1087:"The Constitution also gives the President (if he has enough allies in Congress) a way to force a recess. Art. II, §3 ('n Case of Disagreement between , with Respect to the Time of Adjournment, may adjourn them to such Time as he shall think proper'). Moreover, the president and Senators engage with each other in many different ways and have a variety of methods of encouraging each other to accept their points of view. Regardless, the Recess Appointments Clause is not designed to overcome serious institutional friction. It simply provides a subsidiary method for appointing officials when the Senate is away during a recess."
42:
1114:
1026:"The convening of periodic pro forma sessions in which no business is to be conducted does not have the legal effect of interrupting an intrasession recess otherwise long enough to qualify as a "Recess of the Senate" under the Recess Appointments Clause. In this context, the President therefore has discretion to conclude that the Senate is unavailable to perform its advise-and-consent function and to exercise his power to make recess appointments".
564:
884:, which provides that both Houses must consent to an adjournment. This tactic is especially used when either House of Congress is controlled by a different party than that of the president, the Senate or House may seek to block potential recess appointments by not allowing the Senate to adjourn for more than three days, blocking a longer adjournment that would allow recess appointments to be made.
526:, or the appointment expires. In current practice, this means that a recess appointment must be approved by roughly the end of the next calendar year and thus could last for almost two years, if made early enough in the year. In situations where a recess appointment is prevented, a lower official frequently assumes the duties of the position in an
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Another argument maintains that recess appointments were to be made only during inter-session recesses, which during the early days of the country lasted between six and nine months, and were therefore required to prevent important offices from remaining unfilled for long periods. The view holds that
771:
sought to prevent further recess appointments. Bush promised not to make any during the August recess that year, but no agreement was reached for the two-week
Thanksgiving break, in November 2007. As a result, Reid did not allow adjournments of more than three days from then until the end of the Bush
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wrote that the
Constitution allows for the Congress itself to determine its sessions and recesses, that "the Senate is in session when it says it is", and that the President does not have the unilateral right to dictate Congressional sessions and thus make recess appointments. However, the decision
928:
Recent
Presidents have made both intersession and intrasession recess appointments. Intrasession recess appointments were unusual, however, prior to the 1940s, in part because intrasession recesses were less common at that time. Intrasession recess appointments have sometimes provoked controversy
482:
of the
Constitution is an alternative method of appointing officials that allows the temporary filling of offices during periods when the Senate is not in session. It was anticipated that the Senate would be away for months at a time, so the ability to fill vacancies in important positions when the
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In modern times, the Senate is in session nearly year-round, making the recess appointment mechanism far less necessary or useful for upkeep of government function. Nonetheless, in recent times this power has also been controversially used as a political tool to temporarily install an unpopular
1388:
906:
According to
Article II Section 2 of the Constitution, the president can appoint or fill up the vacancies that happen during a recess without the Senate's approval, but those positions will end at the end of the next legislative session unless Congress approves the appointment.
891:"He shall from time to time give to the Congress information of the state of the union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them,
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requirement, giving the
President free rein to appoint his desired nominees at any time he pleases, whether that time be a weekend, lunch, or even when the Senate is in session and he is merely displeased with its inaction. This cannot be the
2405:
2415:
969:, presidents have sometimes made recess appointments when Senate opposition appeared strong in the hope that appointees might prove themselves in office and then allow opposition to dissipate. Most recently, however, as partisanship on
698:
in 1956 by a recess appointment. This was done in part with an eye on the presidential campaign that year; Eisenhower was running for reelection, and his advisors thought it would be politically advantageous to place a northeastern
2400:
1083:
allows the use of recess appointments during breaks within a session for vacancies that existed prior to the break. Justice Breyer also noted that the president could force a recess if he had enough congressional support:
1004:
sessions were designed to, "through form, render a constitutional power of the executive obsolete" and that the Senate was for all intents and purposes recessed. Republicans in the Senate disputed the appointments, with
953:, and can therefore only be exercised during the session of the Senate; but as it would have been improper to oblige this body to be continually in session for the appointment of officers and as vacancies might happen
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nominee by sidestepping the Senate's role in the confirmation process; the Senate has taken measures from time to time to prevent a president from making recess appointments, specifically by holding
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On June 26, 2014, in a 9–0 ruling, the United States
Supreme Court validated this practice of using pro forma sessions to block the president from using the recess appointment authority. Justice
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911:"The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which shall expire at the end of their next session."
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It has been argued that as the clause was originally understood, it was expected that if the Senate was in session when an office became vacant, the president would make a standard
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The
President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which shall expire at the End of their next Session.
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President Barack Obama made 32 recess appointments (through
February 1, 2015), all to full-time positions. Over what would have traditionally been the 2011–12 winter recess of the
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during a congressional recess in 1795. Because of
Rutledge's political views and occasional mental illness, however, the Senate rejected his nomination, and Rutledge attempted
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1941:
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he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the United States."
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stating that Obama had "arrogantly circumvented the American people" with the appointments. It was expected that there would be a legal challenge to the appointments.
681:
139:
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2050:"Bloomberg Law - Document – NLRB v. Noel Canning, 134 S. Ct. 2550, 189 L. Ed. 2d 538, 199 LRRM 3685, 82 U.S.L.W. 4599 (2014), Court Opinionwebsite2.bloomberglaw.com"
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Article 1, Section 5, Clause 4: Adjournment of the Constitution says: "Neither House ... shall, without the Consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days".
4810:
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1995:
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474:(confirmation) of the Senate, make appointments to high-level policy-making positions in federal departments, agencies, boards, and commissions, as well as to the
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858:. However, the U.S. Constitution only grants the president the authority to adjourn Congress if it is unable to agree on a date of adjournment, and both
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and resigned. Almost every president has used recess appointments to appoint judges, over 300 such judicial recess appointments before 2000, including
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in the Senate, and some academic literature also has called their legitimacy into question. Legal opinions have also varied on this issue over time.
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sessions continued to be held until January 2019. They were held on December 31, 2018, and again on January 2, 2019, the last full day of the
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and in case of disagreement between them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper;
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1839:
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In order to combat this tactic from Congress, the president can adjourn Congress under Article II section 3 of the constitution that states
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Senate is in recess and unavailable to provide advice and consent was deemed essential to maintain government function, as described by
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on the court. Brennan was promptly confirmed when the Senate came back into session. Eisenhower, in a recess appointment, designated
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1054:"an interpretation of 'the Recess' that permits the President to decide when the Senate is in recess would demolish the
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made 171 recess appointments (average of 21 per year). During the last two years of the Bush administration, Democratic
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Historically, presidents tended to make recess appointments when the Senate was adjourned for lengthy periods. Since
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the current interpretation allows appointments to be made during recesses too brief to justify bypassing the Senate.
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The Senate or House may seek to block potential recess appointments by not allowing the Senate to adjourn under
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1840:"Lawfulness of Recess Appointments During a Recess of the Senate Notwithstanding Periodic Pro Forma Sessions"
1042:
On January 25, 2013, in the first circuit case to rule on the validity of the January 4, 2012, appointments,
411:
25:
1968:"Noel Canning, A Division of the Noel Corporation, Petitioner v. National Labor Relations Board, Respondent"
522:(2014). Appointments made during a recess must be confirmed by the Senate by the end of the next session of
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sessions are sufficient to prevent recess appointments and addressed other intricacies of the practice in
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1035:
However, this was widely disputed. The first such challenge was announced in April 2012, disputing a
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523:
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both houses of Congress in order to make recess appointments for vacant positions such as the
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33:
8:
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994:
467:
311:
2147:
Recess Appointments Made by President George W. Bush, January 20, 2001- October 31, 2008
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366:
188:
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1498:
1043:
938:
731:
661:
502:
488:
332:
232:
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has grown, recess appointments have tended to solidify opposition to the appointee.
16:
Appointment by the president of a federal official when the U.S. Senate is in recess
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4011:
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1614:
1602:
1472:
1379:"Shutdown set to extend into new year after Congress punts on budget, border votes"
997:
774:
237:
1022:
issued an opinion regarding recess appointments and pro forma sessions, claiming,
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459:
2101:
Terminating Presidential Recess Appointments: A Reply to Professor Brian C. Kalt
5893:
5872:
5856:
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5733:
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3415:
3342:
1079:
957:, which it might be necessary for the public service to fill without delay. ...
761:
734:
made 77 recess appointments (average 19 per year). George H. W. Bush appointed
716:
665:
253:
95:
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5774:
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5538:
5454:
5357:
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5023:
3644:
3470:
3250:
3057:
1098:
List of positions filled by presidential appointment with Senate confirmation
824:
727:
669:
439:
1996:"Re: Third Circuit Ruling Against Presidential Recess-Appointment Authority"
4515:
3739:
3639:
3287:
3282:
2146:
1560:
1228:
1072:
986:
970:
966:
862:
817:
754:
527:
2154:
949:
The ordinary power of appointment is confined to the President and Senate
820:
from making recess appointments. The concern was that Trump might dismiss
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872:
indicated that they would not alter the planned date of January 3, 2021.
747:
712:
300:
274:
1113:
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1606:
1075:
to the NLRB was invalid because he was not appointed between sessions.
768:
687:
875:
5583:
3711:
3317:
1703:"Defying Republicans, Obama to Name Cordray as Consumer Agency Chief"
982:
290:
1221:"Days in Session Calendars U.S. Senate – 110th Congress 2nd Session"
1071:
joined the D.C. Circuit and held that the March 2010 appointment of
563:
4286:
First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln
3704:
3155:
2111:
2098:
2085:
2072:
1922:"Senate GOP joining legal action against Obama recess appointments"
1700:
1439:"Explainer: Does Trump have the authority to adjourn US Congress?"
5618:
5048:
3225:
730:
made 240 recess appointments (average 30 per year) and President
677:
211:
1377:
Werner, Erica; Kane, Paul; Sonmez, Felicia (December 27, 2018).
1354:"Senate blocks Trump from making recess appointments over break"
1103:
Unsuccessful recess appointments to United States federal courts
4091:
3686:
711:. Eisenhower made two other recess appointments, Chief Justice
269:
827:, and try to name his successor while Congress was in recess.
4265:
Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States
1872:"The Constitution Is Clear On Recess Appointments - Ricochet"
1788:"Analysis: Obama consumer chief decision under a legal cloud"
1701:
Cooper, Helene & John H. Cushman, Jr. (January 4, 2012).
1899:"Richard Cordray & the Use and Abuse of Executive Power"
1896:
3337:
1942:"GOP plans brief opposing Obama's labor board appointments"
1667:
1634:
1513:"Recess Appointments: Frequently Asked Questions (RS21308)"
1728:
3058:
Powers, privileges, procedure, committees, history, media
915:
778:
sessions. Prior to this, there had been speculation that
1531:"The Original Meaning of the Recess Appointments Clause"
6106:
Executive branch of the government of the United States
1000:
asserted that the appointments were valid, because the
757:
made 139 recess appointments (average of 17 per year).
470:, the president is empowered to nominate, and with the
2075:
Senate Termination of Presidential Recess Appointments
1960:
1668:
Clarke, Dave & Matt Spetalnick (January 4, 2012).
1637:"Navigating the New Politics of Judicial Appointments"
1412:"Trump threatens to adjourn both chambers of Congress"
4569:
4188:
List of artwork at the United States Capitol complex
1670:"Stymied by Congress, Obama to boldly seat nominees"
1046:, writing for a unanimous three-judge panel for the
664:
have made recess appointments. Washington appointed
1196:"Marine Embassy Security Guard historical archives"
876:
Congressional action to prevent recess appointments
588:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
5993:Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787
3734:
2155:Recess Appointments Made by President Barack Obama
882:Article 1, Section 5, Clause 4 of the Constitution
1145:"Recess Appointments: Frequently Asked Questions"
6087:
4307:George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door
3874:Emergency Planning, Preparedness, and Operations
1897:The Corner The one and only. (January 5, 2012).
1376:
797:did not assent to recess, specifically to block
694:was appointed to the Supreme Court by President
1735:"Bucking Senate, Obama Appoints Consumer Chief"
6004:Bibliography of the United States Constitution
1307:"GOP Furious As Obama Recess Appoints Cordray"
1039:ruling made following the Obama appointments.
838:On April 15, 2020, while Congress was holding
805:. Both the House and Senate continued to hold
6096:Article Two of the United States Constitution
4555:
2178:
1763:"Obama Tempts Fight Over Recess Appointments"
1281:"Reid To Bush: No Recess Appointments Wanted"
419:
981:Regardless of the Senate continuing to hold
4335:Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way
2124:
1919:
1409:
1138:
1136:
4562:
4548:
2192:
2185:
2171:
2088:Keeping Recess Appointments in Their Place
1694:
1587:"Portrait of Political Party Polarization"
1584:
1048:U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit
426:
412:
6101:Clauses of the United States Constitution
1331:
742:during a recess in 1992; Eagleburger, as
648:Learn how and when to remove this message
6060:Scene at the Signing of the Constitution
4521:United States Capitol cornerstone laying
1661:
1133:
816:sessions were set up to block President
3288:Majority of the majority (Hastert Rule)
2248:
1366:from the original on December 21, 2022.
1332:Mcconnell, Michael (January 10, 2012).
746:, had in effect filled that role after
6088:
2765:Caucuses of the United States Congress
1760:
1722:
1635:David R. Stras; Ryan W. Scott (2007).
1585:Moody, James; Mucha, Peter J. (2013).
1410:Zilbermints, Regina (April 15, 2020).
1391:from the original on December 27, 2018
1175:
1030:
916:Legality of intra-session appointments
842:sessions due to the recess during the
782:would receive a recess appointment as
533:
45:Great Seal of the United States Senate
4543:
3733:
3056:
2247:
2166:
1142:
6039:Constitution Day and Citizenship Day
1108:Federal Vacancies Reform Act of 1998
976:
924:'s Government and Finance Division:
920:According to Henry B. Hogue, of the
803:Consumer Financial Protection Bureau
784:Surgeon General of the United States
586:adding citations to reliable sources
557:
341:Vice presidential tie-breaking votes
6027:Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom
5554:Incorporation of the Bill of Rights
2396:Expelled, censured, and reprimanded
2114:Keeping Adjournments in Their Place
2014:
1761:Savage, Charlie (January 4, 2012).
1334:"Democrats and Executive Overreach"
1227:. December 31, 2008. Archived from
993:and others as recess appointments.
53:History of the United States Senate
13:
5118:Drafting and ratification timeline
4863:District of Columbia Voting Rights
2135:, Federal Eye (washingtonpost.com)
2066:
1644:Northwestern University Law Review
1143:Hogue, Henry B. (March 11, 2015).
852:Federal Reserve Board of Governors
801:'s appointment as Director of the
674:Chief Justice of the United States
40:
14:
6127:
4571:Constitution of the United States
4279:Progress of Civilization Pediment
4133:Congressional Pictorial Directory
2986:By length of service historically
1814:"OLC: Opinions by Date and Title"
856:Director of National Intelligence
709:United States Ambassador to Syria
4974:Convention to propose amendments
4147:Official Congressional Directory
3766:Gov. Accountability Office (GAO)
1473:"Obama's Sham Constitutionalism"
1112:
846:, President Trump threatened to
562:
6111:Presidency of the United States
3956:Sergeant at Arms and Doorkeeper
2803:Arab and Middle Eastern members
2700:Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group
2235:Lists of United States Congress
2127:"What is a recess appointment?"
2125:O'Keefe, Ed (January 5, 2012),
2042:
1988:
1934:
1913:
1890:
1864:
1832:
1806:
1780:
1754:
1628:
1578:
1553:
1523:
1505:
1491:
1465:
1456:
1431:
1403:
1370:
835:, that lasted several minutes.
573:needs additional citations for
539:Article II, Section 2, Clause 3
480:Article II, Section 2, Clause 3
5589:Separation of church and state
4058:Congressional Research Service
3805:Congr. Workplace Rights (OCWR)
2808:Asian Pacific American members
2158:Congressional Research Service
2150:Congressional Research Service
1920:O'Keefe, Ed (April 18, 2012).
1346:
1325:
1299:
1273:
1243:
1213:
1188:
1169:
1156:Congressional Research Service
1037:National Labor Relations Board
985:sessions, on January 4, 2012,
922:Congressional Research Service
724:Congressional Research Service
1:
5093:Virginia Ratifying Convention
4293:Surrender of General Burgoyne
3650:Old Brick Capitol (1815–1819)
2813:Asian Pacific American Caucus
2406:Lost re-election in a primary
1127:
1117:The dictionary definition of
1067:Also, on March 16, 2013, the
937:appointment at that time. In
478:. A recess appointment under
6054:National Constitution Center
5852:Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer
5151:Assemble and Petition Clause
4300:Surrender of Lord Cornwallis
4243:The Apotheosis of Washington
3977:Chief Administrative Officer
3815:Gov. Publishing Office (GPO)
1251:"Senate Calendar – December"
833:115th United States Congress
793:, the Republican-controlled
126:United States Vice President
7:
5925:Charles Cotesworth Pinckney
4979:State ratifying conventions
4916:Equal Opportunity to Govern
4911:Electoral College abolition
4838:Congressional Apportionment
4465:Health and Fitness Facility
4257:Declaration of Independence
3026:Killed or wounded in office
2847:Congressional Jewish Caucus
2820:Hispanic and Latino members
1767:Thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com
1541:(5): 1487–1578. June 2005.
1176:Arnold, Tim (Spring 2011).
1091:
10:
6132:
3879:Interparliamentary Affairs
3800:Congr. Budget Office (CBO)
3436:Riddick's Senate Procedure
2863:Gender and sexual identity
1648:Princeton University Press
1599:Cambridge University Press
1044:Chief Judge David Sentelle
682:ten Supreme Court justices
553:
6012:
5984:
5964:
5943:
5912:
5886:
5865:
5839:
5803:
5752:
5721:
5705:
5684:
5663:
5642:
5626:
5617:
5496:
5378:Privileges and Immunities
5191:Congressional enforcement
5126:
5113:Rhode Island ratification
5004:Articles of Confederation
4991:
4969:
4946:Parental Rights amendment
4871:
4828:
4753:
4725:
4704:
4641:
4637:
4628:
4577:
4508:
4485:Old Supreme Court Chamber
4450:
4400:
4365:
4354:
4198:Congressional Prayer Room
4178:
4115:
4046:
3964:
3913:
3906:
3861:
3835:
3828:
3751:
3747:
3729:
3679:
3645:Congress Hall (1790–1800)
3596:
3587:
3561:
3479:
3358:
3169:
3143:
3067:
3063:
3052:
2991:Current members by wealth
2978:
2926:
2910:
2862:
2773:
2755:
2748:
2722:
2675:
2591:
2584:
2424:
2416:Elected but did not serve
2366:
2303:
2267:
2260:
2256:
2243:
2200:
744:Deputy Secretary of State
543:Recess Appointment Clause
446:is an appointment by the
5609:Unitary executive theory
5383:Privileges or Immunities
5098:New York Circular Letter
5088:Massachusetts Compromise
3778:Architect of the Capitol
3640:Federal Hall (1789–1790)
2781:African-American members
2205:House of Representatives
1015:On January 6, 2012, the
795:House of Representatives
541:, commonly known as the
162:the United States Senate
24:This article is part of
5529:Dormant Commerce Clause
5373:Presidential succession
5108:Fayetteville Convention
5103:Hillsborough Convention
5039:Three-fifths Compromise
5019:Philadelphia Convention
5009:Mount Vernon Conference
4896:Campaign finance reform
4328:Washington at Princeton
4272:Apotheosis of Democracy
3692:Congressional Quarterly
3381:Executive communication
3371:Blue slip (U.S. Senate)
3328:Suspension of the rules
2854:Native American members
2280:By shortness of service
2118:Nw. U. L. Rev. Colloquy
2105:Nw. U. L. Rev. Colloquy
2092:Nw. U. L. Rev. Colloquy
2079:Nw. U. L. Rev. Colloquy
2027:The Wall Street Journal
2022:"Senate 9, President 0"
1339:The Wall Street Journal
1020:Office of Legal Counsel
378:Senate office buildings
5692:William Samuel Johnson
5564:Nondelegation doctrine
5136:Admission to the Union
5083:Anti-Federalist Papers
5034:Connecticut Compromise
4495:Webster Page Residence
4470:House Recording Studio
4314:Revolutionary War Door
4075:Register of Copyrights
3656:Biographical Directory
3125:"Necessary and Proper"
2665:Policy Committee Chair
2643:Policy Committee Chair
2194:United States Congress
1975:Sblog.s3.amazonaws.com
1089:
1065:
1028:
1007:Senate Minority Leader
959:
931:
913:
904:
867:Senate Majority Leader
772:presidency by holding
766:Senate Majority Leader
715:and Associate Justice
551:
181:Politics and procedure
46:
5899:Richard Dobbs Spaight
5368:Presidential Electors
5343:Original Jurisdiction
5283:Full Faith and Credit
5156:Assistance of Counsel
5077:The Federalist Papers
4906:Crittenden Compromise
3820:Technology Assessment
3241:Dear Colleague letter
3236:Continuing resolution
3231:Concurrent resolution
2710:Republican Conference
2650:Republican Conference
2611:President pro tempore
2343:Born outside the U.S.
1311:talkingpointsmemo.com
1178:"Recess Appointments"
1085:
1052:
1024:
1017:Department of Justice
947:
926:
909:
889:
812:In August 2017, nine
547:
494:The Federalist Papers
372:Senate Reception Room
357:United States Capitol
173:Republican Conference
136:President pro tempore
44:
6068:A More Perfect Union
6044:Constitution Gardens
5965:Convention Secretary
5627:Convention President
5599:Symmetric federalism
5594:Separation of powers
5328:Necessary and Proper
5323:Natural-born citizen
5268:Freedom of the Press
5206:Copyright and Patent
5196:Contingent Elections
5014:Annapolis Convention
4384:Mountains and Clouds
4140:Congressional Record
3997:Floor Services Chief
3884:Law Revision Counsel
3635:Continental Congress
3130:Power of enforcement
3093:Contempt of Congress
2996:From multiple states
2949:Mormon (LDS) members
2757:Congressional caucus
2401:Served a single term
2333:Expelled or censured
2275:By length of service
1802:– via Reuters.
1731:Steinhauer, Jennifer
1561:"The Federalist #67"
1255:Democrats.senate.gov
1154:. Washington, D.C.:
860:Speaker of the House
736:Lawrence Eagleburger
696:Dwight D. Eisenhower
597:"Recess appointment"
582:improve this article
519:NLRB v. Noel Canning
34:United States Senate
6116:Recess appointments
6075:Worldwide influence
5816:Gunning Bedford Jr.
5544:Executive privilege
5524:Criminal sentencing
5447:Title of Nobility (
5438:Taxing and Spending
5338:Oath or Affirmation
5298:House Apportionment
5161:Case or Controversy
5044:Committee of Detail
4936:"Liberty" amendment
4901:Christian amendment
4408:Building Commission
3889:Legislative Counsel
3810:Library of Congress
3771:Comptroller General
3761:Congressional staff
3446:Senatorial courtesy
2835:Hispanic Conference
2250:Members and leaders
2132:The Washington Post
2000:CNationalreview.com
1927:The Washington Post
1852:on January 18, 2012
1820:on January 18, 2012
1733:(January 4, 2012).
1384:The Washington Post
1287:. November 16, 2007
1056:checks and balances
1031:Judicial challenges
995:White House Counsel
534:Constitutional text
468:Appointments Clause
312:Senatorial courtesy
160:Party leadership of
118:Women in the Senate
5729:William Livingston
5713:Alexander Hamilton
5519:Criminal procedure
5514:Constitutional law
5449:Foreign Emoluments
5413:State of the Union
5398:Self-Incrimination
5388:Recess appointment
5181:Compulsory Process
4843:Titles of Nobility
4480:Old Senate Chamber
4346:VP Bust Collection
4170:United States Code
4102:Jefferson Building
3795:Cap. Guide Service
3662:Divided government
3579:Seal of the Senate
3543:Select and special
3508:Discharge petition
3461:Tie-breaking votes
3426:Recess appointment
3366:Advice and consent
3246:Discharge petition
3189:Appropriation bill
3098:Declaration of war
2290:Non-voting members
1740:The New York Times
1708:The New York Times
1682:on January 8, 2012
1607:10.1017/nws.2012.3
1362:. August 3, 2017.
1120:recess appointment
1060:advice-and-consent
943:Alexander Hamilton
935:advice-and-consent
780:James W. Holsinger
740:Secretary of State
692:William J. Brennan
485:Alexander Hamilton
472:advice and consent
444:recess appointment
367:Old Senate Chamber
262:Recess appointment
189:Advice and consent
47:
6083:
6082:
6049:Constitution Week
6034:Independence Mall
6022:National Archives
5980:
5979:
5795:Gouverneur Morris
5780:Thomas Fitzsimons
5760:Benjamin Franklin
5634:George Washington
5534:Enumerated powers
5509:Concurrent powers
5504:Balance of powers
5333:No Religious Test
5273:Freedom of Speech
5064:Independence Hall
4987:
4986:
4891:Bricker amendment
4824:
4823:
4537:
4536:
4533:
4532:
4529:
4528:
4446:
4445:
4250:Statue of Freedom
4214:Statue of Freedom
4193:Brumidi Corridors
4165:Statutes at Large
4119:Publishing Office
4042:
4041:
3902:
3901:
3725:
3724:
3721:
3720:
3675:
3674:
3623:election disputes
3611:speaker elections
3574:Mace of the House
3421:Presiding Officer
3386:Executive session
3333:Unanimous consent
3293:Multiple referral
3278:Lame-duck session
3048:
3047:
3044:
3043:
2974:
2973:
2774:Ethnic and racial
2718:
2717:
2705:Democratic Caucus
2628:Democratic Caucus
2580:
2579:
1901:. National Review
1878:. January 5, 2012
1794:. January 5, 2012
1519:. March 11, 2015.
1479:. January 5, 2012
1443:www.aljazeera.com
1313:. January 4, 2012
977:Obama's challenge
939:Federalist No. 67
902:
844:COVID-19 pandemic
732:George H. W. Bush
722:According to the
662:George Washington
660:Presidents since
658:
657:
650:
632:
545:, provides that,
476:federal judiciary
464:U.S. Constitution
436:
435:
333:Unanimous consent
233:Executive session
168:Democratic Caucus
146:Presiding officer
6123:
5930:Charles Pinckney
5739:William Paterson
5671:Nathaniel Gorham
5624:
5623:
5403:Speech or Debate
5231:Equal Protection
4941:Ludlow amendment
4926:Flag Desecration
4921:Federal Marriage
4886:Blaine amendment
4848:Corwin Amendment
4639:
4638:
4635:
4634:
4564:
4557:
4550:
4541:
4540:
4363:
4362:
4180:Capitol Building
4154:U.S. Gov. Manual
4107:Madison Building
4070:Copyright Office
4034:Sergeant at Arms
3992:Floor Operations
3911:
3910:
3833:
3832:
3749:
3748:
3731:
3730:
3594:
3593:
3411:Morning business
3298:House procedures
3261:Joint resolution
3065:
3064:
3054:
3053:
2934:Buddhist members
2753:
2752:
2589:
2588:
2411:Switched parties
2358:Switched parties
2295:Unseated members
2285:Youngest members
2265:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2245:
2244:
2187:
2180:
2173:
2164:
2163:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2086:Kalt, Response,
2061:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2007:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1972:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1944:. Archived from
1938:
1932:
1931:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1851:
1845:. Archived from
1844:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1816:. Archived from
1810:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1729:Cooper, Helene;
1726:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1678:. Archived from
1665:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1641:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1565:Constitution.org
1557:
1551:
1550:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1469:
1463:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1257:. Archived from
1247:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1149:
1140:
1116:
1058:inherent in the
998:Kathryn Ruemmler
896:
822:Attorney General
653:
646:
642:
639:
633:
631:
590:
566:
558:
452:federal official
428:
421:
414:
238:Morning business
21:
20:
6131:
6130:
6126:
6125:
6124:
6122:
6121:
6120:
6086:
6085:
6084:
6079:
6014:
6008:
5976:
5972:William Jackson
5960:
5956:Abraham Baldwin
5939:
5908:
5904:Hugh Williamson
5882:
5861:
5835:
5826:Richard Bassett
5799:
5785:Jared Ingersoll
5748:
5744:Jonathan Dayton
5717:
5701:
5680:
5659:
5655:Nicholas Gilman
5638:
5613:
5579:Reserved powers
5559:Judicial review
5492:
5288:General Welfare
5211:Double Jeopardy
5122:
5049:List of Framers
5029:New Jersey Plan
4983:
4965:
4961:Victims' Rights
4881:Balanced budget
4867:
4820:
4749:
4721:
4700:
4624:
4573:
4568:
4538:
4525:
4504:
4452:
4442:
4396:
4357:
4350:
4227:Hall of Columns
4174:
4118:
4111:
4049:
4038:
4019:Parliamentarian
3960:
3951:Parliamentarian
3898:
3857:
3824:
3753:
3743:
3736:Capitol Complex
3717:
3671:
3667:Party divisions
3583:
3557:
3475:
3359:Senate-specific
3354:
3209:Closed sessions
3177:Act of Congress
3165:
3139:
3135:Taxing/spending
3059:
3040:
3031:Party switchers
3000:Died in office
2970:
2922:
2906:
2875:Equality Caucus
2858:
2830:Hispanic Caucus
2769:
2744:
2714:
2671:
2576:
2420:
2362:
2299:
2252:
2239:
2196:
2191:
2138:
2136:
2069:
2067:Further reading
2064:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2033:
2031:
2030:. June 26, 2014
2020:
2019:
2015:
2005:
2003:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1979:
1977:
1970:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1951:
1949:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1918:
1914:
1904:
1902:
1895:
1891:
1881:
1879:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1842:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1823:
1821:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1797:
1795:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1771:
1769:
1759:
1755:
1745:
1743:
1727:
1723:
1713:
1711:
1699:
1695:
1685:
1683:
1675:Chicago Tribune
1666:
1662:
1652:
1650:
1639:
1633:
1629:
1619:
1617:
1591:Network Science
1583:
1579:
1569:
1567:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1535:UCLA Law Review
1529:
1528:
1524:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1482:
1480:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1461:
1457:
1447:
1445:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1422:
1420:
1408:
1404:
1394:
1392:
1375:
1371:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1330:
1326:
1316:
1314:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1290:
1288:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1264:
1262:
1261:on June 6, 2011
1249:
1248:
1244:
1234:
1232:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1204:
1202:
1200:Msg-history.com
1194:
1193:
1189:
1174:
1170:
1160:
1158:
1147:
1141:
1134:
1130:
1094:
1033:
1010:Mitch McConnell
991:Richard Cordray
987:President Obama
979:
955:in their recess
918:
878:
870:Mitch McConnell
799:Richard Cordray
705:Charles W. Yost
654:
643:
637:
634:
591:
589:
579:
567:
556:
536:
432:
401:
400:
337:
321:
305:
284:
258:
242:
226:
164:
161:
150:
122:
114:
113:
96:Hill committees
86:
85:
68:Current members
17:
12:
11:
5:
6129:
6119:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6081:
6080:
6078:
6077:
6072:
6064:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6030:
6029:
6018:
6016:
6010:
6009:
6007:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5988:
5986:
5982:
5981:
5978:
5977:
5975:
5974:
5968:
5966:
5962:
5961:
5959:
5958:
5953:
5947:
5945:
5941:
5940:
5938:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5916:
5914:
5913:South Carolina
5910:
5909:
5907:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5894:William Blount
5890:
5888:
5887:North Carolina
5884:
5883:
5881:
5880:
5875:
5869:
5867:
5863:
5862:
5860:
5859:
5857:Daniel Carroll
5854:
5849:
5843:
5841:
5837:
5836:
5834:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5821:John Dickinson
5818:
5813:
5807:
5805:
5801:
5800:
5798:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5765:Thomas Mifflin
5762:
5756:
5754:
5750:
5749:
5747:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5734:David Brearley
5731:
5725:
5723:
5719:
5718:
5716:
5715:
5709:
5707:
5703:
5702:
5700:
5699:
5694:
5688:
5686:
5682:
5681:
5679:
5678:
5673:
5667:
5665:
5661:
5660:
5658:
5657:
5652:
5646:
5644:
5640:
5639:
5637:
5636:
5630:
5628:
5621:
5615:
5614:
5612:
5611:
5606:
5604:Taxation power
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5549:Implied powers
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5500:
5498:
5497:Interpretation
5494:
5493:
5491:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5393:Recommendation
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5278:Fugitive Slave
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5248:
5246:Excessive Bail
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5146:Appropriations
5143:
5138:
5132:
5130:
5124:
5123:
5121:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5073:
5072:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4995:
4993:
4989:
4988:
4985:
4984:
4982:
4981:
4976:
4970:
4967:
4966:
4964:
4963:
4958:
4956:Single subject
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4877:
4875:
4869:
4868:
4866:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4834:
4832:
4826:
4825:
4822:
4821:
4819:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4757:
4755:
4751:
4750:
4748:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4731:
4729:
4727:Reconstruction
4723:
4722:
4720:
4719:
4714:
4708:
4706:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4647:
4645:
4643:Bill of Rights
4632:
4626:
4625:
4623:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4581:
4579:
4575:
4574:
4567:
4566:
4559:
4552:
4544:
4535:
4534:
4531:
4530:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4523:
4518:
4512:
4510:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4475:Senate chamber
4472:
4467:
4462:
4460:Botanic Garden
4456:
4454:
4448:
4447:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4413:office lottery
4410:
4404:
4402:
4398:
4397:
4395:
4394:
4389:
4388:
4387:
4375:
4369:
4367:
4360:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4331:
4324:
4321:Columbus Doors
4317:
4310:
4303:
4296:
4289:
4282:
4275:
4268:
4261:
4253:
4246:
4239:
4237:Visitor Center
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4218:
4217:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4184:
4182:
4176:
4175:
4173:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4150:
4143:
4136:
4129:
4127:Public Printer
4123:
4121:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4097:Adams Building
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4078:
4077:
4067:
4066:
4065:
4054:
4052:
4044:
4043:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4015:
4014:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3968:
3966:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3917:
3915:
3908:
3904:
3903:
3900:
3899:
3897:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3865:
3863:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3839:
3837:
3830:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3791:
3790:
3780:
3775:
3774:
3773:
3763:
3757:
3755:
3745:
3744:
3727:
3726:
3723:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3715:
3708:
3701:
3694:
3689:
3683:
3681:
3677:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3631:
3630:
3625:
3618:Senate history
3615:
3614:
3613:
3608:
3597:
3591:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3565:
3563:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3493:ranking member
3485:
3483:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3456:Standing Rules
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3431:Reconciliation
3428:
3423:
3418:
3416:Nuclear option
3413:
3408:
3405:Senate Journal
3401:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3362:
3360:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3352:
3351:
3350:
3345:
3343:Line-item veto
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3308:Reconciliation
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3274:
3273:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3216:
3206:
3201:
3199:Budget process
3196:
3191:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3173:
3171:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3147:
3145:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3120:Naturalization
3117:
3116:
3115:
3110:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3082:
3077:
3071:
3069:
3061:
3060:
3050:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2968:
2961:
2959:Quaker members
2956:
2954:Muslim members
2951:
2946:
2944:Jewish members
2941:
2936:
2930:
2928:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2879:
2878:
2877:
2866:
2864:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2856:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2842:Jewish members
2839:
2838:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2805:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2761:
2759:
2750:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2740:Gerrymandering
2737:
2732:
2726:
2724:
2720:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2679:
2677:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2625:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2595:
2593:
2586:
2582:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2370:
2368:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2271:
2269:
2262:
2254:
2253:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2237:
2232:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2190:
2189:
2182:
2175:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2152:
2144:
2122:
2109:
2096:
2083:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2062:
2041:
2013:
2002:. May 17, 2013
1987:
1959:
1948:on May 9, 2012
1933:
1912:
1889:
1863:
1831:
1805:
1779:
1753:
1721:
1693:
1660:
1627:
1577:
1552:
1522:
1504:
1490:
1464:
1455:
1430:
1402:
1369:
1345:
1324:
1298:
1272:
1242:
1231:on May 6, 2009
1225:Thomas.loc.gov
1212:
1187:
1168:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1093:
1090:
1080:Stephen Breyer
1032:
1029:
978:
975:
917:
914:
899:emphasis added
877:
874:
791:112th Congress
762:George W. Bush
717:Potter Stewart
666:South Carolina
656:
655:
570:
568:
561:
555:
552:
535:
532:
512:affirmed that
434:
433:
431:
430:
423:
416:
408:
405:
404:
403:
402:
399:
398:
392:
387:
380:
376:
374:
369:
364:
362:Senate chamber
359:
351:
350:
346:
345:
344:
343:
338:
336:
335:
330:
324:
322:
320:
319:
317:Standing Rules
314:
308:
306:
304:
303:
298:
293:
287:
285:
283:
282:
277:
272:
266:
264:
259:
257:
256:
254:Nuclear option
251:
245:
243:
241:
240:
235:
229:
227:
225:
224:
214:
208:
206:
199:Closed session
196:
191:
183:
182:
178:
177:
176:
175:
170:
165:
158:
156:
149:
148:
143:
133:
121:
120:
115:
112:
111:
105:
98:
94:
92:
90:Former members
87:
84:
83:
77:
70:
66:
61:
60:
56:
55:
49:
48:
37:
36:
30:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6128:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6093:
6091:
6076:
6073:
6070:
6069:
6065:
6062:
6061:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6028:
6025:
6024:
6023:
6020:
6019:
6017:
6011:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5999:Jacob Shallus
5997:
5995:
5994:
5990:
5989:
5987:
5983:
5973:
5970:
5969:
5967:
5963:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5948:
5946:
5942:
5936:
5935:Pierce Butler
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5920:John Rutledge
5918:
5917:
5915:
5911:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5891:
5889:
5885:
5879:
5878:James Madison
5876:
5874:
5871:
5870:
5868:
5864:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5847:James McHenry
5845:
5844:
5842:
5838:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5808:
5806:
5802:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5775:George Clymer
5773:
5771:
5770:Robert Morris
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5757:
5755:
5751:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5726:
5724:
5720:
5714:
5711:
5710:
5708:
5704:
5698:
5697:Roger Sherman
5695:
5693:
5690:
5689:
5687:
5683:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5668:
5666:
5664:Massachusetts
5662:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5647:
5645:
5643:New Hampshire
5641:
5635:
5632:
5631:
5629:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5616:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5569:Plenary power
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5539:Equal footing
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5501:
5499:
5495:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5478:
5474:
5470:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5460:Trial by Jury
5458:
5456:
5453:
5450:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5313:Ineligibility
5311:
5309:
5308:Import-Export
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5263:Free Exercise
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5253:
5252:Ex Post Facto
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5236:Establishment
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5186:Confrontation
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5133:
5131:
5129:
5125:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5069:Syng inkstand
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5024:Virginia Plan
5022:
5021:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4996:
4994:
4990:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4971:
4968:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4951:School Prayer
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4878:
4876:
4874:
4870:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4835:
4833:
4831:
4827:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4758:
4756:
4752:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4732:
4730:
4728:
4724:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4709:
4707:
4703:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
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2900:current House
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2226:
2223: ←
2222:
2218:
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2215:Joint session
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1123:at Wiktionary
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1069:Third Circuit
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825:Jeff Sessions
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749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
728:Ronald Reagan
725:
720:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
697:
693:
689:
685:
683:
679:
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671:
670:John Rutledge
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641:
630:
627:
623:
620:
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613:
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599: –
598:
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593:Find sources:
587:
583:
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576:
571:This article
569:
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560:
559:
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531:
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510:Supreme Court
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486:
481:
477:
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469:
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440:United States
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154:Party leaders
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27:
23:
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19:
6066:
6058:
5991:
5790:James Wilson
5753:Pennsylvania
5650:John Langdon
5408:Speedy Trial
5387:
5250:
5141:Appointments
5075:
4858:Equal Rights
4754:20th century
4516:Capitol Hill
4382:
4333:
4326:
4319:
4312:
4305:
4298:
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4284:
4277:
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4241:
4212:
4152:
4145:
4138:
4131:
3740:Capitol Hill
3710:
3703:
3696:
3655:
3533:List (House)
3528:List (Joint)
3498:Of the Whole
3425:
3404:
3397:
3396:Jefferson's
3283:Magic minute
3036:Slave owners
3019:2000–present
2965:Sikh members
2963:
2870:LGBT members
2796:Black Caucus
2572:118th (2023)
2567:117th (2021)
2562:116th (2019)
2557:115th (2017)
2552:114th (2015)
2547:113th (2013)
2542:112th (2011)
2537:111th (2009)
2532:110th (2007)
2527:109th (2005)
2522:108th (2003)
2517:107th (2001)
2512:106th (1999)
2507:105th (1997)
2502:104th (1995)
2497:103rd (1993)
2492:102nd (1991)
2487:101st (1989)
2482:100th (1987)
2137:, retrieved
2130:
2117:
2113:
2104:
2100:
2091:
2087:
2078:
2074:
2055:December 10,
2053:. Retrieved
2044:
2032:. Retrieved
2025:
2016:
2006:December 10,
2004:. Retrieved
1999:
1990:
1980:December 10,
1978:. Retrieved
1974:
1962:
1950:. Retrieved
1946:the original
1936:
1925:
1915:
1905:December 10,
1903:. Retrieved
1892:
1882:December 10,
1880:. Retrieved
1876:Ricochet.com
1875:
1866:
1854:. Retrieved
1847:the original
1834:
1822:. Retrieved
1818:the original
1808:
1798:December 26,
1796:. Retrieved
1791:
1782:
1772:December 10,
1770:. Retrieved
1766:
1756:
1744:. Retrieved
1738:
1724:
1712:. Retrieved
1706:
1696:
1684:. Retrieved
1680:the original
1673:
1663:
1651:. Retrieved
1643:
1630:
1618:. Retrieved
1594:
1590:
1580:
1570:December 10,
1568:. Retrieved
1564:
1555:
1538:
1534:
1525:
1516:
1507:
1499:"Article II"
1493:
1483:December 10,
1481:. Retrieved
1476:
1467:
1458:
1446:. Retrieved
1442:
1433:
1421:. Retrieved
1415:
1405:
1395:December 27,
1393:. Retrieved
1382:
1372:
1357:
1348:
1337:
1327:
1317:December 10,
1315:. Retrieved
1310:
1301:
1289:. Retrieved
1284:
1275:
1263:. Retrieved
1259:the original
1254:
1245:
1233:. Retrieved
1229:the original
1224:
1215:
1205:December 10,
1203:. Retrieved
1199:
1190:
1181:
1171:
1161:February 10,
1159:. Retrieved
1151:
1119:
1086:
1077:
1073:Craig Becker
1066:
1053:
1041:
1034:
1025:
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1001:
980:
971:Capitol Hill
967:World War II
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905:
892:
890:
886:
879:
863:Nancy Pelosi
839:
837:
828:
818:Donald Trump
813:
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806:
788:
773:
759:
755:Bill Clinton
752:
726:, President
721:
686:
659:
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635:
625:
618:
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580:Please help
575:verification
572:
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513:
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492:
462:. Under the
443:
437:
261:
75:by seniority
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5951:William Few
5831:Jacob Broom
5811:George Read
5685:Connecticut
5619:Signatories
5469:Legislative
5443:Territorial
5363:Presentment
5348:Origination
5303:Impeachment
5258:Extradition
5226:Engagements
5216:Due Process
5166:Citizenship
4853:Child Labor
4490:Power Plant
4082:Law Library
3783:Cap. Police
3752:Legislative
3441:Senate hold
3348:Pocket veto
3323:Sponsorship
3303:Quorum call
3103:Impeachment
2477:99th (1985)
2472:98th (1983)
2467:97th (1981)
2462:96th (1979)
2457:95th (1977)
2452:94th (1975)
2447:93rd (1973)
2442:92nd (1971)
2437:91st (1969)
2432:90th (1967)
2425:New members
2120:108 (2007).
1856:February 2,
1824:February 2,
1792:Reuters.com
1601:: 119–121.
1285:Cbsnews.com
1152:CRS Reports
748:James Baker
713:Earl Warren
456:U.S. Senate
275:Quorum call
6090:Categories
6063:(painting)
6015:and legacy
5873:John Blair
5722:New Jersey
5676:Rufus King
5574:Preemption
5488:War Powers
5423:Suspension
5241:Exceptions
4931:Human Life
4830:Unratified
4630:Amendments
4453:facilities
4160:Serial Set
4048:Library of
4024:Postmaster
3987:Doorkeeper
3848:Historical
3503:Conference
3481:Committees
3466:Traditions
3391:Filibuster
3144:Privileges
2918:Physicians
2911:Occupation
2660:Vice-Chair
2261:Membership
2139:January 5,
2107:94 (2007).
2094:88 (2007).
2081:82 (2007).
1746:January 5,
1714:January 5,
1686:January 5,
1517:senate.gov
1182:UVA Lawyer
1128:References
989:appointed
809:sessions.
769:Harry Reid
760:President
753:President
750:resigned.
688:New Jersey
608:newspapers
328:Traditions
249:Filibuster
217:Committees
5584:Saxbe fix
5473:Executive
5428:Take Care
5418:Supremacy
5293:Guarantee
5221:Elections
4992:Formation
4705:1795–1804
4428:Longworth
4358:buildings
4341:VP's Room
4002:Historian
3941:Librarian
3936:Historian
3921:Secretary
3907:Employees
3712:Roll Call
3523:Oversight
3451:Seniority
3318:Saxbe fix
3256:Expulsion
3170:Procedure
3108:Inquiries
3088:(Dormant)
3080:Copyright
3075:Article I
3014:1950–1999
3009:1900–1949
3004:1790–1899
2723:Districts
2638:Secretary
2599:President
2379:seniority
2353:Appointed
2316:seniority
2099:Tillman,
2073:Tillman,
1952:April 17,
1448:April 19,
1423:April 19,
1002:pro forma
983:pro forma
840:pro forma
829:Pro forma
814:pro forma
807:pro forma
775:pro forma
638:July 2017
514:pro forma
504:pro forma
454:when the
448:president
291:Saxbe fix
194:Blue slip
5866:Virginia
5840:Maryland
5804:Delaware
5706:New York
5483:Vicinage
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4585:Preamble
4578:Articles
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3972:Chaplain
3926:Chaplain
3705:Politico
3698:The Hill
3548:Standing
3513:Hearings
3489:Chairman
3161:Immunity
3156:Franking
3151:Salaries
3085:Commerce
2927:Religion
2348:Resigned
1653:July 15,
1620:July 15,
1477:Cato.org
1417:The Hill
1389:Archived
1364:Archived
1359:The Hill
1092:See also
1050:, wrote
854:and the
701:Catholic
524:Congress
506:sessions
280:Salaries
80:by class
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6013:Display
5985:Related
5944:Georgia
5465:Vesting
5433:Takings
5318:Militia
5176:Compact
5128:Clauses
5054:Signing
4999:History
4509:Related
4438:Rayburn
4433:O'Neill
4392:Russell
4373:Dirksen
4222:Rotunda
4063:reports
3931:Curator
3894:Library
3853:Library
3843:Curator
3829:Offices
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3628:memoirs
3606:memoirs
3589:History
3376:Classes
3226:Cloture
3204:Censure
2979:Related
2695:Leaders
2683:Speaker
2623:Leaders
2585:Leaders
2374:Members
2338:Classes
2311:Members
2268:Members
1615:3905434
1291:May 30,
1265:May 30,
1235:May 30,
951:jointly
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848:adjourn
678:suicide
622:scholar
554:History
438:In the
395:Russell
385:Dirksen
212:Cloture
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6071:(film)
5455:Treaty
5358:Postal
5353:Pardon
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4092:THOMAS
3914:Senate
3836:Senate
3687:C-SPAN
3569:Gavels
3518:Markup
3398:Manual
3219:Senate
3068:Powers
2885:Senate
2881:Women
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2890:House
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615:books
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3491:and
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3271:list
3194:Bill
3182:list
2825:list
2730:List
2688:list
2616:list
2604:list
2386:Dean
2323:Dean
2141:2012
2057:2016
2036:2021
2008:2016
1982:2016
1954:2012
1907:2016
1884:2016
1858:2012
1826:2012
1800:2016
1774:2016
1748:2012
1716:2012
1688:2012
1655:2013
1622:2013
1572:2016
1543:SSRN
1485:2016
1450:2020
1425:2020
1397:2018
1319:2016
1293:2011
1267:2011
1237:2011
1207:2016
1163:2018
865:and
601:news
442:, a
390:Hart
296:Seal
221:list
203:list
140:list
130:list
108:NRSC
103:DSCC
4620:VII
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