689:
62:
909:; he even guarded with a rifle the palace of the Prince of Prussia. After the revolution failed, the Military Academy closed temporarily, causing him a large loss of income. When it reopened, the environment became more hostile to him, as officers he was teaching were expected to be loyal to the constituted government. Some of the press who had not sided with the revolution pointed him out, as well as Jacobi and other liberal professors, as "the red contingent of the staff".
1157:
971:, Dirichlet suffered a heart attack. On 5 May 1859, he died in Göttingen, several months after the death of his wife Rebecka. Dirichlet's brain is preserved in the department of physiology at the University of Göttingen, along with the brain of Gauss. The Academy in Berlin honored him with a formal memorial speech presented by Kummer in 1860, and later ordered the publication of his collected works edited by Kronecker and
2099:
897:, who came as a translator; as he was strongly interested in mathematics, both Dirichlet and Jacobi lectured to him during the trip, and he later became an important mathematician himself. The Dirichlet family extended their stay in Italy to 1845, their daughter Flora being born there. In 1844, Jacobi moved to Berlin as a royal pensioner, their friendship becoming even closer. In 1846, when the
948:, although they had all already earned their PhDs, attended Dirichlet's classes to study with him. Dedekind, who felt that there were gaps in his mathematics education, considered that the occasion to study with Dirichlet made him "a new human being". He later edited and published Dirichlet's lectures and other results in
456:
Although his family was not wealthy and he was the youngest of seven children, his parents supported his education. They enrolled him in an elementary school and then private school in hope that he would later become a merchant. The young
Dirichlet, who showed a strong interest in mathematics before
817:
Dirichlet had a good reputation with students for the clarity of his explanations and enjoyed teaching, especially as his
University lectures tended to be on the more advanced topics in which he was doing research: number theory (he was the first German professor to give lectures on number theory),
809:
as needed, he postponed giving the mandatory lecture in Latin for another 20 years, until 1851. As he had not completed this formal requirement, he remained attached to the faculty with less than full rights, including restricted emoluments, forcing him to keep in parallel his teaching position at
920:
Despite
Dirichlet's expertise and the honours he received, and even though, by 1851, he had finally completed all formal requirements for a full professor, the issue of raising his pay at the university still dragged on and he was still unable to leave the Military Academy. In 1855, upon Gauss's
641:. Humboldt also secured a recommendation letter from Gauss, who upon reading his memoir on Fermat's theorem wrote with an unusual amount of praise that "Dirichlet showed excellent talent". With the support of Humboldt and Gauss, Dirichlet was offered a teaching position at the
1264:
as the early origin of this attribution, but disputes the claim saying that "there is ample evidence that he had no idea of this concept for instance when he discusses piecewise continuous functions, he says that at points of discontinuity, the function has two values".
901:
tried to recruit
Dirichlet, Jacobi provided von Humboldt the needed support to obtain a doubling of Dirichlet's pay at the university in order to keep him in Berlin; however, even then he was not paid a full professor wage and could not leave the Military Academy.
886:, at the time a schoolteacher. Realizing Kummer's potential, they helped him get elected in the Berlin Academy and, in 1842, obtained for him a full professor position at the University of Breslau. In 1840 Kummer married Ottilie Mendelssohn, a cousin of Rebecka's.
1219:
after him. A function satisfying a partial differential equation subject to the
Dirichlet boundary conditions must have fixed values on the boundary. In the proof he notably used the principle that the solution is the function that minimizes the so-called
753:
and his wife Lea, having social contacts with the important musicians, artists and scientists in a highly creative period of German intellectual life. In 1829 she sang a small role in the premiere, given at the
Mendelssohn house, of Felix's
500:
Dirichlet again persuaded his parents to provide further financial support for his studies in mathematics, against their wish for a career in law. As
Germany provided little opportunity to study higher mathematics at the time, with only
866:
in the curriculum, raising the level of scientific education there. However, he gradually started feeling that his double teaching load, at the
Military academy and at the university, was limiting the time available for his research.
768:
My older brother and sister stole my reputation as an artist. In any other family I would have been highly regarded as a musician and perhaps been leader of a group. Next to Felix and Fanny, I could not aspire to any recognition.
997:
was
Dirichlet's main research interest, a field in which he found several deep results and in proving them introduced some fundamental tools, many of which were later named after him. In 1837, Dirichlet proved his
2185:
649:. Again his lack of fluency in Latin rendered him unable to hold the required public disputation of his thesis; after much discussion, the university decided to bypass the problem by awarding him an
932:
Dirichlet enjoyed his time in Göttingen, as the lighter teaching load allowed him more time for research and he came into close contact with the new generation of researchers, especially
893:'s personal physician. When the physician recommended that Jacobi spend some time in Italy, Dirichlet joined him on the trip together with his family. They were accompanied to Italy by
583:, one of the referees, soon completed the proof for this case; Dirichlet completed his own proof a short time after Legendre, and a few years later produced a full proof for the case
1083:(later refined by his student Kronecker). The formula, which Jacobi called a result "touching the utmost of human acumen", opened the way for similar results regarding more general
431:
in 1815. His father Johann Arnold
Lejeune Dirichlet was the postmaster, merchant, and city councilor. His paternal grandfather had come to DĂŒren from Richelette (or more likely
1256:
functions. Based on this, he is credited with introducing the modern concept of a function, as opposed to the older vague understanding of a function as an analytic formula.
676:, to arrange for him the desired transfer to Berlin. Given Dirichlet's young age (he was 23 years old at the time), Humboldt was able to get him only a trial position at the
2288:
1070:
882:, the two mathematicians becoming friends, keeping in contact and even visiting each other with the families a few years later. In 1839, Jacobi sent Dirichlet a paper by
925:
decided to call Dirichlet as his successor. Given the difficulties faced in Berlin, he decided to accept the offer and immediately moved to Göttingen with his family.
672:
law which at the time was a focal point of Gauss's research. Alexander von Humboldt took advantage of these new results, which had also drawn enthusiastic praise from
458:
2313:
2308:
984:
127:
2293:
680:
in Berlin while remaining nominally employed by the University of Breslau. The probation was extended for three years until the position becoming definite in 1831.
625:
As General Foy died in November 1825 and he could not find any paying position in France, Dirichlet had to return to Prussia. Fourier and Poisson introduced him to
2192:
1382:
2283:
878:. Over the years they kept meeting and corresponding on research matters, in time becoming close friends. In 1839, during a visit to Paris, Dirichlet met
2328:
2237:
1160:
Dirichlet found and proved the convergence conditions for Fourier series decomposition. Pictured: the first four Fourier series approximations for a
999:
142:
940:. After moving to Göttingen he was able to obtain a small annual stipend for Riemann to retain him in the teaching staff there. Dedekind, Riemann,
2103:
1530:
637:
a center of science and research, immediately offered his help to Dirichlet, sending letters in his favour to the Prussian government and to the
2298:
2348:
2273:
2164:
601:, an exceptional feat for a 20-year-old student with no degree. His lecture at the Academy had also put Dirichlet in close contact with
484:
helped widen his knowledge in mathematics. He left the gymnasium a year later with only a certificate, as his inability to speak fluent
906:
692:
Dirichlet was married in 1832 to Rebecka Mendelssohn. They had two children, Walter (born 1833) and Flora (born 1845). Drawing by
2333:
2178:
2120:
2011:
1986:
1953:
1886:
1858:
1824:
1752:
1729:
1704:
1679:
1654:
1560:
1487:
1923:"Sur la convergence des séries trigonométriques qui servent à représenter une fonction arbitraire entre des limites données"
723:
Rebecka Henriette Lejeune Dirichlet (nĂ©e Rebecka Mendelssohn; 11 April 1811 â 1 December 1858) was a granddaughter of
1240:
While trying to gauge the range of functions for which convergence of the Fourier series can be shown, Dirichlet defines a
1115:
645:. However, as he had not passed a doctoral dissertation, he submitted his memoir on the Fermat theorem as a thesis to the
1925:[On the convergence of trigonometric series that serve to represent an arbitrary function between given limits].
1454:
A complete bibliography of Dirichlet's published works, including translations thereof and lectures not contained in the
1180:
had tried unsuccessfully to find a rigorous proof of convergence. The memoir pointed out Cauchy's mistake and introduced
708:
and his family. Their house was a weekly gathering point for Berlin artists and scientists, including Abraham's children
17:
653:
in February 1827. Also, the Minister of Education granted him a dispensation for the Latin disputation required for the
2318:
2227:
1376:
1229:
889:
In 1843, when Jacobi fell ill, Dirichlet traveled to Königsberg to help him, then obtained for him the assistance of
1444:
955:
2278:
630:
1364:
1192:
was still a developing topic at the time) and, in the proof of the theorem for the Fourier series, introduced the
2303:
890:
1317:
668:
While in Breslau, Dirichlet continued his number-theoretic research, publishing important contributions to the
2158:
1212:
794:
705:
743:
at which point she took the names Rebecka Henriette Mendelssohn Bartholdy. She became a part of the notable
1352:
811:
720:(Fanny's husband). Dirichlet showed great interest in Abraham's daughter Rebecka, whom he married in 1832.
638:
526:
688:
2323:
2133:
1604:
1358:
759:
531:
463:
536:
1370:
1145:
598:
31:
922:
912:
In 1849 Dirichlet participated, together with his friend Jacobi, in the jubilee of Gauss's doctorate.
506:
183:
1148:, is still an unsolved problem in number theory despite later contributions by other mathematicians.
1141:
1111:
870:
While in Berlin, Dirichlet kept in contact with other mathematicians. In 1829, during a trip, he met
851:
677:
277:
1168:
Inspired by the work of his mentor in Paris, Dirichlet published in 1829 a famous memoir giving the
2125:
2115:
1119:
871:
547:
353:
340:
1044:
875:
1553:
Duden â The Pronouncing Dictionary: accent and pronunciation of more than 132.000 words and names
1100:
1023:
839:
543:, the wage finally allowing Dirichlet to become independent from his parents' financial support.
457:
age 12, persuaded his parents to allow him to continue his studies. In 1817 they sent him to the
253:
1978:
1694:
1646:
606:
2212:
1400:
1329:
1298:
1241:
1204:
1096:
1031:
1007:
835:
778:
626:
377:
369:
357:
239:
1922:
797:, and the Education Minister approved the transfer and in 1831 assigned him to the faculty of
473:
2242:
1325:
1221:
1177:
1003:
898:
859:
642:
580:
469:
361:
175:
1549:
Duden â Das Aussprachewörterbuch: Betonung und Aussprache von ĂŒber 132.000 Wörtern und Namen
838:, while being influential in the mathematical formation of many other scientists, including
2343:
2338:
1497:
1274:
1253:
1169:
1107:
1076:
1027:
1019:
1015:
843:
819:
502:
281:
217:
179:
1695:
Goldstein, Cathérine; Catherine Goldstein; Norbert Schappacher; Joachim Schwermer (2007).
1505:
518:
8:
2217:
2111:
1903:
1321:
1294:
1225:
1181:
1137:
1011:
823:
750:
669:
610:
522:
420:
227:
2252:
2077:
1971:
1639:
1404:
1337:
1309:
1197:
1185:
1035:
774:
650:
646:
428:
1848:
894:
273:
2247:
2222:
2081:
2007:
1982:
1949:
1882:
1854:
1820:
1748:
1725:
1700:
1675:
1650:
1556:
1483:
1333:
1216:
1189:
863:
855:
827:
745:
732:
728:
724:
713:
709:
701:
285:
231:
1396:
209:
147:
2232:
2069:
2040:
1525:
1501:
1475:
1302:
1278:
1208:
1193:
1039:
1034:. In 1841, he generalized his arithmetic progressions theorem from integers to the
937:
933:
879:
831:
673:
558:
373:
303:
269:
257:
235:
2170:
1493:
1471:
1412:
1092:
540:
450:
61:
1211:, proving the uniqueness of the solution; this type of problem in the theory of
822:. He advised the doctoral theses of several important German mathematicians, as
1282:
1281:(including the Dirichlet problem and Dirichlet principle mentioned above), the
1261:
1173:
1080:
945:
717:
693:
602:
569:
381:
365:
261:
213:
1479:
2267:
1388:
1313:
1286:
994:
972:
949:
941:
614:
391:
Although his surname is Lejeune Dirichlet, he is commonly referred to by his
385:
349:
345:
249:
165:
2154:
1555:]. Duden - Deutsche Sprache in 12 BĂ€nden (in German). Vol. 6. 312.
590:. In June 1825 he was accepted to lecture on his partial proof for the case
2073:
2045:
2028:
2004:
Stability and convergence of mechanical systems with unilateral constraints
1463:
1257:
1176:
holds. Before Dirichlet's solution, not only Fourier, but also Poisson and
1084:
929:
was called to assume his position as a professor of mathematics in Berlin.
926:
883:
847:
802:
658:
654:
557:, brought him immediate fame, being the first advance in the theorem since
265:
782:
657:. Dirichlet earned the Habilitation and lectured in the 1827â28 year as a
535:, a book he kept close for his entire life. In 1823 he was recommended to
105:
1697:
The shaping of arithmetic: after C.F. Gauss's Disquisitiones Arithmeticae
1161:
1088:
798:
1672:
The Proof is in the Pudding: The Changing Nature of Mathematical Proof
755:
510:
481:
137:
1817:
Vita mathematica: historical research and integration with teaching
1316:, introducing some original methods and results, in particular for
1290:
968:
432:
368:
and was one of the first to give the modern formal definition of a
1908:
Abhandlungen der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenchaften
1846:
793:
As soon as he came to Berlin, Dirichlet applied to lecture at the
436:
412:
86:
1442:
1235:
1156:
740:
736:
700:
After Dirichlet's move to Berlin, Humboldt introduced him to the
662:
477:
440:
424:
392:
117:
38:
1434:
Lejeune Dirichlet, J.P.G. (1897). L. Kronecker, L. Fuchs (ed.).
2098:
1904:"Ăber die Bestimmung der mittleren Werthe in der Zahlentheorie"
634:
489:
190:
2029:"Dirichlet's contributions to mathematical probability theory"
905:
Holding liberal views, Dirichlet and his family supported the
810:
the Military School. In 1832 Dirichlet became a member of the
312:
1544:
514:
485:
472:, a student his family knew. In 1820, Dirichlet moved to the
416:
1075:
In a couple of papers in 1838 and 1839, he proved the first
1018:. In that article, he also noted the difference between the
1006:
to tackle an algebraic problem, thus creating the branch of
2134:"The Life and Work of Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet (1805â1859)"
1973:
Proofs and refutations: the logic of mathematical discovery
1605:"The Life and Work of Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet (1805â1859)"
1408:
1395:
In 1855 Dirichlet was awarded the civil class medal of the
546:
His first original research, comprising part of a proof of
327:
1144:, for which he found the first results by introducing the
1110:, a basic counting argument, in the proof of a theorem in
858:. At the Military Academy, Dirichlet managed to introduce
1228:, although he knew it had also been used by Gauss and by
985:
List of things named after Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet
781:. In 1833 their first son, Walter, was born. She died in
773:
In 1832 she married Dirichlet, who was introduced to the
539:, who hired him as a private tutor to teach his children
529:
among others, while undertaking private study of Gauss's
513:
and anyway disliked teaching, Dirichlet decided to go to
411:
Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet was born on 13 February 1805 in
315:
2165:
Johann Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet â Ćuvres complĂštes
1847:
Gowers, Timothy; June Barrow-Green; Imre Leader (2008).
1348:
Dirichlet was elected as a member of several academies:
1188:
as an example of a function that is not integrable (the
2001:
620:
435:), a small community 5 km (3 miles) north east of
1425:
Lejeune Dirichlet, J.P.G. (1889). L. Kronecker (ed.).
1184:
for the convergence of series. It also introduced the
1172:, showing for which functions the convergence of the
1047:
321:
306:
196:
Partial Results on Fermat's Last Theorem, Exponent 5
1876:
1641:
Remarkable Mathematicians: From Euler to von Neumann
1443:
Lejeune Dirichlet, J.P.G.; Richard Dedekind (1863).
324:
309:
2289:
Academic staff of the Humboldt University of Berlin
1796:
318:
2200:
1970:
1771:
1638:
1064:
801:. The faculty required him to undertake a renewed
683:
2109:
1920:
1759:
1433:
1424:
2309:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
2265:
1853:. Princeton University Press. pp. 764â765.
1819:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 156â159.
1087:. Based on his research of the structure of the
629:, who had been called to join the court of King
30:"Dirichlet" redirects here. For other uses, see
1927:Journal fĂŒr die reine und angewandte Mathematik
805:qualification, and although Dirichlet wrote a
495:
443:, from which his surname "Lejeune Dirichlet" ("
2314:Recipients of the Pour le MĂ©rite (civil class)
2238:Dirichlet's theorem on arithmetic progressions
1543:
1236:Introduction of the modern concept of function
716:, both outstanding musicians, and the painter
517:in May 1822. There he attended classes at the
453:for "the youth from Richelette") was derived.
344:; 13 February 1805 â 5 May 1859) was a German
2294:Academic staff of the University of Göttingen
2186:
1790:
1719:
739:. In 1816 her parents arranged for her to be
398:, in particular for results named after him.
1872:
1870:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1531:Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary
1030:and its impact in what was later called the
1010:. In proving the theorem, he introduced the
953:
814:, the youngest member at only 27 years old.
444:
2284:Academic staff of the University of Breslau
2068:. Taylor and Francis: xxxviiiâxxxix. 1860.
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
2329:Mathematicians from the Kingdom of Prussia
2193:
2179:
2062:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London
1590:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1118:. He published important contributions to
874:, at the time professor of mathematics at
60:
2044:
2002:Leine, Remco; Nathan van de Wouw (2008).
1901:
1867:
1833:
1049:
406:
2131:
2060:"Obituary notices of deceased fellows".
1943:
1937:
1902:Dirichlet, Peter Gustav Lejeune (1849).
1877:Kanemitsu, Shigeru; Chaohua Jia (2002).
1814:
1808:
1688:
1602:
1462:
1418:
1224:. Riemann later named this approach the
1155:
967:In the summer of 1858, during a trip to
915:
687:
2121:MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive
2026:
2020:
1977:. Cambridge University Press. pp.
1968:
1962:
1910:(in German): 49â66 – via Gallica.
1879:Number theoretic methods: future trends
1645:. Cambridge University Press. pp.
1632:
1630:
1628:
1569:
1277:, lecturing and publishing research in
1252:", but then restricts his attention to
978:
14:
2266:
1850:The Princeton companion to mathematics
1669:
372:. In mathematical physics, he studied
2174:
2053:
1995:
1663:
1636:
788:
339:
298:Johann Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet
73:Johann Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet
2299:Foreign members of the Royal Society
1802:
1777:
1765:
1742:
1625:
1359:Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
621:Back to Prussia, Breslau (1825â1828)
1946:A radical approach to real analysis
1468:Dirichlet: A Mathematical Biography
24:
2349:People from the Kingdom of Hanover
2274:19th-century German mathematicians
2228:Dirichlet-multinomial distribution
1297:by showing that the condition for
1248:there corresponds a single finite
1000:theorem on arithmetic progressions
419:which at the time was part of the
25:
2360:
2091:
1383:Royal Belgian Academy of Sciences
1377:Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
1203:Dirichlet also studied the first
1116:Dirichlet's approximation theorem
509:who was nominally a professor of
415:, a town on the left bank of the
2116:"Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet"
2097:
1324:of approximation related to the
1122:, for which he proved the cases
989:
302:
27:German mathematician (1805â1859)
2027:Fischer, Hans (February 1994).
1914:
1895:
1783:
1268:
684:Marriage to Rebecka Mendelssohn
488:prevented him from earning the
2334:People from the Rhine Province
2202:Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet
2155:Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet
2104:Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet
1881:. Springer. pp. 271â274.
1736:
1713:
1699:. Springer. pp. 204â208.
1637:James, Ioan Mackenzie (2003).
1537:
1519:
1446:Vorlesungen ĂŒber Zahlentheorie
1438:. Vol. 2. Berlin: Reimer.
1429:. Vol. 1. Berlin: Reimer.
1415:asteroid are named after him.
1213:partial differential equations
1059:
1053:
956:Vorlesungen ĂŒber Zahlentheorie
54:Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet
13:
1:
2159:Mathematics Genealogy Project
1745:Mendelssohn: A Life in Music.
1513:
1365:Göttingen Academy of Sciences
1361:(1833) â corresponding member
1244:by the property that "to any
706:Abraham Mendelssohn Bartholdy
633:. Humboldt, planning to make
609:, who raised his interest in
352:, he proved special cases of
2141:Clay Mathematics Proceedings
1674:. Springer. pp. 55â58.
1612:Clay Mathematics Proceedings
1353:Prussian Academy of Sciences
1065:{\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} }
812:Prussian Academy of Sciences
639:Prussian Academy of Sciences
525:, learning mathematics from
496:Studies in Paris (1822â1826)
401:
364:, he advanced the theory of
7:
1944:Bressoud, David M. (2007).
1308:Dirichlet also lectured on
1151:
1138:biquadratic reciprocity law
760:Die Heimkehr aus der Fremde
727:and the youngest sister of
532:Disquisitiones Arithmeticae
246:Other notable students
10:
2365:
1921:Lejeune Dirichlet (1829).
1371:French Academy of Sciences
1146:Dirichlet hyperbola method
1099:, a fundamental result in
982:
599:French Academy of Sciences
36:
32:Dirichlet (disambiguation)
29:
2319:University of Bonn alumni
2208:
2132:Elstrodt, JĂŒrgen (2007).
1948:. MAA. pp. 218â227.
1815:Calinger, Ronald (1996).
1603:Elstrodt, JĂŒrgen (2007).
1480:10.1007/978-3-030-01073-7
1343:
1273:Dirichlet also worked in
1142:Dirichlet divisor problem
1112:diophantine approximation
962:Lectures on Number Theory
891:King Friedrich Wilhelm IV
678:Prussian Military Academy
561:'s own proof of the case
480:, where his lessons with
341:[lÉËÊĆndiÊiËkleË]
291:
245:
223:
205:
189:
171:
161:
154:
133:
123:
113:
94:
68:
59:
52:
2126:University of St Andrews
1722:The Life of Mendelssohn.
1114:, later named after him
2279:German number theorists
2006:. Springer. p. 6.
1670:Krantz, Steven (2011).
1403:'s recommendation. The
1391:(1855) â foreign member
1373:(1854) â foreign member
1340:, are named after him.
1101:algebraic number theory
1024:conditional convergence
923:University of Göttingen
840:Elwin Bruno Christoffel
670:biquadratic reciprocity
615:analytic theory of heat
613:, especially Fourier's
507:University of Göttingen
378:boundary-value problems
254:Elwin Bruno Christoffel
184:University of Göttingen
2304:German Roman Catholics
2213:Dirichlet distribution
2074:10.1098/rspl.1859.0002
2046:10.1006/hmat.1994.1007
2039:(1). Elsevier: 39â63.
1969:Lakatos, Imre (1976).
1401:Alexander von Humboldt
1330:Dirichlet distribution
1320:and an improvement of
1205:boundary-value problem
1165:
1097:Dirichlet unit theorem
1066:
1032:Riemann series theorem
1008:analytic number theory
954:
836:Carl Wilhelm Borchardt
779:Alexander von Humboldt
771:
735:. Rebecka was born in
697:
627:Alexander von Humboldt
537:General Maximilien Foy
446:le jeune de Richelette
445:
407:Early life (1805â1822)
358:analytic number theory
240:Carl Wilhelm Borchardt
2243:Dirichlet convolution
1720:Mercer-Taylor, Peter
1449:. F. Vieweg und sohn.
1419:Selected publications
1326:central limit theorem
1159:
1120:Fermat's Last Theorem
1067:
1004:mathematical analysis
983:Further information:
916:Göttingen (1855â1859)
899:Heidelberg University
876:Königsberg University
766:
691:
643:University of Breslau
631:Friedrich Wilhelm III
581:Adrien-Marie Legendre
548:Fermat's Last Theorem
470:Peter Joseph Elvenich
354:Fermat's last theorem
176:University of Breslau
37:In this article, the
2112:Robertson, Edmund F.
2106:at Wikimedia Commons
2033:Historia Mathematica
1295:conservative systems
1275:mathematical physics
1254:piecewise continuous
1215:was later named the
1108:pigeonhole principle
1077:class number formula
1045:
1012:Dirichlet characters
1002:using concepts from
979:Mathematics research
820:mathematical physics
807:Habilitationsschrift
795:University of Berlin
180:University of Berlin
108:, Kingdom of Hanover
2218:Dirichlet character
2110:O'Connor, John J.;
1458:, is available in:
1226:Dirichlet principle
824:Gotthold Eisenstein
751:Abraham Mendelssohn
704:held by the banker
611:theoretical physics
523:University of Paris
421:First French Empire
228:Gotthold Eisenstein
18:Rebecka Mendelssohn
2324:Mendelssohn family
2253:Dirichlet integral
1791:Mercer-Taylor 2000
1338:Dirichlet integral
1310:probability theory
1198:Dirichlet integral
1186:Dirichlet function
1166:
1106:He first used the
1062:
789:Berlin (1826â1855)
775:Mendelssohn family
698:
651:honorary doctorate
647:University of Bonn
468:under the care of
429:Congress of Vienna
143:University of Bonn
2261:
2260:
2248:Dirichlet problem
2223:Dirichlet process
2102:Media related to
2013:978-3-540-76974-3
1988:978-0-521-29038-8
1955:978-0-88385-747-2
1888:978-1-4020-1080-4
1860:978-0-691-11880-2
1826:978-0-88385-097-8
1753:978-0-19-511043-2
1730:978-0-521-63972-9
1706:978-3-540-20441-1
1681:978-0-387-48908-7
1656:978-0-521-52094-2
1562:978-3-411-91151-6
1489:978-3-030-01071-3
1334:Dirichlet process
1289:. He improved on
1217:Dirichlet problem
1190:definite integral
1134: = 14
1040:Gaussian integers
864:integral calculus
856:Julius Weingarten
852:Ludwig von Seidel
828:Leopold Kronecker
764:She later wrote:
733:Fanny Mendelssohn
729:Felix Mendelssohn
725:Moses Mendelssohn
714:Fanny Mendelssohn
588: = 14
519:CollĂšge de France
295:
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286:Julius Weingarten
278:Ludwig von Seidel
232:Leopold Kronecker
224:Doctoral students
206:Academic advisors
156:Scientific career
43:Lejeune Dirichlet
16:(Redirected from
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1322:Laplace's method
1303:potential energy
1279:potential theory
1222:Dirichlet energy
1209:Laplace equation
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1182:Dirichlet's test
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1095:, he proved the
1093:quadratic fields
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952:under the title
938:Bernhard Riemann
934:Richard Dedekind
880:Joseph Liouville
832:Rudolf Lipschitz
749:of her parents,
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895:Ludwig SchlÀfli
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1615:. Retrieved
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1394:
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1305:is minimal.
1301:is that the
1272:
1269:Other fields
1258:Imre Lakatos
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655:Habilitation
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395:
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356:and created
297:
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266:Eduard Heine
195:
172:Institutions
155:
100:(1859-05-05)
47:
42:
2344:1859 deaths
2339:1805 births
1617:25 December
1526:"Dirichlet"
1299:equilibrium
1293:'s work on
1230:Lord Kelvin
1162:square wave
1016:L-functions
921:death, the
872:Carl Jacobi
521:and at the
462: [
114:Nationality
2268:Categories
1933:: 157â169.
1514:References
1506:1412.01003
1207:, for the
1170:conditions
1089:unit group
799:philosophy
427:after the
218:Carl Gauss
98:5 May 1859
79:1805-02-13
2082:186209363
1803:Todd 2003
1789:cited in
1778:Todd 2003
1766:Todd 2003
1399:order at
785:in 1858.
783:Göttingen
756:Singspiel
511:astronomy
482:Georg Ohm
402:Biography
396:Dirichlet
138:PhD (Hon)
106:Göttingen
1547:(2015).
1472:Springer
1466:(2018).
1411:and the
1332:and the
1291:Lagrange
1242:function
1196:and the
1152:Analysis
1020:absolute
969:Montreux
741:baptised
527:Hachette
433:Richelle
370:function
362:analysis
2157:at the
2146:13 June
1979:151â152
1647:103â109
1498:3887586
1407:on the
737:Hamburg
663:Breslau
607:Poisson
603:Fourier
597:at the
505:at the
478:Cologne
441:Belgium
425:Prussia
393:mononym
337:German:
39:surname
2080:
2010:
1985:
1952:
1885:
1857:
1823:
1805:, 192.
1751:
1728:
1703:
1678:
1653:
1559:
1504:
1496:
1486:
1385:(1855)
1379:(1854)
1367:(1846)
1355:(1832)
1344:Honors
1328:. The
1260:cites
1178:Cauchy
1140:. The
1028:series
927:Kummer
696:, 1823
635:Berlin
559:Fermat
541:German
490:Abitur
451:French
384:, and
380:, and
200:(1827)
198:
191:Thesis
162:Fields
150:(1855)
145:(1827)
134:Awards
118:German
2137:(PDF)
2078:S2CID
1780:, 33.
1768:, 28.
1608:(PDF)
1551:[
1456:Werke
1436:Werke
1427:Werke
746:salon
710:Felix
570:Euler
515:Paris
503:Gauss
486:Latin
466:]
437:LiĂšge
417:Rhine
413:DĂŒren
360:. In
348:. In
87:DĂŒren
2148:2010
2008:ISBN
1983:ISBN
1950:ISBN
1883:ISBN
1855:ISBN
1821:ISBN
1793:, 66
1749:ISBN
1726:ISBN
1701:ISBN
1676:ISBN
1651:ISBN
1619:2007
1557:ISBN
1484:ISBN
1409:Moon
1312:and
1285:and
1129:and
1079:for
1036:ring
1022:and
1014:and
944:and
936:and
862:and
854:and
834:and
731:and
712:and
605:and
568:and
95:Died
69:Born
2070:doi
2041:doi
1502:Zbl
1476:doi
1091:of
1038:of
1026:of
964:).
777:by
661:at
476:in
449:",
439:in
313:ÉȘÉr
41:is
2270::
2139:.
2124:,
2118:,
2114:,
2076:.
2066:10
2064:.
2037:21
2035:.
2031:.
1981:.
1929:.
1906:.
1869:^
1835:^
1649:.
1627:^
1610:.
1571:^
1528:.
1500:.
1494:MR
1492:.
1482:.
1474:.
1470:.
1232:.
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