: 16295: 16290: 16285: 16280: 16275: 16270: 16265: 16260: 16255: 16250: 16245: 16240: 16235: 16230: 16225: 16223:Municipalities 16220: 16215: 16209: 16203: 16197: 16196: 16193: 16192: 16190: 16189: 16184: 16179: 16174: 16168: 16166: 16162: 16161: 16159: 16158: 16153: 16148: 16143: 16138: 16133: 16128: 16123: 16118: 16116:Initial states 16113: 16108: 16103: 16098: 16092: 16090: 16083: 16077: 16076: 16065: 16064: 16057: 16050: 16042: 16033: 16032: 16020: 16017: 16016: 16014: 16013: 16008: 16003: 15997: 15995: 15991: 15990: 15988: 15987: 15982: 15977: 15971: 15969: 15965: 15964: 15961: 15960: 15958: 15957: 15952: 15947: 15942: 15937: 15931: 15929: 15925: 15924: 15922: 15921: 15909: 15904: 15892: 15887: 15875: 15863: 15857: 15855: 15848: 15844: 15843: 15840: 15839: 15837: 15836: 15831: 15826: 15821: 15816: 15810: 15808: 15804: 15803: 15801: 15800: 15795: 15790: 15784: 15782: 15778: 15777: 15775: 15774: 15769: 15757: 15751: 15749: 15745: 15744: 15742: 15741: 15736: 15724: 15712: 15707: 15701: 15699: 15695: 15694: 15692: 15691: 15685: 15683: 15676: 15674:Initial states 15670: 15669: 15667: 15666: 15661: 15656: 15651: 15646: 15641: 15636: 15630: 15628: 15624: 15623: 15621: 15620: 15615: 15610: 15604: 15602: 15598: 15597: 15590: 15589: 15582: 15575: 15567: 15558: 15557: 15546: 15543: 15542: 15538: 15537: 15535: 15534: 15529: 15524: 15519: 15514: 15509: 15504: 15499: 15494: 15489: 15484: 15479: 15474: 15469: 15464: 15462:Bowring Treaty 15459: 15454: 15449: 15444: 15439: 15434: 15429: 15424: 15419: 15414: 15409: 15404: 15399: 15394: 15385: 15380: 15375: 15370: 15365: 15354: 15352: 15350: 15349: 15344: 15339: 15334: 15332:Anna Leonowens 15329: 15324: 15319: 15314: 15303: 15302: 15300:Khana Ratsadon 15297: 15292: 15290:Sri Suriwongse 15287: 15282: 15277: 15272: 15261: 15260: 15255: 15250: 15245: 15240: 15235: 15230: 15225: 15220: 15215: 15210: 15205: 15200: 15195: 15190: 15185: 15180: 15175: 15164: 15162: 15160: 15159: 15154: 15143: 15142: 15137: 15124: 15123: 15114:Deputy Viceroy 15110: 15109: 15104: 15099: 15097:Sakdiphonlasep 15094: 15092:Maha Senanurak 15089: 15084: 15071: 15070: 15064: 15058: 15052: 15046: 15040: 15034: 15018:Chakri dynasty 15014: 15011: 15010: 15007: 15004: 14998: 14995: 14994: 14987: 14986: 14979: 14972: 14964: 14958: 14957: 14946: 14943: 14940: 14939: 14908: 14901: 14876: 14861: 14807: 14780: 14762: 14740: 14722: 14704: 14686: 14662: 14640: 14620: 14602: 14584: 14560: 14538: 14518: 14494: 14468: 14438: 14419:(3): 592–619. 14403: 14385: 14365: 14348: 14345:. 25 May 2012. 14334: 14319: 14296: 14273: 14256: 14239: 14221: 14195: 14175: 14156:(2): 141–198. 14140: 14116: 14111:Dhammathai.org 14098: 14083: 14035: 14020: 13996: 13970: 13951: 13932: 13925: 13898: 13855: 13820: 13786: 13758: 13736: 13713: 13698: 13683: 13660: 13645: 13630: 13608: 13578: 13558: 13525: 13510: 13495: 13480: 13462: 13447: 13423: 13405: 13377: 13355: 13329: 13301: 13283: 13261: 13258:. J.W. Parker. 13233: 13215: 13208: 13190: 13174: 13167: 13146: 13124: 13096: 13089: 13062: 13024: 12986: 12971: 12956: 12949: 12924: 12917: 12899: 12892: 12874: 12867: 12846: 12839: 12821: 12814: 12793: 12786: 12768: 12761: 12740: 12716: 12709: 12682: 12650: 12643: 12625: 12618: 12573: 12566: 12535: 12528: 12493: 12486: 12468: 12461: 12441: 12409: 12365: 12347: 12315: 12297: 12267: 12247: 12226:10.1086/237848 12200: 12174: 12156: 12136: 12121: 12101: 12079: 12059: 12032:(2): 122–138. 12007: 11961: 11927: 11891: 11855: 11837: 11819: 11816:. 17 May 2021. 11801: 11765: 11741: 11719: 11691: 11673: 11658: 11643: 11621: 11601: 11499: 11481: 11455: 11448: 11377: 11350: 11335: 11320: 11301: 11275: 11260: 11257:. River Books. 11245: 11221: 11206: 11191: 11176: 11161: 11135: 11120: 11105: 11090: 11075: 11055: 11021: 10991: 10950: 10780: 10754: 10747: 10727: 10720: 10700: 10693: 10673: 10643: 10636: 10616: 10609: 10590: 10583:978-0521800860 10582: 10564: 10546: 10540:978-0521800860 10539: 10521: 10479: 10478: 10476: 10473: 10472: 10471: 10466: 10465: 10464: 10454: 10447: 10444: 10354: 10351: 10350: 10349: 10343: 10336: 10334: 10331: 10324: 10322: 10316: 10309: 10281: 10278: 10210: 10209: 10160: 10158: 10151: 10145: 10142: 10045:, who was the 9945: 9942: 9930:Ariyaka script 9924:also invented 9890:Malay language 9825: 9822: 9820: 9817: 9782:Khrua In Khong 9768: 9761: 9760: 9756:Wat Boromniwat 9752:Khrua In Khong 9746: 9739: 9738: 9737: 9725: 9718: 9717: 9713: 9706: 9705: 9704: 9703: 9702: 9700: 9697: 9688:Wat Phichaiyat 9643:Wat Phichaiyat 9641: 9634: 9633: 9629: 9622: 9621: 9620: 9612: 9605: 9604: 9600: 9593: 9592: 9591: 9590: 9589: 9587: 9584: 9568:life of Buddha 9456:Emerald Buddha 9429:Main article: 9407: 9400: 9399: 9395: 9388: 9387: 9379: 9372: 9371: 9370: 9355: 9348: 9347: 9334: 9327: 9326: 9318: 9311: 9310: 9309: 9308: 9307: 9305: 9302: 9300: 9297: 9295: 9292: 9209: 9208: 9159: 9157: 9150: 9144: 9141: 9079:Samuha Kalahom 9017: 9014: 9003:), the Muslim 8933: 8932: 8883: 8881: 8874: 8868: 8865: 8747:Shiite Muslims 8723: 8720: 8664: 8661: 8649:Pergrata Nobis 8599: 8596: 8570: 8567: 8438:Main article: 8435: 8432: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8284: 8283: 8217: 8216: 8215: 8184: 8159: 8057: 8056: 8017:The nobility, 8015: 7932:commoners and 7911: 7908: 7843:Pattani Malays 7768:took Vientiane 7741: 7738: 7724:at 14,320 and 7692: 7689: 7644:commoners and 7613: 7610: 7596: 7593: 7583:Stephen Matoon 7533:Andrew Jackson 7529:Edmund Roberts 7508:Main article: 7505: 7502: 7472:Oddar Meanchey 7345: 7342: 7252:L'Illustration 7240:Main article: 7198:Parti Colonial 7177:Main article: 7174: 7171: 7018: 7015: 6878: 6877:Early Contacts 6875: 6870:Main article: 6867: 6864: 6860:Bowring Treaty 6847:Edward Strobel 6823:British Malaya 6775:Lord Lansdowne 6771:British Malaya 6735:British Malaya 6716:Main article: 6713: 6712:Treaty of 1909 6710: 6664:Lord Salisbury 6653:British Empire 6631: 6628: 6503: 6500: 6453: 6450: 6383:Raja Bendahara 6359:Isthmus of Kra 6339:Windsor Castle 6287:Bowring Treaty 6278: 6275: 6271:Bowring Treaty 6258:Phasi Pak Reua 6178:Seberang Perai 6141: 6140:Early contacts 6138: 6136: 6135:British Empire 6133: 6048:Kromma Tha Sai 6040: 6039: 6032: 6015: 6008:Siamlo Kok Ong 5969:Siamlo Kok Ong 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5734: 5731: 5710:Phasi Pak Ruea 5697:Bowring Treaty 5688: 5685: 5631:Phasi Pak Reua 5595: 5592: 5586:, Bangkok and 5537: 5536: 5524: 5507: 5482: 5479:Phasi Pak Reua 5463:Phasi Pak Reua 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5391:Khana Ratsadon 5330:British Malaya 5248:consular court 5240:Bowring Treaty 5231: 5228: 5224:Bowring Treaty 5121:as its model. 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5076: 5075: 5052: 5047: 5044: 5037: 5027:Luang Phrabang 5023: 4997:mandala system 4923:Samuha Kalahom 4822: 4819: 4805:Samuha Kalahom 4762:Samuha Kalahom 4688: 4687: 4675: 4663: 4647: 4646: 4642:เจ้าพระยาพลเทพ 4628: 4610: 4598: 4594:เจ้าพระยายมราช 4544:Samuha Kalahom 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4393: 4390: 4389: 4388: 4384:Royal Fan and 4382: 4370: 4361: 4349: 4337: 4215:Main article: 4212: 4209: 4090:Chakri dynasty 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4070:Chakri dynasty 4061: 4058: 4053:decolonisation 4041:Khana Ratsadon 4013:Main article: 4010: 4007: 3989:อภิรัฐมนตรีสภา 3924: 3921: 3863:, to join the 3853:Central Powers 3762: 3761: 3752: 3751: 3750: 3741: 3740: 3739: 3738: 3737: 3735: 3732: 3663:Prince Damrong 3525:women's rights 3474: 3471: 3469: 3466: 3440:British Malaya 3350:Khorat Plateau 3310:Queen Saovabha 3266:Prince Damrong 3249:Prince Damrong 3239:(center) with 3229: 3226: 3189:, entered the 3042:mandala system 2960: 2957: 2888:Main article: 2865:Anna Leonowens 2829:Bowring Treaty 2817: 2814: 2675:Phasi Pak Ruea 2671:Bowring Treaty 2639: 2636: 2634: 2631: 2595:Bowring Treaty 2582:British Empire 2522:Roberts Treaty 2512:Phasi Pak Ruea 2420:Sura Singhanat 2405: 2402: 2213:Luang Phrabang 2209:took Vientiane 2182: 2179: 2096:in 1786–1787. 2018: 2015: 2007:Emerald Buddha 1991:Sura Singhanat 1983:Chakri dynasty 1950: 1947: 1945: 1942: 1940: 1937: 1901:Chakri dynasty 1764: 1763: 1761: 1760: 1753: 1746: 1738: 1735: 1734: 1721: 1720: 1717: 1716: 1711: 1706: 1701: 1696: 1691: 1686: 1684:Constitutional 1681: 1675: 1672: 1671: 1668: 1667: 1662: 1661: 1656: 1655: 1653: 1647: 1646: 1644: 1638: 1637: 1635: 1629: 1628: 1626: 1620: 1619: 1616: 1612: 1611: 1608: 1602: 1601: 1598: 1592: 1591: 1588: 1580: 1577: 1576: 1573: 1572: 1567: 1566: 1563: 1557: 1556: 1553: 1547: 1546: 1543: 1537: 1536: 1533: 1527: 1526: 1523: 1517: 1516: 1513: 1507: 1506: 1503: 1495: 1492: 1491: 1488: 1487: 1482: 1481: 1478: 1472: 1471: 1470:671 CE–1025 CE 1468: 1462: 1461: 1460:638 CE–1292 CE 1458: 1452: 1451: 1450:629 CE–1292 CE 1448: 1442: 1441: 1438: 1432: 1431: 1430:500 CE–1200 CE 1428: 1422: 1421: 1420:468 CE–1388 CE 1418: 1412: 1411: 1408: 1402: 1401: 1400:100 CE–1500 CE 1398: 1392: 1391: 1390:100 CE–1277 CE 1388: 1382: 1381: 1378: 1372: 1371: 1370:200 BCE–700 CE 1368: 1362: 1361: 1360:691 BCE–638 CE 1358: 1352: 1351: 1348: 1340: 1337:Initial states 1335: 1334: 1331: 1330: 1325: 1324: 1321: 1315: 1314: 1311: 1303: 1298: 1297: 1292: 1289: 1288: 1285: 1284: 1276: 1275: 1266: 1265: 1258: 1251: 1250: 1246: 1245: 1236: 1223: 1219:Bowring Treaty 1210: 1196: 1195: 1194: 1191: 1190: 1188: 1187: 1182: 1177: 1172: 1167: 1162: 1156: 1154: 1150: 1149: 1146: 1145: 1142: 1141: 1134: 1128: 1127: 1120: 1114: 1113: 1106: 1104:British Malaya 1100: 1099: 1092: 1083: 1080: 1079: 1074: 1066: 1065: 1060: 1052: 1051: 1046: 1038: 1037: 1032: 1024: 1023: 1018: 1010: 1009: 1004: 992: 991: 986: 976: 975: 972: 966: 965: 958: 954: 953: 940: 936: 935: 933: 932: 926: 919: 917: 913: 912: 909: 908: 905: 902: 899: 898: 895: 892: 889: 888: 885: 884: 880: 879: 876: 875: 872: 866: 863: 862: 859: 853: 850: 849: 846: 840: 837: 836: 833: 827: 824: 823: 820: 814: 811: 810: 807: 804:Bowring Treaty 801: 798: 797: 794: 791: 788: 787: 784: 778: 775: 774: 771: 765: 762: 761: 758: 752: 749: 748: 745: 739: 736: 735: 732: 729: 726: 725: 722: 721: 712: 711:Historical era 708: 707: 704: 700: 699: 696: 695: 690: 687: 684: 683: 678: 675: 672: 671: 668: 667: 664: 658: 657: 654: 653: 648: 645: 642: 641: 636: 633: 630: 629: 624: 621: 618: 617: 612: 609: 606: 605: 600: 597: 594: 593: 588: 585: 582: 581: 576: 573: 570: 569: 566: 565: 562: 556: 555: 553: 552: 546: 539: 537: 533: 532: 527: 521: 520: 518: 517: 500: 485: 483: 479: 478: 449: 446: 443: 442: 436: 432: 431: 426: 422: 421: 418: 410: 409: 406: 398: 397: 395: 394: 380: 361: 342: 330: 310: 303: 302: 300: 299: 296: 284: 276: 270: 269: 252: 239: 238: 222: 215: 208: 207: 206: 203: 202: 198: 197: 148: 139: 138: 53: 51: 44: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 17130: 17119: 17116: 17114: 17111: 17109: 17106: 17104: 17101: 17099: 17096: 17094: 17091: 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16706: 16703: 16701: 16700:Ethnic groups 16698: 16694: 16691: 16690: 16689: 16686: 16682: 16679: 16678: 16677: 16674: 16670: 16667: 16665: 16662: 16660: 16657: 16655: 16652: 16651: 16650: 16647: 16645: 16642: 16641: 16638: 16635: 16633: 16629: 16617: 16614: 16612: 16609: 16607: 16604: 16603: 16602: 16599: 16597: 16594: 16592: 16589: 16587: 16584: 16580: 16577: 16575: 16572: 16570: 16567: 16566: 16565: 16562: 16558: 16555: 16553: 16550: 16548: 16545: 16543: 16540: 16538: 16535: 16534: 16533: 16530: 16528: 16527:Manufacturing 16525: 16521: 16518: 16516: 16513: 16512: 16511: 16508: 16506: 16503: 16499: 16496: 16495: 16494: 16491: 16489: 16483: 16481: 16478: 16477: 16474: 16471: 16469: 16465: 16453: 16450: 16449: 16448: 16445: 16443: 16440: 16438: 16435: 16431: 16428: 16426: 16423: 16422: 16421: 16418: 16416: 16413: 16409: 16406: 16404: 16401: 16399: 16396: 16395: 16394: 16391: 16389: 16386: 16384: 16381: 16379: 16376: 16374: 16371: 16369: 16366: 16362: 16359: 16358: 16357: 16354: 16352: 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15498: 15495: 15493: 15490: 15488: 15485: 15483: 15480: 15478: 15475: 15473: 15470: 15468: 15465: 15463: 15460: 15458: 15455: 15453: 15450: 15448: 15445: 15443: 15440: 15438: 15435: 15433: 15430: 15428: 15425: 15423: 15420: 15418: 15417:Burney Treaty 15415: 15413: 15410: 15408: 15405: 15403: 15400: 15398: 15395: 15393: 15389: 15386: 15384: 15381: 15379: 15376: 15374: 15371: 15369: 15366: 15364: 15361: 15360: 15359: 15358: 15353: 15348: 15347:Auguste Pavie 15345: 15343: 15340: 15338: 15335: 15333: 15330: 15328: 15325: 15323: 15320: 15318: 15315: 15313: 15310: 15309: 15308: 15307: 15301: 15298: 15296: 15295:Surasakmontri 15293: 15291: 15288: 15286: 15285:Prayurawongse 15283: 15281: 15278: 15276: 15273: 15271: 15268: 15267: 15266: 15265: 15259: 15256: 15254: 15251: 15249: 15246: 15244: 15241: 15239: 15236: 15234: 15231: 15229: 15226: 15224: 15221: 15219: 15216: 15214: 15211: 15209: 15206: 15204: 15201: 15199: 15196: 15194: 15191: 15189: 15186: 15184: 15181: 15179: 15176: 15174: 15171: 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Routledge. 12860: 12853: 12851: 12842: 12840:9781317354499 12836: 12833:. Routledge. 12832: 12825: 12817: 12815:9780739103562 12811: 12807: 12800: 12798: 12789: 12787:9781134388738 12783: 12780:. Routledge. 12779: 12772: 12764: 12762:9781134366835 12758: 12754: 12747: 12745: 12736: 12729: 12727: 12725: 12723: 12721: 12712: 12710:9781135909000 12706: 12702: 12695: 12693: 12691: 12689: 12687: 12667: 12660: 12654: 12646: 12644:9780804779470 12640: 12636: 12629: 12621: 12619:9780824880309 12615: 12611: 12604: 12602: 12600: 12598: 12596: 12594: 12592: 12590: 12588: 12586: 12584: 12582: 12580: 12578: 12569: 12567:9789814518499 12563: 12559: 12552: 12550: 12548: 12546: 12544: 12542: 12540: 12531: 12529:9781509927715 12525: 12521: 12514: 12512: 12510: 12508: 12506: 12504: 12502: 12500: 12498: 12489: 12487:9780521872379 12483: 12479: 12472: 12464: 12458: 12454: 12453: 12445: 12437: 12430: 12428: 12426: 12424: 12422: 12420: 12418: 12416: 12414: 12405: 12398: 12396: 12394: 12392: 12390: 12388: 12386: 12384: 12382: 12380: 12378: 12376: 12374: 12372: 12370: 12361: 12354: 12352: 12343: 12336: 12334: 12332: 12330: 12328: 12326: 12324: 12322: 12320: 12311: 12304: 12302: 12293: 12286: 12284: 12282: 12280: 12278: 12276: 12274: 12272: 12263: 12256: 12254: 12252: 12243: 12239: 12235: 12231: 12227: 12223: 12219: 12215: 12211: 12204: 12196: 12189: 12183: 12181: 12179: 12170: 12163: 12161: 12152: 12145: 12143: 12141: 12132: 12125: 12117: 12110: 12108: 12106: 12097: 12090: 12088: 12086: 12084: 12072: 12066: 12064: 12055: 12051: 12047: 12043: 12039: 12035: 12031: 12027: 12020: 12018: 12016: 12014: 12012: 12003: 11999: 11995: 11991: 11987: 11983: 11979: 11975: 11968: 11966: 11957: 11950: 11948: 11946: 11944: 11942: 11940: 11938: 11936: 11934: 11932: 11923: 11916: 11914: 11912: 11910: 11908: 11906: 11904: 11902: 11900: 11898: 11896: 11887: 11880: 11878: 11876: 11874: 11872: 11870: 11868: 11866: 11864: 11862: 11860: 11851: 11844: 11842: 11830: 11823: 11815: 11811: 11805: 11797: 11790: 11784: 11782: 11780: 11778: 11776: 11774: 11772: 11770: 11761: 11754: 11752: 11750: 11748: 11746: 11737: 11730: 11728: 11726: 11724: 11715: 11708: 11706: 11704: 11702: 11700: 11698: 11696: 11687: 11680: 11678: 11669: 11662: 11654: 11647: 11639: 11632: 11630: 11628: 11626: 11617: 11610: 11608: 11606: 11597: 11590: 11588: 11586: 11584: 11582: 11580: 11578: 11576: 11574: 11572: 11570: 11568: 11566: 11564: 11562: 11560: 11558: 11556: 11554: 11552: 11550: 11548: 11546: 11544: 11542: 11540: 11538: 11536: 11534: 11532: 11530: 11528: 11526: 11524: 11522: 11520: 11518: 11516: 11514: 11512: 11510: 11508: 11506: 11504: 11495: 11488: 11486: 11477: 11470: 11468: 11466: 11464: 11462: 11460: 11451: 11449:0-415-29725-7 11445: 11441: 11434: 11432: 11430: 11428: 11426: 11424: 11422: 11420: 11418: 11416: 11414: 11412: 11410: 11408: 11406: 11404: 11402: 11400: 11398: 11396: 11394: 11392: 11390: 11388: 11386: 11384: 11382: 11373: 11366: 11359: 11357: 11355: 11346: 11339: 11331: 11324: 11316: 11310: 11308: 11306: 11297: 11293: 11289: 11282: 11280: 11272:. NIAS Press. 11271: 11264: 11256: 11249: 11241: 11234: 11232: 11230: 11228: 11226: 11217: 11210: 11202: 11195: 11187: 11180: 11172: 11165: 11157: 11150: 11148: 11146: 11144: 11142: 11140: 11131: 11124: 11116: 11109: 11101: 11094: 11086: 11079: 11071: 11064: 11062: 11060: 11051: 11045: 11037: 11030: 11028: 11026: 11017: 11010: 11008: 11006: 11004: 11002: 11000: 10998: 10996: 10987: 10983: 10977: 10975: 10973: 10971: 10969: 10967: 10965: 10963: 10961: 10959: 10957: 10955: 10946: 10939: 10937: 10935: 10933: 10931: 10929: 10927: 10925: 10923: 10921: 10919: 10917: 10915: 10913: 10911: 10909: 10907: 10905: 10903: 10901: 10899: 10897: 10895: 10893: 10891: 10889: 10887: 10885: 10883: 10881: 10879: 10877: 10875: 10873: 10871: 10869: 10867: 10865: 10863: 10861: 10859: 10857: 10855: 10853: 10851: 10849: 10847: 10845: 10843: 10841: 10839: 10837: 10835: 10833: 10831: 10829: 10827: 10825: 10823: 10821: 10819: 10817: 10815: 10813: 10811: 10809: 10807: 10805: 10803: 10801: 10799: 10797: 10795: 10793: 10791: 10789: 10787: 10785: 10768: 10764: 10758: 10750: 10744: 10740: 10739: 10731: 10723: 10717: 10713: 10712: 10704: 10696: 10690: 10686: 10685: 10677: 10661: 10657: 10656:web.nso.go.th 10653: 10647: 10639: 10633: 10629: 10628: 10620: 10612: 10606: 10602: 10601: 10594: 10585: 10579: 10575: 10568: 10561: 10555: 10553: 10551: 10542: 10536: 10532: 10525: 10517: 10511: 10495: 10491: 10484: 10480: 10470: 10467: 10463: 10460: 10459: 10458: 10455: 10453: 10450: 10449: 10443: 10434: 10433: 10420: 10419: 10413: 10408: 10406: 10405:Chulalongkorn 10401: 10396: 10393: 10389: 10384: 10380: 10379: 10370: 10365: 10360: 10347: 10340: 10335: 10328: 10323: 10320: 10313: 10308: 10307: 10306: 10304: 10300: 10296: 10292: 10288: 10277: 10276: 10272: 10268: 10263: 10261: 10257: 10253: 10249: 10245: 10235: 10231: 10221: 10216: 10206: 10203: 10195: 10185: 10181: 10177: 10171: 10170: 10166: 10161:This section 10159: 10155: 10150: 10149: 10141: 10132: 10128: 10124: 10120: 10116: 10112: 10108: 10104: 10103: 10098: 10094: 10090: 10082: 10078: 10074: 10070: 10068: 10067:King Naresuan 10064: 10060: 10056: 10052: 10048: 10044: 10040: 10036: 10032: 10031: 10026: 10025: 10020: 10016: 10015: 10004: 9994: 9984: 9980: 9976: 9972: 9971: 9962: 9958: 9954: 9950: 9941: 9931: 9927: 9921: 9919: 9915: 9911: 9907: 9903: 9899: 9895: 9891: 9887: 9883: 9879: 9875: 9871: 9867: 9857: 9853: 9838: 9834: 9830: 9816: 9814: 9810: 9806: 9805:Mot Amatyakul 9800: 9798: 9797: 9791: 9790:impressionist 9787: 9783: 9772: 9765: 9757: 9753: 9749: 9748:Impressionist 9743: 9732: 9728: 9722: 9710: 9696: 9693: 9689: 9685: 9675: 9670: 9666: 9655: 9644: 9638: 9626: 9615: 9609: 9597: 9583: 9579: 9577: 9573: 9569: 9564: 9562: 9557: 9553: 9551: 9546: 9545: 9539: 9537: 9536: 9525: 9515: 9514: 9503: 9493: 9492: 9481: 9480: 9474: 9472: 9467: 9466: 9461: 9458:, moved from 9457: 9453: 9452:Wat Phra Kaew 9449: 9439: 9432: 9414: 9410: 9404: 9392: 9384:pagoda (1853) 9383: 9376: 9365: 9361: 9360: 9352: 9343: 9342:Wat Phra Kaew 9339: 9338: 9331: 9322: 9315: 9291: 9289: 9288:Robert Hunter 9285: 9281: 9277: 9276:Phuttha Amnat 9273: 9269: 9265: 9261: 9257: 9256:Chuang Bunnag 9253: 9252:Prince Isaret 9249: 9244: 9240: 9236: 9232: 9227: 9225: 9224:Krom Asa Cham 9221: 9220:Krom Asa Cham 9216: 9205: 9202: 9194: 9184: 9180: 9176: 9170: 9169: 9165: 9160:This section 9158: 9154: 9149: 9148: 9140: 9136: 9133: 9129: 9125: 9115: 9111: 9101: 9097: 9092: 9084: 9080: 9076: 9072: 9071:Phuket Island 9068: 9067:Francis Light 9064: 9060: 9057: 9052: 9044: 9040: 9037: 9030: 9026: 9022: 9013: 9010: 9006: 8996: 8995:Krom Asa Cham 8991: 8983: 8977:กรมพระอัศวราช 8973: 8968: 8958: 8953: 8951: 8945: 8940: 8929: 8926: 8918: 8908: 8904: 8900: 8894: 8893: 8889: 8884:This section 8882: 8878: 8873: 8872: 8864: 8862: 8858: 8854: 8850: 8847: 8844: 8834: 8829: 8827: 8823: 8819: 8818:Tonson Mosque 8815: 8811: 8802: 8798: 8794: 8790: 8786: 8776: 8772: 8762: 8752: 8748: 8743: 8728: 8719: 8711: 8708: 8698: 8695:Presbyterian 8693: 8689: 8685: 8681: 8680:Karl Gützlaff 8678: 8674: 8670: 8660: 8658: 8654: 8650: 8646: 8642: 8638: 8634: 8630: 8626: 8621: 8619: 8614: 8610: 8606: 8592: 8588: 8584: 8580: 8575: 8566: 8564: 8559: 8555: 8551: 8543: 8539: 8535: 8533: 8529: 8525: 8521: 8517: 8507: 8503: 8499: 8489: 8488:Dhammayuttika 8485: 8481: 8477: 8472: 8467: 8459: 8454: 8446: 8441: 8431: 8429: 8419: 8415: 8411: 8407: 8403: 8399: 8398: 8393: 8389: 8388: 8382: 8380: 8376: 8366: 8356: 8350: 8348: 8344: 8340: 8339:Wat Chetuphon 8336: 8331: 8328: 8324: 8323: 8319: 8311: 8306: 8292: 8290: 8275: 8265: 8256: 8251: 8247: 8243: 8236: 8232: 8222: 8218: 8213: 8203: 8199: 8189: 8185: 8182: 8178: 8174: 8164: 8160: 8156: 8146: 8142: 8138: 8128: 8124: 8123: 8122: 8118: 8114: 8110: 8106: 8102: 8098: 8094: 8090: 8086: 8076: 8072: 8071: 8070: 8062: 8048: 8043: 8039: 8034: 8030: 8020: 8016: 8013: 8010:The royalty, 8009: 8008: 8007: 8005: 8001: 7997: 7993: 7989: 7985: 7984: 7979: 7975: 7971: 7970: 7962: 7958: 7953: 7949: 7947: 7943: 7939: 7935: 7931: 7921: 7917: 7907: 7904: 7894: 7889: 7885: 7879: 7877: 7873: 7869: 7864: 7855: 7851: 7847: 7844: 7839: 7836: 7832: 7827: 7825: 7821: 7817: 7813: 7809: 7799: 7798:Northern Thai 7795: 7785: 7781: 7777: 7773: 7769: 7761: 7757: 7754:), in modern 7746: 7737: 7733: 7731: 7727: 7723: 7719: 7715: 7709: 7707: 7703: 7699: 7688: 7686: 7682: 7678: 7674: 7670: 7666: 7656: 7650: 7647: 7643: 7633: 7630:recorded the 7629: 7619: 7609: 7606: 7602: 7592: 7589: 7584: 7579: 7574: 7570: 7566: 7563: 7559: 7553: 7551: 7547: 7543: 7542: 7538: 7534: 7530: 7523: 7522: 7516: 7511: 7504:United States 7501: 7499: 7494: 7490: 7485: 7481: 7477: 7473: 7469: 7465: 7461: 7457: 7453: 7449: 7441: 7437: 7433: 7429: 7424: 7420: 7418: 7414: 7410: 7406: 7402: 7398: 7394: 7389: 7383: 7381: 7377: 7373: 7369: 7364: 7360: 7356: 7352: 7341: 7339: 7335: 7331: 7327: 7323: 7318: 7314: 7310: 7309:Jules Develle 7306: 7302: 7298: 7294: 7290: 7286: 7282: 7278: 7269: 7265: 7261: 7257: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7236: 7231: 7227: 7223: 7219: 7215: 7211: 7207: 7203: 7199: 7195: 7190: 7186: 7180: 7170: 7167: 7163: 7162:Điện Biên Phủ 7159: 7154: 7145: 7141: 7137: 7133: 7132:Auguste Pavie 7129: 7125: 7123: 7118: 7114: 7110: 7106: 7102: 7098: 7094: 7090: 7089:Auguste Pavie 7085: 7084:Luang Prabang 7081: 7077: 7073: 7069: 7065: 7061: 7057: 7052: 7048: 7044: 7040: 7032: 7028: 7023: 7014: 7012: 7011:Moung Ruessei 7008: 7004: 7000: 6996: 6992: 6988: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6973: 6969: 6965: 6961: 6957: 6953: 6949: 6945: 6940: 6932: 6931: 6925: 6921: 6919: 6915: 6911: 6907: 6903: 6895: 6891: 6889: 6883: 6873: 6863: 6861: 6856: 6852: 6848: 6844: 6840: 6832: 6828: 6824: 6820: 6816: 6812: 6808: 6804: 6799: 6795: 6792: 6788: 6783: 6781: 6776: 6772: 6769:compromising 6767: 6763: 6758: 6757: 6752: 6748: 6744: 6736: 6732: 6728: 6724: 6719: 6709: 6706: 6702: 6701:German Empire 6697: 6693: 6688: 6686: 6685:Southern Siam 6681: 6677: 6673: 6669: 6665: 6660: 6658: 6654: 6650: 6646: 6641: 6637: 6636:Lord Rosebery 6627: 6624: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6603: 6599: 6595: 6591: 6587: 6583: 6579: 6575: 6574:British Burma 6570: 6562: 6550: 6546: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6532: 6527: 6523: 6522:Salween River 6519: 6515: 6510: 6499: 6496: 6492: 6491:Mot Amatyakul 6488: 6483: 6480: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6458: 6449: 6447: 6443: 6442:Salween River 6439: 6438:British Burma 6435: 6431: 6427: 6424:had acquired 6423: 6422:British India 6419: 6416: 6412: 6408: 6404: 6399: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6367: 6364: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6348: 6340: 6336: 6331: 6327: 6324: 6320: 6316: 6312: 6308: 6304: 6300: 6296: 6288: 6283: 6274: 6272: 6268: 6264: 6259: 6255: 6250: 6247: 6243: 6239: 6235: 6231: 6226: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6211:resulting in 6210: 6206: 6202: 6198: 6197:John Crawfurd 6194: 6189: 6187: 6183: 6179: 6175: 6174:Francis Light 6171: 6167: 6163: 6159: 6155: 6154:Penang Island 6146: 6132: 6130: 6126: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6110: 6106: 6102: 6101:Canton system 6098: 6094: 6090: 6085: 6083: 6079: 6075: 6071: 6067: 6063: 6059: 6049: 6045: 6037: 6033: 6030: 6020: 6016: 6013: 6012: 6011: 6009: 6005: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5981: 5977: 5972: 5970: 5960: 5956: 5946: 5942: 5938: 5923: 5921: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5898: 5897:Dutch guilder 5894: 5888: 5886: 5882: 5878: 5873: 5871: 5867: 5866: 5860: 5858: 5855:, quarter of 5848: 5844: 5834: 5830: 5827:, quarter of 5820: 5810: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5767: 5757: 5756: 5747: 5743: 5739: 5730: 5728: 5724: 5718: 5714: 5711: 5707: 5698: 5693: 5684: 5682: 5676: 5674: 5669: 5668:Burney Treaty 5665: 5660: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5622:พระคลังสินค้า 5618: 5613: 5612:Samphao Luang 5605: 5604:Burney Treaty 5600: 5591: 5589: 5585: 5584:Nakhon Chaisi 5581: 5575: 5573: 5569: 5559: 5558:Samphao Luang 5555: 5551: 5547: 5542: 5528: 5525: 5521: 5511: 5508: 5505: 5500: 5496: 5486: 5483: 5480: 5476: 5475: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5446: 5436: 5432: 5431: 5430: 5423: 5419: 5418: 5413: 5409: 5395: 5393: 5392: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5358: 5354: 5353:Siam Electric 5350: 5346: 5342: 5338: 5333: 5331: 5327: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5308: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5274: 5270: 5269:Chulalongkorn 5266: 5261: 5257: 5254: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5227: 5225: 5221: 5211: 5207: 5204:employed the 5203: 5199: 5195: 5185: 5175: 5170: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5126: 5122: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5084: 5082: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5045: 5042: 5038: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5008:Lanna Kingdom 5006: 5005: 5004: 5002: 4998: 4988: 4984: 4976: 4971: 4967: 4959: 4949: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4926: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4915:Lanna kingdom 4911: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4881: 4871: 4861: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4818: 4816: 4815: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4785: 4781: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4718:Thai nobility 4715: 4705: 4704: 4693: 4679: 4676: 4667: 4664: 4655: 4652: 4651: 4650: 4632: 4629: 4614: 4611: 4602: 4599: 4584: 4574: 4571: 4570: 4569: 4561: 4560: 4555: 4545: 4541: 4531: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4491: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4472:Southern Siam 4469: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4444: 4440: 4432: 4428: 4423: 4419: 4417: 4412: 4408: 4403: 4399: 4387: 4383: 4374: 4371: 4362: 4353: 4350: 4341: 4338: 4329: 4326: 4325: 4324: 4322: 4318: 4317: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4280: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4239: 4232: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4208: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4187: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4148: 4142: 4140: 4136: 4135: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4113: 4112:Chao Phaendin 4109: 4105: 4101: 4100: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4071: 4067: 4057: 4054: 4048: 4046: 4042: 4036: 4030: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4006: 4003: 3997: 3995: 3985: 3972: 3967: 3963: 3962:of Sukhothai. 3961: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3940: 3938: 3937:trade balance 3932: 3930: 3920: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3896: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3849: 3841: 3837: 3832: 3827: 3823: 3818: 3816: 3812: 3811:Northern Siam 3807: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3756: 3745: 3731: 3728: 3723: 3722:Siam Electric 3719: 3718:press freedom 3715: 3711: 3710:mock election 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3685: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3673: 3668: 3664: 3655: 3654: 3648: 3644: 3642: 3638: 3630: 3626: 3616: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3587: 3582: 3578: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3556:Crown Prince 3547: 3542: 3538: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3484: 3480: 3465: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3420: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3392: 3387: 3383: 3380: 3376: 3373:arose in the 3372: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3327: 3323: 3318: 3314: 3311: 3307: 3298: 3294: 3293:Chulalongkorn 3289: 3285: 3283: 3282: 3277: 3273: 3272: 3267: 3263: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3225: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3137: 3132: 3128: 3123: 3121: 3116: 3112: 3111:Auguste Pavie 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3082: 3079: 3074: 3069: 3066: 3062: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3034: 3030: 3028: 3025:and attacked 3024: 3023:Plain of Jars 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2970: 2965: 2956: 2954: 2953:heir apparent 2950: 2945: 2941: 2936: 2933: 2932:Andrew Clarke 2928: 2924: 2919: 2911: 2901: 2896: 2891: 2886: 2878: 2874: 2869: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2853:Chulalongkorn 2850: 2846: 2838: 2834: 2833:Chulalongkorn 2830: 2826: 2822: 2813: 2811: 2807: 2806:Salween River 2803: 2802:British Burma 2799: 2793: 2790: 2789: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2755:Bunnag family 2747: 2743: 2738: 2734: 2727: 2722: 2718: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2649: 2644: 2630: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2607:Bunnag family 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2583: 2579: 2574: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2531: 2525: 2523: 2513: 2508: 2507:Burney Treaty 2504: 2500: 2496: 2491: 2490:John Crawfurd 2487: 2486:British India 2482: 2476:พระคลังสินค้า 2472: 2463: 2459: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2416:Southern Siam 2413: 2412: 2401: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2358: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2299: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2276: 2274: 2270: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2240: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2178: 2176: 2172: 2167: 2163: 2157: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2126: 2121: 2119: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2097: 2095: 2091: 2088: 2087: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2045: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2014: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2003:Wat Phra Kaew 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1936: 1934: 1929: 1925: 1920: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1877:vassal states 1873: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1841: 1833: 1829: 1824: 1807: 1801: 1792: 1791: 1784: 1775: 1771: 1759: 1754: 1752: 1747: 1745: 1740: 1739: 1737: 1736: 1733: 1723: 1722: 1715: 1712: 1710: 1707: 1705: 1702: 1700: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1685: 1682: 1680: 1677: 1676: 1670: 1669: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1648: 1645: 1643: 1640: 1639: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1630: 1627: 1625: 1622: 1621: 1617: 1614: 1613: 1609: 1607: 1604: 1603: 1599: 1597: 1594: 1593: 1589: 1587: 1584: 1583: 1575: 1574: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1558: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1548: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1538: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1528: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1518: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1508: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1498: 1490: 1489: 1480:790 CE–974 CE 1479: 1477: 1474: 1473: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1463: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1453: 1449: 1447: 1444: 1443: 1440:600 CE–800 CE 1439: 1437: 1434: 1433: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1423: 1419: 1417: 1414: 1413: 1410:300 CE–700 CE 1409: 1407: 1404: 1403: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1393: 1389: 1387: 1384: 1383: 1379: 1377: 1374: 1373: 1369: 1367: 1366:Raktamaritika 1364: 1363: 1359: 1357: 1354: 1353: 1349: 1347: 1344: 1343: 1338: 1333: 1332: 1322: 1320: 1317: 1316: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1295: 1287: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1277: 1274: 1268: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1256: 1240: 1233: 1227: 1220: 1214: 1207: 1201: 1197: 1192: 1186: 1183: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1157: 1155: 1153:Today part of 1151: 1135: 1133: 1132:British Burma 1130: 1129: 1121: 1119: 1116: 1115: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1101: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1087: 1084: 1078: 1075: 1068: 1067: 1064: 1061: 1054: 1053: 1050: 1047: 1040: 1039: 1036: 1033: 1026: 1025: 1022: 1019: 1012: 1011: 1008: 1005: 998: 997: 994: 993: 990: 987: 985: 982: 981: 977: 973: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 945: 941: 937: 930: 927: 924: 921: 920: 918: 914: 910: 906: 900: 896: 890: 886: 881: 877: 873: 870: 864: 860: 857: 851: 847: 844: 843:Palace Revolt 838: 834: 831: 825: 821: 818: 812: 809:18 April 1855 808: 805: 799: 795: 789: 785: 782: 776: 772: 769: 768:Lao Rebellion 763: 759: 756: 755:Burney Treaty 750: 746: 743: 737: 733: 727: 723: 720: 719:modern period 716: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 694: 691: 685: 682: 679: 673: 669: 665: 663: 659: 655: 652: 649: 643: 640: 637: 631: 628: 627:Chulalongkorn 625: 619: 616: 613: 607: 604: 601: 595: 592: 589: 583: 580: 577: 571: 567: 563: 561: 557: 550: 547: 544: 541: 540: 538: 534: 531: 528: 526: 522: 516: 512: 508: 504: 501: 498: 494: 490: 487: 486: 484: 480: 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 460:Northern Thai 457: 456:Southern Thai 453: 450: 444: 440: 437: 433: 430: 427: 423: 416: 411: 404: 399: 374: 373: 362: 355: 354: 343: 324: 323: 315:จอมราชจงเจริญ 312: 311: 308: 304: 297: 294: 289: 285: 278: 277: 275: 271: 263: 256: 249: 243: 233: 226: 219: 212: 204: 199: 193: 186: 169: 162: 146: 143: 135: 132: 124: 113: 110: 106: 103: 99: 96: 92: 89: 85: 82: – 81: 77: 76:Find sources: 70: 66: 60: 59: 54:This article 52: 48: 43: 42: 37: 33: 19: 16933:Architecture 16864:Martial arts 16785:Architecture 16676:Demographics 16664:Prostitution 16659:Lèse majesté 16505:Car industry 16498:Central bank 16356:Human rights 16329:Constitution 16135: 15788:Singhanavati 15689:Suvarnabhumi 15659:1973 to 2001 15654:1932 to 1973 15649:Rattanakosin 15648: 15356: 15355: 15337:John Bowring 15305: 15304: 15275:Sunthorn Phu 15263: 15262: 15166: 15165: 15145: 15144: 15128:Crown Prince 15126: 15125: 15112: 15111: 15073: 15072: 15022: 15016: 15015: 14990: 14952: 14930:. 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Retrieved 10494:ศิลปวัฒนธรรม 10493: 10483: 10432:chong kraben 10409: 10397: 10383:chong kraben 10382: 10378:chong kraben 10376: 10374: 10368: 10295:Eton College 10283: 10264: 10259: 10251: 10247: 10243: 10233: 10229: 10219: 10217: 10213: 10198: 10192:October 2021 10189: 10174:Please help 10162: 10106: 10100: 10097:Sunthorn Phu 10085: 10062: 10058: 10054: 10046: 10039:Rachathirat, 10038: 10034: 10028: 10027:and Burmese 10023: 10012: 10002: 9992: 9988:พระราชนิพนธ์ 9982: 9968: 9966: 9922: 9918:Mai-Chattawa 9917: 9913: 9910:Mai-Chattawa 9909: 9905: 9886:Lao language 9870:Khmer script 9855: 9849: 9832: 9812: 9809:Francis Chit 9801: 9794: 9788:and for his 9779: 9771:Francis Chit 9726: 9691: 9673: 9664: 9662: 9653: 9580: 9572:Jataka tales 9565: 9555: 9549: 9542: 9540: 9534: 9523: 9512: 9502:Rabiang Khot 9501: 9489: 9477: 9475: 9470: 9464: 9448:Grand Palace 9438:Chang Sip Mu 9437: 9434: 9408: 9357: 9336: 9320: 9275: 9271: 9263: 9259: 9247: 9234: 9228: 9223: 9219: 9212: 9197: 9191:October 2021 9188: 9173:Please help 9161: 9137: 9132:breechloader 9127: 9123: 9113: 9109: 9099: 9096:muzzleloader 9093: 9088:กรมพระแสงปืน 9082: 9078: 9053: 9042: 9033: 9024: 8994: 8992: 8981: 8971: 8966: 8956: 8954: 8950:sacred water 8946: 8942: 8921: 8915:October 2021 8912: 8897:Please help 8885: 8860: 8856: 8852: 8845: 8832: 8830: 8813: 8809: 8800: 8797:Imam Hussein 8792: 8784: 8774: 8771:Sheikh Ahmad 8744: 8740: 8684:Presbyterian 8669:Jacob Tomlin 8666: 8653:Summa quidem 8652: 8648: 8645:Pope Pius IX 8628: 8622: 8601: 8586: 8582: 8579:Eastern Siam 8569:Christianity 8549: 8547: 8531: 8523: 8519: 8515: 8514:). Robes of 8505: 8501: 8487: 8483: 8479: 8475: 8470: 8465: 8463: 8427: 8417: 8413: 8409: 8405: 8401: 8396: 8391: 8385: 8383: 8374: 8364: 8354: 8351: 8335:Wat Mahathat 8320: 8315: 8288: 8285: 8274:That Chaleoi 8273: 8263: 8254: 8249: 8245: 8241: 8234: 8230: 8220: 8211: 8201: 8197: 8187: 8180: 8176: 8172: 8162: 8154: 8144: 8140: 8136: 8126: 8120: 8116: 8112: 8108: 8104: 8100: 8096: 8092: 8088: 8084: 8074: 8060: 8058: 8046: 8041: 8037: 8032: 8028: 8018: 8011: 8003: 7999: 7995: 7991: 7987: 7982: 7977: 7967: 7966: 7945: 7941: 7937: 7933: 7929: 7919: 7913: 7902: 7892: 7880: 7876:Kanchanaburi 7860: 7840: 7828: 7783: 7765: 7751:วัดบางไส้ไก่ 7734: 7710: 7694: 7684: 7676: 7672: 7668: 7664: 7654: 7651: 7645: 7641: 7637:บัญชีหางว่าว 7631: 7627: 7617: 7615: 7608:population. 7598: 7572: 7567: 7561: 7554: 7540: 7537:Sloop-of-war 7527: 7520: 7479: 7445: 7404: 7387: 7384: 7368:Central Siam 7347: 7325: 7321: 7307:to approach 7299:the Siamese 7289:Edgar Humann 7284: 7280: 7276: 7273: 7263: 7259: 7255: 7251: 7221: 7197: 7182: 7165: 7152: 7149: 7138:in 1893 and 7116: 7112: 7096: 7075: 7067: 7036: 6985: 6975: 6971: 6967: 6936: 6929: 6899: 6885: 6836: 6784: 6765: 6755: 6740: 6689: 6672:Central Siam 6661: 6638:the British 6633: 6614:Sipsongpanna 6606: 6581: 6566: 6505: 6494: 6484: 6463: 6420: 6414: 6398:Baginda Omar 6368: 6350: 6344: 6318: 6314: 6313:in the ship 6311:Harry Parkes 6292: 6277:Post-Bowring 6263:James Brooke 6257: 6253: 6251: 6246:Henry Burney 6242:Lord Amherst 6227: 6190: 6151: 6128: 6124: 6120: 6116: 6108: 6104: 6086: 6081: 6073: 6069: 6065: 6061: 6057: 6047: 6043: 6041: 6035: 6028: 6018: 6007: 6003: 5993: 5975: 5973: 5968: 5954: 5947:: chìn-kòng 5940: 5934: 5919: 5908: 5904: 5900: 5893:Mexican real 5889: 5884: 5876: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5861: 5856: 5846: 5842: 5832: 5828: 5818: 5808: 5798: 5794: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5765: 5754: 5751: 5745: 5741: 5726: 5722: 5719: 5715: 5709: 5705: 5702: 5677: 5672: 5664:Henry Burney 5661: 5643: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5626: 5616: 5611: 5609: 5580:Bang Pla Soi 5576: 5557: 5553: 5549: 5540: 5538: 5526: 5519: 5509: 5503: 5498: 5494: 5484: 5478: 5472: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5444: 5434: 5427: 5421: 5415: 5390: 5376: 5356: 5337:Sanchat Thai 5336: 5334: 5321:lèse-majesté 5309: 5297:Prince Raphi 5278: 5233: 5209: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5183: 5173: 5171: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5154: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5110: 5109:(south) and 5106: 5102: 5098: 5095: 5077: 4987:Prathetsarat 4986: 4985:were called 4980: 4957: 4947: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4927: 4922: 4919:Samuha Nayok 4918: 4909: 4893: 4889: 4879: 4869: 4859: 4849: 4839: 4833: 4813: 4811:were 10,000 4808: 4804: 4801:Samuha Nayok 4800: 4796: 4788: 4783: 4782: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4758:Samuha Nayok 4757: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4713: 4701: 4691: 4689: 4677: 4665: 4653: 4648: 4630: 4612: 4600: 4588:กรมพระนครบาล 4582: 4572: 4557: 4553: 4543: 4539: 4530:Samuha Nayok 4529: 4526: 4516: 4512: 4438: 4436: 4427:coat of arms 4415: 4410: 4406: 4402:Rajabhisekha 4401: 4395: 4320: 4315: 4302: 4295: 4291: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4266:Rajabhisekha 4265: 4260: 4231:Rajabhisekha 4230: 4203: 4199: 4191: 4188: 4183: 4171: 4159: 4151: 4146: 4143: 4138: 4134:Chakravartin 4133: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4111: 4107: 4104:Rajabhisekha 4103: 4097: 4083: 4049: 4037: 4033: 4001: 3998: 3983: 3980: 3973:(Rama VII) ( 3955: 3941: 3933: 3926: 3897: 3868: 3845: 3808: 3791: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3769: 3727:lèse-majesté 3689: 3686: 3680: 3676: 3670: 3659: 3651: 3636: 3620:กบฏ ร.ศ. ๑๓๐ 3605: 3598:Qing dynasty 3591: 3555: 3534:พระปิยมหาราช 3512: 3508: 3504: 3501:K.S.R. Kulap 3476: 3460: 3395: 3357: 3353: 3345: 3341: 3331: 3306:buffer state 3302: 3279: 3275: 3269: 3258: 3186: 3182: 3165:Mekong River 3160: 3158: 3144: 3140: 3095:Muang Thaeng 3083: 3039: 3010: 2996: 2974: 2937: 2926: 2914: 2900:Front Palace 2876: 2872: 2870: 2845:Front Palace 2842: 2836: 2794: 2786: 2782: 2751: 2748:in June 1864 2731: 2710: 2682: 2674: 2659:King Mongkut 2657: 2614: 2603:King Mongkut 2598: 2575: 2526: 2511: 2503:Henry Burney 2480: 2470: 2468: 2409: 2407: 2386:Kampong Svay 2359: 2300: 2292:Lê Văn Duyệt 2277: 2241: 2206: 2158: 2154:Sipsongpanna 2122: 2098: 2090:Thado Minsaw 2084: 2065:Kanchanaburi 2050: 2017:Burmese wars 1999:Grand Palace 1995:Front Palace 1986: 1952: 1928:nation state 1921: 1893:Malay states 1874: 1842: 1840:Rattanakosin 1839: 1827: 1814:รัตนโกสินทร์ 1789: 1769: 1767: 1651:2001–present 1623: 1618:1782–present 1578:Main history 1380:52 CE–600 CE 1356:Singhanavati 1346:Suvarnabhumi 1239: 1226: 1213: 1206:Rattanakosin 1205: 1200: 989:Succeeded by 988: 983: 960:dd/mm/yyyy ( 903:• 1929 874:24 June 1932 861:22 July 1917 848:1 April 1912 760:20 June 1826 734:6 April 1782 511:Christianity 502: 488: 452:Central Thai 306: 274:Motto: 273: 255:Coat of arms 142: 127: 121:October 2022 118: 108: 101: 94: 87: 75: 63:Please help 58:verification 55: 18:Rattanakosin 16982:Video games 16574:Measurement 16480:Agriculture 16233:Earthquakes 16172:Archaeology 16106:Tai peoples 15980:Phitsanulok 15915: [ 15898: [ 15881: [ 15869: [ 15834:Tambralinga 15798:Haripuñjaya 15763: [ 15730: [ 15718: [ 15517:World War I 15067:Prajadhipok 15006:Individuals 14617:. Springer. 14032:. ABC-CLIO. 13657:. Springer. 13402:. Springer. 12220:(1): 1–20. 11618:. ABC-CLIO. 11242:. ABC-CLIO. 10369:raj pattern 10260:Pariyattham 10252:Pariyattham 10230:Pariyattham 10225:ปริยัติธรรม 10220:Pariyattham 10138: 1845 10131:Phetchaburi 9979:Panji tales 9937: 1841 9928:-inspired ' 9866:Thai script 9844: 1841 9650: 1830 9443:ช่างสิบหมู่ 9420: 1834 9274:(Thai name 9262:(Thai name 9122:from Malay 8859:Ma-ngon or 8799:was called 8735: 1784 8675:and German 8651:(1852) and 8534:, in 1836. 8423:กรมสังฆการี 8410:Somdet Phra 8347:Wat Rakhang 8155:Phrai luang 8141:Phrai luang 8137:Phrai luang 8127:Phrai luang 8073:Commoners, 7854:Wat Yannawa 7820:Muang Phuan 7794:Chiang Saen 7726:Phitsanulok 7720:at 36,900, 7718:Chanthaburi 7716:at 41,350, 7634:registers ( 7623:กรมสุรัสวดี 7573:San Jacinto 7521:USS Peacock 7376:Chiang Saen 7359:Chanthaburi 7311:the French 7210:Stung Treng 7189:Muang Phuan 7101:Đèo Văn Trị 7064:Muang Phuan 6939:Cochinchina 6855:Ralph Paget 6696:Bang Saphan 6426:Lower Burma 6375:Riau-Lingga 5980:King Taksin 5681:tax farming 5649:bird's nest 5468:ภาษีปากเรือ 5341:World War I 5215:จารีตนครบาล 5058:(including 4906:Phitsanulok 4697:บรรดาศักดิ์ 4683:กรมสังฆการี 4659:กรมสุรัสวดี 4613:Krom Khlang 4601:Kromma Wang 4460:Chanthaburi 4373:Royal Staff 4272:'king' and 4264:, known as 4247:Royal Staff 4227:Prajadhipok 4156:Law of Manu 4141:moral law. 4108:Chao Chiwit 4025:Royal Plaza 3971:Prajadhipok 3960:Prajadhipok 3916:Harvard Law 3848:World War I 3840:World War I 3706:Dusit Thani 3633:ลูกเสือบ้าน 3548:(Rama VI) ( 3529:Meiji Japan 3513:ādhipateyya 3247:(left) and 3208:Chanthaburi 3197:during the 3099:Đèo Văn Trị 3061:Upper Burma 3019:Muang Phuan 2906: 1890 2759:Cochinchina 2685:methods of 2650:(Rama IV) ( 2563:Kubang Pasu 2535:Andaman Sea 2517:ภาษีปากเรือ 2315:Raxabut Nyô 2280:Ang Chan II 2146:Chiang Hung 2130:Chiang Saen 1971:olive plums 1889:Shan States 1709:Phitsanulok 1446:Haripuñjaya 1386:Tambralinga 1309:Spirit Cave 1270:History of 984:Preceded by 957:Date format 703:Legislature 651:Prajadhipok 551:(1892–1932) 545:(1782–1892) 379:(1888–1932) 360:(1871–1888) 329:(1852–1871) 265:(1911–1932) 258:(1873–1910) 235:(1917–1932) 228:(1832–1916) 17037:Categories 16842:Literature 16654:Corruption 16569:Inventions 16487:(currency) 16420:Parliament 16388:Ministries 16351:Government 16339:Commission 16238:Ecoregions 16156:since 2001 16096:Prehistory 16089:Chronology 15861:Chiang Mai 15824:Langkasuka 15760:Khottrabun 15755:Canasapura 15664:Since 2001 15608:Prehistory 15357:Key events 15317:Nguyễn Ánh 15306:Foreigners 15280:Bodindecha 15140:Vajiravudh 15135:Vajirunhis 15107:Wichaichan 15069:(Rama VII) 15061:Vajiravudh 15045:(Rama III) 15009:Key events 14932:7 November 11038:. Bangkok. 10773:1 November 10666:14 January 10475:References 10357:See also: 10123:Suphanburi 10089:Sang Thong 10079:statue on 10047:Sangharaja 10003:Lakhon Nok 9993:Lakhon Nai 9884:of Lanna, 9679:พระราชนิยม 9669:Chom Thong 9665:Kromma Tha 9522:) stones. 9450:including 9413:Wat Suthat 9362:pagoda of 9284:steamships 9063:King Narai 9025:Phaya Tani 9000:กรมอาสาจาม 8937:See also: 8795:ceremony ( 8618:Chantaburi 8406:Sangharaja 8402:Sangharaja 8392:Sangharaja 8387:Sangharaja 8365:Aranyavasi 8330:Pāli canon 8318:Theravadin 8188:Phrai suai 8145:Khao Duean 7990:each. The 7986:to 10,000 7780:Ratchaburi 7772:Lao people 7730:Chiang Mai 7691:Population 7595:Demography 7476:Angkor Wat 7460:Battambang 7448:Battambang 7430:in modern 7428:Angkor Wat 7397:Sainyabuli 7326:Inconstant 7297:Dewavongse 7281:Inconstant 7260:Inconstant 7194:Khammouane 7192:border at 7049:after the 6815:Terengganu 6789:patent in 6787:tin mining 6751:Terengganu 6670:valley of 6598:Muang Sing 6531:Chiang Mai 6415:Phrakhlang 6244:then sent 6053:กรมท่าซ้าย 6036:Phrakhlang 5931:Qing China 5841:, half of 5727:Kromma Tha 5706:ad valorem 5679:invest in 5572:sappanwood 5520:Phrai suai 5293:common law 5169:routines. 5158:Kromma Tha 5146:Phrakhlang 5130:Palace Law 5111:Phrakhlang 5072:Terengganu 5016:Chiang Mai 4953:ทุกขราษฏร์ 4934:Chaophraya 4885:เมืองจัตวา 4870:Mueang Tri 4860:Mueang Tho 4809:Chatusadom 4778:Chaophraya 4770:Chatusadom 4766:Chaophraya 4726:Chaophraya 4573:Krom Vieng 4559:Chatusadom 4549:สมุหกลาโหม 4494:Government 4298:recited a 4292:Bhadrapita 4284:Suphanburi 4172:Dharmaraja 4129:Krung Thep 3948:a daughter 3877:Marseilles 3788:Kuomintang 3774:(Nation), 3730:Buddhism. 3690:Asavabhahu 3656:divisions. 3562:Vajiravudh 3558:Vajirunhis 3546:Vajiravudh 3507:(Sanskrit 3432:Terengganu 3406:Sainyabuli 3295:with Tsar 3271:Chatusadom 3183:Inconstant 3141:Inconstant 3048:including 2949:Vajirunhis 2940:Ratchaburi 2857:Wichaichan 2728:(Rama IV). 2576:After the 2539:Alor Setar 2495:Tenasserim 2428:Terengganu 2296:Phnom Penh 2269:Battambang 2267:including 2142:Mong Yawng 2138:Chianghung 2125:Chiang Mai 1989:or Prince 1967:Bang Makok 1924:absolutist 1851:history of 1838:), or the 1796:pronounced 1476:Canasapura 1396:Langkasuka 1319:Ban Chiang 1300:Prehistory 929:Baht/Tical 907:11,506,207 883:Population 693:Wichaichan 639:Vajiravudh 536:Government 525:Demonym(s) 474:, Various 91:newspapers 16832:Festivals 16827:Etiquette 16780:Animation 16747:Squatting 16688:Education 16601:Transport 16520:Renewable 16408:Air Force 16373:Judiciary 16334:Elections 16283:Volcanoes 16268:Provinces 16258:Mountains 16213:Addresses 16201:Geography 16182:Education 16151:1973–2001 16146:1932–1973 15829:Srivijaya 15793:Ngoenyang 15715:Phip Phli 15705:Dvaravati 15682:Legendary 15639:Ayutthaya 15634:Sukhothai 15601:Antiquity 15063:(Rama VI) 15051:(Rama IV) 15039:(Rama II) 14433:153506132 14170:145379175 13555:(3): 179. 13444:. London. 13119:Thai Ways 12242:145280258 12054:159706126 12002:162696293 11044:cite book 10510:cite news 10500:10 August 10496:(in Thai) 10439:โจงกระเบน 10163:does not 10144:Education 10119:Ayutthaya 10014:Krom Alak 9878:Tripitaka 9861:ราชาศัพท์ 9576:cosmology 9507:ระเบียงคต 9462:in 1784. 9248:Định Quốc 9162:does not 9116:cannons ( 9056:flintlock 9036:matchlock 8886:does not 8780:กรมท่าขวา 8761:Imambarah 8751:Kudi Chin 8715:หมอจันดเล 8702:หมอบรัดเล 8613:Kudi Chin 8532:Thammayut 8524:Thammayut 8520:Mahanikai 8516:Thammayut 8506:Mahanikai 8502:Thammayut 8484:Thammayut 8434:Thammayut 8375:Vipatsana 8355:Khamavasi 8327:Tripitaka 8196:); Those 8181:Phrai som 8177:Phrai som 8173:Phrai som 8163:Phrai som 8150:เข้าเดือน 8052:เบี้ยหวัด 7884:Guangdong 7784:Lao Vieng 7760:Nanthasen 7714:Ayutthaya 7683:in 1827. 7464:Siem Reap 7413:Champasak 7250:Cover of 7185:Tai Phuan 7158:Black Tai 7109:Muang Lay 7107:ruler of 7105:White Tai 7078:s in the 7060:Houaphanh 7007:Tonle Sap 7003:Chikraeng 6976:Mitraille 6845:in Siam. 6766:bunga mas 6756:bunga mas 6649:Kengcheng 6621:of 1893, 6609:Ney Elias 6604:in 1887. 6594:Kengcheng 6582:Kha Luang 6512:India at 6394:Wan Ahmad 6351:Encounter 6254:Nakhonban 6191:In 1821, 6129:Chim Kong 6125:Chim Kong 6121:Chim Kong 6109:Chim Kong 6105:Chim Kong 6078:Guangzhou 6058:Rachathut 5996:Seal (駱駝 5976:Chim Kong 5941:Chim Kong 5926:Diplomacy 5920:Photduang 5909:Photduang 5905:Photduang 5901:Photduang 5877:Photduang 5870:Photduang 5817:, 15 g), 5795:Photduang 5787:Photduang 5775:Photduang 5771:Photduang 5766:Photduang 5755:Photduang 5742:Photduang 5563:สำเภาหลวง 5433:Tariffs, 5287:of 1893, 5210:Nakhonban 5202:Nakhonban 5198:Nakhonban 5184:Tralakarn 5166:Mahatthai 5138:Mahatthai 5105:(north), 5103:Mahatthai 5035:Champasak 5031:Vientiane 4992:ประเทศราช 4963:ยกกระบัตร 4958:Yokkrabat 4930:Mueang Ek 4910:Mueang Ek 4894:Mueang Ek 4890:Mueang Ek 4850:Mueang Ek 4834:Mueang Ek 4540:Mahatthai 4517:Mahatthai 4468:Koh Chang 4274:Abhisekha 4184:Thammasat 4160:Thammasat 4152:Thammasat 4139:Thammasat 4096:-derived 3992:) or the 3952:Paribatra 3895:in 1920. 3883:with the 3869:SS Empire 3790:, edited 3602:Edwardian 3402:Champasak 3276:Mahatthai 3179:Khammouan 3107:Muang Lay 3105:ruler of 3103:White Tai 3091:Muang Xon 3054:Champasak 2989:Houaphanh 2955:instead. 2908:, now at 2804:from the 2763:Ang Duong 2703:Eulenberg 2683:Nakhonban 2591:Balestier 2418:, Prince 2411:bunga mas 2398:Ang Duong 2390:Thiệu Trị 2355:Ming Mạng 2319:Champasak 2244:Tolaha Mu 2229:Inthavong 2225:Nanthasen 2221:Champasak 2217:Vientiane 2134:Keng Tung 2053:Bodawpaya 1642:1973–2001 1633:1932–1973 1624:1782–1932 1610:1767–1782 1600:1351–1767 1590:1238–1438 1565:1810–1902 1555:1808–1916 1545:1605–1680 1535:1457–1902 1525:1292–1775 1515:1278–1782 1505:1094–1338 1466:Srivijaya 1456:Ngoenyang 1426:Dvaravati 1350:Legendary 970:Drives on 939:Time zone 923:Photduang 822:1874–1875 796:1851–1932 786:1841–1845 773:1826–1828 747:1785–1786 503:Minority: 489:Majority: 482:Religion 441:(Siamese) 201:1782–1932 17017:Category 16859:Marriage 16837:Folklore 16807:Clothing 16742:Religion 16732:Language 16725:COVID-19 16710:Gambling 16705:Feminism 16644:Abortion 16616:Railways 16606:Airports 16415:Monarchy 16393:Military 16383:Localism 16307:Politics 16288:Wildlife 16187:Military 16177:Economic 16165:By topic 16101:Peopling 16073:articles 16069:Thailand 15644:Thonburi 15482:Haw wars 15075:Viceroys 15057:(Rama V) 15043:Nangklao 15033:(Rama I) 15003:Monarchs 14926:Archived 14845:Archived 14800:18 April 14794:Archived 14400:. Brill. 14078:38248222 14070:12266027 13809:cite web 10984:(1990). 10767:Archived 10446:See also 10418:pha sinh 10392:crew-cut 10353:Clothing 10303:Oxbridge 10250:levels. 10093:Wat Arun 10081:Ko Samet 9975:Ramayana 9970:Ramakien 9961:Ramakien 9856:Rachasap 9513:Bai Sema 9460:Wat Arun 9364:Wat Arun 9039:arquebus 8987:กรมคชบาล 8957:Krom Asa 8867:Military 8805:เจ้าเซ็น 8801:Chao Sen 8793:Chao Sen 8677:Lutheran 8511:มหานิกาย 8397:rachasap 8370:อรัญวาสี 8343:Wat Arun 8310:Rama III 8295:Religion 8219:Slaves, 8193:ไพร่ส่วย 8158:warfare. 8132:ไพร่หลวง 8111:and one 8019:Khunnang 7961:Thonburi 7946:Phuk Pee 7903:Phuk Pee 7893:Phuk Pee 7868:Martaban 7803:ลาวพุงดำ 7789:ลาวเวียง 7776:Saraburi 7722:Saraburi 7698:smallpox 7456:Sisophon 7452:Siemreap 7432:Siemreap 7405:protégés 7388:protégés 7380:Nongkhai 7146:of 1893. 7080:Haw Wars 6968:Kralahom 6948:Si Votha 6811:Kelantan 6791:Kelantan 6747:Kelantan 6588:and the 6586:Kengtung 6514:Calcutta 6495:Foxhound 6319:Kralahom 6070:Thongsue 5950:จิ้มก้อง 5799:Tamleung 5733:Currency 5568:agarwood 5435:Changkob 5357:Kammakon 5189:ตระลาการ 5081:Songkhla 5068:Kelantan 5010:(modern 4948:Tukkarat 4875:เมืองตรี 4855:เมืองเอก 4722:Bandasak 4714:Bandasak 4692:Bandasak 4578:กรมเวียง 4565:จตุสดมภ์ 4535:สมุหนายก 4513:Rajasiha 4484:Songkhla 4476:Pranburi 4452:Chonburi 4443:Rama III 4386:Flywhisk 4378:ธารพระกร 4307:Kailasha 4279:Rajasuya 4251:Flywhisk 4192:Rachasap 4099:Devaraja 4060:Kingship 3702:Sanskrit 3521:monogamy 3517:Thianwan 3428:Kelantan 3354:Monthons 3342:Monthons 3065:acquired 3058:acquired 3027:Nongkhai 3007:Haw Wars 2771:Si Votha 2551:Songkhla 2436:Kelantan 2335:Rama III 2311:Saraburi 2303:rebelled 2273:Siemreap 2233:Anouvong 2128:capture 2011:Wat Arun 2001:and the 1979:Sampheng 1959:Thonburi 1913:colonial 1881:Cambodia 1866:Thonburi 1854:Thailand 1694:Economic 1689:Military 1290:Timeline 1272:Thailand 1261:a series 1259:Part of 1180:Cambodia 1165:Malaysia 1160:Thailand 916:Currency 603:Nangklao 507:Hinduism 497:official 260:Bottom: 230:Bottom: 17001:Outline 16911:Aquatic 16901:Symbols 16812:Cuisine 16772:Culture 16632:Society 16596:Tourism 16515:Nuclear 16468:Economy 16324:Cabinet 16273:Regions 16253:Islands 16228:Climate 16218:Borders 16081:History 15985:Bangkok 15945:Pattani 15940:Singora 15878:Lamphun 15866:Lampang 15814:Pan Pan 15772:Wen Dan 15739:Tun Sun 15627:History 15312:Ang Eng 15264:Siamese 15167:Royalty 15102:Pinklao 15049:Mongkut 13783:. NIAS. 12234:1875783 12197:. 1988. 12046:2049157 11994:2049449 11798:. 2009. 10425:ผ้าซิ่น 10412:Rama VI 10371:costume 10267:Wat Pho 10184:removed 10169:sources 10008:ละครนอก 9953:Hanuman 9914:Mai-Tri 9906:Mai-Tri 9898:Hokkien 9894:Teochew 9872:called 9786:realism 9727:Ubosoth 9479:Ubosoth 9471:Ubosoth 9465:Ubosoth 9337:Ubosoth 9294:Culture 9278:) as a 9235:Charong 9231:sampans 9183:removed 9168:sources 9119:บาเรียม 9110:Charong 9105:จ่ารงค์ 9100:Charong 9059:muskets 8962:กรมอาสา 8907:removed 8892:sources 8707:Baptist 8591:Mongkut 8493:ธรรมยุต 8360:คามวาสี 8279:ทาสเชลย 8229:); The 8117:Sak Lek 8101:Sak Lek 8031:of 400 8029:Sakdina 8000:Sakdina 7992:Sakdina 7978:Sakdina 7969:Sakdina 7910:Society 7831:Ang Eng 7685:Sak Lek 7677:Sak Lek 7673:Sak Lek 7665:Sak Lek 7655:Sak Lek 7632:Hangwow 7562:Sak Lek 7541:Peacock 7480:Monthon 7122:Ounkham 7009:and at 6944:Norodom 6590:Tai Lue 6539:Lamphun 6535:Lampang 6369:Sultan 6361:. King 6315:Rattler 6205:invaded 6066:Trithut 6062:Upathut 6019:Khamhap 5961:: hong 5959:Peng'im 5875:Though 5843:Saleung 5819:Salueng 5723:Kalahom 5639:Phoenix 5635:Phoenix 5398:Economy 5263:Prince 5212:creed ( 5194:Lukkhun 5174:Lukkhun 5162:Krom Na 5142:Kalahom 5107:Kalahom 5050:Pattani 5043:region. 4865:เมืองโท 4842:Central 4797:Sakdina 4789:Sakdina 4784:Sakdina 4720:). The 4712:). The 4709:ศักดินา 4703:Sakdina 4631:Krom Na 4618:กรมคลัง 4554:Kalahom 4488:Pattani 4398:Mongkut 4268:, from 4174:or the 4154:or the 4002:Monthon 3838:during 3776:Satsana 3672:Monthon 3653:Monthon 3637:Suea Pa 3606:Suea Pa 3461:mandala 3442:in the 3398:Mluprey 3358:Monthon 3346:Monthon 3328:in 1901 3281:Monthon 3255:(right) 3115:Ounkham 2971:of 1875 2969:Haw War 2925:or the 2783:Kalahom 2767:Norodom 2726:Mongkut 2711:Kalahom 2648:Mongkut 2611:Pinklao 2547:Pattani 2497:in the 2432:Pattani 2378:Ang Mey 2333:. King 2327:Lady Mo 2248:Ang Eng 2162:Rama II 2150:Tai Lue 2103:on the 2086:Uparaja 2069:Lampang 1993:of the 1939:History 1909:Vietnam 1899:of the 1862:Bangkok 1826:), the 1785:: 1714:Bangkok 1541:Singora 1531:Pattani 1436:Wen Dan 1406:Pan Pan 1376:Tun Sun 1185:Vietnam 1175:Myanmar 867:• 854:• 841:• 828:• 815:• 802:• 779:• 766:• 753:• 740:• 662:Viceroy 615:Mongkut 560:Monarch 530:Siamese 429:Bangkok 425:Capital 307:Anthem: 105:scholar 17022:Portal 16953:Flower 16943:Emblem 16928:Anthem 16906:Animal 16896:Sports 16847:Poetry 16802:Cinema 16795:Comics 16737:Racism 16715:Health 16681:People 16510:Energy 16437:Police 16430:Senate 16278:Rivers 16071: 15907:Phayao 15890:Lan Na 15392:(1802) 14899: 14854:18 May 14431: 14168: 14076: 14068: 13923: 13206: 13165: 13087: 12947: 12915: 12890: 12865: 12837: 12812: 12784: 12759: 12707: 12641: 12616: 12564: 12526: 12484: 12459: 12240: 12232: 12052: 12044: 12000: 11992: 11446: 10745: 10718: 10691: 10634: 10607: 10580: 10537: 10248:Parian 10244:Parian 10239:เปรียญ 10234:Parian 10111:Klaeng 10035:Samkok 9998:ละครใน 9796:Dharma 9773:(1869) 9529:ปราสาท 9524:Prasat 9519:ใบเสมา 9491:Wiharn 9485:อุโบสถ 9321:Prasat 9280:barque 9128:Barium 9124:meriam 9114:Bariam 9075:Penang 8498:dharma 8480:Vinaya 8476:Vinaya 8471:Vinaya 8466:Vinaya 8460:(1867) 8428:Vinaya 8414:Sangha 8345:, and 8322:Sangha 8289:vinaya 8238:'s 8168:ไพร่สม 8121:Phrai; 8089:Munnai 8066:มูลนาย 8061:Munnai 8047:Biawat 8024:ขุนนาง 7998:. The 7906:Siam. 7898:ผูกปี้ 7888:Fujian 7857:reign. 7660:สักเลก 7401:Dansai 7322:Comète 7293:Saigon 7277:Comète 7264:Comète 7043:Tonkin 6991:Mekong 6866:France 6819:Perlis 6602:Mekong 6559:shows 6553:Orange 6223:Saigon 6117:Pansue 6074:Pansue 5989:Rama I 5885:Biawat 5857:Fueang 5845:) and 5838:เฟื้อง 5833:Fueang 5791:garuda 5783:Unalom 5779:Chakra 5761:พดด้วง 5746:Chakra 5588:Petriu 5554:Biawat 5541:Biawat 5527:Reucha 5459:Khanon 5457:. The 5455:Khanon 5445:Khanon 5440:จังกอบ 5196:. 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