64:
25:
466:
460:
2636:
815:
and
Buchanan remained a threat, Bush changed strategies and began apologizing for raising taxes. He stated that "I did it, and I regret it and I regret it" and told the American people that if he could go back he would not raise taxes again. In the October 19 debate, he repeatedly stated that raising taxes was a mistake and he "should have held out for a better deal." These apologies also proved ineffective, and the broken pledge dogged Bush for the entirety of the 1992 campaign.
2624:
2612:
2585:
2648:
1806:
1840:
822:, had Bush repeating the phrase to illustrate Bush's broken campaign promise. It was generally regarded as one of the most effective of all of Clinton's campaign ads. The tax reversal played a central role in reducing the public's opinion of Bush's character. Despite the variety of scandals that affected Clinton during the election, polls showed the public viewed Clinton and Bush as similar in integrity.
811:
my lips: no new taxes,' then broke his word to cut a seedy backroom budget deal with the big spenders on
Capitol Hill." Buchanan subsequently made extensive use of the 1988 quotation in his New Hampshire campaign, repeating it constantly in both television and radio commercials. Buchanan won a surprising 40% of the vote in New Hampshire, a major rebuff to the President.
745:. They felt Bush had destroyed the Republicans' most potent election plank for years to come. That the Republican leadership was not consulted before Bush made the deal also angered them. This perceived betrayal quickly led to a bitter feud within the Republican Party. When Sununu called Gingrich with the news, Gingrich hung up on him in anger. When Senator
871:, while a member of the congressional negotiating committee, refused to endorse Bush's compromise on the tax issue. He then led over one hundred Republican House members in voting against the president's first budget proposal. This made Gingrich a hero to conservative Republicans, and propelled him into the leadership role he would play in the "
650:, the line remained in the speech. It was felt the pledge was needed to keep conservative support in a campaign that was trying to position itself as centrist. It was also hoped it would add an element of toughness to a candidate who was suffering from a perception of being weak and vacillating. At the time Bush was significantly behind
825:
Even after the election, Clinton feared similar retribution from voters for raising taxes. Early in his first term, Bill
Clinton was confronted by a larger than expected deficit. He responded with a tax increase, against the advice of aides, who insisted that he was breaking his campaign promise of a
810:
during his primary election battle against Bush. Buchanan stated that Bush's reversal was one of his main reasons for opposing Bush. On the day he entered the race, he said it was "because we
Republicans, can no longer say it is all the liberals' fault. It was not some liberal Democrat who said 'Read
814:
The early response by Bush was that raising taxes had been essential due to the condition of the economy. Polling showed that most
Americans agreed some tax increases were necessary, but that the greater obstacle was the loss of trust and respect for Bush. When the primary campaign moved to Georgia,
627:
And I'm the one who will not raise taxes. My opponent now says he'll raise them as a last resort, or a third resort. But when a politician talks like that, you know that's one resort he'll be checking into. My opponent won't rule out raising taxes. But I will. And the
Congress will push me to raise
862:
Others disagree with that view. Richard Darman does not believe that the reversal played a central role in Bush's defeat; rather he argues that it simply became a focal point for discontent with an economic situation that Bush had little control over. Others feel that the reversal was politically
696:
The budget for the next fiscal year proved far more difficult. Bush initially presented
Congress a proposed budget containing steep spending cuts and no new taxes, but congressional Democrats dismissed this out of hand. Negotiations began, but it was clear little progress could be made without a
582:
debate that if he were elected taxes would likely be raised, Bush also implied that tax increases might be necessary in the next four years. Reagan asserted that he had no plans to raise taxes in his second term, and Bush quickly argued that he had been misunderstood. Bush's statements led some
723:
At the end of June, Bush released a statement stating that "it is clear to me that both the size of the deficit problem and the need for a package that can be enacted require all of the following: entitlement and mandatory program reform, tax revenue increases, growth incentives, discretionary
730:
the next day read "Read my Lips: I Lied." Initially some argued that "tax revenue increases" did not necessarily mean tax increases. For example, he could mean that the government could work to increase taxable income. However, Bush soon confirmed that tax increases were on the table.
643:, who crossed the phrase out on an initial draft calling it "stupid and dangerous." Darman was one of the architects of Reagan's 1982 tax increase, and expected to have a major policy role in the Bush White House. He felt that such an absolute pledge would handcuff the administration.
830:
capitalized upon disenchantment with Bush and the status quo entering the 1992 race as an
Independent candidate, leaving and subsequently re-entering. While the effects of his candidacy have been speculated, exit polls showed Perot essentially drew votes from Bush and Clinton evenly.
866:
Conservative
Republicans generally feel that Bush should have stood by his pledge no matter the pressure exerted by Congress. While the reversal played an important role in Bill Clinton's 1992 victory, it also played a role in the 1994 Republican congressional victory.
684:
mandated that the deficit be reduced, or else mandatory cuts unpalatable to both
Republicans and Democrats would be made. Reducing this deficit was a difficult task. New cuts of any substance would have to come either from government programs, such as
724:
spending reductions, orderly reductions in defense expenditures, and budget process reform." The key element was the reference to "tax revenue increases" now being up for negotiation. An immediate furor followed the release. The headline of the
614:
Bush had firmly secured the nomination by the time of the convention, but his advisers still worried about the lack of enthusiasm for Bush in the conservative wing of the Republican Party. Taxes were one issue that, in the words of Bush adviser
566:, running as a moderate, also cited the quotation and questioned Bush's trustworthiness. Bush lost his bid for re-election to Clinton, prompting many to suggest his failure to keep the "no new taxes" pledge as the primary reason for his defeat.
893:
reporter John Mephisto then asked "Is this 'no new taxes, so help me God?'," to which the candidate replied, "This is not only 'no new taxes,' this is 'a tax cut, so help me God'." Bush would go on to be elected and serve two terms. In Bush's
675:
Once in office, Bush found it challenging to keep his promise. The Bush campaign's figures had been based on the assumption that the high rates of economic growth in the late 1980s would continue throughout his time in office. Instead, a
1331:
41:
1796:
42:
523:
from the speech. The pledge not to tax the American people further had been a consistent part of Bush's 1988 election platform, and its prominent inclusion in his speech cemented it in the public consciousness.
654:
in the polls, and Darman later argued that the campaign was far more concerned with winning than governing. The strategy appeared successful; after the convention, Bush began to take the lead over Dukakis. A
793:
This may have been a blow to Republicans generally, who lost ground in both the House and Senate in the 1990 midterm elections. These elections were held on November 6, 1990. However, the events of the
2122:
863:
disastrous, but also good for the country. Daniel L. Ostrander has argued that Bush's actions should be seen as a noble sacrifice of his own political future for the good of the nation's well-being.
639:, with Jack Kemp having suggested the basic idea. Including the line caused some controversy, as some Bush advisers felt the language was too strong. The most prominent critic was economic adviser
1794:
1499:
659:
poll taken the following week showed Bush leading by a 48 to 44 percent margin, with his favorability ratings increasing by nine points from pre-convention polls. California-based pollster
1001:
39:
314:
1754:
1323:
334:
663:
declared that "I have never seen anything like this, this kind of swing in favorability ratings, ever since I have seen polls, going back to 1936." Another Gallup poll taken for
1795:
1930:
40:
818:
Bush's eventual opponent Bill Clinton used the broken pledge to great effect late in the campaign. In October 1992 a television commercial, designed by campaign strategist
898:, taxes were typically seen as taking a back burner to foreign policy issues, though they had been lowered during his first term and many Democrats wanted to reverse the
760:
These events delivered a severe blow to Bush's popularity. From the historic high of 79% early in his term, Bush's approval rating had fallen to 56% by mid-October 1990.
594:, had created a no-new-taxes pledge and was encouraging Republican candidates to sign it. A large number of congressional candidates signed, as did Bush's primary rivals
2167:
2090:
971:
Norquist still urges politicians to sign his tax pledge, and in subsequent Congresses majorities of Republicans and a smaller number of Democrats have signed the pledge.
203:
1956:
757:, who issued a memo instructing Republican congress members to distance themselves from the president if they wished to be re-elected, was fired from his position.
602:. Bush at first refused to sign the pledge, but in 1987 eventually acquiesced. The Bush campaign would later join other candidates in using the tax issue to attack
1378:
2688:
1577:"THE 1992 ELECTIONS: DISAPPOINTMENT — NEWS ANALYSIS An Eccentric but No Joke; Perot's Strong Showing Raises Questions On What Might Have Been, and Might Be"
116:
1397:
887:, son of the former President, and Governor of Texas at the time of his campaign, was answering a question about his economic plans, when he referenced taxes.
339:
2069:
2064:
680:
began. By 1990, rising budget deficits, fueled by a growth in mandatory spending and a declining economy, began to greatly increase the federal deficit. The
354:
1691:
1705:
1491:
490:
178:
2693:
2683:
2678:
2246:
952:
681:
1431:
2698:
1979:
1938:
274:
993:
2314:
126:
2673:
2206:
2201:
2162:
2157:
2150:
2145:
1994:
1974:
1911:
1746:
1452:
942:
559:
437:
427:
403:
393:
381:
376:
319:
264:
257:
136:
111:
2306:
2048:
2043:
1882:
1844:
713:
619:, "unified the right and didn't antagonize anybody else." Thus a firm no-new-tax pledge was included in Bush's acceptance speech at the
2283:
764:
544:
2668:
2221:
2194:
2127:
2112:
2105:
2100:
2085:
895:
579:
551:
432:
398:
359:
225:
220:
198:
193:
173:
151:
2216:
2189:
1346:
798:
pushed the issue out of the news, and Bush's popularity up. By February 1991, his approval rating rose to its highest level—89%.
447:
420:
235:
213:
2028:
855:
has called it "probably the most serious violation of any political pledge anybody has ever made." White House Press Secretary
708:
both felt such a compromise was necessary. Other prominent Republicans had also come out in favor of a tax increase, including
540:
483:
106:
32:
2275:
543:
that was controlled by the opposing Democrats. Bush agreed to a compromise, which increased several existing taxes as part of
1942:
1024:
922:
1521:
2004:
1969:
910:
166:
2211:
2172:
2117:
2095:
2009:
1914:
1811:
512:
442:
408:
386:
309:
230:
208:
161:
2366:
1675:
1637:
1576:
1280:
1216:
1169:
1087:
749:
questioned the reversal, Sununu told the press that "Trent Lott has become an insignificant figure in this process."
476:
269:
121:
1922:
929:(NI) contributions as taxes that would not be raised—and, like Bush, reversed on his pledge in 2021 by proposing a
528:
294:
770:
The law increased the maximum individual income tax rate from 28 percent to 31 percent, and raised the individual
1903:
1875:
839:
Bush's broken promise was one of several important factors leading to Bush's defeat. Conservative talk show host
698:
690:
252:
1103:
918:
1989:
1629:
909:, Irish Minister for Finance in 2009, promising not to raise taxes in the December 2009 budget. Ahead of the
750:
806:
The reversal was used by the Democrats seeking their party's nomination, but it was first regularly used by
2415:
1555:
558:
repeatedly cited the pledge as an example of a broken promise in his unsuccessful challenge to Bush in the
2346:
1999:
1423:
930:
628:
taxes and I'll say no. And they'll push, and I'll say no, and they'll push again, and I'll say, to them,
527:
The line later hurt Bush politically. Although he did oppose the creation of new taxes as president, the
156:
24:
2602:
2588:
2269:
1984:
1868:
1667:
1364:
1235:
1161:
702:
535:. Bush negotiated with Congress for a budget that met his pledge, but was unable to make a deal with a
917:
also evoked Bush's promise by saying "read my lips: we will not be raising taxes"—specifically naming
586:
As the competition to succeed Reagan began in 1986, it was clear that taxes would be a central issue.
63:
1830:
1663:
532:
459:
2708:
2177:
1964:
787:
686:
591:
289:
2237:
1850:
847:, believes Bush would have easily won re-election had he not increased taxes. Republican pollster
2493:
2322:
2291:
889:
771:
2703:
1625:
1492:"THE 1992 CAMPAIGN: White House; Bush Says Raising Taxes Was Biggest Blunder of His Presidency"
620:
2517:
2421:
872:
851:
called his promise "the six most destructive words in the history of presidential politics."
599:
2640:
2260:
2014:
1826:
734:
Some of the most enraged over the change in policy were other Republicans, including House
677:
536:
1731:
Brennan, Joe, Molony, Senan, and Sheahan, Fionnán, "Lenihan: Read my lips, no tax hikes",
8:
2628:
2487:
2383:
2375:
1272:
1208:
1025:"The Economy and 'Read My Lips,' Not Ross Perot, Cost President Bush His 1992 Reelection"
783:
1747:"'Read my lips': Labour mocks Boris Johnson with LBC video of him promising no tax rise"
994:"The 1992 Campaign: The Democrats; Clinton Says Bush Is Untrustworthy on Jobs and Taxes"
2505:
2451:
1710:
1145:
947:
926:
906:
304:
1379:"Major Enacted Tax Legislation, 1990-1999 - Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990"
2445:
2354:
2338:
2330:
2299:
1891:
1671:
1633:
1276:
1212:
1165:
1083:
508:
78:
2523:
2457:
2253:
1157:
856:
848:
656:
1324:"Bush Now Concedes a Need for 'Tax Revenue Increases' to Reduce Deficit in Budget"
1150:
2616:
1659:
Principle Over Politics?: The Domestic Policy of the George H. W. Bush Presidency
1657:
1619:
1262:
1198:
1069:
735:
717:
651:
616:
587:
531:-controlled Congress proposed increases in existing taxes as a way to reduce the
131:
2570:
2511:
2463:
2409:
1706:"THE 2004 CAMPAIGN: POLITICAL MEMO; A Tax Debate Full of Hazards For Democrats"
1615:
1297:
1194:
1065:
884:
819:
705:
640:
623:
convention. The full section of the speech on tax policy was (emphasis added):
575:
1855:
774:
rate from 21 percent to 24 percent. It also increased other taxes, including
2662:
2555:
2499:
2481:
1204:
1075:
914:
899:
868:
840:
738:
726:
2652:
2562:
2535:
2529:
2403:
1543:
Honor and Loyalty: Inside the Politics of the George H. W. Bush White House
1079:
1061:
807:
790:
for low-income families, and limited the capital gains rate to 28 percent.
660:
636:
563:
555:
516:
2541:
2475:
2469:
2439:
2395:
1814:
was created from a revision of this article dated 4 August 2006
859:
called the reversal the "single biggest mistake of the administration."
775:
709:
647:
101:
2611:
1453:
Presidential Approval Ratings -- Gallup Historical Statistics and Trends
697:
compromise on taxes. Richard Darman, who had been appointed head of the
2575:
1016:
852:
827:
779:
754:
746:
742:
520:
2433:
595:
2647:
1860:
883:
At a Republican primary debate in New Hampshire on January 6, 2000,
515:
as he accepted the nomination on August 18. Written by speechwriter
2427:
795:
664:
603:
299:
786:
for high-income individuals. However, it increased access to the
667:
showed Bush with a 51% to 42% lead coming out of the convention.
1365:"Actions - H.R.5835 - Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990"
1839:
1268:
583:
conservatives to begin doubting Bush's dedication to tax cuts.
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1649:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
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1607:
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1200:
Who's in Control?: Polar Politics and the Sensible Center
931:
1.25% increase in NI to subsidise health and social care
507:" is a phrase spoken by American presidential candidate
1043:
767:. Among other provisions, this raised multiple taxes.
1621:
Power and Prudence: The Presidency of George H.W. Bush
48:
Bush delivering the famous line at the 1988 convention
2600:
1694:, CNN, January 6, 2000. Retrieved November 11, 2007.
1357:
1298:"Read-my-lips feud returns in Romney–Gingrich fight"
1149:
953:United States federal government shutdown of 1990
2660:
1655:
1613:
1236:"Bush Leads Dukakis, 48% to 44%, in Gallup Poll"
635:The passage was written by leading speechwriter
569:
1522:"Presidential Debate in East Lansing, Michigan"
1060:
2689:George H. W. Bush administration controversies
2315:The Family: The Real Story of the Bush Dynasty
1556:"PBS Frontline: Chronology, The Clinton Years"
646:Upon the advice of others however, especially
562:. In the general election, Democratic nominee
1876:
1656:Himelfarb, Richard; Perotti, Rosanna (2004).
484:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1140:
1138:
1136:
943:List of United States political catchphrases
741:, the Senate leadership, and Vice President
2307:George Bush: The Life of a Lone Star Yankee
1883:
1869:
1851:Full text and MP3 audio of the 1988 speech
1289:
1230:
1228:
1096:
491:
477:
2284:What It Takes: The Way to the White House
1489:
1321:
1178:
1133:
1022:
765:Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990
682:Gramm–Rudman–Hollings Balanced Budget Act
606:, who had not been clear on the subject.
2694:History of taxation in the United States
2684:1992 United States presidential election
2679:1988 United States presidential election
1822:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
1805:
1744:
1254:
1104:"The Taxpayer Protection Pledge Signers"
580:1984 United States presidential election
146:43rd Vice President of the United States
2699:August 1988 events in the United States
1692:"Bush, McCain lock horns in GOP debate"
1424:"The Illusory Power of Grover Norquist"
1347:"How Headline Writers Read Bush's Lips"
1225:
2661:
1856:YouTube clip of Bush saying the phrase
1757:from the original on September 7, 2021
1600:MacKenzie, Colin. "How Bush Blew It."
1575:Holmes, Steven A. (November 5, 1992).
1574:
1395:
1371:
1193:
1144:
1931:U.S. ambassador to the United Nations
1890:
1864:
1703:
1434:from the original on December 2, 2023
1344:
1264:Encyclopedia of the Reagan-Bush Years
991:
763:On November 5, 1990, Bush signed the
2005:George Bush Intercontinental Airport
1745:Soteriou, Emma (September 7, 2021).
1421:
1295:
1260:
1023:Ratcliffe, R.G. (December 6, 2018).
911:2019 United Kingdom general election
905:The phrase was subsequently used by
2674:1988 Republican National Convention
2276:The Naked Gun 2½: The Smell of Fear
2010:George Bush Center for Intelligence
1915:Vice President of the United States
1904:41st President of the United States
1490:Rosenthal, Andrew (March 4, 1992).
1422:Noah, Timothy (November 27, 2012).
1322:Rosenthal, Andrew (June 27, 1990).
513:1988 Republican National Convention
247:41st President of the United States
13:
1792:
1334:from the original on July 3, 2021.
519:, the line was the most prominent
14:
2720:
1773:
1502:from the original on July 7, 2022
1396:Taylor, Paul (November 6, 1990).
1296:York, Byron (December 10, 2011).
1004:from the original on May 26, 2015
2646:
2634:
2622:
2610:
2584:
2583:
1923:Director of Central Intelligence
1838:
1804:
1704:Toner, Robin (January 8, 2004).
1524:. Bush Library. October 19, 1992
801:
464:
458:
62:
37:
23:
2669:American political catchphrases
1738:
1725:
1697:
1684:
1594:
1568:
1548:
1536:
1514:
1483:
1471:
1458:
1446:
1415:
1389:
1345:Smith, John W. (July 5, 1990).
1338:
1315:
992:Ifill, Gwen (August 22, 1992).
699:Office of Management and Budget
670:
1630:Texas A&M University Press
1398:"Volatile Campaign Ends Today"
1120:
985:
965:
834:
552:presidential election campaign
1:
1477:The apology first ran in the
1152:The Presidency of George Bush
1128:What I Saw at the Revolution.
978:
878:
751:Republican National Committee
630:"Read my lips: no new taxes."
570:Vice President Bush and taxes
33:"Read my lips: no new taxes."
2247:Saturday Night Live parodies
2183:"Read my lips: no new taxes"
2178:"a thousand points of light"
1479:Atlanta-Journal Constitution
174:Reagan assassination attempt
7:
2347:41: A Portrait of My Father
936:
188:Vice presidential campaigns
10:
2725:
2270:Supermarket scanner moment
1985:George H. W. Bush Monument
1845:Read my lips: no new taxes
1668:Greenwood Publishing Group
1162:University Press of Kansas
703:White House Chief of Staff
505:Read my lips: no new taxes
2550:
2532:(great-great-grandfather)
2394:
2365:
2236:
2138:
2078:
2057:
2036:
2027:
1995:Bush School of Government
1953:
1898:
609:
127:Bush School of Government
1468:December 11, 1991 p. B12
958:
788:earned income tax credit
592:Americans for Tax Reform
290:Thousand points of light
71:This article is part of
2494:Nancy Walker Bush Ellis
2292:The Silence of the Hams
1975:Death and state funeral
1302:The Washington Examiner
1261:Levy, Peter B. (1996).
890:Manchester Union Leader
772:alternative minimum tax
545:a 1990 budget agreement
533:national budget deficit
2168:running mate selection
1800:
1780:Listen to this article
1626:College Station, Texas
1604:November 4, 1992 p. A1
1195:Darman, Richard Gordon
1066:Witcover, Jules Joseph
826:middle class tax cut.
633:
371:Presidential campaigns
305:Operation Restore Hope
2518:George Herbert Walker
2422:Pauline Robinson Bush
1965:Walker's Point Estate
1799:
1614:Barilleaux, Ryan J.;
1062:Germond, John Worthen
873:Republican Revolution
625:
157:Reagan administration
16:Political catchphrase
2261:Presidential Reunion
1980:Presidential Library
1847:at Wikimedia Commons
1831:More spoken articles
1209:Simon & Schuster
1029:www.texasmonthly.com
578:'s admission in the
560:Republican primaries
275:Presidential library
2542:Sully (service dog)
2526:(great-grandfather)
2488:Dorothy Walker Bush
2376:A World Transformed
1939:U.S. Representative
1735:, 18 September 2009
1273:Bloomsbury Academic
1146:Greene, John Robert
784:itemized deductions
782:taxes, and limited
693:, or from defense.
315:International trips
167:second inauguration
2506:William H. T. Bush
2452:Barbara Bush Coyne
1801:
1711:The New York Times
1602:The Globe and Mail
1581:The New York Times
1496:The New York Times
1466:The New York Times
1328:The New York Times
1082:Value Publishing.
998:The New York Times
948:Peace for our time
927:National Insurance
907:Brian Lenihan, Jr.
295:Invasion of Panama
162:first inauguration
2598:
2597:
2446:Dorothy Bush Koch
2355:Destiny and Power
2339:Family of Secrets
2331:Bad for Democracy
2300:Two Bad Neighbors
2264:(2010 short film)
2232:
2231:
2079:Vice Presidential
1892:George H. W. Bush
1843:Media related to
1797:
1733:Irish Independent
1383:Tax Policy Center
1242:. August 24, 1988
1240:Los Angeles Times
913:, Prime Minister
845:See I Told You So
509:George H. W. Bush
501:
500:
107:Electoral history
88:
87:
80:George H. W. Bush
43:
2716:
2651:
2650:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2615:
2614:
2606:
2587:
2586:
2571:← Walter Mondale
2524:James Smith Bush
2458:Jenna Bush Hager
2323:George H.W. Bush
2254:The X-Presidents
2034:
2033:
2017:George H.W. Bush
1990:Medal of Freedom
1946:
1934:
1926:
1918:
1907:
1885:
1878:
1871:
1862:
1861:
1842:
1821:
1819:
1808:
1807:
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1701:
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1531:
1529:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1487:
1481:
1475:
1469:
1462:
1456:
1450:
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1443:
1441:
1439:
1428:The New Republic
1419:
1413:
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1408:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1375:
1369:
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1258:
1252:
1251:
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1232:
1223:
1222:
1191:
1176:
1175:
1158:Lawrence, Kansas
1155:
1142:
1131:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1108:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1058:
1041:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1020:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1009:
989:
972:
969:
857:Marlin Fitzwater
849:Richard Wirthlin
493:
486:
479:
468:
467:
462:
84:
83:
81:
74:
66:
59:
58:
55:
54:
45:
44:
27:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2709:1988 quotations
2659:
2658:
2657:
2645:
2635:
2633:
2623:
2621:
2609:
2601:
2599:
2594:
2556:← Ronald Reagan
2546:
2472:(granddaughter)
2460:(granddaughter)
2454:(granddaughter)
2390:
2361:
2228:
2134:
2074:
2053:
2023:
1970:Post-presidency
1955:
1949:
1937:
1929:
1921:
1910:
1902:
1894:
1889:
1835:
1834:
1823:
1817:
1815:
1812:This audio file
1809:
1802:
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1790:
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1678:
1654:
1647:
1640:
1616:Rozell, Mark J.
1612:
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1416:
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1404:
1402:Washington Post
1394:
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1363:
1362:
1358:
1343:
1339:
1320:
1316:
1306:
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1294:
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1283:
1275:. p. 260.
1259:
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1234:
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1219:
1192:
1179:
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1097:
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1059:
1044:
1034:
1032:
1031:. Texas Monthly
1021:
1017:
1007:
1005:
990:
986:
981:
976:
975:
970:
966:
961:
939:
923:value-added tax
896:2004 reelection
881:
837:
804:
718:Lamar Alexander
691:Social Security
673:
652:Michael Dukakis
617:James Pinkerton
612:
588:Grover Norquist
572:
497:
465:
463:
456:
455:
454:
372:
368:
367:
366:
350:
346:
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330:
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285:
281:
280:
279:
248:
244:
243:
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189:
185:
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147:
143:
142:
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132:Points of Light
97:
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79:
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76:
75:
72:
70:
53:
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38:
35:
28:
17:
12:
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2696:
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2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2656:
2655:
2643:
2631:
2619:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2592:
2579:
2578:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2563:Bill Clinton →
2559:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2533:
2527:
2521:
2515:
2512:Samuel P. Bush
2509:
2503:
2497:
2491:
2485:
2479:
2473:
2467:
2464:George P. Bush
2461:
2455:
2449:
2443:
2437:
2431:
2425:
2419:
2413:
2410:George W. Bush
2407:
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2398:
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2240:
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2209:
2199:
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2197:
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2185:
2180:
2170:
2165:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2142:
2140:
2136:
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2133:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
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2067:
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2051:
2046:
2040:
2038:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2021:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1961:
1959:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1947:
1935:
1927:
1919:
1908:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1888:
1887:
1880:
1873:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1824:
1810:
1803:
1791:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1774:External links
1772:
1769:
1768:
1737:
1724:
1696:
1683:
1676:
1645:
1638:
1632:. p. 34.
1606:
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1547:
1535:
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1482:
1470:
1457:
1445:
1414:
1388:
1370:
1356:
1337:
1314:
1288:
1281:
1253:
1224:
1217:
1177:
1170:
1132:
1126:Peggy Noonan.
1119:
1095:
1088:
1042:
1015:
983:
982:
980:
977:
974:
973:
963:
962:
960:
957:
956:
955:
950:
945:
938:
935:
885:George W. Bush
880:
877:
836:
833:
820:James Carville
803:
800:
706:John H. Sununu
672:
669:
641:Richard Darman
631:
611:
608:
576:Walter Mondale
574:Responding to
571:
568:
499:
498:
496:
495:
488:
481:
473:
470:
469:
457:
453:
452:
451:
450:
445:
440:
435:
425:
424:
423:
418:
417:
416:
414:"No new taxes"
406:
401:
391:
390:
389:
384:
373:
370:
369:
365:
364:
363:
362:
355:Federal judges
351:
348:
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343:
342:
337:
331:
328:
327:
323:
322:
317:
312:
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302:
297:
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278:
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272:
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249:
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233:
228:
218:
217:
216:
211:
206:
201:
190:
187:
186:
182:
181:
179:Foreign policy
176:
171:
170:
169:
164:
154:
148:
145:
144:
140:
139:
134:
129:
124:
119:
114:
109:
104:
98:
95:
94:
90:
89:
86:
85:
73:a series about
69:
67:
47:
36:
31:
30:
29:
22:
21:
20:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2721:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2704:1988 speeches
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2642:
2641:United States
2632:
2630:
2620:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2607:
2604:
2591:
2590:
2581:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2553:
2552:
2549:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2522:
2520:(grandfather)
2519:
2516:
2514:(grandfather)
2513:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2500:Jonathan Bush
2498:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2482:Prescott Bush
2480:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2456:
2453:
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2320:
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2235:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2203:
2202:1992 campaign
2200:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2158:1988 campaign
2156:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2146:1980 campaign
2144:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2113:1984 campaign
2111:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2086:1980 campaign
2084:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2020:
2018:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1952:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1900:
1897:
1893:
1886:
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1761:September 14,
1756:
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1741:
1734:
1728:
1713:
1712:
1707:
1700:
1693:
1690:Paulson, Amy
1687:
1679:
1677:9780313321320
1673:
1669:
1665:
1664:Santa Barbara
1661:
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1639:9781585442911
1635:
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1351:Reading Eagle
1348:
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1318:
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1282:9780313290183
1278:
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1218:9780684811239
1214:
1210:
1206:
1205:New York City
1202:
1201:
1196:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1184:
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1173:
1171:9780700609932
1167:
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1147:
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1123:
1112:September 30,
1105:
1099:
1091:
1089:9780517131657
1085:
1081:
1077:
1076:New York City
1073:
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1063:
1057:
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988:
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951:
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946:
944:
941:
940:
934:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
915:Boris Johnson
912:
908:
903:
901:
900:Bush tax cuts
897:
892:
891:
886:
876:
874:
870:
869:Newt Gingrich
864:
860:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
841:Rush Limbaugh
832:
829:
823:
821:
816:
812:
809:
802:1992 election
799:
797:
791:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
768:
766:
761:
758:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
739:Newt Gingrich
737:
732:
729:
728:
727:New York Post
721:
719:
715:
711:
707:
704:
700:
694:
692:
688:
683:
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666:
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561:
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388:
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383:
380:
379:
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361:
358:
357:
356:
353:
352:
341:
338:
336:
335:Environmental
333:
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321:
318:
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313:
311:
308:
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291:
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180:
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175:
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168:
165:
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159:
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150:
149:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
123:
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
99:
92:
91:
82:
68:
65:
61:
60:
57:
56:
34:
26:
19:
2629:Conservatism
2582:
2576:Dan Quayle →
2561:
2554:
2538:(family dog)
2530:Obadiah Bush
2404:Barbara Bush
2384:All the Best
2382:
2374:
2367:Bibliography
2353:
2345:
2337:
2329:
2321:
2313:
2305:
2290:
2282:
2274:
2259:
2252:
2245:
2238:Public image
2182:
2139:Presidential
2016:
2000:Reagan Award
1759:. Retrieved
1750:
1740:
1732:
1727:
1717:February 10,
1715:. Retrieved
1709:
1699:
1686:
1658:
1620:
1609:
1601:
1596:
1584:. Retrieved
1580:
1570:
1559:
1550:
1542:
1538:
1526:. Retrieved
1516:
1506:December 12,
1504:. Retrieved
1495:
1485:
1478:
1473:
1465:
1460:
1448:
1438:December 12,
1436:. Retrieved
1427:
1417:
1405:. Retrieved
1401:
1391:
1382:
1373:
1359:
1353:. p. 9.
1350:
1340:
1327:
1317:
1305:. Retrieved
1301:
1291:
1263:
1256:
1244:. Retrieved
1239:
1199:
1151:
1127:
1122:
1110:. Retrieved
1098:
1080:Random House
1070:
1033:. Retrieved
1028:
1018:
1008:December 12,
1006:. Retrieved
997:
987:
967:
904:
888:
882:
865:
861:
844:
843:in his book
838:
824:
817:
813:
808:Pat Buchanan
805:
792:
769:
762:
759:
733:
725:
722:
714:Paul O'Neill
695:
674:
671:Taxes raised
661:Mervin Field
645:
637:Peggy Noonan
634:
626:
613:
600:Pete du Pont
585:
573:
564:Bill Clinton
556:Pat Buchanan
550:In the 1992
549:
526:
517:Peggy Noonan
504:
502:
413:
349:Appointments
270:Inauguration
122:Bibliography
18:
2476:Pierce Bush
2470:Lauren Bush
2440:Marvin Bush
2358:(2015 book)
2350:(2014 book)
2037:U.S. Senate
1945:(1967–1971)
1933:(1971–1973)
1925:(1976–1977)
1917:(1981–1989)
1906:(1989–1993)
1071:Mad as Hell
1035:January 12,
875:" of 1994.
835:Later views
710:Gerald Ford
648:Roger Ailes
621:New Orleans
2663:Categories
2478:(grandson)
2466:(grandson)
2448:(daughter)
2424:(daughter)
2416:presidency
2212:convention
2173:convention
2118:convention
2106:transition
2096:convention
2058:U.S. House
1827:Audio help
1818:2006-08-04
1464:Quoted in
1455:Gallup.com
979:References
919:income tax
879:Other uses
853:Ed Rollins
828:Ross Perot
755:Ed Rollins
747:Trent Lott
743:Dan Quayle
590:, head of
529:Democratic
521:sound bite
443:convention
409:convention
387:convention
265:Transition
253:Presidency
231:convention
209:convention
152:Transition
2508:(brother)
2502:(brother)
2434:Neil Bush
2207:primaries
2163:primaries
2151:primaries
2091:selection
2029:Elections
1586:March 17,
1307:August 6,
753:co-chair
678:recession
596:Jack Kemp
438:primaries
404:primaries
382:primaries
204:selection
2617:Politics
2589:Category
2496:(sister)
2490:(mother)
2484:(father)
2428:Jeb Bush
2302:" (1996)
2222:election
2195:election
2128:election
2101:election
2019:(CVN-77)
1954:Life and
1829: ·
1755:Archived
1618:(2004).
1528:June 28,
1500:Archived
1432:Archived
1332:Archived
1246:June 28,
1197:(1996).
1148:(2000).
1068:(1994).
1002:Archived
937:See also
796:Gulf War
687:Medicare
665:Newsweek
604:Bob Dole
433:election
399:election
329:Policies
300:Gulf War
258:timeline
226:election
199:election
96:Personal
2603:Portals
2217:debates
2190:debates
1816: (
1787:minutes
1407:May 17,
776:payroll
511:at the
448:debates
421:debates
340:Foreign
320:Pardons
236:debates
214:debates
112:Eponyms
2536:Millie
2406:(wife)
2396:Family
2387:(1999)
2379:(1998)
2342:(2009)
2334:(2008)
2326:(2008)
2318:(2004)
2310:(1997)
2295:(1994)
2287:(1993)
2279:(1991)
2123:debate
1957:legacy
1674:
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1545:p. 374
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1269:London
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1130:p. 307
1086:
925:, and
780:excise
716:, and
701:, and
657:Gallup
610:Pledge
537:Senate
360:Thomas
284:Tenure
117:Honors
102:Family
2653:1980s
2442:(son)
2436:(son)
2430:(son)
1107:(PDF)
959:Notes
541:House
310:NAFTA
137:Death
2412:(son
2070:1968
2065:1966
2049:1970
2044:1964
2015:USS
1943:TX–7
1941:for
1912:43rd
1763:2021
1719:2021
1672:ISBN
1634:ISBN
1588:2010
1530:2012
1508:2023
1440:2023
1409:2021
1309:2012
1277:ISBN
1248:2018
1213:ISBN
1166:ISBN
1114:2011
1084:ISBN
1037:2023
1010:2023
778:and
736:Whip
598:and
539:and
428:1992
394:1988
377:1980
221:1984
194:1980
1751:LBC
1561:PBS
689:or
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