1013:
29:
1111:
131:
867:
1387:…it is clear that the work at RNII was not only productive but also extremely important in terms of the later achievements of the Soviet rocketry program. Apart from the purely technological advancements and the mastery of important practical processes, the years at RNII also gave the young engineers their first active involvement in issues of organization and management.
1211:
had built the GIRD-09 rocket, fueled by liquid oxygen and jellied gasoline, which launched on August 17, 1933. At RNII Tikhonravov worked on developing oxygen/alcohol liquid-propellant rocket engines. Ultimately liquid propellant rocket engines were given a low priority during the late 1930s at
1145:
Towards the end of 1938 the first significant large scale testing of the rocket launchers took place, 233 rockets of various types were used. A salvo of rockets could completely straddle a target at a range of 5,500 metres (3.4 mi). Various rocket tests were conducted through 1940, and the
1546:
The word “reaktivnyy” means “reactive” in
Russian and is commonly used to denote "jet propulsion". However in the 1930s and 1940s "reactive" was normally used to describe both jet and rocket propulsion. In the case of RNII it was primarily used to describe what we would now call rocket
886:. Langemak was also the chairman of the initial technical advisory board, which provided the sanctioned scientific direction of RNII. The initial advisory board was composed of Glushko, Korolev, Pobedonostsev, Tikhonravov, and Dudakov. Other leaders of RNII consisted of Director
1452:
1036:
aircraft armed with six launchers successfully took place. After
September 1933 development was continued by RNII, including designing several variations for ground-to-air, ground-to-ground, air-to-ground and air-to-air combat. The RS-82 rockets were carried by
1286:
severely damaged its progress. RNII was particularly affected with
Director Kleymyonov and Chief Engineer Langemak arrested in November 1937, and later executed. Glushko was arrested in March 1938 and with many other leading engineers was imprisoned in the
903:
1251:
939:
1463:
1259:
892:
1441:
1255:
1133:
trucks. The trucks proved to be unstable, as a solution to this V.N. Galkovskiy proposed mounting the launch rails across the top of the vehicles. In August 1939, the completed rocket was the BM-13 (BM stands for
794:. Tukhachevskiy, as a leading Soviet military leader, understood the benefits of rocket technology to military affairs and the requirement that it be supported by research, development, and engineering support.
882:, the previous head of GIRD, was appointed as his deputy. However in 1934, following a disagreement over the direction of RNII, Korolev was demoted to section chief of winged missiles and was replaced by
1262:) was towed to 2,600 m and cast off at 80 km/h before firing the rocket engine and accelerating the aircraft to 140 km/h and an altitude of 2,900 m. In all, the RP-318 flew nine times before
1395:
All of our rocket-space technology historians consider it obligatory to mention the founding role of RNII, the
Reactive Scientific-Research Institute, in the origin of domestic cosmonautics.
1250:
was the one selected to be used. In 1938, when both
Korolev and Glushko were arrested in suspicion of Anti-Soviet activity, development of the RP-318-1 was continued by Alexei Scherbakov (
787:
1447:
702:
1012:
839:
934:
2079:
1125:
In June 1938, RNII began developing a multiple rocket launcher based on the RS-132 rocket. Gvay led a team of designers and engineers to build multiple
1088:
fighters under command of
Captain N. Zvonarev were using RS-82 rockets against Japanese aircraft, shooting down 16 fighters and 3 bombers in total. Six
898:
2278:
2263:
1458:
1003:
1942–1944 – an attempt to create a interceptor missile aircraft 302, however it was never successfully flown and the project was cancelled in 1944.
887:
915:
The first department was engaged in the development of solid fuel engines and rockets (Y. A. Pobedonostsev, K. K. Glukharev, L. E. Schwartz);
1436:
2117:"Указ Президента СССР от 21.06.1991 № УП-2120 «О присвоении звания Героя Социалистического Труда создателям отечественного реактивного оружия»"
2095:
1332:
846:
106:
821:
807:
695:
143:
45:
1312:
28:
1479:
In 1966 the following employees of RNII were assigned crater names on the far side of the Moon for their contribution to rocketry;
1189:
1178:
970:
1303:
in
September 1940. From 1937 to 1944 no serious work was carried out on long range rockets as weapons, or for space exploration.
1167:
342:
1556:
11.01.1934. the position of deputy head of the RNII was eliminated, and instead of it the post of chief engineer was introduced.
1517:
1469:
759:
59:
2096:"Who created the "Katyusha"? Andrey Kostikov: the life and fate of the inventor of "Katyusha" Who is the designer of Katyusha"
1809:
688:
1203:
replaced
Glushko and continued development of the ORM engines, including the engine for the rocket powered interceptor, the
1347:
1242:
as an adaptation of his SK-9 glider, the RP-318 was originally designed as a flying laboratory to test rocket engines and
1110:
966:
1938 – military tests of the fundamentally new weapons begun in 1929 (at GDL) – RS-82 and RS-132 rockets were completed;
2179:
1920:
1875:
1840:
1146:
BM-13-16 with launch rails for sixteen rockets was authorized for production. Only forty launchers were built before
758:
The 'Reactive
Scientific Research Institute' (RNII) was officially established on 21 September 1933 by combining the
750:
and its research and development were very important for later achievements of the Soviet rocket and space programs.
1895:
1212:
RNII, however the research was productive and very important for later achievements of the Soviet rocket program.
1150:
in June 1941. By the end of the war 12 million rockets of the RS type were produced for the Soviet armed forces.
1057:
close air support plane, while the heavier RS-132 rockets could be carried by bombers. Many small ships of the
2076:
1758:
1032:, 'rocket-projectile') began in the late 1920s at GDL. In 1932 in-air test firings of RS-82 rocket from an
160:
2116:
2273:
176:
2224:
1473:
1062:
993:
1942 — test pilot G. Ya. Bakhchivanji makes a flight on the first aircraft in the USSR equipped with
370:
33:
1420:
1159:
1105:
747:
234:
2268:
1522:
1512:
1495:
1413:
1367:
763:
732:
55:
2248:
1081:
827:
1939 – NII-3 was transferred to the responsibility of the People’s
Commissariat of Ammunitions.
782:-based GIRD. The benefits of combining the two groups were recognized, particularly by Marshal
574:
517:
428:
387:
1000:
1943–1944 – a number of experimental ballistic and cruise missiles and engines were developed;
774:
Before 1931 there were two Soviet organizations devoted to researching rocket technology, the
2137:
1405:
1320:
1204:
1166:
had designed and built a series of ORM (from "Experimental Rocket Motor" in Russian) engines
1021:
619:
604:
411:
399:
130:
1863:
1419:
Other participants in the creation of the famous rocket weapon of the Second World War, the
2249:
RNII (REACTIVE INSTITUTE), 1933–1938 . Chapters from the book "Father" by Natalia Koroleva
1380:
1316:
1147:
994:
987:
783:
609:
151:
2028:
1825:
Akimov, V.N.; Koroteev, A.S.; Gafarov, A.A. (2003). "The weapon of victory – "Katyusha"".
8:
1208:
919:
624:
460:
337:
292:
2149:
1408:(1942) – for the development of new types of weapons. The developers were awarded the
1258:), culminating in the first powered flight on Feb. 28, 1940. Test pilot V. P. Fedorov (
947:
The fourth department investigated the properties of solid fuels (I. S. Alexandrov).
674:
317:
297:
277:
1926:
1916:
1871:
1864:
1836:
1805:
1801:
1488:
1424:
1423:, received official recognition only in 1991. By decree of the President of the USSR
1188:. This research was continued at RNII with engines ОРМ-53 to ОРМ-102 developed, with
1073:
743:
639:
532:
302:
188:
1703:
1243:
1194:
1183:
2208:. Washington, D.C.: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA History Div
1409:
1351:
1350:, which was responsible for all issues related to strategic ballistic missiles and
1247:
1163:
1077:
1069:
1046:
923:
723:
634:
584:
579:
512:
507:
470:
423:
282:
248:
243:
203:
198:
183:
81:
1704:"The soviet market for inventions : the case of jet propulsion, 1932 to 1944"
1172:
2083:
1527:
1484:
1432:
1428:
1221:
1085:
1042:
1038:
1016:
RS-82 rockets at the Museum of Cosmonautics and Rocket Technology; St. Petersburg
883:
875:
475:
272:
252:
193:
983:
to begin production of the Katyusha missile launcher, which was 24 hours before
933:
The Third Division dealt with cruise missiles (P.P. Zuykov): cruise missiles —
870:
Memorial plaque in honor of the first members of the Technical Council of RNII.
742:) was one of the first Soviet research and development institutions to focus on
1826:
1480:
1296:
1239:
1200:
1050:
927:
879:
791:
629:
589:
480:
327:
307:
165:
77:
2257:
1859:
1362:
1279:
1130:
1054:
980:
922:, A. I. Stenyaev, A. G. Kostikov); Brigades of liquid-propellant engines –
654:
649:
644:
614:
465:
1930:
1642:
1263:
1231:
984:
599:
502:
357:
322:
312:
216:
123:
18 February 1944 transferred to the Scientific-Research Institute 1 (NII-1)
112:
2200:
1129:
launchers firing the modified 132 mm M-132 rockets over the sides of
951:
Total personnel at RNII ranged from 403 in 1935 to a peak of 836 in 1941.
2202:
Challenge to Apollo : the Soviet Union and the space race, 1945–1974
2077:
of the State Research Center "Keldysh Center". History. Official website
1283:
1058:
1033:
455:
265:
1828:
1933-2003 : 70 лет на передовых рубежах ракетно-космической техники
1319:, which had developed the short-range rocket powered interceptor called
866:
1292:
1235:
1119:
1093:
1089:
667:
1300:
1126:
803:
21 September 1933 – creation of RNII from the merger of GDL and GIRD.
775:
554:
549:
537:
448:
438:
382:
377:
1915:. Bill Sweetman. Osceola, WI: Motorbooks International. p. 47.
1502:
and RNII were assigned to crater chains on the far side of the Moon.
1379:
A number of writers have noted the importance of RNII to the future
527:
522:
495:
443:
433:
392:
347:
845:
February 1944 – GIRT was transferred to the responsibility of the
1275:
1115:
788:
People’s Commissar of Military and Naval Affairs (Narkomvoyenmor)
544:
490:
485:
416:
404:
332:
287:
2009:
806:
31 October 1933 – RNII transferred to the responsibility of the
779:
766:(GDL). Personnel based in Leningrad were relocated to Moscow.
352:
100:
1949:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1238:) which "RP" stands for in Russian language. Built in 1936 by
1162:
engines had previously commenced at both GDL and GIRD. At GDL
1835:]. Mechanical Engineering (in Russian). pp. 92–101.
1673:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1288:
594:
239:
222:
2058:
1777:
1734:
1722:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1274:
During the 1930s Soviet rocket technology was comparable to
1589:
1499:
1355:
1227:
976:
1940 — pilot V. P. Fedorov flew the Rocket aircraft RP-318;
969:
1939 — flight tests of the cruise missile 212 with engine
1660:
1311:
In February 1944, the institute merged with Design Bureau
1076:
in combat against heavier-than-air aircraft took place in
1897:
Developments of Rocketry and Space Technology in the USSR
1570:
228:
211:
1985:
1961:
1833:
70 years at the forefront of rocket and space technology
2138:
Brief chronology of rocket engine building in the USSR
1937:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1412:
and the head of development A. G. Kostikov was made a
1092:
bombers also used RS-132 for ground attack during the
1061:
were also fitted with the RS-82 rocket, including the
1997:
1973:
1824:
1683:
1199:
powering the RP-318 rocket-powered aircraft. In 1938
737:
2046:
2029:"Ministry of General Machine-building of USSR (MOM)"
1858:
959:
During RNII's existence the following were created:
918:
The Second Division developed liquid fuel engines (
1870:. London: Arms and Armour Press. pp. 150–153.
1606:
1340:
Scientific-Research Institute for Thermal Processes
1153:
1295:in June 1939. However, due to the intervention by
1291:. Korolev was arrested in June 1938 and sent to a
911:In the initial period, RNII had four departments:
1866:Soviet Tanks and Combat Vehicles of World War Two
1540:
1215:
2255:
2088:
1643:"History of the Rocket Research Institute, RNII"
1026:Design work on RS-82 and RS-132 rockets (RS for
963:1933 – various liquid propellent rocket engines;
2229:. National Aeronautics and Space Administration
2178:Baker, David; Zak, Anatoly (9 September 2013).
1900:. Novosti Press Pub. House. pp. 12–14, 18.
820:) and transferred to the responsibility of the
1910:
792:Revolutionary Military Council (Revvoyensovet)
36:firing during WWII, which were created at RNII
1753:
1751:
1749:
1027:
822:People’s Commissariat of the Defense Industry
739:Reaktivnyy nauchno-issledovatel’skiy institut
696:
22:Reactive Scientific Research Institute (RNII)
728:Реактивный научно-исследовательский институт
1007:
954:
1889:
1887:
1746:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1333:People’s Commissariat of Aviation Industry
847:People’s Commissariat of Aviation Industry
703:
689:
27:
1854:
1852:
979:1941 – On June 21, orders were signed by
2177:
1979:
1701:
1331:), and became the responsibility of the
1109:
1011:
865:
718:(commonly known by the joint initialism
2279:Research institutes in the Soviet Union
2264:Recipients of the Order of the Red Star
2222:
2198:
2181:Race for Space 1: Dawn of the Space Age
2064:
2052:
2015:
2003:
1991:
1967:
1955:
1943:
1893:
1884:
1783:
1740:
1728:
1689:
1677:
1625:
1619:
1600:
1583:
1346:) and became part of the newly created
1142:), 'combat vehicle' for M-13 rockets).
808:People's Commissariat of Heavy Industry
343:Orion 1 and Orion 2 Space Observatories
46:People's Commissariat of Heavy Industry
2256:
2154:History of Russian Soviet Cosmonautics
1849:
1795:
1518:Group for the Study of Reactive Motion
878:, (1931–1937) the former head of GDL.
832:State Institute of Reactive Technology
760:Group for the Study of Reactive Motion
716:Reactive Scientific Research Institute
60:Group for the Study of Reactive Motion
2150:"Gas Dynamic Laboratory (in Russian)"
1399:
675:List of Soviet and Russian cosmonauts
2142:
2131:
1894:Glushko, Valentin (1 January 1973).
1798:Polikarpov I-15, I-16 and I-153 Aces
1533:
1348:Ministry of General Machine Building
1911:Gordon, E.; Sweetman, Bill (1992).
1759:"Russian Rocket Projectiles – WWII"
1472:were posthumously awarded title of
1323:. The new organisation was named
1099:
840:USSR Council of People’s Commissars
13:
2242:
1301:prison for scientist and engineers
1114:BM-31-12 on ZIS-12 at the Museum (
997:. The engine was designed by RNII;
14:
2290:
897:(30.10.1937 – 1941) and Director
830:15 July 1942 – NII-3 was renamed
2171:
1708:Warwick Economic Research Papers
1338:In 1965, NII-1 was re-named the
1154:Liquid propellant rocket engines
1148:Germany invaded the Soviet Union
812:January 1937 – RNII was renamed
129:
2109:
2070:
2021:
1904:
1818:
1789:
1702:Harrison, Mark (January 2001).
1640:
1361:In 1992, NII TP became part of
1325:Scientific-Research Institute 1
874:The first Director of RNII was
861:
851:Scientific-Research Institute 1
814:Scientific-Research Institute 3
2226:Rockets and People Volumes 1–4
1695:
1550:
1269:
1216:RP-318 rocket-powered aircraft
1072:of aircraft-launched unguided
1068:The earliest known use by the
944:, jet launch — V. I. Dudakov;
16:Early Soviet rocket laboratory
1:
1563:
1306:
1053:reconnaissance plane and the
769:
1365:and in 1993 was renamed the
1293:forced labour camp in Kolyma
838:) directly reporting to the
161:Soviet crewed lunar programs
7:
1506:
1252:Щербаков, Алексей Яковлевич
1028:
797:
790:and Deputy Chairman of the
778:-based GDL, and the mainly
738:
10:
2295:
1219:
1103:
1019:
753:
371:Expendable launch vehicles
177:Human spaceflight programs
1862:; James Grandsen (1984).
1474:Heroes of Socialist Labor
1374:
1315:, led by Soviet engineer
1260:Владимир Павлович Фёдоров
1256:Палло, Арвид Владимирович
1063:MO-class small guard ship
727:
127:
119:
95:
87:
73:
65:
51:
41:
34:Katyusha rocket launchers
26:
2018:, p. 174,207 Vol 1.
1796:Maslov, Mikhail (2010).
1421:Katyusha rocket launcher
1299:, he was relocated to a
1160:Liquid propellant rocket
1106:Katyusha rocket launcher
1008:RS-82 and RS-132 rockets
955:Research and development
748:Katyusha rocket launcher
2223:Chertok, Boris (2005).
1647:www.russianspaceweb.com
1523:Keldysh Research Center
1513:Gas Dynamics Laboratory
1414:Hero of Socialist Labor
1368:Keldysh Research Center
1266:ended its development.
1232:rocket-powered aircraft
764:Gas Dynamics Laboratory
56:Gas Dynamics Laboratory
2199:Siddiqi, Asif (2000).
1958:, p. 167-8 Vol 1.
1397:
1389:
1122:
1082:Battle of Khalkhin Gol
1017:
871:
575:Konstantin Tsiolkovsky
1483:, Aleksandr Fedorov,
1406:Order of the Red Star
1393:
1385:
1383:, including Siddiqi:
1321:Bereznyak-Isayev BI-1
1205:Bereznyak-Isayev BI-1
1118:) on Sapun Mountain,
1113:
1074:anti-aircraft rockets
1022:RS-82 (rocket family)
1015:
869:
746:. RNII developed the
620:Konstantin Feoktistov
605:Alexander Kemurdzhian
2067:, p. 164 Vol 1.
1980:Baker & Zak 2013
1786:, p. 165 Vol 1.
1743:, p. 196 Vol 1.
1731:, p. 171 Vol 1.
1603:, p. 167 Vol 1.
1448:B. S. Petropavlovsky
1427:dated 21 June 1991,
1381:Soviet space program
1317:Viktor Bolkhovitinov
1234:(Rocketry Planer or
1049:fighter planes, the
784:Mikhail Tukhachevsky
610:Valentina Tereshkova
152:Soviet space program
2033:Global Security.org
1763:Weapons and Warfare
1680:, p. 10 Vol 1.
1254:) and Arvid Pallo (
1209:Mikhail Tikhonravov
625:Mikhail Tikhonravov
338:Astron (spacecraft)
219:(lunar Soyuz 7K-L1)
91:Onezhskaya St, 8/10
23:
2082:2016-05-28 at the
1765:. 18 November 2018
1586:, p. 9 Vol 1.
1494:In 1962 the names
1400:Awards and rewards
1123:
1029:Reaktivnyy Snaryad
1018:
935:E. S. Shchetinkov
872:
146:of articles on the
42:Parent institution
21:
2274:Rocket propulsion
2119:. КонсультантПлюс
1811:978-1-84603-981-2
1802:Osprey Publishing
1534:Explanatory notes
1489:Vladimir Artemyev
1425:Mikhail Gorbachev
920:M. K. Tikhonravov
744:rocket technology
736:
713:
712:
640:Vladimir Chelomey
208:
137:
136:
69:21 September 1933
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2025:
2019:
2013:
2007:
2001:
1995:
1994:, p. 11-14.
1989:
1983:
1977:
1971:
1970:, p. 10-11.
1965:
1959:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1908:
1902:
1901:
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1860:Zaloga, Steven J
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1544:
1470:N. I. Tikhomirov
1467:
1456:
1445:
1352:space technology
1248:Valentin Glushko
1198:
1187:
1176:
1164:Valentin Glushko
1140:boyevaya mashina
1100:Katyusha rockets
1070:Soviet Air Force
1031:
943:
907:
896:
762:(GIRD) with the
741:
731:
729:
705:
698:
691:
635:Valentin Glushko
585:Mstislav Keldysh
580:Friedrich Zander
318:Lunokhod program
206:
139:
138:
133:
82:Valentin Glushko
31:
24:
20:
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2245:
2243:Further reading
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2100:
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2084:Wayback Machine
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1962:
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1938:
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1913:Soviet X-planes
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1536:
1528:Soviet rocketry
1509:
1485:Georgy Langemak
1461:
1450:
1439:
1429:I. T. Kleymenov
1402:
1377:
1309:
1272:
1226:The RP-318 was
1224:
1222:Korolyov RP-318
1218:
1192:
1181:
1170:
1158:Development of
1156:
1108:
1102:
1086:Polikarpov I-16
1039:Polikarpov I-15
1024:
1010:
957:
937:
901:
899:Andrey Kostikov
890:
884:Georgy Langemak
876:Ivan Kleymyonov
864:
800:
772:
756:
709:
680:
679:
670:
660:
659:
570:
569:Notable figures
562:
561:
373:
363:
362:
333:Marsnik program
273:Sputnik program
268:
258:
257:
179:
115:
109:
103:
37:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2292:
2282:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2269:Early rocketry
2266:
2252:
2251:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2219:
2218:
2195:
2194:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2141:
2130:
2108:
2087:
2069:
2057:
2045:
2020:
2008:
1996:
1984:
1972:
1960:
1948:
1946:, p. 8-9.
1936:
1921:
1903:
1883:
1876:
1848:
1841:
1817:
1810:
1804:. p. 51.
1788:
1776:
1745:
1733:
1721:
1694:
1692:, p. 7-8.
1682:
1659:
1641:Zak, Anatoly.
1624:
1605:
1588:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1549:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1492:
1481:Sergei Korolev
1477:
1459:B. M. Slonimer
1433:G. E. Langemak
1417:
1401:
1398:
1376:
1373:
1308:
1305:
1297:Andrei Tupolev
1271:
1268:
1240:Sergei Korolev
1220:Main article:
1217:
1214:
1201:Leonid Dushkin
1155:
1152:
1104:Main article:
1101:
1098:
1051:Polikarpov R-5
1020:Main article:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1004:
1001:
998:
991:
977:
974:
967:
964:
956:
953:
949:
948:
945:
931:
928:L. S. Dushkin
924:V. P. Glushko
916:
888:Boris Slonimer
880:Sergey Korolev
863:
860:
859:
858:
843:
828:
825:
810:
804:
799:
796:
771:
768:
755:
752:
711:
710:
708:
707:
700:
693:
685:
682:
681:
678:
677:
671:
666:
665:
662:
661:
658:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
630:Mikhail Yangel
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
590:Sergei Korolev
587:
582:
577:
571:
568:
567:
564:
563:
560:
559:
558:
557:
552:
542:
541:
540:
535:
530:
525:
515:
510:
505:
500:
499:
498:
493:
488:
478:
473:
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463:
458:
453:
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451:
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436:
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419:
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385:
380:
374:
369:
368:
365:
364:
361:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
328:Phobos program
325:
320:
315:
310:
305:
300:
295:
290:
285:
280:
275:
269:
264:
263:
260:
259:
256:
255:
246:
237:
232:
226:
225:(Moon landing)
220:
214:
209:
201:
196:
191:
186:
180:
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174:
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163:
155:
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135:
134:
125:
124:
121:
117:
116:
111:
105:
99:
97:
93:
92:
89:
85:
84:
78:Sergei Korolev
75:
71:
70:
67:
63:
62:
53:
49:
48:
43:
39:
38:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2291:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2228:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2204:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2183:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2172:Sources cited
2155:
2151:
2145:
2139:
2134:
2118:
2112:
2097:
2091:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2073:
2066:
2061:
2054:
2049:
2034:
2030:
2024:
2017:
2012:
2006:, p. 10.
2005:
2000:
1993:
1988:
1981:
1976:
1969:
1964:
1957:
1952:
1945:
1940:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1922:9780879384982
1918:
1914:
1907:
1899:
1898:
1890:
1888:
1879:
1877:0-85368-606-8
1873:
1868:
1867:
1861:
1855:
1853:
1844:
1842:5-217-03205-7
1838:
1834:
1830:
1829:
1821:
1813:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1792:
1785:
1780:
1764:
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1754:
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1742:
1737:
1730:
1725:
1709:
1705:
1698:
1691:
1686:
1679:
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1644:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1621:
1616:
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1612:
1610:
1602:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1585:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1569:
1553:
1543:
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1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1475:
1471:
1465:
1460:
1454:
1449:
1443:
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1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1396:
1392:
1391:and Chertok:
1388:
1384:
1382:
1372:
1370:
1369:
1364:
1363:Rosaviakosmos
1359:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1280:Joseph Stalin
1277:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1223:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1196:
1191:
1185:
1180:
1174:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1151:
1149:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1136:боевая машина
1132:
1128:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1084:. A group of
1083:
1080:, during the
1079:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1055:Ilyushin Il-2
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1023:
1014:
1002:
999:
996:
992:
989:
986:
982:
981:Joseph Stalin
978:
975:
972:
968:
965:
962:
961:
960:
952:
946:
941:
936:
932:
929:
925:
921:
917:
914:
913:
912:
909:
908:(1942–1944).
905:
900:
894:
889:
885:
881:
877:
868:
856:
852:
848:
844:
841:
837:
833:
829:
826:
823:
819:
815:
811:
809:
805:
802:
801:
795:
793:
789:
786:, the deputy
785:
781:
777:
767:
765:
761:
751:
749:
745:
740:
734:
725:
721:
717:
706:
701:
699:
694:
692:
687:
686:
684:
683:
676:
673:
672:
669:
664:
663:
656:
655:Boris Chertok
653:
651:
650:Vasily Mishin
648:
646:
645:Kerim Kerimov
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
615:Alexei Leonov
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
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565:
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553:
551:
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539:
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531:
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520:
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514:
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367:
366:
359:
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331:
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132:
126:
122:
118:
114:
108:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
83:
79:
76:
72:
68:
64:
61:
57:
54:
50:
47:
44:
40:
35:
30:
25:
19:
2231:. Retrieved
2225:
2210:. Retrieved
2201:
2186:. Retrieved
2180:
2157:. Retrieved
2153:
2144:
2133:
2121:. Retrieved
2111:
2099:. Retrieved
2090:
2072:
2065:Chertok 2005
2060:
2055:, p. 9.
2053:Siddiqi 2000
2048:
2036:. Retrieved
2032:
2023:
2016:Chertok 2005
2011:
2004:Siddiqi 2000
1999:
1992:Siddiqi 2000
1987:
1982:, p. 9.
1975:
1968:Siddiqi 2000
1963:
1956:Chertok 2005
1951:
1944:Siddiqi 2000
1939:
1912:
1906:
1896:
1865:
1832:
1827:
1820:
1797:
1791:
1784:Chertok 2005
1779:
1767:. Retrieved
1762:
1741:Chertok 2005
1736:
1729:Chertok 2005
1724:
1712:. Retrieved
1707:
1697:
1690:Siddiqi 2000
1685:
1678:Chertok 2005
1650:. Retrieved
1646:
1622:, p. 7.
1620:Siddiqi 2000
1601:Chertok 2005
1584:Chertok 2005
1552:
1542:
1437:V. N. Luzhin
1410:Stalin prize
1394:
1390:
1386:
1378:
1366:
1360:
1343:
1339:
1337:
1328:
1324:
1310:
1278:'s, however
1273:
1264:World War II
1246:designed by
1225:
1157:
1144:
1139:
1135:
1124:
1067:
1025:
985:Nazi Germany
958:
950:
910:
873:
862:Organization
854:
850:
849:and renamed
835:
831:
817:
813:
773:
757:
719:
715:
714:
600:Yuri Gagarin
503:Soyuz/Vostok
358:Vega program
323:Mars program
313:Zond program
308:Luna program
266:Space probes
231:(Mars flyby)
204:Apollo–Soyuz
166:Luna program
18:
1547:propulsion.
1462: [
1451: [
1440: [
1284:Great Purge
1270:Great Purge
1193: [
1182: [
1171: [
1138:(translit.
1078:August 1939
1059:Soviet Navy
1034:Tupolev I-4
938: [
902: [
891: [
66:Established
2258:Categories
1564:References
1307:Successors
1236:Raketoplan
1207:. At GIRD
1120:Sevastopol
1094:Winter War
1090:Tupolev SB
770:Background
668:Cosmonauts
74:Key people
52:Founder(s)
1230:'s first
1127:prototype
776:Leningrad
733:romanized
383:Molniya-M
378:Kosmos-3M
120:Dissolved
2123:14 April
2080:Archived
1931:22704082
1507:See also
798:Timeline
348:RELIKT-1
144:a series
142:Part of
128:Awards:
96:Location
2233:20 June
2212:20 June
2188:20 June
2159:10 June
2038:21 June
1714:20 June
1652:18 June
1354:in the
1313:OKB-293
1276:Germany
1116:Diorama
988:invaded
754:History
735::
724:Russian
545:Tsyklon
513:Voskhod
508:Sputnik
471:Molniya
424:Energia
293:Molniya
288:GLONASS
249:Energia
207:(joint)
189:Voskhod
88:Address
2101:5 June
1929:
1919:
1874:
1839:
1808:
1769:29 May
1375:Legacy
1344:NII TP
1244:ORM-65
1190:ORM-65
1179:ORM-52
971:ORM-65
780:Moscow
518:Vostok
476:Polyot
429:Kosmos
388:Proton
353:Venera
298:Meteor
278:Kosmos
235:Spiral
199:Salyut
184:Vostok
101:Moscow
2206:(PDF)
2184:. RHK
1831:[
1466:]
1455:]
1444:]
1329:NII-1
1289:Gulag
1197:]
1186:]
1175:]
1168:ORM-1
1131:ZIS-5
1047:I-153
942:]
906:]
895:]
855:NII-1
818:NII-3
595:Laika
481:Soyuz
412:Zenit
400:Soyuz
303:Zenit
253:Buran
240:Almaz
223:N1-L3
194:Soyuz
107:RSFSR
2235:2022
2214:2022
2190:2022
2161:2022
2125:2020
2103:2022
2040:2022
1927:OCLC
1917:ISBN
1872:ISBN
1837:ISBN
1806:ISBN
1771:2022
1716:2022
1710:: 38
1654:2022
1500:GIRD
1468:and
1356:USSR
1228:USSR
1045:and
1043:I-16
995:ZHRD
926:and
836:GIRT
720:RNII
466:Luna
283:Bion
217:Zond
113:USSR
58:and
1496:GDL
1282:'s
1177:to
461:R-7
244:TKS
229:TMK
212:Mir
2260::
2152:.
2031:.
1925:.
1886:^
1851:^
1800:.
1761:.
1748:^
1706:.
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1645:.
1627:^
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1591:^
1572:^
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1487:,
1464:ru
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