120:
24:
244:
675:
showed high corrosion resistance similar to that of stainless steel. These materials are better though because at high temperatures the corrosion rates did not increase much. Corrosion rates at elevated temperatures increase in the presence of phosphoric acid. Sulfuric acid decreased corrosion
670:
Stainless steel, aluminium alloys, iron alloys, chrome plates, tin, gold and tantalum were tested to see how RFNA affected the corrosion rates of each. Experiments were performed using 16% and 6.5% RFNA samples and the different substances listed above. Many different stainless steels showed
337:. The nitrogen dioxide dissolves until the liquid is saturated, and produces toxic fumes with a suffocating odor. RFNA increases the flammability of combustible materials and is highly exothermic when reacting with water.
671:
resistance to corrosion. Aluminium alloys did not endure as well as stainless steels especially in high temperature, but the corrosion rates were not high enough to prohibit the use of this with RFNA. Tin, gold and
411:
Other uses for RFNA include fertilizers, dye intermediates, explosives, and pharmaceutical acidifiers. It can also be used as a laboratory reagent in photoengraving and metal etching.
367:; with substances like amine nitrates dissolved in it, it can be used as the sole fuel in a rocket. This is inefficient and it is not normally used this way.
626:
content of about 0.6%. The purpose of the HF is to act as a corrosion inhibitor by forming a metal fluoride layer on the surface of the storage vessels.
257:
903:
252:
849:
789:
756:
908:
808:
Karplan, Nathan; Andrus, Rodney J. (October 1948). "Corrosion of Metals in Red Fuming Nitric Acid and in Mixed Acid".
405:
873:
Burns, E. A.; Muraca, R. F. (1963). "Determination of Water in Red Fuming Nitric Acid by Karl
Fischer Titration".
264:
214:
333:. The color of red fuming nitric acid is due to the dinitrogen tetroxide, which breaks down partially to form
845:
360:
the container metal with a thin layer of metal fluoride, making it nearly impervious to the nitric acid.
98:
923:
746:
928:
686:
115:
656:
O% between 0.1% and 5.0%. When the metal impurities from corrosion were taken into account, the H
357:
36:
356:) because nitric acid attacks most container materials. Hydrogen fluoride for instance will
228:
Skin and metal corrosion; serious eye damage; toxic (oral, dermal, pulmonary); severe burns
493:
311:
70:
8:
341:
60:
909:
https://web.archive.org/web/20030429160808/http://www.astronautix.com/props/nitidjpx.htm
119:
400:
Inhibited RFNA was the oxidizer of the world's most-launched light orbital rocket, the
394:
785:
762:
752:
623:
446:
345:
288:
882:
817:
742:
719:
438:
431:
334:
197:
137:
652:
O% between 2.4% and 4.2%. When the RFNA did not contain HF, there was an average H
836:
477:
382:
377:
374:, the German military used RFNA in some rockets. The mixtures used were called
364:
235:
917:
186:
371:
766:
23:
835:
Phelps, Edson H.; Lee, Fredrick S.; Robinson, Raymond B. (October 1955).
724:
707:
424:
292:
886:
821:
81:
782:
The Merck index: an encyclopedia of chemicals, drugs, and biologicals
401:
622:
When RFNA is used as an oxidizer for rocket fuels, it usually has a
234:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
672:
316:
300:
297:
284:
648:
in the sample. When the RFNA contained HF, there was an average H
169:
322:
303:
389:(94% nitric acid with 6% dinitrogen tetroxide) and nicknamed
330:
708:"Problems in Storage and Handling of Red Fuming Nitric Acid"
103:
748:
Ignition!: An
Informal History of Liquid Rocket Propellants
705:
404:. In former-Soviet countries inhibited RFNA is known as
344:(with various, sometimes secret, substances, including
904:
National
Pollutant Inventory – Nitric Acid Fact Sheet
834:
915:
69:
632:To test the water content, a sample of 80% HNO
807:
803:
801:
872:
737:
735:
706:V. S. Sugur; G. L. Manwani (October 1983).
779:
118:
798:
751:. Rutgers University Press. p. 302.
723:
732:
838:Corrosion Studies in Fuming Nitric Acid
114:
916:
644:O depending on the varied amount of NO
741:
191:83 °C (181 °F; 356 K)
810:Industrial and Engineering Chemistry
13:
855:from the original on July 27, 2018
619:Hydrofluoric acid content of IRFNA
14:
940:
897:
348:; any such combination is called
363:It can also be a component of a
242:
22:
414:
238:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
866:
828:
773:
699:
215:Occupational safety and health
1:
846:Wright Air Development Center
780:O'Neil, Maryadele J. (2006).
692:
385:as an ignition catalyst) and
664:O% was between 2.2% and 8.8%
613:
609:, phosphorus-based inhibitor
7:
680:
667:Corrosion of metals in RFNA
573:, potassium-based inhibitor
340:It is usually used with an
10:
945:
537:, fluorine-based inhibitor
381:(96% nitric acid with 4%
232:
212:
207:
130:
53:
45:
35:
30:
21:
687:White fuming nitric acid
591:, iodine-based inhibitor
555:, iodine-based inhibitor
784:. Merck. p. 6576.
712:Defence Science Journal
660:O% increased, and the H
17:Red fuming nitric acid
291:. It consists of 84%
277:Red fuming nitric acid
48:Red fuming nitric acid
629:Water content of RFNA
875:Analytical Chemistry
844:(Technical report).
725:10.14429/dsj.33.6188
312:dinitrogen tetroxide
887:10.1021/ac60205a055
822:10.1021/ie50466a021
198:Solubility in water
18:
265:Infobox references
203:Miscible in water
181:content increases
174:Increases as free
164:Liquid, red fumes
16:
881:(12): 1967–1970.
816:(10): 1946–1947.
791:978-0-911910-00-1
758:978-0-8135-9918-2
743:Clark, John Drury
346:hydrogen fluoride
289:rocket propellant
273:Chemical compound
271:
270:
99:CompTox Dashboard
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924:Rocket oxidizers
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335:nitrogen dioxide
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283:) is a storable
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138:Chemical formula
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929:Oxidizing acids
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745:(23 May 2018).
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383:ferric chloride
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898:External links
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718:(4): 331–337.
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365:monopropellant
350:inhibited RFNA
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236:standard state
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187:Boiling point
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116:DTXSID5029685
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857:. Retrieved
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711:
701:
594:
576:
558:
540:
522:
505:
485:
469:
452:IRFNA IV HDA
451:
420:
415:Compositions
410:
399:
390:
386:
375:
372:World War II
369:
362:
353:
349:
339:
280:
276:
275:
224:Main hazards
213:
54:Identifiers
46:Other names
454:: 54.3% HNO
329:) and 1–2%
293:nitric acid
218:(OHS/OSH):
161:Appearance
131:Properties
40:Nitric acid
918:Categories
859:2024-01-02
848:. 55-109.
693:References
636:, 8–20% NO
466:O, 0.7% HF
421:IRFNA IIIa
287:used as a
82:ChemSpider
71:52583-42-3
61:CAS Number
37:IUPAC name
614:Corrosion
597:: 73% HNO
579:: 73% HNO
561:: 80% HNO
543:: 80% HNO
525:: 80% HNO
508:: 80% HNO
488:: 94% HNO
472:: 96% HNO
402:Kosmos-3M
358:passivate
342:inhibitor
850:Archived
681:See also
673:tantalum
486:SV-Stoff
458:, 44% NO
423:: 83.4%
387:SV-Stoff
285:oxidizer
208:Hazards
601:, 27% N
583:, 27% N
565:, 20% N
547:, 20% N
529:, 20% N
512:, 20% N
470:S-Stoff
445:, 0.6%
406:Mélange
370:During
310:), 13%
258:what is
256: (
170:Density
156:
788:
767:281664
765:
755:
676:rates.
462:, 1% H
430:, 14%
391:Salbei
253:verify
250:
31:Names
853:(PDF)
842:(PDF)
595:AK27P
577:AK27I
559:AK20K
541:AK20I
523:AK20F
492:, 6%
476:, 4%
437:, 2%
378:Stoff
354:IRFNA
331:water
786:ISBN
763:OCLC
753:ISBN
506:AK20
478:FeCl
395:sage
281:RFNA
89:None
883:doi
818:doi
720:doi
425:HNO
397:).
144:HNO
104:EPA
920::
879:35
877:.
814:40
812:.
800:^
761:.
734:^
716:33
714:.
710:.
624:HF
447:HF
432:NO
408:.
376:S-
352:,
176:NO
151:NO
149:+
889:.
885::
862:.
824:.
820::
794:.
769:.
728:.
722::
662:2
658:2
654:2
650:2
646:2
642:2
638:2
634:3
607:4
605:O
603:2
599:3
589:4
587:O
585:2
581:3
571:4
569:O
567:2
563:3
553:4
551:O
549:2
545:3
535:4
533:O
531:2
527:3
518:4
516:O
514:2
510:3
500:4
498:O
496:2
494:N
490:3
480:3
474:3
464:2
460:2
456:3
443:O
441:2
439:H
434:2
427:3
393:(
326:4
323:O
320:2
317:N
314:(
307:3
304:O
301:N
298:H
295:(
279:(
248:N
178:2
153:2
146:3
106:)
102:(
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