43:
197:
228:
213:
182:
244:
32:
2265:
119:– "bridge head"). Therefore, the ravelin was at first only a small work, which should only make the access to the bridge in front of the fortress gates more difficult. When it was realized in the 16th century that this would generally provide better protection for the courtine, ravelins were also built in front of other courtines and these were gradually enlarged. However, it was not until the German fortress builder
62:
20:
127:" or "revelin"). He demanded that they be made as large as possible so that they fully covered the courtine and the flanks of the bastions and could place a flanking fire in front of the bastion tops. In the following period, ravelins can be found in practically all fortresses built according to the bastion fortification system.
130:
The outer edges of the ravelin are so configured that it divides an assault force, and guns in the ravelin can fire upon the attacking troops as they approach the curtain wall. It also impedes besiegers from using their artillery to batter a breach in the curtain wall. The side of the ravelin facing
110:
The ravelin is the oldest and at the same time the most important outer work of the bastion fortification system. It originated from small forts that were supposed to cover the bridge that led across the moat to the city or fortress gate from a direct attack. From this original function, to protect
131:
the inner fortifications has at best a low wall, if any, so as not to shelter attacking forces if they have overwhelmed it or the defenders have abandoned it. Frequently ravelins have a ramp or stairs on the curtain-wall side to facilitate the movement of troops and artillery onto the ravelin.
138:, and dates from 1497. The first ravelins were built of brick, but later, during the sixteenth century in the Netherlands, they were earthen (perhaps faced by stone or brick), the better to absorb the impact of cannonballs. The Italian origins of the system of fortifications (the
1659:
196:
212:
227:
2290:
73:, where ravelins appear as triangular shapes surrounded by water, with wall (shown in dark green) facing outwards with no wall on the inner side.
42:
372:
260:
181:
1475:
2069:
1764:
331:
243:
1884:
1669:
155:
2094:
1317:
855:
365:
90:
1654:
735:
1250:
1699:
1324:
2196:
1274:
2243:
2018:
1724:
1719:
1639:
1436:
1383:
1353:
1110:
1040:
984:
561:
358:
163:
103:
2268:
2084:
1674:
1571:
1456:
640:
218:
2221:
2059:
1841:
1594:
1331:
1154:
483:
321:
234:
2206:
1734:
1360:
1159:
1125:
525:
407:
265:
8:
2023:
1759:
1115:
493:
2145:
1754:
1729:
1714:
1709:
1559:
1539:
1336:
897:
764:
508:
203:
2201:
2160:
2135:
2008:
1689:
1529:
1376:
962:
840:
518:
461:
327:
152:
134:
The first example of a ravelin appears in the fortifications of the
Italian town of
123:(1536–1589) recognized the principal importance of ravelins (which he still called "
107:, the ravelin is placed outside a castle and opposite a fortification curtain wall.
2175:
2150:
2079:
2003:
1604:
1599:
1534:
1085:
889:
468:
2064:
1916:
1889:
1829:
1799:
1684:
1649:
1629:
1614:
1169:
1164:
1132:
893:
835:
823:
805:
672:
653:
579:
556:
120:
2233:
2228:
1894:
1879:
1814:
1804:
1679:
1664:
1564:
1554:
1519:
1393:
1186:
883:
850:
814:
630:
488:
452:
36:
2284:
2238:
2191:
2099:
2089:
2043:
2013:
1998:
1967:
1948:
1809:
1749:
1704:
1619:
1578:
1388:
1021:
1016:
749:
712:
697:
648:
593:
572:
381:
82:
115:" (which means small bank work or with the German expression common for it:
31:
2216:
2074:
2038:
1993:
1977:
1905:
1858:
1834:
1824:
1819:
1634:
1451:
1312:
1279:
1144:
1080:
1055:
967:
941:
909:
903:
845:
784:
754:
602:
188:
143:
70:
47:
2115:
1972:
1941:
1923:
1911:
1853:
1848:
1789:
1784:
1744:
1644:
1609:
1505:
1408:
1179:
1149:
1139:
1045:
934:
551:
498:
742:
2140:
1960:
1932:
1863:
1739:
1694:
1624:
1544:
1441:
1346:
1286:
1245:
1223:
1174:
1120:
1070:
1065:
1050:
1009:
957:
915:
860:
702:
618:
135:
2120:
665:
1549:
1480:
1307:
1302:
1235:
876:
789:
719:
677:
503:
473:
434:
400:
221:(c.1668), Florida. Ravelin at the top of photo, between two bastions.
167:
159:
139:
51:
2033:
2028:
1953:
1794:
1512:
1487:
1470:
1400:
1341:
1269:
1262:
1105:
993:
867:
687:
682:
658:
586:
566:
546:
513:
55:
2165:
2130:
2125:
1463:
1446:
1431:
1367:
1295:
1240:
1230:
1198:
1100:
1075:
1060:
830:
774:
692:
539:
532:
478:
350:
94:
86:
2170:
1524:
1090:
1028:
972:
950:
927:
920:
796:
779:
611:
443:
425:
395:
158:
made great use of ravelins in his design of fortifications for
297:
Engels, The New
American Cyclopædia, 1858, s. v. Fortification
2211:
2155:
1899:
1424:
1255:
1095:
416:
66:
61:
1193:
1035:
1002:
977:
769:
759:
728:
707:
24:
19:
89:, located in front of the innerworks of a fortress (the
162:, and his ideas were still being used in 1761 by Major
111:
the gate bridge, also comes its original
Italian name "
142:) of which ravelins were a part gave rise to the term
319:
2282:
622:
1184:
1130:
948:
794:
261:List of established military terms#Engineering
1839:
1569:
1398:
1374:
991:
982:
939:
663:
459:
450:
366:
286:Die Lehre vom neueren Festfestungskrieg, 1860
1958:
1939:
1930:
1921:
1510:
1485:
1461:
1422:
1413:
1365:
1351:
1322:
1293:
1284:
1260:
1221:
1026:
1007:
925:
874:
865:
821:
812:
803:
740:
726:
717:
600:
577:
609:
591:
537:
523:
441:
432:
423:
414:
405:
373:
359:
313:
323:The Fortifications of Gibraltar 1068–1945
202:Ravelin Peter (1708) and access bridge,
60:
41:
30:
18:
308:Die Lehre vom neueren Festfestungskrieg
2291:Fortification (architectural elements)
2283:
354:
187:The ravelin outside the Land Gate at
249:Ravelin at Heusden, the Netherlands.
23:Two ravelins (top left of image) in
1765:Weapons Storage and Security System
46:Ravelin protecting the entrance of
13:
380:
14:
2302:
326:. Osprey Publishing. p. 25.
233:Ravelin August-Wilhelm (c.1640),
2264:
2263:
242:
226:
211:
195:
180:
300:
291:
278:
1:
1660:British "hedgehog" road block
271:
35:Ravelin in the Dutch town of
69:fortifications, designed by
7:
2070:Cities with defensive walls
1655:Defensive fighting position
1570:
1375:
1185:
1131:
992:
983:
949:
940:
795:
320:Fa & Finlayson (2006).
254:
10:
2307:
173:
2254:
2184:
2108:
2052:
1986:
1872:
1777:
1700:Hardened aircraft shelter
1675:Entry control point (ECP)
1587:
1498:
1214:
1207:
639:
388:
2197:Continuity of government
151:The French 17th-century
16:Triangular fortification
2019:Motte-and-bailey castle
1725:Missile launch facility
1720:Main line of resistance
415:
310:, 1860, vol. 1, p. 251.
97:). Originally called a
2095:Military installations
1959:
1940:
1931:
1922:
1840:
1511:
1486:
1462:
1452:Scarp and Counterscarp
1423:
1414:
1399:
1366:
1352:
1323:
1294:
1285:
1261:
1222:
1027:
1008:
926:
875:
866:
822:
813:
804:
741:
727:
718:
664:
623:
610:
601:
592:
578:
538:
524:
460:
451:
442:
433:
424:
406:
219:Castillo de San Marcos
74:
58:
39:
28:
1864:Floating water castle
1595:Admiralty scaffolding
888:Fortified buildings (
235:KĂĽstrin Fortress (de)
64:
45:
34:
22:
2207:Subterranean warfare
1160:Viking ring fortress
266:Raveleijn (Efteling)
2024:Quadrangular castle
1760:Weapon storage area
1116:Quadrangular castle
1755:Underground hangar
1540:Fire control tower
1337:Gunpowder magazine
765:Butter-churn tower
206:, Erfurt, Germany.
204:Petersberg Citadel
75:
59:
40:
29:
2278:
2277:
2202:Military urbanism
2136:Fortified gateway
2009:Concentric castle
1773:
1772:
1690:Fire support base
1530:Coastal artillery
1405:(Spanish America)
999:
841:Concentric castle
288:, vol. 1, p. 251.
153:military engineer
27:, The Netherlands
2298:
2267:
2266:
2260:
2151:National redoubt
2080:Fortified estate
2004:Circular rampart
1964:
1945:
1936:
1927:
1845:
1605:Anti-tank trench
1600:Air raid shelter
1575:
1535:Disappearing gun
1516:
1491:
1467:
1428:
1419:
1404:
1380:
1371:
1357:
1328:
1299:
1290:
1266:
1227:
1212:
1211:
1190:
1170:Bailey (or ward)
1136:
1041:Motte-and-bailey
1032:
1013:
997:
989:
988:
954:
945:
931:
880:
871:
827:
818:
809:
800:
746:
732:
723:
669:
626:
615:
606:
597:
583:
543:
529:
469:Circular rampart
465:
456:
447:
438:
429:
420:
411:
375:
368:
361:
352:
351:
345:
344:
342:
340:
317:
311:
304:
298:
295:
289:
282:
246:
230:
215:
199:
184:
81:is a triangular
2306:
2305:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2296:
2295:
2281:
2280:
2279:
2274:
2258:
2250:
2180:
2104:
2048:
1982:
1917:Imperial castle
1890:Coercion castle
1885:Coastal defence
1868:
1830:Promontory fort
1800:Hillside castle
1769:
1685:Fallout shelter
1650:Concertina wire
1630:Border security
1583:
1494:
1203:
836:Coercion castle
824:Cheval de frise
806:Chemin de ronde
654:Albarrana tower
635:
580:Schwedenschanze
557:Promontory fort
384:
379:
349:
348:
338:
336:
334:
318:
314:
305:
301:
296:
292:
283:
279:
274:
257:
250:
247:
238:
231:
222:
216:
207:
200:
191:
185:
176:
145:trace Italienne
121:Daniel Specklin
17:
12:
11:
5:
2304:
2294:
2293:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2236:
2234:Trench warfare
2231:
2229:Tunnel warfare
2226:
2225:
2224:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2188:
2186:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2085:Fortifications
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1937:
1928:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1902:
1897:
1895:Counter-castle
1892:
1887:
1882:
1880:Border barrier
1876:
1874:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1815:Lowland castle
1812:
1807:
1805:Hilltop castle
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1680:Electric fence
1677:
1672:
1670:Dragon's teeth
1667:
1665:Czech hedgehog
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1581:
1579:Wire obstacles
1576:
1567:
1565:Polygonal fort
1562:
1557:
1555:Martello tower
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1520:Border outpost
1517:
1508:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1420:
1411:
1406:
1396:
1394:Polygonal fort
1391:
1386:
1381:
1372:
1363:
1358:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1291:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1218:
1216:
1209:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1005:
1000:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
946:
937:
932:
923:
918:
913:
906:
901:
886:
884:Flanking tower
881:
872:
863:
858:
853:
851:Counter-castle
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
819:
810:
801:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
738:
733:
724:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
661:
656:
651:
645:
643:
641:Post-classical
637:
636:
634:
633:
631:Vitrified fort
628:
616:
607:
598:
589:
584:
575:
570:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
535:
530:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
489:Defensive wall
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
457:
448:
439:
430:
421:
412:
403:
398:
392:
390:
386:
385:
382:Fortifications
378:
377:
370:
363:
355:
347:
346:
333:978-1846030161
332:
312:
299:
290:
276:
275:
273:
270:
269:
268:
263:
256:
253:
252:
251:
248:
241:
239:
232:
225:
223:
217:
210:
208:
201:
194:
192:
186:
179:
175:
172:
37:Bergen op Zoom
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2303:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2271:
2270:
2257:
2256:
2253:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2239:Urban warfare
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2192:Civil defense
2190:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2060:Bastion forts
2058:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2045:
2044:Z-plan castle
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2014:L-plan castle
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1999:Bridge castle
1997:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1968:Refuge castle
1966:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1949:Military base
1947:
1944:
1943:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1912:Hunting lodge
1910:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1825:Moated castle
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1810:Island castle
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1778:By topography
1776:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1750:Submarine pen
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1705:Hesco bastion
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1620:Blast shelter
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1509:
1507:
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164:William Green
161:
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108:
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92:
91:curtain walls
88:
84:
83:fortification
80:
72:
68:
63:
57:
53:
49:
44:
38:
33:
26:
21:
2262:
2217:Siege engine
2185:Other topics
2109:Related word
2075:Defense line
2039:Tower castle
1994:Bastion fort
1978:Urban castle
1906:Ganerbenburg
1904:
1859:Water castle
1835:Ridge castle
1820:Marsh castle
1635:Bomb shelter
1615:Belgian gate
1588:20th century
1499:19th century
1437:Retrenchment
1415:
1409:Punji sticks
1318:Entrenchment
1313:Device Forts
1280:Counterguard
1215:Early modern
1145:Tower castle
1081:Powder tower
1056:Outer bailey
968:Inner bailey
942:Gulyay-gorod
910:Ganerbenburg
908:
904:Fujian tulou
846:Corner tower
785:Chamber gate
755:Bridge tower
603:Trou de loup
337:. Retrieved
322:
315:
307:
302:
293:
285:
280:
189:Tilbury Fort
150:
144:
133:
129:
124:
116:
112:
109:
102:
101:, after the
98:
85:or detached
78:
76:
71:Simon Stevin
48:Fort McHenry
2116:Castle town
1973:Toll castle
1942:Lustschloss
1924:Kaiserpfalz
1854:Spur castle
1849:Rock castle
1790:Hill castle
1785:Cave castle
1745:Spider hole
1645:Bremer wall
1610:Barbed tape
1506:Barbed wire
1180:Witch tower
1150:Tower house
1140:Toll castle
1126:Shield wall
1046:Murder hole
935:Guard tower
552:Pincer gate
499:Faussebraye
125:ledige Wehr
117:BrĂĽckenkopf
2141:Gatekeeper
1961:Ordensburg
1933:Landesburg
1740:Sentry gun
1695:Flak tower
1625:Blast wall
1545:Gun turret
1442:Sally port
1347:Kotta mara
1287:Couvreface
1251:Breastwork
1246:Blockhouse
1224:Abwurfdach
1175:Watchtower
1165:Wall tower
1121:Shell keep
1071:Portcullis
1066:Peel tower
1051:Neck ditch
1010:Landesburg
958:Half tower
916:Gate tower
861:Drawbridge
703:Battlement
619:Wagon fort
462:Chengqiang
272:References
140:star forts
136:Sarzanello
2244:Guerrilla
1987:By design
1735:Revetment
1550:Land mine
1481:Star fort
1308:Crownwork
1303:Covertway
1236:Barricade
877:Embrasure
790:Chartaque
720:Bergfried
678:Arrowslit
504:Gatehouse
474:City gate
435:Castellum
401:Acropolis
237:, Poland.
168:Gibraltar
160:Louis XIV
113:rivellino
99:demi-lune
52:Baltimore
2285:Category
2269:Category
2259:See also
2146:Loophole
2034:Ringwork
2029:Ringfort
1954:Obstacle
1795:Hillfort
1715:Loophole
1513:Barbette
1488:Tenaille
1471:Sea fort
1401:Presidio
1361:Magazine
1342:Hornwork
1275:Cavalier
1270:Casemate
1263:Caponier
1106:Ringwork
994:Detinets
963:Hoarding
868:Enceinte
743:Bretèche
688:Bartizan
683:Barbican
659:Alcazaba
587:Stockade
567:Ringfort
547:Palisade
519:Landwehr
514:Hillfort
339:30 March
306:RĂĽstow,
284:RĂĽstow,
255:See also
95:bastions
56:Maryland
2176:Vedette
2166:Schloss
2131:Festung
2126:Dungeon
2121:Château
2065:Castles
1873:By role
1730:Pillbox
1560:Outpost
1476:Station
1464:Schanze
1447:Sandbag
1432:Redoubt
1416:Ravelin
1384:Palanka
1368:Orillon
1354:Lunette
1296:Coupure
1241:Bastion
1231:Arsenal
1199:Zwinger
1111:Roundel
1101:Ricetto
1076:Postern
1061:Outwork
985:Kremlin
856:Curtain
831:Citadel
815:Chemise
775:Caltrop
693:Bastion
666:Alcázar
562:Rampart
540:Oppidum
533:Nuraghe
479:Crannog
453:Castros
389:Ancient
174:Gallery
104:lunette
87:outwork
79:ravelin
2171:Trench
2161:Picket
1572:Sangar
1525:Bunker
1457:Sconce
1377:Ostrog
1325:Flèche
1208:Modern
1187:Yagura
1155:Turret
1091:Reduit
1029:Merlon
973:Kasbah
951:Gusuku
928:Glacis
921:Gabion
890:church
797:Chashi
780:Castle
624:Laager
612:Vallum
569:(Rath)
444:Castra
426:Burgus
396:Abatis
330:
156:Vauban
2212:Siege
2156:Palas
2100:Walls
2090:Forts
2053:Lists
1900:Fence
1842:Rocca
1710:Kabal
1425:Redan
1332:Gorge
1256:Canal
1133:Shiro
1096:Ribat
1086:Qalat
898:Dzong
894:house
594:Sudis
526:Limes
484:Ditch
417:Broch
408:Agger
67:Moers
2222:list
1640:Buoy
1194:Yett
1036:Moat
1003:Ksar
978:Keep
770:Caer
760:Burh
736:Boom
729:Berm
708:Bawn
673:Amba
509:Gord
341:2013
328:ISBN
93:and
65:The
25:Goes
494:Dun
166:at
148:.
2287::
2261::
896:,
892:,
170:.
77:A
54:,
50:,
998:)
990:(
900:)
627:)
621:(
374:e
367:t
360:v
343:.
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