1134:
736:
1539:
1245:
156:
1337:. Spherical styli are generally more robust than other types, but do not follow the groove as accurately, giving diminished high frequency response. Elliptical styli usually track the groove more accurately, with increased high frequency response and less distortion. For DJ use, the relative robustness of spherical styli make them generally preferred for back-cuing and scratching. There are a number of derivations of the basic elliptical type, including the shibata or fine line stylus, which can more accurately reproduce high frequency information contained in the record groove. This is especially important for playback of quadraphonic recordings.
429:. At the center of that membrane, he attached a rigid boar's bristle approximately a centimetre long, placed so that it just grazed the lampblack. As the glass plate was slid horizontally in a well formed groove at a speed of one meter per second, a person would speak into the trumpet, causing the membrane to vibrate and the stylus to trace figures that were scratched into the lampblack. On March 25, 1857, Scott received the French patent #17,897/31,470 for his device, which he called a phonautograph. The earliest known surviving recorded sound of a human voice was conducted on April 9, 1860, when Scott recorded someone singing the song "
588:
peculiar nasal quality wholly due to the mechanism, although there was little of the scratching that later was a prominent feature of the flat disc. Recording for that primitive machine was a comparatively simple matter. I had to keep my mouth about six inches away from the horn and remember not to make my voice too loud if I wanted anything approximating to a clear reproduction; that was all. When it was played over to me and I heard my own voice for the first time, one or two friends who were present said that it sounded rather like mine; others declared that they would never have recognised it. I daresay both opinions were correct."
337:
521:
906:
1126:
600:, writing "There was a large attendance of ladies and gentlemen, who appeared greatly interested in the various scientific instruments exhibited. Among these the most interesting, perhaps, was the trial made by Mr. Sutherland with the phonograph, which was most amusing. Several trials were made, and were all more or less successful. 'Rule Britannia' was distinctly repeated, but great laughter was caused by the repetition of the convivial song of 'He's a jolly good fellow,' which sounded as if it was being sung by an old man of 80 with a cracked voice."
313:
664:
137:
244:. This resurgence has much to do with vinyl records' sparing use of audio processing, resulting in a more natural sound on high-quality replay equipment, compared to many digital releases that are highly processed for portable players in high-noise environmental conditions. However, unlike "plug-and-play" digital audio, vinyl record players have user-serviceable parts, which require attention to tonearm alignment and the wear and choice of stylus, the most critical component affecting turntable sound.
609:
1520:
1173:
1448:
570:
1594:
1049:
1292:
1370:
66:
941:
6237:
5499:
1622:
402:, he happened upon that customer's engraved illustration of the anatomy of the human ear, and conceived of "the imprudent idea of photographing the word." In 1853 or 1854 (Scott cited both years) he began working on "le problème de la parole s'écrivant elle-même" ("the problem of speech writing itself"), aiming to build a device that could replicate the function of the human ear.
949:
1608:
470:, a French poet and amateur scientist, is the first person known to have made the conceptual leap from recording sound as a traced line to the theoretical possibility of reproducing the sound from the tracing and then to devising a definite method for accomplishing the reproduction. On April 30, 1877, he deposited a sealed envelope containing a summary of his ideas with the
566:, and placed before the editors a small, simple machine about which few preliminary remarks were offered. The visitor without any ceremony whatever turned the crank, and to the astonishment of all present the machine said: 'Good morning. How do you do? How do you like the phonograph?' The machine thus spoke for itself, and made known the fact that it was the phonograph..."
1164:
circuitry used three Philco germanium PNP alloy-fused junction audio frequency transistors. After the 1956 season had ended, Philco decided to discontinue both models, for transistors were too expensive compared to vacuum tubes, but by 1961 a $ 49.95 ($ 509.29 in 2023) portable, battery-powered radio-phonograph with seven transistors was available.
1060:" was the first disc record to be offered to the public. They were five inches (13 cm) in diameter and recorded on one side only. Seven-inch (17.5 cm) records followed in 1895. Also in 1895 Berliner replaced the hard rubber used to make the discs with a shellac compound. Berliner's early records had poor sound quality, however. Work by
914:
Most of the disc machines designed at the Volta Lab had their disc mounted on vertical turntables. The explanation is that in the early experiments, the turntable, with disc, was mounted on the shop lathe, along with the recording and reproducing heads. Later, when the complete models were built, most of them featured vertical turntables.
1073:
433:" ("By the Light of the Moon") on the device. However, the device was not designed to play back sounds, as Scott intended for people to read back the tracings, which he called phonautograms. This was not the first time someone had used a device to create direct tracings of the vibrations of sound-producing objects, as
406:
1044:
Discs are not inherently better than cylinders at providing audio fidelity. Rather, the advantages of the format are seen in the manufacturing process: discs can be stamped, and the matrixes to stamp disc can be shipped to other printing plants for a global distribution of recordings; cylinders could
782:
The 1860 phonautogram had not until then been played, as it was only a transcription of sound waves into graphic form on paper for visual study. Recently developed optical scanning and image processing techniques have given new life to early recordings by making it possible to play unusually delicate
714:
By 1890, record manufacturers had begun using a rudimentary duplication process to mass-produce their product. While the live performers recorded the master phonograph, up to ten tubes led to blank cylinders in other phonographs. Until this development, each record had to be custom-made. Before long,
481:
An account of his invention was published on
October 10, 1877, by which date Cros had devised a more direct procedure: the recording stylus could scribe its tracing through a thin coating of acid-resistant material on a metal surface and the surface could then be etched in an acid bath, producing the
1434:
Since the late 1950s, almost all phono input stages have used the RIAA equalization standard. Before settling on that standard, there were many different equalizations in use, including EMI, HMV, Columbia, Decca FFRR, NAB, Ortho, BBC transcription, etc. Recordings made using these other equalization
1403:
The
Shibata-designed stylus offers a greater contact surface with the groove, which in turn means less pressure over the vinyl surface and thus less wear. A positive side effect is that the greater contact surface also means the stylus reads sections of the vinyl that were not touched (or "worn") by
1349:
read the groove optically using a laser pickup. Since there is no physical contact with the record, no wear is incurred. However, this "no wear" advantage is debatable, since vinyl records have been tested to withstand even 1200 plays with no significant audio degradation, provided that it is played
1407:
Other advanced stylus shapes appeared following the same goal of increasing contact surface, improving on the
Shibata. Chronologically: "Hughes" Shibata variant (1975), "Ogura" (1978), Van den Hul (1982). Such a stylus may be marketed as "Hyperelliptical" (Shure), "Alliptic", "Fine Line" (Ortofon),
931:
The basic distinction between the Edison's first phonograph patent and the Bell and
Tainter patent of 1886 was the method of recording. Edison's method was to indent the sound waves on a piece of tin foil, while Bell and Tainter's invention called for cutting, or "engraving", the sound waves into a
927:
on July 10, 1888. The playing arm is rigid, except for a pivoted vertical motion of 90 degrees to allow removal of the record or a return to starting position. While recording or playing, the record not only rotated, but moved laterally under the stylus, which thus described a spiral, recording 150
786:
A recording made on a sheet of tinfoil at an 1878 demonstration of Edison's phonograph in St. Louis, Missouri, has been played back by optical scanning and digital analysis. A few other early tinfoil recordings are known to survive, including a slightly earlier one that is believed to preserve the
1163:
magazine (page 41), had a full page detailed article on Philco's new consumer product. The all-transistor portable phonograph TPA-1 and TPA-2 models played only 45rpm records and used four 1.5 volt "D" batteries for their power supply. The "TPA" stands for "Transistor
Phonograph Amplifier". Their
913:
The sound vibrations had been indented in the wax that had been applied to the Edison phonograph. The following was the text of one of their recordings: "There are more things in heaven and earth, Horatio, than are dreamed of in your philosophy. I am a
Graphophone and my mother was a phonograph."
853:
in 1877, the fame bestowed on him for this invention was not due to its efficiency. Recording with his tinfoil phonograph was too difficult to be practical, as the tinfoil tore easily, and even when the stylus was properly adjusted, its reproduction of sound was distorted, and good for only a few
511:
Throughout the first decade (1890–1900) of commercial production of the earliest crude disc records, the direct acid-etch method first invented by Cros was used to create the metal master discs, but Cros was not around to claim any credit or to witness the humble beginnings of the eventually rich
445:
The device's true significance in the history of recorded sound was not fully realized prior to March 2008, when it was discovered and resurrected in a Paris patent office by First Sounds, an informal collaborative of
American audio historians, recording engineers, and sound archivists founded to
1273:
More sophisticated turntables were (and still are) frequently manufactured so as to incorporate a "cue lever", a device that mechanically lowers the tonearm on to the record. It enables the user to locate an individual track more easily, to pause a record, and to avoid the risk of scratching the
587:
attended an early demonstration (1881–82) of a similar machine. On the early phonograph's reproductive capabilities he wrote in retrospect: "It sounded to my ear like someone singing about half a mile away, or talking at the other end of a big hall; but the effect was rather pleasant, save for a
507:
free of charge and let others reduce them to practice, but after the earliest reports of Edison's presumably independent invention crossed the
Atlantic he had his sealed letter of April 30 opened and read at the December 3, 1877 meeting of the French Academy of Sciences, claiming due scientific
727:" (or the separate "The Whistling Coon") up to thousands of times in a studio during his recording career. Sometimes he would sing "The Laughing Song" more than fifty times in a day, at twenty cents per rendition. (The average price of a single cylinder in the mid-1890s was about fifty cents.)
1550:
New interest in records has led to the development of turntables with additional modern features. USB turntables have a built-in audio interface, which transfers the analog sound directly to the connected computer. Some USB turntables transfer the audio without equalization, but are sold with
890:
in 1879 while
Hubbard was president of the Edison Speaking Phonograph Co., and his organization, which had purchased the Edison patent, was financially troubled because people did not want to buy a machine that seldom worked well and proved difficult for the average person to operate.
2298:
1435:
schemes typically sound odd if they are played through a RIAA-equalized preamplifier. High-performance (so-called "multicurve disc") preamplifiers, which include multiple, selectable equalizations, are no longer commonly available. However, some vintage preamplifiers, such as the
1415:. This, together with laser-diamond-cutting technologies, made possible the "ridge" shaped stylus, such as the Namiki (1985) design, and Fritz Gyger (1989) design. This type of stylus is marketed as "MicroLine" (Audio technica), "Micro-Ridge" (Shure), or "Replicant" (Ortofon).
1400:). A narrow-profile elliptical stylus is able to read the higher frequencies (greater than 20 kHz), but at an increased wear, since the contact surface is narrower. For overcoming this problem, the Shibata stylus was invented around 1972 in Japan by Norio Shibata of JVC.
952:
1282:
Early developments in linear turntables were from Rek-O-Kut (portable lathe/phonograph) and Ortho-Sonic in the 1950s, and
Acoustical in the early 1960s. These were eclipsed by more successful implementations of the concept from the late 1960s through the early 1980s.
956:
955:
951:
950:
719:-based process made it possible to simultaneously produce 90–150 copies of each record. However, as demand for certain records grew, popular artists still needed to re-record and re-re-record their songs. Reportedly, the medium's first major African-American star
3045:, revised July 6, 2005. Retrieved from University of San Diego History Department website December 19, 2009. Document transferred to a personal website upon Professor Schoenherr's retirement. Retrieved again from homepage.mac.com/oldtownman website July 21, 2010.
441:
in 1807. By late 1857, with support from the Société d'encouragement pour l'industrie nationale, Scott's phonautograph was recording sounds with sufficient precision to be adopted by the scientific community, paving the way for the nascent science of acoustics.
957:
977:
of Alexandria, Virginia, was created on January 6, 1886, and incorporated on February 3, 1886. It was formed to control the patents and to handle the commercial development of their sound recording and reproduction inventions, one of which became the first
2663:
1772:
685:
791:, but as of May 2014 they have not yet been scanned. These antique tinfoil recordings, which have typically been stored folded, are too fragile to be played back with a stylus without seriously damaging them. Edison's 1877 tinfoil recording of
284:
words φωνή (phonē, meaning 'sound' or 'voice') and γραφή (graphē, meaning 'writing'). Similarly, the terms "gramophone" and "graphophone" have roots in the Greek words γράμμα (gramma, meaning 'letter') and φωνή (phōnē, meaning 'voice').
324:, "phonograph", properly specific to machines made by Edison, was sometimes used in a generic sense as early as the 1890s to include cylinder-playing machines made by others. But it was then considered strictly incorrect to apply it to
954:
1260:
In some high quality equipment the arm carrying the pickup, known as a tonearm, is manufactured separately from the motor and turntable unit. Companies specialising in the manufacture of tonearms include the English company
4108:
2804:
450:
in California, who were able to play back the recorded sounds, something Scott had never conceived of. Prior to this point, the earliest known record of a human voice was thought to be an 1877 phonograph recording by
1112:
compound until the 78-rpm format was completely phased out. (Shellac records were heavier and more brittle.) 33s and 45s were, however, made exclusively of vinyl, with the exception of some 45s manufactured out of
2659:
1768:
366:
who published "The Sounds of the Consonants, as Indicated by the Phonograph" in the Society's journal in November that year. On 8 August 1878 the phonograph was publicly demonstrated at the Society's annual
265:, turntables are colloquially known as "decks". In later versions of electric phonographs, commonly known since the 1940s as record players or turntables, the movements of the stylus are transformed into an
684:
252:
The terminology used to describe record-playing devices is not uniform across the English-speaking world. In modern contexts, the playback device is often referred to as a "turntable", "record player", or
993:
on March 28, 1887, in order to produce and sell the machines for the budding phonograph marketplace. The Volta Graphophone Company then merged with American Graphophone, which itself later evolved into
1024:
in business, because their wax recording process was practical and their machines were durable. But it would take several more years and the renewed efforts of Edison and the further improvements of
304:
of the company, and any use of the name by competing disc record manufacturers was rigorously challenged in court. However, in 1910, an English court decision ruled that the term had become generic;
1404:
the common spherical stylus. In a demonstration by JVC records "worn" after 500 plays at a relatively high 4.5 gf tracking force with a spherical stylus, played "as new" with the Shibata profile.
757:
cylinder recording for an experimental talking clock is often identified as the oldest surviving playable sound recording, although the evidence advanced for its early date is controversial. Wax
3347:
2235:
2039:
1426:
devised unbreakable records in 1930, by mixing polyvinyl chloride with plasticisers, in a proprietary formula they called Victrolac, which was first used in 1931, in motion picture discs.
813:
camera, and an audio clip from that film's soundtrack is sometimes mistakenly presented as the original 1877 recording. Wax cylinder recordings made by 19th-century media legends such as
5316:
4766:
953:
682:
1439:
varislope series, are still obtainable and can be refurbished. Newer preamplifiers like the Esoteric Sound Re-Equalizer or the K-A-B MK2 Vintage Signal Processor are also available.
4844:
4555:
4105:
3659:
2796:
354:, "record player" was the term; "turntable" was a more technical term; "gramophone" was restricted to the old mechanical (i.e., wind-up) players; and "phonograph" was used as in
4640:
990:
209:
for disc record players, which is predominantly used in many languages. Later improvements through the years included modifications to the turntable and its drive system, the
1535:
has been especially popular with its suitcase record players and have played a big part in the vinyl revival and its adoption among younger people and children in the 2010s.
4934:
1831:
4850:
3692:
2687:
859:
683:
652:
connected to a stylus that indented the foil into the cylinder's groove, thereby recording the vibrations as "hill-and-dale" variations of the depth of the indentation.
4988:
4838:
4634:
4603:
3077:
108:
are recorded as corresponding physical deviations of a spiral groove engraved, etched, incised, or impressed into the surface of a rotating cylinder or disc, called a
4916:
4597:
3585:
Powell, James R., Jr. and Randall G. Stehle. Playback Equalizer Settings for 78 rpm Recordings. Third Edition. 1993, 2002, 2007, Gramophone Adventures, Portage MI.
2516:
1728:
1551:
software that allows the EQ of the transferred audio file to be adjusted. There are also many turntables on the market designed to be plugged into a computer via a
5000:
4946:
4171:
1492:. Following a resurgence in sales of records since the late 2000s, an increasing number of turntables have been manufactured and sold. Notably, Japanese company
2201:
917:
One interesting exception was a horizontal seven inch turntable. The machine, although made in 1886, was a duplicate of one made earlier but taken to Europe by
4964:
4790:
4549:
4102:– Over 6,000 cylinder recordings held by the Department of Special Collections, University of California, Santa Barbara, free for download or streamed online.
116:(or "needle") traces the groove and is therefore vibrated by it, faintly reproducing the recorded sound. In early acoustic phonographs, the stylus vibrated a
4778:
4591:
4585:
2353:
193:, including the use of wax-coated cardboard cylinders and a cutting stylus that moved from side to side in a zigzag groove around the record. In the 1890s,
4760:
4407:
4814:
4856:
4784:
1452:
1108:" (Asch Records album S-800, dubbed from Soviet masters in 1945). Victor began selling some home-use vinyl 78s in late 1945; but most 78s were made of a
3793:
6165:
4716:
4646:
4543:
3707:
616:, 1912. The clockwork portion of the phonograph is concealed in the base beneath the statue; the amplifying horn is the shell behind the human figure.
5271:
4880:
4826:
4808:
3351:
2742:
2485:
38:1 (Spring 2007), 10–43; Oliver Berliner and Patrick Feaster, "Letters to the Editor: Rethinking Edison's Discovery of the Phonograph Principle,"
830:
5156:
4952:
4579:
2875:
2558:
552:
and several newspapers in the beginning of November, and an even earlier announcement of Edison working on a "talking-machine" can be found in the
5265:
4832:
3530:
2227:
2031:
503:
Cros was a poet of meager means, not in a position to pay a machinist to build a working model, and largely content to bequeath his ideas to the
4728:
3851:
1353:
An alternative approach is to take a high-resolution photograph or scan of each side of the record and interpret the image of the grooves using
1205:
is located off-center from the platter, either underneath it or entirely outside of it, and is connected to the platter or counter-platter by a
4796:
4722:
4567:
4561:
3740:
1396:
EPC-100CMK4 capable of playback on frequencies up to 100 kHz. This requires a stylus with a narrow side radius, such as 5 μm (or 0.2
1096:, and for radio commercials. At that time, virtually no discs for home use were made from this material. Vinyl was used for the popular 78-rpm
858:. However immediately after his discovery he did not improve it, allegedly because of an agreement to spend the next five years developing the
6420:
5374:
4892:
4573:
4437:
1886:
769:
in London were thought to be the oldest-known surviving musical recordings, until the recent playback by a group of American historians of a
328:'s Gramophone, a different machine that played nonrecordable discs (although Edison's original Phonograph patent included the use of discs.)
6511:
5259:
3439:
3034:
2138:
534:
conceived the principle of recording and reproducing sound between May and July 1877 as a byproduct of his efforts to "play back" recorded
2999:
6155:
5479:
3875:
3651:
3120:
1918:
6798:
5745:
5535:
4044:
3818:
3098:
224:
was the dominant commercial audio distribution format throughout most of the 20th century, and phonographs became the first example of
2954:
5570:
4070:
4030:
Experimental Turntablism: Historical overview of experiments with record players / records — or Scratches from Second-Hand Technology
236:
were introduced as alternatives. By 1987, phonograph use had declined sharply due to the popularity of cassettes and the rise of the
2393:
1797:
1488:
environments. Record players continued to be manufactured and sold into the 21st century, although in small numbers and mainly for
1159:. Philco started to sell these all-transistor phonographs in the fall of 1955, for the price of $ 59.95. The October 1955 issue of
2684:
1835:
1330:
tip that runs in the record groove. The stylus eventually becomes worn by contact with the groove, and it is usually replaceable.
482:
desired groove without the complication of an intermediate photographic procedure. The author of this article called the device a
6526:
6273:
4208:
3465:
3408:
Loescher, Long-Term Durability of Pickup Diamonds and Records, Journal of the Audio Engineering Society, vol 22, issue 10, pp 800
3198:
3058:
2908:
2323:
2161:
446:
make the earliest sound recordings available to the public. The phonautograms were then digitally converted by scientists at the
3897:
2774:
2633:
1973:
842:
phonograph and modified it considerably to make it reproduce sound from wax instead of tinfoil. They began their work at Bell's
6516:
6415:
2461:
1810:
398:, an editor and typographer of manuscripts at a scientific publishing house in Paris. One day while editing Professor Longet's
395:
3682:
3602:
2107:
1944:
1133:
346:, depicting a public demonstration of new technology at the Royal Society of Victoria (Melbourne, Australia) on 8 August 1878.
69:
Illustration of a typical modern turntable: here showing the curved tonearm with a headshell at the end, under which lies the
6216:
3919:
3019:
2835:
447:
3170:
Peter A Soderbergh, "Olde Records Price Guide 1900–1947", Wallace–Homestead Book Company, Des Moines, Iowa, 1980, pp.193–194
3157:
3074:
2260:
1104:. This significantly reduced breakage during transport. The first commercial vinylite record was the set of five 12" discs "
6757:
6531:
3377:
2481:
Patrick Feaster, "Speech Acoustics and the Keyboard Telephone: Rethinking Edison's Discovery of the Phonograph Principle,"
2070:
1865:
4692:
3768:
6818:
5142:
4734:
4710:
4704:
4698:
3223:
2726:
33:1 (Spring 2002), 77–84; Patrick Feaster and Stephan Puille, "Dialogue on 'The Oldest Playable Recording' (continued),
2500:
1718:
3397:
1566:
technology to output a record's sound wirelessly through speakers. Sony have also released a high-end turntable with an
4037:
4022:
3980:
1476:
in 1982, record albums still sold in small numbers throughout the 1980s and 1990s, but gradually sidelined in favor of
5765:
5367:
4669:
3966:
3590:
3374:"Rabco SL-8E SL-8: Tangential Tonearm, Servo Control, Parallel Tracking, Functioning, Drawings, Construction, Manual"
2856:
2599:
2510:
2387:
2292:
2191:
1538:
735:
425:. He then took an acoustic trumpet, and at its tapered end affixed a thin membrane that served as the analog to the
6833:
6772:
6732:
5580:
5461:
2966:
1754:
1661:
98:
1056:
Through experimentation, in 1892 Berliner began commercial production of his disc records and "gramophones". His "
6592:
5750:
4061:
3420:
3298:
2345:
1357:. An amateur attempt using a flatbed scanner lacked satisfactory fidelity. A professional system employed by the
846:
in Washington, D. C., in 1879, and continued until they were granted basic patents in 1886 for recording in wax.
363:
342:
4099:
2706:
2437:
1333:
Styli are classified as spherical or elliptical, although the tip is actually shaped as a half-sphere or a half-
6536:
6470:
6455:
6445:
5528:
3011:
2004:
613:
39:
909:
A 'G' (Graham Bell) model Graphophone being played back by a typist after its cylinder had recorded dictation.
6685:
6496:
5935:
5560:
5277:
5047:
4348:
2645:
17:
4401:
4389:
4366:
4336:
4330:
4324:
2415:
459:, whose inventor, Emile Berliner, worked with the phonautograph in the course of developing his own device.
6803:
6661:
6634:
6435:
6130:
5955:
5872:
5796:
5634:
5360:
5222:
4982:
4772:
4314:
4298:
2694:, Department of Special Collections, Donald C. Davidson Library, University of California at Santa Barbara.
1224:
SP-10, the first direct-drive turntable on the market. The most influential direct-drive turntable was the
3065:", Encyclopedia of World Biography. Thomson Gale. 2004. Retrieved December 20, 2009 from Encyclopedia.com.
6823:
6642:
6425:
6308:
6266:
6150:
5565:
5027:
4754:
4201:
4079:
2739:
1567:
1412:
1244:
673:
562:
on February 19, 1878, as US Patent 200,521). "In December, 1877, a young man came into the office of the
184:
35:
4118:
2869:
2568:
969:
In 1885, when the Volta Associates were sure that they had a number of practical inventions, they filed
6506:
6480:
6440:
5897:
5806:
5150:
5131:
4354:
4342:
4318:
720:
471:
31:
4240:
3526:
1303:
that converts mechanical vibrations from a stylus into an electrical signal. The electrical signal is
6120:
6018:
5998:
5839:
5664:
5603:
5521:
1656:
1501:
974:
597:
359:
1392:
sound modulation process, which requires up to 50 kHz frequency response, with cartridges like
155:
6677:
6241:
6211:
5503:
5334:
5216:
5100:
1627:
985:
After the Volta Associates gave several demonstrations in the City of Washington, businessmen from
750:
438:
43:
5283:
2919:
2886:
850:
6767:
6501:
6384:
6374:
6364:
5629:
3436:
3286:
3180:
3042:
2962:
2456:
2165:
1651:
1155:
336:
4029:
3031:
2130:
6813:
6808:
6558:
6410:
6298:
6259:
5400:
5035:
4490:
4218:
4194:
2996:
1191:
1180:
887:
3995:
3879:
3279:
3267:
2722:
Aaron Cramer, Tim Fabrizio, and George Paul, "A Dialogue on 'The Oldest Playable Recording,'"
821:
are amongst the earliest verified recordings by the famous that have survived to the present.
6693:
5887:
5801:
4234:
3124:
2979:
2750:
2620:
2584:
2543:
2196:
2035:
1914:
1667:
1575:
1571:
1386:
1081:
835:
649:
592:
554:
180:
117:
3972:
3094:
1811:
https://pure.manchester.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/26992666/POST-PEER-REVIEW-PUBLISHERS.PDF
546:, a device for recording and replaying sound, on November 21, 1877 (early reports appear in
6828:
6742:
6669:
6430:
6338:
6028:
5993:
5639:
5614:
5405:
5125:
4620:
4360:
3262:
2951:
2629:
1897:
1457:
1312:
1187:
1033:
874:
and experimenter at heart, was looking for new worlds to conquer after having patented the
637:
520:
358:. The "phonograph" was first demonstrated in Australia on 14 June 1878 to a meeting of the
214:
89:(as a trademark since 1887, as a generic name in the UK since 1910), and since the 1940s a
4067:
2969:, Washington, D.C., 1959, No. 218, Paper 5, pp.69–79. Retrieved from ProjectGutenberg.org.
905:
8:
6793:
6752:
6737:
6389:
6359:
5712:
5446:
5233:
4910:
4290:
4143:
3184:, "Phonograph Operated On Transistors to Be Sold by Philco Corp.", June 28, 1955, page 8.
2563:
2375:
2349:
2134:
1832:"DJ Jargon, DJ Dictionary, DJ Terms, DJ Terminology, DJ Glossary of terms – DJ School UK"
1640:
1556:
1358:
1061:
1045:
not be stamped until 1901–1902, when the gold moulding process was introduced by Edison.
788:
775:
758:
629:
548:
475:
430:
198:
4680:
2538:
1793:
1153:
phonograph models TPA-1 and TPA-2, which were announced in the June 28, 1955 edition of
1125:
1064:
eventually improved the sound fidelity to a point where it was as good as the cylinder.
6716:
6079:
5882:
5697:
5692:
5598:
5168:
5088:
4802:
4658:
4395:
2769:
2434:
Transcription and translation of December 3, 1877 unsealing of April, 1877 Cros deposit
2318:
2169:
1599:
1543:
1316:
1093:
1029:
766:
542:. His first experiments were with waxed paper. He announced his invention of the first
351:
297:
210:
146:
70:
3947:
3626:
3472:
3194:
3055:
2902:
2764:
2313:
6607:
6521:
6303:
5950:
5834:
5811:
5672:
5451:
5070:
4904:
4862:
4383:
4014:
3962:
3893:
3826:
3715:
3586:
3398:
https://www.ortofon.com/media/14912/everything_you_need_to_know_about_styli_types.pdf
3015:
3007:
2831:
2595:
2506:
2383:
2288:
1965:
1635:
1419:
1354:
1206:
1089:
1057:
1021:
802:
On the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the phonograph, Edison recounted reciting
724:
266:
229:
221:
205:
with a spiral groove running from the periphery to near the center, coining the term
202:
109:
74:
3087:
2451:
2099:
558:
on May 9), and he demonstrated the device for the first time on November 29 (it was
6576:
6465:
6125:
6064:
6023:
5930:
5907:
5877:
5722:
5682:
5552:
5544:
4928:
4886:
4652:
4263:
4186:
3333:
1497:
1408:"Line contact" (Audio Technica), "Polyhedron", "LAC", or "Stereohedron" (Stanton).
1393:
1225:
1221:
1177:
1017:
demonstrated in 1889 by Louis T. Glass, manager of the Pacific Phonograph Company.
995:
883:
843:
641:
414:
321:
121:
3244:
1236:
culture, became the most widely-used turntable in DJ culture for several decades.
312:
6599:
6584:
6099:
6074:
6059:
5960:
5945:
5920:
5649:
5644:
5430:
4868:
4226:
4112:
4074:
3443:
3424:
3152:
3147:
3081:
3062:
3038:
3003:
2958:
2923:
2912:
2890:
2879:
2746:
2710:
2691:
2282:
2255:
2250:
2066:
1999:
1723:
1346:
918:
855:
740:
355:
289:
4176:
4123:
3996:"The Gramophone And The Mechanical Recording And Reproduction Of Musical Sounds"
3373:
1887:"Application by the Gramophone Company to register "Gramophone" as a trade mark"
1857:
1274:
record, which may require practice to avoid when lowering the tonearm manually.
1072:
6762:
6626:
6552:
6460:
6450:
6135:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6044:
5862:
5857:
5593:
5425:
5180:
5012:
4976:
4522:
4496:
4419:
4132:
2412:
Transcription and translation of October 10, 1877 article on Cros "phonographe"
1509:
1508:
also headlined a turntable, amid increasing interest in the format. Similarly,
1202:
1025:
1020:
The work of the Volta Associates laid the foundation for the successful use of
879:
524:
325:
254:
194:
161:
4165:
4084:
3219:
1645:
596:
newspaper from Melbourne, Australia, reported on an 1878 demonstration at the
136:
6787:
6747:
6318:
6282:
6222:
6191:
5892:
5826:
5770:
5740:
5677:
5654:
5588:
5484:
5420:
5304:
5119:
5111:
5094:
5079:
4958:
4745:
4672:
4470:
4431:
4278:
3973:
Metal Machine Music: The Phonograph's Voice and the Transformation of Writing
3830:
3719:
2591:
1532:
1524:
1481:
1467:
1411:
A keel-shaped diamond stylus appeared as a byproduct of the invention of the
1397:
1092:(originally known as vinylite) was introduced as a record material for radio
1013:
1003:
923:
831:
Volta Laboratory and Bureau § Sound recording and phonograph development
807:
770:
531:
504:
452:
410:
389:
281:
241:
233:
176:
142:
2615:
1940:
1129:
Philco all-transistor model TPA-1 phonograph, developed and produced in 1955
512:
phonographic library he had foreseen. He had died in 1888 at the age of 45.
6379:
6313:
5965:
5925:
5867:
5760:
5730:
5687:
5609:
5415:
5006:
4413:
4246:
4137:
1673:
1613:
1513:
1473:
1389:
1101:
986:
814:
633:
584:
467:
293:
237:
112:. To recreate the sound, the surface is similarly rotated while a playback
4172:
Historic video footage of Edison operating his original tinfoil phonograph
3328:
2852:
6394:
6369:
6323:
6206:
6201:
6160:
6145:
6069:
6054:
6013:
5970:
5786:
5053:
4922:
4686:
4304:
2952:
Development of the Phonograph at Alexander Graham Bell's Volta Laboratory
1678:
1648:, used to convert diverse types of cylinder recordings to modern CD media
1489:
1308:
1262:
1249:
1229:
1216:
The direct-drive turntable was invented by Shuichi Obata, an engineer at
1195:
1114:
1105:
900:
818:
692:
620:
Edison's early phonographs recorded onto a thin sheet of metal, normally
608:
434:
274:
258:
228:
that people owned and used at their residences. In the 1960s, the use of
189:
125:
50:
3032:
Recording Technology History: Charles Sumner Tainter and the Graphophone
1750:
1519:
1172:
292:, "gramophone" may refer to any sound-reproducing machine that utilizes
6475:
6333:
6196:
6186:
6003:
5791:
5624:
5619:
5247:
5241:
4874:
4502:
4454:
4308:
4252:
3819:"The Crosley generation: the record player that has the kids in a spin"
3303:
1485:
1447:
1423:
1300:
1150:
979:
716:
706:
456:
372:
270:
225:
5352:
3417:
2131:"Observing the Slightest Motion: Using Visual Tools to Preserve Sound"
1915:"The Edison Diamond Disc Phonograph – History, Identification, Repair"
621:
405:
257:". Each of these terms denotes distinct items. When integrated into a
6711:
6343:
5816:
5735:
5456:
5340:
5186:
4898:
4820:
4484:
4478:
4459:
4425:
3708:"Turntables are golden as UK retailers report bumper Christmas sales"
2703:
2625:
2429:
1563:
1493:
1477:
1334:
1304:
1217:
1210:
875:
871:
796:
539:
535:
474:, a standard procedure used by scientists and inventors to establish
422:
301:
57:
4000:
Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution
2685:
Cylinder Preservation and Digitization Project: George W. Washington
1994:
1048:
569:
280:
The term "phonograph", meaning "sound writing", originates from the
120:
that produced sound waves coupled to the open air through a flaring
6008:
5985:
5975:
5915:
5702:
5513:
5322:
5253:
5210:
5204:
5192:
5162:
4940:
3794:"Audio-Technica's Sound Burger Deck Is Flipped In Three New Colors"
2103:
1593:
1327:
810:
262:
105:
4181:
940:
6104:
5849:
5410:
5310:
5041:
4994:
4159:
4152:– Information, images, articles and reviews from around the world
3817:
Petridis, Alexis; Gibsone, Harriet; Paphides, Pete (2016-04-21).
3572:. Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers, April 1932
3348:"What is a cue lever on a turntable? A comprehensive explanation"
2407:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1323:
1291:
1253:
1233:
1109:
1097:
839:
806:
to test his first machine. The 1927 event was filmed by an early
640:. While the cylinder was rotated and slowly progressed along its
426:
165:
6251:
4182:
2-point and Arc Protractor generators on AlignmentProtractor.com
4155:
1385:
A development in stylus form came about by the attention to the
455:. The phonautograph would play a role in the development of the
73:
and its attached stylus touching down on the grooves of a black
3687:
1350:
with a high quality cartridge and that the surfaces are clean.
1146:
970:
762:
559:
394:
The phonautograph was invented on March 25, 1857, by Frenchman
4146:– Essay on phonograph technology and intellectual property law
4094:
1896:. The Illustrated Official Journal. 1910-07-05. Archived from
6170:
6140:
5198:
5059:
4970:
4149:
3852:"Crosley Offers New The Beatles Options For Vinyl Collectors"
3195:"TPA-1 M32 R-Player Philco, Philadelphia Stg. Batt. Co.; USA"
2859:
from the original on 2016-10-03 – via Internet Archive.
886:
that Bell took up the phonograph challenge. Bell had married
744:
645:
625:
101:
695:) enticed store customers with the wonders of the invention.
371:, along with a range of other new inventions, including the
65:
5940:
5328:
5174:
4534:
4514:
4068:
Interactive sculpture delivers tactile soundwave experience
2502:
Office Management: Developing Skills for Smooth Functioning
1505:
1436:
754:
739:
Early phonograph at Deaf Smith County Historical Museum in
538:
messages and to automate speech sounds for transmission by
4089:
3627:"BBC News | ENTERTAINMENT | The non-compact disc turns 50"
2660:"Article about Edison and the invention of the phonograph"
1039:
854:
playbacks; nevertheless Edison had discovered the idea of
273:. This signal is then converted back into sound through a
187:
made several improvements in the 1880s and introduced the
5707:
4158:– Information, images and tutorials; strongly focused on
3299:"History of the Record Player Part II: The Rise and Fall"
2997:
Encyclopedia of Recorded Sound: Volta Graphophone Company
2213:
1579:
1570:
to convert the sound from a playing record into a 24-bit
1552:
1077:
783:
or physically unplayable media without physical contact.
296:. These were introduced and popularized in the UK by the
3957:. Second rev. ed., First Collier Books ed., in series,
1472:
Although largely replaced since the introduction of the
1220:(now Panasonic). In 1969, Matsushita released it as the
691:
This 1906 recording (with the character being voiced by
478:
of unpublished ideas in the event of any later dispute.
6049:
3816:
3084:
Popular Mechanics, June 6, 2016, retrieved July 3, 2017
2916:
2883:
2382:, no. 33, Bibliothèque nationale de France, 2009,
1821:"Better Sound from your Phonograph" ISBN 979-8218067304
1527:
retro-styled suitcase record player produced in c. 2013
824:
795:, not preserved, has been called the first instance of
3576:(4):452–460 (accessed at archive.org on 5 August 2011)
2713:
recording at Tinfoil.com, URL accessed August 14, 2006
2251:"What Was the First Sound Ever Recorded by a Machine?"
4045:"A Record Changer And Record Of Complementary Design"
3769:"Return of the deck - how turntables are taking over"
3741:"The Technics SL-1200 Turntable just made a comeback"
3041:, originally published at the History Department of,
2287:. University of California Press. 1983. p. 137.
2159:
316:
An Edison Standard Phonograph that uses wax cylinders
4216:
3603:"Braun design – Record players by Rams and Oberheim"
1589:
1562:
Modern turntables have also been released featuring
4138:
Mario Frazzetto's Phonograph and Gramophone Gallery
4133:
Listen to early recordings on the Edison Phonograph
3251:(advertisement). November 1961. p. Back cover.
1186:There are presently three main phonograph designs:
1007:, was developed by Tainter in 1893 to compete with
421:Scott coated a plate of glass with a thin layer of
4119:History of Recorded Sound: Phonographs and Records
3521:
3519:
2583:
1120:
973:applications and began to seek out investors. The
655:
30:Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see
4043:Carson, B. H.; Burt, A. D.; Reiskind, and H. I.,
2026:
2024:
2022:
1418:To address the problem of steel needle wear upon
573:Close up of the mechanism of an Edison Amberola,
6785:
4100:Cylinder Preservation & Digitization Project
1422:, which resulted in the cracking of the latter,
935:
3988:The Patent History of the Phonograph, 1877–1912
3652:"Vinyl sales to hit another high point in 2009"
3516:
3371:
2128:
1137:Philco all-transistor model TPA-1 phonograph –
1067:
965:by the Edison Military Band (video, 3 min 51 s)
437:had been used in this way by English physicist
3350:. VintageSonics. 29 March 2023. Archived from
3024:
2825:
2797:"Technology saves echoes of past from silence"
2765:"Researchers Play Tune Recorded Before Edison"
2582:Klein, Herman (1990). William R. Moran (ed.).
2314:"Researchers Play Tune Recorded Before Edison"
2248:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2019:
1894:Reports of Patent, Design and Trade Mark Cases
1442:
730:
97:, is a device for the mechanical and analogue
6421:Edison Gower-Bell Telephone Company of Europe
6267:
5529:
5368:
4202:
2871:Personal Speech To The Future By P. T. Barnum
2850:
1451:An old phonograph for record preservation at
1149:developed and produced the world's first all-
124:, or directly to the listener's ears through
4106:Cylinder players held at the British Library
3738:
2826:Matthew Rubery, ed. (2011). "Introduction".
2192:"Sound Recording Predates Edison Phonograph"
1987:
1001:A coin-operated version of the Graphophone,
495:
489:
483:
300:. Initially, "gramophone" was a proprietary
213:or needle, pickup system, and the sound and
145:with his second phonograph, photographed by
6156:Professional Lighting and Sound Association
5480:Conservation and restoration of vinyl discs
3245:"/mode/2up "The Only Portable of its Kind!"
2995:Hoffmann, Frank W. & Ferstler, Howard.
2946:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2311:
2228:"Origins of Sound Recording: The Inventors"
2054:
2032:"Origins of Sound Recording: The Inventors"
1311:. Crystal and ceramic pickups that use the
164:with the first gramophone he developed, in
6274:
6260:
5746:Comparison of analog and digital recording
5536:
5522:
5375:
5361:
4209:
4195:
3197:(in German). Radiomuseum.org. 1955-06-28.
2961:, United States National Museum Bulletin,
2505:. Global India Publications. p. 139.
2242:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2088:
1966:"09 Aug 1878 – THE ROYAL SOCIETY. – Trove"
1697:Historical phonographs could record sound.
1322:The pickup includes a stylus with a small
944:A later-model Columbia Graphophone of 1901
932:wax record with a sharp recording stylus.
865:
765:'s choral music made on June 29, 1888, at
3878:. recordplayerreviews.org. Archived from
3329:Six Machines That Changed The Music World
3255:
2828:Audiobooks, Literature, and Sound Studies
1855:
1076:A 1930s portable wind-up gramophone from
624:, which was temporarily wrapped around a
179:; its use would rise the following year.
49:For its use as a musical instrument, see
4455:Tefiphon/Teficord (early 1930s), Tefifon
4177:Turntable History on Enjoy the Music.com
3961:. New York: Collier, 1977. 349 p., ill.
3683:"Vinyl Sales Grew More Than 50% In 2014"
3437:You Can Play the Record, but Don't Touch
3324:
3322:
2929:
2284:Nineeenth-century Scientific Instruments
1537:
1518:
1446:
1368:
1307:and converted into sound by one or more
1290:
1243:
1171:
1132:
1124:
1071:
1047:
947:
939:
904:
734:
607:
568:
519:
515:
404:
335:
311:
64:
5382:
4062:c.1915 Swiss hot-air engined gramophone
3649:
3145:
3048:
2794:
2452:"Charles Cro: French inventor and poet"
2305:
2301:from the original on February 15, 2017.
2085:
1995:"mar 25, 1857 - Phonautograph invented"
1040:Disc vs. cylinder as a recording medium
175:The phonograph was invented in 1877 by
14:
6786:
6416:Edison and Swan Electric Light Company
4115:– information and high-quality images.
4080:Early recordings from around the world
4015:Turntable [wiki]: Bibliography
3993:
3291:
3272:
2991:
2989:
2819:
1858:"This Is How a Turntable Really Works"
1856:Hockenson, Lauren (20 December 2012).
860:New York City electric light and power
27:Device for analogue recording of sound
6255:
6217:New Interfaces for Musical Expression
5517:
5356:
4190:
3946:Bruil, Rudolf A. (January 8, 2004). "
3766:
3762:
3760:
3418:Digital Needle – A Virtual Gramophone
3319:
3146:Wallace, Robert (November 17, 1952).
2762:
2636:from the original on 21 February 2022
2581:
2575:
2498:
2129:Villafana, Tana (December 20, 2021).
2042:from the original on January 22, 2022
1731:from the original on October 14, 2018
1496:brought back its well-known advanced
838:and his two associates took Edison's
527:for Edison's phonograph, May 18, 1880
448:Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
413:. This version uses a barrel made of
362:by the Society's Honorary Secretary,
6532:General Electric Research Laboratory
5543:
4095:The Berliner Sound and Image Archive
3705:
3680:
3281:The Oxford Handbook of Sound Studies
3139:
3101:from the original on 9 December 2012
2368:
2141:from the original on January 3, 2022
1769:"History of the Cylinder Phonograph"
1167:
894:
825:Improvements at the Volta Laboratory
488:, but Cros himself favored the word
240:. However, records have undergone a
4085:The Birth of the Recording Industry
3917:
3791:
3160:from the original on March 6, 2017.
3006:, CRC Press, 2005, Vol.1, pg.1167,
2986:
2440:from the original on July 24, 2011.
2418:from the original on July 24, 2011.
2326:from the original on April 13, 2022
2110:from the original on April 17, 2022
2100:"Oldest recorded voices sing again"
2067:"Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville"
1972:. Trove.nla.gov.au. 9 August 1878.
508:credit for priority of conception.
24:
3955:The Fabulous Phonograph, 1877–1977
3940:
3920:"This new Sony turntable is turnt"
3757:
3662:from the original on 26 April 2013
3054:Encyclopedia of World Biography. "
2851:Thomas Edison (30 November 1926).
2519:from the original on 15 April 2021
2162:"Leon Scott and the Phonautograph"
2007:from the original on June 29, 2022
1921:from the original on 17 March 2020
1462:(National Sound Archive of Mexico)
1340:
1277:
662:
494:, sometimes rendered in French as
25:
6845:
6799:Audiovisual introductions in 1877
6281:
5766:Reel-to-reel audio tape recording
5317:Pioneer Artists Compact LaserDisc
4767:Mohawk Message repeater cartridge
4055:
3278:Trevor Pinch, Karin Bijsterveld,
3220:"The Philco Radio Gallery – 1956"
2807:from the original on 7 April 2014
2356:from the original on June 1, 2022
2263:from the original on June 7, 2022
2204:from the original on May 26, 2022
2073:from the original on July 1, 2022
1941:"State Library Victoria – Viewer"
1286:
1228:, which, following the spread of
1052:A Victor V phonograph, circa 1907
603:
396:Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville
77:placed on the turntable's platter
6773:Thomas Alva Edison silver dollar
6733:Thomas Edison in popular culture
6527:Storage Battery Company Building
6235:
5497:
3849:
3695:from the original on 2017-07-29.
3570:Victrolac Motion Picture Records
2967:Museum of History and Technology
2795:Eichler, Jeremy (6 April 2014).
2559:"The Phonograph, 1877 thru 1896"
2238:from the original on 2017-09-21.
1800:from the original on 2011-09-03.
1794:"The Biography of Thomas Edison"
1757:from the original on 2011-05-13.
1719:"The Incredible Talking Machine"
1662:List of phonograph manufacturers
1620:
1606:
1592:
705:Problems playing this file? See
680:
636:supported by plain and threaded
383:
378:
307:
154:
135:
6593:The Wizard of Evergreen Terrace
5751:Experimental musical instrument
4845:Nippon Electronic Vity cassette
4556:Cosmos Industries MX-303A/ANQ-1
3911:
3900:from the original on 2011-07-13
3886:
3868:
3843:
3810:
3785:
3732:
3699:
3674:
3643:
3619:
3595:
3579:
3562:
3553:
3544:
3533:from the original on 2011-07-17
3529:. Vinylengine.com. 2009-11-09.
3507:
3498:
3489:
3458:
3449:
3430:
3411:
3402:
3391:
3380:from the original on 2011-10-17
3365:
3340:
3237:
3226:from the original on 2013-06-21
3222:. Philcoradio.com. 2012-03-12.
3212:
3201:from the original on 2013-10-21
3187:
3173:
3164:
3113:
3068:
2972:
2896:
2863:
2844:
2788:
2777:from the original on 2011-09-03
2756:
2733:
2716:
2697:
2677:
2666:from the original on 2016-08-19
2652:
2608:
2586:Herman Klein and The Gramophone
2567:. July 25, 1896. Archived from
2551:
2531:
2492:
2475:
2464:from the original on 2018-03-09
2444:
2422:
2400:
2396:from the original on 2015-09-28
2338:
2275:
2220:
2184:
2153:
2122:
1976:from the original on 2022-02-21
1958:
1947:from the original on 2022-02-21
1933:
1907:
1879:
1868:from the original on 2019-12-04
1775:from the original on 2016-08-19
1429:
1121:First all-transistor phonograph
656:Introduction of the disc record
343:The Illustrated Australian News
6471:Motion Picture Patents Company
6456:Edison Storage Battery Company
6446:Edison Portland Cement Company
3950:." Retrieved on July 25, 2011.
3650:Martens, Todd (11 June 2009).
3372:Rudolf A. Bruil (2004-01-08).
3075:How the Jukebox Got its Groove
2753:, URL accessed August 14, 2006
2312:Rosen, Jody (March 27, 2008).
2249:Fabry, Merrill (May 1, 2018).
2160:Schoenherr, Steven E. (1999).
1849:
1824:
1815:
1804:
1786:
1761:
1743:
1711:
1691:
1531:At the low-end of the market,
1315:have largely been replaced by
1239:
1201:In a belt-drive turntable the
612:Phonograph cabinet built with
247:
197:initiated the transition from
40:Record player (disambiguation)
13:
1:
5936:Electronic musical instrument
4064:at Museum of Retro Technology
2963:United States National Museum
2646:National Library of Australia
2632:. 9 August 1878. p. 10.
1704:
1299:The pickup or cartridge is a
1100:issued to US soldiers during
936:Graphophone commercialization
632:mounted on a correspondingly
574:
462:
409:Dictionary illustration of a
6662:The Execution of Mary Stuart
6436:Edison Manufacturing Company
6242:Record production portal
6131:Institute of Broadcast Sound
5504:Record production portal
4641:Thermionic Products Recordon
4034:eContact! 14.3 — Turntablism
4019:eContact! 14.3 — Turntablism
3977:eContact! 14.3 — Turntablism
3918:Cox, Jamieson (2016-01-06).
3656:Los Angeles Times Music Blog
2830:. Routledge. pp. 1–21.
2704:"Experimental Talking Clock"
1361:produces excellent quality.
1268:
1141:magazine, issue October 1955
1068:Dominance of the disc record
1028:and many others, before the
991:American Graphophone Company
723:was obliged to perform his "
675:"I Am The Edison Phonograph"
340:Wood engraving published in
331:
242:revival since the late 2000s
7:
6643:Tales from the Bully Pulpit
6426:Edison Illuminating Company
6151:Musical Electronics Library
5028:Analog-to-digital converter
4935:Nippon Electronic Memo-call
3767:Spice, Anton (2016-01-08).
3739:Hugh Langley (2016-01-05).
3446:URL accessed April 25, 2008
3427:URL accessed March 31, 2007
2904:Othello By Edwin Booth 1890
2740:"Very Early Recorded Sound"
1585:
1568:analog-to-digital converter
1443:Contemporary use and models
1161:Radio & Television News
961:Edison-Phonograph playing:
779:recorded on April 9, 1860.
731:Oldest surviving recordings
113:
36:Gramophone (disambiguation)
10:
6850:
6819:History of sound recording
6481:Oriental Telephone Company
6441:Edison Ore-Milling Company
5898:Sound reinforcement system
5807:Sound reinforcement system
5151:Compact Disc Digital Audio
4235:Music box cylinder or disc
4128:Hi-Fi All-New 1958 Edition
4036:(January 2013). Montréal:
4021:(January 2013). Montréal:
3994:Reddie, Lovell N. (1908).
3979:(January 2013). Montréal:
3896:. Knowzy.com. 2008-12-01.
3894:"USB turntable comparison"
2763:Rosen, Jody (2008-03-27).
2730:33:2 (Fall 2002), 237–242.
2683:University of California.
2489:38:2 (Fall 2007), 226–228.
1465:
1295:Typical magnetic cartridge
898:
828:
472:French Academy of Sciences
387:
55:
48:
32:Turntable (disambiguation)
29:
6725:
6704:
6653:
6635:Edison's Conquest of Mars
6618:
6568:
6545:
6512:Memorial Tower and Museum
6489:
6403:
6352:
6289:
6231:
6179:
6121:Audio Engineering Society
6113:
6037:
6019:Software effect processor
5999:Digital audio workstation
5984:
5906:
5848:
5840:Digital signal processing
5825:
5779:
5721:
5663:
5604:Digital audio workstation
5579:
5551:
5493:
5472:
5439:
5388:
5297:
5232:
5141:
5110:
5078:
5069:
5026:
4851:Grundig Cassette LFH 0084
4744:
4668:
4630:
4613:
4532:
4512:
4469:
4447:
4376:
4288:
4271:
4262:
4225:
4166:45 rpm player and changer
4126:– Excerpts from the book
3876:"Vinyl to USB Conversion"
1657:Compressed air gramophone
1516:portable player in 2023.
1502:Consumer Electronics Show
1364:
1252:3012 tonearm fitted on a
1139:Radio and Television News
1032:became a major factor in
1011:entertainment phonograph
975:Volta Graphophone Company
721:George Washington Johnson
598:Royal Society of Victoria
360:Royal Society of Victoria
149:in Washington, April 1878
6517:National Historical Park
6309:Edison's Phonograph Doll
6212:Professional audio store
6114:People and organizations
6100:Sound recording engineer
5101:Digital Compact Cassette
4989:Capitol Records Audiopak
4839:Dictaphone Travel master
4635:Telefunken magnetic disc
4604:Crouzet-Jaeger cartridge
4028:Weissenbrunner, Karin. "
3706:Wood, Zoe (2017-12-22).
2853:"Mary had a little lamb"
2539:"Chicago Sunday tribune"
1684:
1628:Record production portal
888:Hubbard's daughter Mabel
817:and Shakespearean actor
787:voice of U.S. President
99:reproduction of recorded
56:Not to be confused with
44:Tonearm (disambiguation)
6834:19th-century inventions
6768:Statue of Thomas Edison
6375:Incandescent light bulb
5630:Microphone preamplifier
4917:Assmann-Stuzzi Memocord
4598:Protona Minifon special
4219:audio recording formats
3287:Oxford University Press
3181:The Wall Street Journal
3043:University of San Diego
2926:Retrieved July 21, 2015
2893:Retrieved July 21, 2015
2457:Encyclopedia Britannica
2166:University of San Diego
1771:. Library of Congress.
1652:Audio signal processing
1156:The Wall Street Journal
866:Volta's early challenge
851:invented the phonograph
500:('voice of the past').
6559:Theodore Miller Edison
6476:Mine Safety Appliances
6411:Thomas A. Edison, Inc.
6299:List of Edison patents
5571:Electronic and digital
5401:Direct-drive turntable
5001:Bandai micro cartridge
4947:Muntz Stereo Mini-twin
3568:Barton, F.C. (1932 ).
3148:"First It Said 'Mary'"
3121:"the early gramophone"
2069:. First Sounds. 2008.
1753:. Rutgers University.
1547:
1528:
1463:
1382:
1296:
1257:
1183:
1181:direct-drive turntable
1142:
1130:
1085:
1053:
966:
945:
921:. Tainter was granted
910:
884:Gardiner Green Hubbard
804:Mary Had a Little Lamb
793:Mary Had a Little Lamb
747:
697:2 minutes, 23 seconds.
667:
617:
580:
528:
496:
490:
484:
476:priority of conception
418:
347:
317:
104:. The sound vibration
78:
5396:Phonograph/gramophone
4869:Cousino Echo-matic II
4349:Indestructible record
3959:Sounds of the Century
3607:www.designundtext.com
3376:. Soundfountain.com.
3056:Alexander Graham Bell
2980:The Washington Herald
2751:National Park Service
2544:Chicago Daily Tribune
2499:Dubey, N. B. (2009).
2376:"L'impression du son"
2197:All Things Considered
2036:National Park Service
1668:Talking Machine World
1572:high-resolution audio
1541:
1522:
1450:
1381:78 rpm records, 1940s
1372:
1294:
1247:
1175:
1136:
1128:
1075:
1051:
960:
943:
928:grooves to the inch.
908:
836:Alexander Graham Bell
738:
666:
611:
572:
555:Chicago Daily Tribune
523:
516:The early phonographs
408:
400:Traité de Physiologie
339:
315:
181:Alexander Graham Bell
93:, or more recently a
68:
6743:Pearl Street Station
6431:Edison Machine Works
6339:Quadruplex telegraph
6029:Software synthesizer
5994:Digital audio editor
5780:Playback transducers
5640:Multitrack recording
5406:Belt-drive turntable
4965:Sanyo Tape cartridge
4791:Rediffusion Reditune
4670:Loose (reel-to-reel)
4621:Magnetic stripe card
4550:US Army RD-11B/GNQ-1
4315:Perfected phonograph
4243:(early 17th century)
4090:The Cylinder Archive
3986:Koenigsberg, Allen.
3097:. 16 November 2005.
3030:Schoenherr, Steven.
2950:Newville, Leslie J.
2624:. No. 10, 030.
1751:"Tinfoil Phonograph"
1313:piezoelectric effect
1256:TD124 MkII turntable
849:Although Edison had
199:phonograph cylinders
6804:American inventions
6753:Thomas Edison House
6738:War of the currents
6390:Thermionic emission
6385:Nickel–iron battery
6365:Edison–Lalande cell
6360:Consolidated Edison
5447:Phonograph cylinder
5383:Grooved track audio
4779:Mohawk Midgetape RL
4592:Protona Minifon P55
4586:Protona Minifon P51
4361:Blue Amberol record
4343:Gold moulded record
4337:Le Céleste cylinder
4309:Dictaphone cylinder
4299:Phonograph cylinder
3971:Heumann, Michael. "
3156:. pp. 87–102.
2983:, October 28, 1937.
2616:"The Royal Society"
2564:Scientific American
2430:"www.phonozoic.net"
2408:"www.phonozoic.net"
2350:Library of Congress
2172:on February 7, 2018
2135:Library of Congress
1641:Phonograph cylinder
1359:Library of Congress
1317:magnetic cartridges
1094:transcription discs
1062:Eldridge R. Johnson
1014:U.S. patent 428,750
1004:U.S. patent 506,348
924:U.S. patent 385,886
870:Meanwhile, Bell, a
789:Rutherford B. Hayes
776:Au clair de la lune
759:phonograph cylinder
564:Scientific American
549:Scientific American
431:Au Clair de la Lune
6824:Hip hop production
6717:Edisonian approach
6080:Re-recording mixer
5883:Keyboard amplifier
5599:Binaural recording
5234:Electronic circuit
5089:Digital Audio Tape
4803:RCA tape cartridge
4761:Cousino Echo-matic
4659:Audio High Density
4408:Edison Voicewriter
4168:at work on YouTube
4111:2012-02-06 at the
4073:2021-03-08 at the
3990:. APM Press, 1991.
3442:2007-08-12 at the
3423:2003-12-29 at the
3127:on 13 January 2012
3095:"cylinder history"
3080:2017-01-26 at the
3061:2010-01-05 at the
3037:2011-12-23 at the
3002:2017-03-07 at the
2957:2011-06-04 at the
2922:2013-12-31 at the
2911:2016-01-16 at the
2889:2013-12-31 at the
2878:2016-03-29 at the
2770:The New York Times
2745:2014-02-28 at the
2709:2007-02-19 at the
2690:2011-06-29 at the
2662:. Memory.loc.gov.
2319:The New York Times
2200:. March 27, 2008.
2106:. March 28, 2008.
1600:electronics portal
1548:
1546:turntable, c. 2019
1529:
1512:revived its 1980s
1464:
1383:
1297:
1258:
1184:
1143:
1131:
1086:
1082:His Master's Voice
1054:
1034:home entertainment
1030:recording industry
1022:dictating machines
1009:nickel-in-the-slot
967:
946:
911:
767:The Crystal Palace
748:
668:
618:
581:
529:
419:
352:Australian English
348:
318:
298:Gramophone Company
230:8-track cartridges
147:Levin Corbin Handy
79:
71:magnetic cartridge
42:, and
6781:
6780:
6686:A Night of Terror
6304:Carbon microphone
6249:
6248:
6055:Guitar technician
5951:Music workstation
5835:Digital recording
5812:Speaker enclosure
5731:8-track cartridge
5673:Phonograph record
5511:
5510:
5452:Phonograph record
5350:
5349:
5293:
5292:
5022:
5021:
4857:Orrtronic Tapette
4785:Dictaphone Dictet
4384:Phonograph record
4241:Mechanical cuckoo
4156:The Analogue Dept
4124:EnjoytheMusic.com
3773:The Vinyl Factory
3559:US Patent 4855989
3550:US Patent 4521877
3527:"Vinylengine.com"
3495:US Patent 3871664
3455:US Patent 3774918
3020:978-0-415-93835-8
2837:978-0-415-88352-8
2038:. July 17, 2017.
1727:. June 23, 2010.
1636:Phonograph record
1453:Fonoteca Nacional
1355:computer software
1345:A few specialist
1168:Turntable designs
1058:gramophone record
958:
895:Volta Graphophone
882:, it was through
725:The Laughing Song
686:
583:The music critic
267:electrical signal
222:phonograph record
128:-type earphones.
85:, later called a
16:(Redirected from
6841:
6577:Young Tom Edison
6466:General Electric
6276:
6269:
6262:
6253:
6252:
6240:
6239:
6238:
6126:Goji Electronics
6065:Monitor engineer
6024:Software sampler
5931:Electronic drums
5908:Electronic music
5878:Guitar amplifier
5723:Analog recording
5683:Compact cassette
5645:Music production
5553:Music technology
5545:Music technology
5538:
5531:
5524:
5515:
5514:
5502:
5501:
5500:
5377:
5370:
5363:
5354:
5353:
5076:
5075:
4929:DC-International
4887:Compact cassette
4705:Fullcoat magfilm
4647:Record Maker Pye
4614:Magnetic surface
4544:Lorenz Textophon
4367:Paradis cylinder
4331:Stentor cylinder
4269:
4268:
4211:
4204:
4197:
4188:
4187:
4010:
4008:
4007:
3953:Gelatt, Roland.
3934:
3933:
3931:
3930:
3915:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3905:
3890:
3884:
3883:
3872:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3862:
3847:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3837:
3814:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3804:
3789:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3779:
3764:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3751:
3736:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3726:
3703:
3697:
3696:
3681:McIntyre, Hugh.
3678:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3667:
3647:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3637:
3623:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3599:
3593:
3583:
3577:
3566:
3560:
3557:
3551:
3548:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3538:
3523:
3514:
3511:
3505:
3502:
3496:
3493:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3483:
3477:
3471:. Archived from
3470:
3462:
3456:
3453:
3447:
3434:
3428:
3415:
3409:
3406:
3400:
3395:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3369:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3344:
3338:
3326:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3295:
3289:
3276:
3270:
3266:, May 21, 1977,
3259:
3253:
3252:
3241:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3216:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3206:
3191:
3185:
3177:
3171:
3168:
3162:
3161:
3143:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3123:. Archived from
3117:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3091:
3085:
3072:
3066:
3052:
3046:
3028:
3022:
2993:
2984:
2976:
2970:
2948:
2927:
2900:
2894:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2848:
2842:
2841:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2801:The Boston Globe
2792:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2760:
2754:
2737:
2731:
2720:
2714:
2701:
2695:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2643:
2641:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2589:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2496:
2490:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2469:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2346:"The Gramophone"
2342:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2211:
2209:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2168:. Archived from
2157:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2096:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2063:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2028:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2012:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1952:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1891:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1873:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1843:
1834:. Archived from
1828:
1822:
1819:
1813:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1796:. Gerald Beals.
1790:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1780:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1715:
1698:
1695:
1630:
1625:
1624:
1623:
1616:
1611:
1610:
1609:
1602:
1597:
1596:
1498:Technics SL-1200
1461:
1347:laser turntables
1226:Technics SL-1200
1178:Technics SL-1200
1016:
1006:
996:Columbia Records
959:
926:
844:Volta Laboratory
715:a more advanced
688:
687:
665:
579:
576:
499:
493:
487:
415:plaster of Paris
322:American English
185:Volta Laboratory
158:
139:
21:
6849:
6848:
6844:
6843:
6842:
6840:
6839:
6838:
6784:
6783:
6782:
6777:
6721:
6700:
6649:
6614:
6600:The Current War
6585:Edison, the Man
6564:
6541:
6485:
6399:
6348:
6291:
6285:
6280:
6250:
6245:
6236:
6234:
6227:
6175:
6109:
6075:Record producer
6060:Mixing engineer
6033:
5980:
5946:MIDI controller
5921:Circuit bending
5902:
5844:
5821:
5797:Monitor speaker
5775:
5717:
5665:Recording media
5659:
5650:Music sequencer
5635:Monitor speaker
5581:Sound recording
5575:
5547:
5542:
5512:
5507:
5498:
5496:
5489:
5468:
5435:
5431:Laser turntable
5384:
5381:
5351:
5346:
5289:
5278:USB flash drive
5272:Toymax VJ Starz
5228:
5137:
5106:
5065:
5018:
4881:Philips EL 3583
4827:Cousino MR-9000
4815:Protona Attaché
4809:Philips EL 3581
4740:
4664:
4626:
4609:
4528:
4513:Loose magnetic
4508:
4465:
4443:
4372:
4284:
4272:Grooved surface
4258:
4221:
4215:
4113:Wayback Machine
4075:Wayback Machine
4058:
4005:
4003:
3948:Linear Tonearms
3943:
3941:Further reading
3938:
3937:
3928:
3926:
3916:
3912:
3903:
3901:
3892:
3891:
3887:
3874:
3873:
3869:
3860:
3858:
3848:
3844:
3835:
3833:
3815:
3811:
3802:
3800:
3792:Sparrow, Mark.
3790:
3786:
3777:
3775:
3765:
3758:
3749:
3747:
3737:
3733:
3724:
3722:
3704:
3700:
3679:
3675:
3665:
3663:
3648:
3644:
3635:
3633:
3625:
3624:
3620:
3611:
3609:
3601:
3600:
3596:
3584:
3580:
3567:
3563:
3558:
3554:
3549:
3545:
3536:
3534:
3525:
3524:
3517:
3513:US Pat. 4365325
3512:
3508:
3504:US Pat. 4105212
3503:
3499:
3494:
3490:
3481:
3479:
3475:
3468:
3464:
3463:
3459:
3454:
3450:
3444:Wayback Machine
3435:
3431:
3425:Wayback Machine
3416:
3412:
3407:
3403:
3396:
3392:
3383:
3381:
3370:
3366:
3357:
3355:
3346:
3345:
3341:
3327:
3320:
3310:
3308:
3297:
3296:
3292:
3277:
3273:
3260:
3256:
3243:
3242:
3238:
3229:
3227:
3218:
3217:
3213:
3204:
3202:
3193:
3192:
3188:
3178:
3174:
3169:
3165:
3144:
3140:
3130:
3128:
3119:
3118:
3114:
3104:
3102:
3093:
3092:
3088:
3082:Wayback Machine
3073:
3069:
3063:Wayback Machine
3053:
3049:
3039:Wayback Machine
3029:
3025:
3004:Wayback Machine
2994:
2987:
2977:
2973:
2959:Wayback Machine
2949:
2930:
2924:Wayback Machine
2913:Wayback Machine
2901:
2897:
2891:Wayback Machine
2880:Wayback Machine
2868:
2864:
2849:
2845:
2838:
2824:
2820:
2810:
2808:
2793:
2789:
2780:
2778:
2761:
2757:
2747:Wayback Machine
2738:
2734:
2721:
2717:
2711:Wayback Machine
2702:
2698:
2692:Wayback Machine
2682:
2678:
2669:
2667:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2639:
2637:
2614:
2613:
2609:
2602:
2594:. p. 380.
2580:
2576:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2522:
2520:
2513:
2497:
2493:
2480:
2476:
2467:
2465:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2428:
2427:
2423:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2390:
2380:Revue de la BNF
2374:
2373:
2369:
2359:
2357:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2329:
2327:
2310:
2306:
2295:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2266:
2264:
2247:
2243:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2207:
2205:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2175:
2173:
2158:
2154:
2144:
2142:
2127:
2123:
2113:
2111:
2098:
2097:
2086:
2076:
2074:
2065:
2064:
2055:
2045:
2043:
2030:
2029:
2020:
2010:
2008:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1979:
1977:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1950:
1948:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1924:
1922:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1900:
1889:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1871:
1869:
1854:
1850:
1841:
1839:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1816:
1809:
1805:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1778:
1776:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1734:
1732:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1692:
1687:
1626:
1621:
1619:
1612:
1607:
1605:
1598:
1591:
1588:
1557:needle dropping
1470:
1455:
1445:
1432:
1367:
1343:
1341:Optical readout
1289:
1280:
1278:Linear tracking
1271:
1242:
1170:
1123:
1070:
1042:
1012:
1002:
948:
938:
922:
919:Chichester Bell
903:
897:
878:. According to
868:
856:sound recording
833:
827:
733:
712:
711:
703:
701:
700:
699:
698:
696:
689:
681:
678:
676:
669:
663:
658:
644:, the airborne
606:
577:
518:
465:
392:
386:
381:
364:Alex Sutherland
356:British English
334:
310:
290:British English
250:
173:
172:
171:
170:
169:
159:
151:
150:
140:
61:
54:
47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6847:
6837:
6836:
6831:
6826:
6821:
6816:
6811:
6806:
6801:
6796:
6779:
6778:
6776:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6763:Telephonoscope
6760:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6740:
6735:
6729:
6727:
6723:
6722:
6720:
6719:
6714:
6708:
6706:
6702:
6701:
6699:
6698:
6690:
6682:
6674:
6666:
6657:
6655:
6651:
6650:
6648:
6647:
6639:
6631:
6627:The Future Eve
6622:
6620:
6616:
6615:
6613:
6612:
6604:
6596:
6589:
6581:
6572:
6570:
6566:
6565:
6563:
6562:
6556:
6553:Charles Edison
6549:
6547:
6543:
6542:
6540:
6539:
6537:Winter Estates
6534:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6493:
6491:
6487:
6486:
6484:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6461:Edison Studios
6458:
6453:
6451:Edison Records
6448:
6443:
6438:
6433:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6413:
6407:
6405:
6401:
6400:
6398:
6397:
6392:
6387:
6382:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6356:
6354:
6350:
6349:
6347:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6295:
6293:
6292:and inventions
6287:
6286:
6279:
6278:
6271:
6264:
6256:
6247:
6246:
6232:
6229:
6228:
6226:
6225:
6220:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6183:
6181:
6180:Related topics
6177:
6176:
6174:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6136:Lejaren Hiller
6133:
6128:
6123:
6117:
6115:
6111:
6110:
6108:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6095:Sound operator
6092:
6090:Sound follower
6087:
6085:Sound designer
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6045:Audio engineer
6041:
6039:
6035:
6034:
6032:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5990:
5988:
5982:
5981:
5979:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5912:
5910:
5904:
5903:
5901:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5863:Bass amplifier
5860:
5858:Mixing console
5854:
5852:
5846:
5845:
5843:
5842:
5837:
5831:
5829:
5823:
5822:
5820:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5783:
5781:
5777:
5776:
5774:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5727:
5725:
5719:
5718:
5716:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5669:
5667:
5661:
5660:
5658:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5601:
5596:
5594:Mixing console
5591:
5585:
5583:
5577:
5576:
5574:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5557:
5555:
5549:
5548:
5541:
5540:
5533:
5526:
5518:
5509:
5508:
5494:
5491:
5490:
5488:
5487:
5482:
5476:
5474:
5470:
5469:
5467:
5466:
5465:
5464:
5459:
5449:
5443:
5441:
5437:
5436:
5434:
5433:
5428:
5426:Record changer
5423:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5392:
5390:
5386:
5385:
5380:
5379:
5372:
5365:
5357:
5348:
5347:
5345:
5344:
5338:
5335:Timecode vinyl
5332:
5326:
5320:
5314:
5308:
5301:
5299:
5295:
5294:
5291:
5290:
5288:
5287:
5281:
5275:
5269:
5263:
5257:
5251:
5245:
5238:
5236:
5230:
5229:
5227:
5226:
5220:
5214:
5208:
5202:
5196:
5190:
5184:
5181:Super Audio CD
5178:
5172:
5166:
5160:
5157:Philips CD-BGM
5154:
5147:
5145:
5139:
5138:
5136:
5135:
5129:
5123:
5116:
5114:
5108:
5107:
5105:
5104:
5098:
5092:
5085:
5083:
5073:
5067:
5066:
5064:
5063:
5057:
5051:
5045:
5039:
5032:
5030:
5024:
5023:
5020:
5019:
5017:
5016:
5013:Pocket Rockers
5010:
5004:
4998:
4992:
4986:
4980:
4977:Steno-Cassette
4974:
4968:
4962:
4956:
4953:Grundig DeJ614
4950:
4944:
4938:
4932:
4926:
4920:
4914:
4908:
4902:
4896:
4890:
4884:
4878:
4872:
4866:
4860:
4854:
4848:
4842:
4836:
4830:
4824:
4818:
4812:
4806:
4800:
4794:
4788:
4782:
4776:
4770:
4764:
4758:
4751:
4749:
4742:
4741:
4739:
4738:
4732:
4726:
4720:
4714:
4711:Stripe magfilm
4708:
4702:
4696:
4690:
4684:
4677:
4675:
4666:
4665:
4663:
4662:
4656:
4650:
4644:
4638:
4631:
4628:
4627:
4625:
4624:
4617:
4615:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4607:
4601:
4595:
4589:
4583:
4580:Peirce 330/360
4577:
4571:
4565:
4559:
4553:
4547:
4540:
4538:
4530:
4529:
4527:
4526:
4523:Wire recording
4519:
4517:
4510:
4509:
4507:
4506:
4500:
4494:
4488:
4482:
4475:
4473:
4467:
4466:
4464:
4463:
4457:
4451:
4449:
4445:
4444:
4442:
4441:
4435:
4429:
4423:
4417:
4411:
4405:
4402:Pathé Actuelle
4399:
4393:
4387:
4380:
4378:
4374:
4373:
4371:
4370:
4364:
4358:
4355:Amberol record
4352:
4346:
4340:
4334:
4328:
4325:Salon cylinder
4322:
4312:
4302:
4295:
4293:
4286:
4285:
4283:
4282:
4275:
4273:
4266:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4256:
4250:
4244:
4238:
4231:
4229:
4223:
4222:
4214:
4213:
4206:
4199:
4191:
4185:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4163:
4153:
4147:
4141:
4135:
4130:
4121:
4116:
4103:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4065:
4057:
4056:External links
4054:
4053:
4052:
4041:
4026:
4011:
3991:
3984:
3969:
3951:
3942:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3910:
3885:
3882:on 2016-07-30.
3867:
3842:
3809:
3784:
3756:
3731:
3698:
3673:
3642:
3631:news.bbc.co.uk
3618:
3594:
3578:
3561:
3552:
3543:
3515:
3506:
3497:
3488:
3457:
3448:
3429:
3410:
3401:
3390:
3364:
3339:
3318:
3307:. October 2015
3290:
3271:
3254:
3236:
3211:
3186:
3172:
3163:
3138:
3112:
3086:
3067:
3047:
3023:
2985:
2971:
2928:
2895:
2862:
2843:
2836:
2818:
2787:
2755:
2732:
2715:
2696:
2676:
2651:
2607:
2600:
2574:
2571:on 2009-12-02.
2550:
2530:
2511:
2491:
2474:
2443:
2421:
2399:
2388:
2367:
2337:
2304:
2293:
2274:
2241:
2219:
2183:
2152:
2121:
2084:
2053:
2018:
1986:
1957:
1932:
1906:
1903:on 2019-04-12.
1878:
1848:
1823:
1814:
1803:
1785:
1760:
1742:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1643:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1617:
1603:
1587:
1584:
1510:Audio-Technica
1444:
1441:
1431:
1428:
1366:
1363:
1342:
1339:
1288:
1287:Pickup systems
1285:
1279:
1276:
1270:
1267:
1241:
1238:
1169:
1166:
1122:
1119:
1088:In the 1930s,
1069:
1066:
1041:
1038:
1026:Emile Berliner
937:
934:
896:
893:
880:Sumner Tainter
867:
864:
829:Main article:
826:
823:
797:recorded verse
761:recordings of
732:
729:
702:
690:
679:
674:
672:
671:
670:
661:
660:
659:
657:
654:
605:
604:Early machines
602:
525:Patent drawing
517:
514:
464:
461:
388:Main article:
385:
382:
380:
377:
333:
330:
326:Emile Berliner
309:
306:
255:record changer
249:
246:
234:cassette tapes
195:Emile Berliner
162:Emile Berliner
160:
153:
152:
141:
134:
133:
132:
131:
130:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6846:
6835:
6832:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6817:
6815:
6814:Thomas Edison
6812:
6810:
6809:Audio players
6807:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6792:
6791:
6789:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6748:Edison Museum
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6730:
6728:
6724:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6709:
6707:
6703:
6696:
6695:
6691:
6688:
6687:
6683:
6680:
6679:
6675:
6672:
6671:
6667:
6664:
6663:
6659:
6658:
6656:
6652:
6645:
6644:
6640:
6637:
6636:
6632:
6629:
6628:
6624:
6623:
6621:
6617:
6610:
6609:
6605:
6602:
6601:
6597:
6594:
6590:
6587:
6586:
6582:
6579:
6578:
6574:
6573:
6571:
6567:
6560:
6557:
6554:
6551:
6550:
6548:
6544:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6494:
6492:
6488:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6459:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6408:
6406:
6402:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6357:
6355:
6351:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6319:Etheric force
6317:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6296:
6294:
6288:
6284:
6283:Thomas Edison
6277:
6272:
6270:
6265:
6263:
6258:
6257:
6254:
6244:
6243:
6230:
6224:
6223:Vehicle audio
6221:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6192:High fidelity
6190:
6188:
6185:
6184:
6182:
6178:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6118:
6116:
6112:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6042:
6040:
6036:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5991:
5989:
5987:
5983:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5913:
5911:
5909:
5905:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5855:
5853:
5851:
5847:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5832:
5830:
5828:
5827:Digital audio
5824:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5784:
5782:
5778:
5772:
5771:Tape recorder
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5741:Cassette deck
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5728:
5726:
5724:
5720:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5678:Magnetic tape
5676:
5674:
5671:
5670:
5668:
5666:
5662:
5656:
5655:Outboard gear
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5589:Audio channel
5587:
5586:
5584:
5582:
5578:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5558:
5556:
5554:
5550:
5546:
5539:
5534:
5532:
5527:
5525:
5520:
5519:
5516:
5506:
5505:
5492:
5486:
5485:Vinyl revival
5483:
5481:
5478:
5477:
5475:
5471:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5454:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5444:
5442:
5438:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5421:Highway Hi-Fi
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5393:
5391:
5387:
5378:
5373:
5371:
5366:
5364:
5359:
5358:
5355:
5342:
5339:
5336:
5333:
5330:
5327:
5324:
5321:
5318:
5315:
5312:
5309:
5306:
5305:Mini-cassette
5303:
5302:
5300:
5296:
5285:
5282:
5279:
5276:
5273:
5270:
5267:
5266:Takara E-kara
5264:
5261:
5258:
5255:
5252:
5249:
5246:
5243:
5240:
5239:
5237:
5235:
5231:
5224:
5221:
5218:
5215:
5212:
5209:
5206:
5203:
5200:
5197:
5194:
5191:
5188:
5185:
5182:
5179:
5176:
5173:
5170:
5167:
5164:
5161:
5158:
5155:
5152:
5149:
5148:
5146:
5144:
5140:
5133:
5130:
5127:
5124:
5121:
5118:
5117:
5115:
5113:
5112:Sound-on-film
5109:
5102:
5099:
5096:
5093:
5090:
5087:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5080:Magnetic tape
5077:
5074:
5072:
5068:
5061:
5058:
5055:
5052:
5049:
5046:
5043:
5040:
5037:
5034:
5033:
5031:
5029:
5025:
5014:
5011:
5008:
5005:
5002:
4999:
4996:
4993:
4990:
4987:
4984:
4983:Stenorette DL
4981:
4978:
4975:
4972:
4969:
4966:
4963:
4960:
4959:Microcassette
4957:
4954:
4951:
4948:
4945:
4942:
4939:
4936:
4933:
4930:
4927:
4924:
4921:
4918:
4915:
4912:
4911:Micro pack 35
4909:
4906:
4903:
4900:
4897:
4894:
4891:
4888:
4885:
4882:
4879:
4876:
4873:
4870:
4867:
4864:
4861:
4858:
4855:
4852:
4849:
4846:
4843:
4840:
4837:
4834:
4833:IBM Magnabelt
4831:
4828:
4825:
4822:
4819:
4816:
4813:
4810:
4807:
4804:
4801:
4798:
4795:
4792:
4789:
4786:
4783:
4780:
4777:
4774:
4771:
4768:
4765:
4762:
4759:
4756:
4753:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4746:Magnetic tape
4743:
4736:
4733:
4730:
4727:
4724:
4721:
4718:
4715:
4712:
4709:
4706:
4703:
4700:
4697:
4694:
4691:
4688:
4685:
4682:
4681:Blattnerphone
4679:
4678:
4676:
4674:
4673:magnetic tape
4671:
4667:
4660:
4657:
4654:
4651:
4648:
4645:
4642:
4639:
4636:
4633:
4632:
4629:
4622:
4619:
4618:
4616:
4612:
4605:
4602:
4599:
4596:
4593:
4590:
4587:
4584:
4581:
4578:
4575:
4572:
4569:
4566:
4563:
4560:
4557:
4554:
4551:
4548:
4545:
4542:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4531:
4524:
4521:
4520:
4518:
4516:
4511:
4504:
4501:
4498:
4495:
4492:
4489:
4486:
4483:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4474:
4472:
4471:Sound-on-film
4468:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4452:
4450:
4446:
4439:
4436:
4433:
4432:Highway Hi-Fi
4430:
4427:
4424:
4421:
4418:
4415:
4412:
4409:
4406:
4403:
4400:
4397:
4394:
4391:
4388:
4385:
4382:
4381:
4379:
4375:
4368:
4365:
4362:
4359:
4356:
4353:
4350:
4347:
4344:
4341:
4338:
4335:
4332:
4329:
4326:
4323:
4320:
4316:
4313:
4310:
4306:
4303:
4300:
4297:
4296:
4294:
4292:
4287:
4280:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4261:
4254:
4251:
4248:
4245:
4242:
4239:
4237:(9th century)
4236:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4212:
4207:
4205:
4200:
4198:
4193:
4192:
4189:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4167:
4164:
4161:
4157:
4154:
4151:
4148:
4145:
4142:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4114:
4110:
4107:
4104:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4072:
4069:
4066:
4063:
4060:
4059:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4001:
3997:
3992:
3989:
3985:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3968:
3967:0-02-032680-7
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3949:
3945:
3944:
3925:
3921:
3914:
3899:
3895:
3889:
3881:
3877:
3871:
3857:
3853:
3846:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3813:
3799:
3795:
3788:
3774:
3770:
3763:
3761:
3746:
3742:
3735:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3702:
3694:
3690:
3689:
3684:
3677:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3646:
3632:
3628:
3622:
3608:
3604:
3598:
3592:
3591:0-9634921-3-6
3588:
3582:
3575:
3571:
3565:
3556:
3547:
3532:
3528:
3522:
3520:
3510:
3501:
3492:
3478:on 2011-07-13
3474:
3467:
3461:
3452:
3445:
3441:
3438:
3433:
3426:
3422:
3419:
3414:
3405:
3399:
3394:
3379:
3375:
3368:
3354:on 2023-09-06
3353:
3349:
3343:
3336:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3323:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3294:
3288:
3284:
3282:
3275:
3269:
3265:
3264:
3258:
3250:
3246:
3240:
3225:
3221:
3215:
3200:
3196:
3190:
3183:
3182:
3176:
3167:
3159:
3155:
3154:
3149:
3142:
3126:
3122:
3116:
3100:
3096:
3090:
3083:
3079:
3076:
3071:
3064:
3060:
3057:
3051:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3033:
3027:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2998:
2992:
2990:
2982:
2981:
2975:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2953:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2925:
2921:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2907:
2906:recorded 1890
2905:
2899:
2892:
2888:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2874:
2873:recorded 1890
2872:
2866:
2858:
2854:
2847:
2839:
2833:
2829:
2822:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2791:
2776:
2772:
2771:
2766:
2759:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2741:
2736:
2729:
2725:
2719:
2712:
2708:
2705:
2700:
2693:
2689:
2686:
2680:
2665:
2661:
2655:
2647:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2611:
2603:
2601:0-931340-18-7
2597:
2593:
2592:Amadeus Press
2588:
2587:
2578:
2570:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2554:
2547:. 9 May 1877.
2546:
2545:
2540:
2534:
2518:
2514:
2512:9789380228167
2508:
2504:
2503:
2495:
2488:
2484:
2478:
2463:
2459:
2458:
2453:
2447:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2425:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2403:
2395:
2391:
2389:9782717724301
2385:
2381:
2377:
2371:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2341:
2325:
2321:
2320:
2315:
2308:
2300:
2296:
2294:9780520051607
2290:
2286:
2285:
2278:
2262:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2245:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2223:
2215:
2203:
2199:
2198:
2193:
2187:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2156:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2125:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2072:
2068:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2006:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1990:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1961:
1946:
1942:
1936:
1920:
1916:
1910:
1899:
1895:
1888:
1882:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1852:
1838:on 2019-12-04
1837:
1833:
1827:
1818:
1812:
1807:
1799:
1795:
1789:
1774:
1770:
1764:
1756:
1752:
1746:
1730:
1726:
1725:
1720:
1714:
1710:
1694:
1690:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1618:
1615:
1604:
1601:
1595:
1590:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1534:
1526:
1521:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1504:during which
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1469:
1468:Vinyl revival
1459:
1454:
1449:
1440:
1438:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1414:
1413:CED Videodisc
1409:
1405:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1388:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1348:
1338:
1336:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1293:
1284:
1275:
1266:
1264:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1182:
1179:
1174:
1165:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1152:
1148:
1140:
1135:
1127:
1118:
1116:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1050:
1046:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1015:
1010:
1005:
999:
997:
992:
988:
983:
981:
976:
972:
964:
942:
933:
929:
925:
920:
915:
907:
902:
892:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
863:
861:
857:
852:
847:
845:
841:
837:
832:
822:
820:
816:
812:
809:
808:sound-on-film
805:
800:
798:
794:
790:
784:
780:
778:
777:
773:recording of
772:
771:phonautograph
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
746:
742:
737:
728:
726:
722:
718:
710:
708:
694:
677:
653:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
615:
614:Edison cement
610:
601:
599:
595:
594:
589:
586:
571:
567:
565:
561:
557:
556:
551:
550:
545:
541:
537:
533:
532:Thomas Edison
526:
522:
513:
509:
506:
505:public domain
501:
498:
497:voix du passé
492:
486:
479:
477:
473:
469:
460:
458:
454:
453:Thomas Edison
449:
443:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
416:
412:
411:phonautograph
407:
403:
401:
397:
391:
390:Phonautograph
384:Phonautograph
379:Early history
376:
374:
370:
369:conversazione
365:
361:
357:
353:
345:
344:
338:
329:
327:
323:
314:
308:United States
305:
303:
299:
295:
291:
286:
283:
278:
276:
272:
268:
264:
261:setup with a
260:
256:
245:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
218:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
191:
186:
182:
178:
177:Thomas Edison
167:
163:
157:
148:
144:
143:Thomas Edison
138:
129:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
100:
96:
92:
91:record player
88:
84:
76:
72:
67:
63:
59:
52:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
18:Record player
6758:Edison Hotel
6692:
6684:
6678:Frankenstein
6676:
6668:
6660:
6641:
6633:
6625:
6606:
6598:
6583:
6575:
6507:Depot Museum
6380:Movie camera
6353:Advancements
6328:
6314:Edison screw
6233:
5966:Sound module
5926:Drum machine
5868:Effects unit
5761:Player piano
5755:
5688:Compact disc
5610:Effects unit
5495:
5416:Seeburg 1000
5395:
5244:(late 1970s)
5143:Optical disc
5007:Picocassette
5003:(late 1980s)
4797:Saba Sabafon
4568:RCA MI-12877
4562:RCA MI-12875
4448:Grooved tape
4414:SoundScriber
4410:(late 1940s)
4396:Diamond disc
4377:Grooved disc
4279:Phonautogram
4247:Punched card
4150:Vinyl Engine
4127:
4048:
4033:
4018:
4004:. Retrieved
3999:
3987:
3976:
3958:
3954:
3927:. Retrieved
3923:
3913:
3902:. Retrieved
3888:
3880:the original
3870:
3859:. Retrieved
3855:
3850:Moon, Brad.
3845:
3834:. Retrieved
3823:The Guardian
3822:
3812:
3801:. Retrieved
3797:
3787:
3776:. Retrieved
3772:
3748:. Retrieved
3744:
3734:
3723:. Retrieved
3712:The Guardian
3711:
3701:
3686:
3676:
3664:. Retrieved
3655:
3645:
3634:. Retrieved
3630:
3621:
3610:. Retrieved
3606:
3597:
3581:
3573:
3569:
3564:
3555:
3546:
3535:. Retrieved
3509:
3500:
3491:
3480:. Retrieved
3473:the original
3466:"Johana.com"
3460:
3451:
3432:
3413:
3404:
3393:
3382:. Retrieved
3367:
3356:. Retrieved
3352:the original
3342:
3332:
3309:. Retrieved
3302:
3293:
3280:
3274:
3261:
3257:
3248:
3239:
3228:. Retrieved
3214:
3203:. Retrieved
3189:
3179:
3175:
3166:
3151:
3141:
3129:. Retrieved
3125:the original
3115:
3103:. Retrieved
3089:
3070:
3050:
3026:
2978:
2974:
2903:
2898:
2870:
2865:
2846:
2827:
2821:
2809:. Retrieved
2800:
2790:
2779:. Retrieved
2768:
2758:
2735:
2728:ARSC Journal
2727:
2724:ARSC Journal
2723:
2718:
2699:
2679:
2668:. Retrieved
2654:
2644:– via
2638:. Retrieved
2619:
2610:
2585:
2577:
2569:the original
2562:
2553:
2542:
2533:
2521:. Retrieved
2501:
2494:
2487:ARSC Journal
2486:
2483:ARSC Journal
2482:
2477:
2466:. Retrieved
2455:
2446:
2433:
2424:
2411:
2402:
2379:
2370:
2358:. Retrieved
2340:
2328:. Retrieved
2317:
2307:
2283:
2277:
2267:February 13,
2265:. Retrieved
2254:
2244:
2231:
2222:
2212:– via
2206:. Retrieved
2195:
2186:
2174:. Retrieved
2170:the original
2155:
2143:. Retrieved
2124:
2112:. Retrieved
2075:. Retrieved
2044:. Retrieved
2009:. Retrieved
1998:
1989:
1978:. Retrieved
1969:
1960:
1949:. Retrieved
1935:
1923:. Retrieved
1909:
1898:the original
1893:
1881:
1870:. Retrieved
1861:
1851:
1840:. Retrieved
1836:the original
1826:
1817:
1806:
1788:
1777:. Retrieved
1763:
1745:
1733:. Retrieved
1722:
1713:
1693:
1674:Vinyl killer
1666:
1614:music portal
1561:
1549:
1542:A mid-range
1530:
1514:Sound Burger
1500:at the 2016
1474:compact disc
1471:
1433:
1430:Equalization
1417:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1390:quadraphonic
1384:
1352:
1344:
1332:
1321:
1309:loudspeakers
1298:
1281:
1272:
1259:
1215:
1200:
1192:direct-drive
1185:
1160:
1154:
1144:
1138:
1102:World War II
1087:
1055:
1043:
1019:
1008:
1000:
989:created the
987:Philadelphia
984:
968:
962:
930:
916:
912:
869:
848:
834:
815:P. T. Barnum
803:
801:
792:
785:
781:
774:
749:
713:
704:
634:threaded rod
619:
591:
590:
585:Herman Klein
582:
563:
553:
547:
543:
530:
510:
502:
480:
468:Charles Cros
466:
444:
439:Thomas Young
435:tuning forks
420:
399:
393:
368:
349:
341:
319:
294:disc records
287:
279:
251:
238:compact disc
219:
215:equalization
206:
188:
174:
94:
90:
86:
82:
80:
62:
6829:Turntablism
6654:Productions
6502:Black Maria
6395:Ticker tape
6370:Fluoroscopy
6324:Kinetoscope
6290:Discoveries
6207:Music store
6202:Home cinema
6161:Robert Moog
6146:Max Mathews
6070:Piano tuner
6038:Professions
6014:Scorewriter
5971:Synthesizer
5787:Loudspeaker
5054:PCM adaptor
5042:X80/ProDigi
5036:Soundstream
4923:Cantata 700
4893:Grundig En3
4687:Magnetophon
4574:Peirce 265B
4438:Bandai 8ban
4305:Graphophone
4051:, June 1949
2917:archive.org
2884:archive.org
2232:www.nps.gov
1735:October 21,
1679:Turntablism
1646:Archéophone
1456: [
1373:Stylus for
1240:Arm systems
1230:turntablism
1211:elastomeric
1196:idler-wheel
1115:polystyrene
1106:Prince Igor
901:Graphophone
819:Edwin Booth
693:Len Spencer
648:vibrated a
578: 1915
485:phonographe
275:loudspeaker
248:Terminology
190:graphophone
126:stethoscope
51:Turntablism
6794:Turntables
6788:Categories
6619:Literature
6522:State Park
6497:Birthplace
6334:Phonomotor
6329:Phonograph
6197:Home audio
6187:Audiophile
6004:GarageBand
5850:Live music
5792:Headphones
5756:Phonograph
5625:Microphone
5620:Headphones
5566:Electrical
5561:Mechanical
5462:production
5260:Yaboom Box
5248:MP3 player
5242:Sound chip
5060:DA-88/DTRS
4875:Stereo-Pak
4773:Stenorette
4653:Synchrofax
4503:Fantasound
4497:Photophone
4390:Pathé disc
4253:Music roll
4227:Mechanical
4049:RCA Review
4013:Various. "
4006:2009-08-07
3929:2024-05-04
3904:2011-10-12
3861:2024-05-04
3836:2024-05-04
3803:2024-05-04
3778:2024-05-04
3750:2024-05-04
3725:2024-05-04
3636:2024-05-04
3612:2024-05-04
3537:2011-10-12
3482:2011-10-12
3384:2011-10-12
3358:2023-09-06
3337:, May 2002
3304:Reverb.com
3283:, page 515
3230:2013-10-21
3205:2013-10-21
3012:041593835X
2781:2011-10-12
2670:2016-08-15
2468:2018-03-09
1980:2022-02-21
1951:2019-06-14
1872:2019-12-04
1842:2019-12-04
1779:2016-08-15
1705:References
1559:purposes.
1486:home audio
1478:CD players
1466:See also:
1424:RCA Victor
1301:transducer
1218:Matsushita
1213:material.
1209:made from
1207:drive belt
1188:belt-drive
1151:transistor
980:Dictaphone
899:See also:
717:pantograph
707:media help
544:phonograph
491:paleophone
463:Paleophone
457:gramophone
373:microphone
271:transducer
226:home audio
207:gramophone
203:flat discs
87:gramophone
83:phonograph
6712:Edisonade
6694:Kidnapped
6490:Monuments
6344:Tasimeter
5961:Sequencer
5888:PA system
5817:Subwoofer
5802:PA system
5736:Amplifier
5698:Hard disk
5615:Equalizer
5457:LP record
5341:VinylDisc
5187:DVD-Audio
5082:cartridge
4899:Sabamobil
4863:3M Scotch
4821:Fidelipac
4748:cartridge
4729:3/4" tape
4699:1/2" tape
4693:1/4" tape
4537:cartridge
4533:Magnetic
4491:Movietone
4485:Tri-Ergon
4479:Phonofilm
4460:Dictabelt
4426:Long play
4420:Audograph
4217:Physical
4144:Say What?
4002:: 209–231
3924:The Verge
3831:0261-3077
3745:TechRadar
3720:0261-3077
3263:Billboard
2626:Melbourne
2621:The Argus
1582:formats.
1564:Bluetooth
1555:port for
1494:Panasonic
1484:decks in
1335:ellipsoid
1305:amplified
1269:Cue lever
1145:In 1955,
876:telephone
872:scientist
650:diaphragm
626:helically
593:The Argus
540:telephone
536:telegraph
423:lampblack
332:Australia
302:trademark
220:The disc
217:systems.
168:, Germany
118:diaphragm
106:waveforms
95:turntable
58:Phonogram
6670:The Kiss
6595:" (1998)
6404:Ventures
6009:ProTools
5986:Software
5976:Theremin
5916:Chiptune
5873:Foldback
5703:MiniDisc
5389:Machines
5323:CD Video
5254:HitClips
5211:BD-Audio
5205:DualDisc
5193:DataPlay
5163:MiniDisc
4941:PlayTape
4755:Optaphon
4319:Ediphone
4291:cylinder
4289:Grooved
4109:Archived
4071:Archived
3898:Archived
3693:Archived
3660:Archived
3531:Archived
3440:Archived
3421:Archived
3378:Archived
3268:page 140
3224:Archived
3199:Archived
3158:Archived
3099:Archived
3078:Archived
3059:Archived
3035:Archived
3000:Archived
2965:and the
2955:Archived
2920:Archived
2909:Archived
2887:Archived
2876:Archived
2857:Archived
2805:Archived
2775:Archived
2743:Archived
2707:Archived
2688:Archived
2664:Archived
2634:Archived
2630:Victoria
2523:22 March
2517:Archived
2462:Archived
2438:Archived
2416:Archived
2394:archived
2360:July 13,
2354:Archived
2330:July 13,
2324:Archived
2299:Archived
2261:Archived
2236:Archived
2234:. 2017.
2208:July 13,
2202:Archived
2176:July 13,
2145:July 13,
2139:Archived
2114:July 13,
2108:Archived
2104:BBC News
2077:July 13,
2071:Archived
2046:July 13,
2040:Archived
2011:July 13,
2005:Archived
1974:Archived
1945:Archived
1925:17 March
1919:Archived
1866:Archived
1862:Mashable
1798:Archived
1773:Archived
1755:Archived
1729:Archived
1586:See also
1574:file in
1394:Technics
1328:sapphire
1222:Technics
862:system.
811:newsreel
741:Hereford
638:bearings
630:cylinder
628:grooved
560:patented
110:"record"
6726:Related
6105:Tape op
5956:Sampler
5473:Related
5440:Formats
5411:Jukebox
5311:U-matic
5284:MicroSD
5071:Digital
4995:Elcaset
4905:8-track
4735:3" tape
4723:2" tape
4717:1" tape
4339:(1890s)
4333:(1890s)
4327:(1890s)
4160:Thorens
3131:17 June
3105:17 June
2882:; from
2811:7 April
2640:26 June
1533:Crosley
1525:Crosley
1420:records
1379:shellac
1375:jukebox
1324:diamond
1254:Thorens
1234:hip hop
1110:shellac
1098:V-discs
840:tinfoil
751:Lambert
622:tinfoil
427:eardrum
166:Hanover
6697:(1917)
6689:(1911)
6681:(1910)
6673:(1896)
6665:(1895)
6646:(2004)
6638:(1898)
6630:(1886)
6611:(2020)
6603:(2017)
6588:(1940)
6580:(1940)
6546:Family
6219:(NIME)
5893:Reverb
5343:(2007)
5337:(2001)
5331:(1991)
5325:(1987)
5319:(1986)
5313:(1971)
5307:(1967)
5298:Hybrid
5286:(2007)
5280:(2004)
5274:(2002)
5268:(2001)
5262:(1999)
5256:(2000)
5250:(1996)
5225:(2014)
5223:MQA-CD
5219:(2013)
5213:(2008)
5207:(2004)
5201:(2004)
5195:(2002)
5189:(2000)
5183:(1999)
5177:(1995)
5171:(1993)
5165:(1992)
5159:(1989)
5153:(1982)
5134:(1993)
5128:(1990)
5122:(1986)
5103:(1992)
5097:(1992)
5091:(1987)
5062:(1993)
5056:(1982)
5050:(1982)
5044:(1980)
5038:(1976)
5015:(1988)
5009:(1985)
4997:(1976)
4991:(1972)
4985:(1972)
4979:(1971)
4973:(1971)
4967:(1969)
4961:(1969)
4955:(1968)
4949:(1967)
4943:(1966)
4937:(1965)
4931:(1965)
4925:(1965)
4919:(1965)
4913:(1964)
4907:(1964)
4901:(1964)
4895:(1964)
4889:(1963)
4883:(1963)
4877:(1962)
4871:(1962)
4865:(1962)
4859:(1962)
4853:(1962)
4847:(1961)
4841:(1961)
4835:(1961)
4829:(1960)
4823:(1959)
4817:(1959)
4811:(1958)
4805:(1958)
4799:(1958)
4793:(1957)
4787:(1957)
4781:(1955)
4775:(1954)
4769:(1953)
4763:(1952)
4757:(1951)
4737:(1978)
4731:(1969)
4725:(1967)
4719:(1957)
4713:(1953)
4707:(1953)
4701:(1953)
4695:(1949)
4689:(1935)
4683:(1928)
4661:(1978)
4655:(1959)
4649:(1953)
4643:(1948)
4637:(1945)
4623:(1900)
4606:(1962)
4600:(1961)
4594:(1955)
4588:(1951)
4582:(1951)
4576:(1951)
4570:(1947)
4564:(1947)
4558:(1944)
4552:(1944)
4546:(1942)
4525:(1898)
4505:(1940)
4499:(1929)
4493:(1926)
4487:(1922)
4481:(1919)
4462:(1947)
4440:(2004)
4434:(1956)
4428:(1948)
4422:(1945)
4416:(1945)
4404:(1920)
4398:(1912)
4392:(1905)
4386:(1889)
4369:(1913)
4363:(1912)
4357:(1908)
4351:(1907)
4345:(1902)
4321:(1888)
4311:(1887)
4301:(1877)
4281:(1857)
4264:Analog
4255:(1883)
4249:(1881)
3965:
3856:Forbes
3829:
3798:Forbes
3718:
3688:Forbes
3666:4 June
3589:
3311:5 June
3018:
3010:
2834:
2598:
2509:
2386:
2291:
1544:Yamaha
1377:using
1365:Stylus
1194:, and
1147:Philco
971:patent
763:Handel
211:stylus
114:stylus
75:record
38:,
34:,
6705:Terms
6608:Tesla
6569:Films
6561:(son)
6555:(son)
6171:STEIM
6166:SMPTE
6141:IRCAM
5606:(DAW)
5199:Hi-MD
4971:HiPac
4162:brand
3476:(PDF)
3469:(PDF)
3334:Wired
2915:from
2749:U.S.
1970:Argus
1901:(PDF)
1890:(PDF)
1685:Notes
1460:]
1203:motor
1090:vinyl
745:Texas
646:sound
282:Greek
269:by a
263:mixer
102:sound
5941:MIDI
5713:Opus
5329:ADAT
5217:HFPA
5175:HDCD
5132:SDDS
5048:DASH
4535:wire
4515:wire
3963:ISBN
3827:ISSN
3716:ISSN
3668:2013
3587:ISBN
3313:2016
3153:LIFE
3133:2012
3107:2012
3016:ISBN
3008:ISBN
2832:ISBN
2813:2014
2642:2021
2596:ISBN
2525:2019
2507:ISBN
2384:ISBN
2362:2022
2332:2022
2289:ISBN
2269:2022
2256:Time
2210:2022
2178:2022
2147:2022
2116:2022
2079:2022
2048:2022
2013:2022
2000:Time
1927:2020
1737:2018
1724:Time
1506:Sony
1482:tape
1480:and
1437:LEAK
1387:CD-4
963:Iola
755:lead
642:axis
232:and
122:horn
5708:MP3
5693:DAT
5169:DTS
5126:CDS
4038:CEC
4032:."
4023:CEC
4017:."
3981:CEC
3975:."
2214:NPR
1580:WAV
1578:or
1576:DSD
1553:USB
1490:DJs
1398:mil
1326:or
1263:SME
1250:SME
1232:in
1078:EMI
753:'s
350:In
320:In
288:In
201:to
183:'s
6790::
6050:DJ
5120:DD
5095:NT
4047:,
3998:.
3922:.
3854:.
3825:.
3821:.
3796:.
3771:.
3759:^
3743:.
3714:.
3710:.
3691:.
3685:.
3658:.
3654:.
3629:.
3605:.
3574:18
3518:^
3331:,
3321:^
3301:.
3285:,
3249:If
3247:.
3150:.
3014:,
2988:^
2931:^
2855:.
2803:.
2799:.
2773:.
2767:.
2628:,
2618:.
2590:.
2561:.
2541:.
2515:.
2460:.
2454:.
2436:.
2432:.
2414:.
2410:.
2392:,
2378:,
2352:.
2348:.
2322:.
2316:.
2297:.
2259:.
2253:.
2230:.
2194:.
2164:.
2137:.
2133:.
2102:.
2087:^
2056:^
2034:.
2021:^
2003:.
1997:.
1968:.
1943:.
1917:.
1892:.
1864:.
1860:.
1721:.
1523:A
1458:es
1319:.
1265:.
1248:A
1198:.
1190:,
1176:A
1117:.
1036:.
998:.
982:.
799:.
743:,
575:c.
375:.
277:.
259:DJ
81:A
6591:"
6275:e
6268:t
6261:v
5537:e
5530:t
5523:v
5376:e
5369:t
5362:v
4317:/
4307:/
4210:e
4203:t
4196:v
4140:.
4040:.
4025:.
4009:.
3983:.
3932:.
3907:.
3864:.
3839:.
3806:.
3781:.
3753:.
3728:.
3670:.
3639:.
3615:.
3540:.
3485:.
3387:.
3361:.
3315:.
3233:.
3208:.
3135:.
3109:.
2840:.
2815:.
2784:.
2673:.
2648:.
2604:.
2527:.
2471:.
2364:.
2334:.
2271:.
2216:.
2180:.
2149:.
2118:.
2081:.
2050:.
2015:.
1983:.
1954:.
1929:.
1875:.
1845:.
1782:.
1739:.
1084:)
1080:(
709:.
417:.
253:"
60:.
53:.
46:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.