129:; however, it is important to note that not all children go pale (or at least are perceived as going pale by their caregivers). Doctors have recorded descriptions from parents of "blue or purple lips," "yellow patches through the blue," and of no noticeable color change. In some attacks, the child rapidly returns to normal following the limp or pallid phase. However, more usually there is a
121:. Syncope rapidly ensues. Indeed, the short latency between the stimulus and the attack has been emphasized as an important distinction from the more familiar (at least in older children and adults) vasovagal syncope. The child loses awareness and postural tone, falling to the ground. There may be down-beat
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There is considerable variation in the frequency of reflex anoxic seizures. Some subjects undoubtedly only ever have a single attack whilst other well-documented cases have multiple daily attacks. The attacks have been reported to generally reach a peak in frequency towards the end of the first or
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or venipuncture are likely to be more relevant. The adult physician is likely to classify such events as vasovagal syncopes rather than as reflex anoxic seizures and indeed progression through reflex anoxic seizures to vasovagal syncope is recognized. In this regard, note that beyond the toddler
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fits are reflex anoxic seizures. When one considers the vast range of situations in which a child (or adult) can be surprised, frightened, upset, or merely excited, it is easy to understand how reflex anoxic seizures can occur in special settings, such as bathing and water immersion; in the
347:, descriptions of reflex anoxic seizures before the age of 6 months are rare. Also, there are many descriptions of attacks starting in later childhood and in adult life, although in such cases, the precipitants tend to be different, for example, involving
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The precipitants and the manifestations of reflex anoxic seizures may change with age. Hence, in unsteady toddlers, minor bumps to the head are likely to predominate, whilst in the older child, adolescent and adult factors such as the sight of
181:"). Various precipitants have been identified, but the most common is an unexpected bump to the head. Breath-holding attacks have been recognized for centuries. However, it is only relatively recently that their
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Although minor bumps to the head are reported as the most common precipitants to reflex anoxic seizures, many other stimuli may also be involved. Doctors emphasized the importance of minor injuries and sudden
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has begun to be understood, and in consequence, their separation from reflex anoxic seizures has been recognized. Indeed, the distinction between the two may not be complete.
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Reflex anoxic seizures are a particular type of anoxic seizure, most commonly seen in young children in whom an anoxic seizure or syncope is provoked or precipitated by a
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were provocative factors. Fever was reported as a provocative factor in 14% of cases. Some cases of fever-induced reflex anoxic seizures are likely to be misdiagnosed as
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may hear the bump. Most commonly, the child does not cry, although some parents give descriptions of the child "trying to cry" (Stephenson 1978), or there may be a
137:, and often includes clenching of the jaw and hands. Video recordings of other forms of anoxic seizures (vasovagal syncopes) suggest that there may be marked
141:. Parents may report the eyes to have rolled or to be "popping out of the head." A few clonic jerks of the limbs or spasms are often noted.
125:. The child is likely to be pale, sometimes described as "deathly white," which is entirely appropriate given that they are likely to be
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Reflex anoxic seizures occur in otherwise normal children, although there is no reason to suppose that children with disorders such as
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content of the blood supplying the brain, or a combination of the two. Syncope can have different meanings ranging from transient
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is not uncommon. Any initial limpness may be so short that the whole attack is dominated by the convulsive components.
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85:, usually accompanied by a decrease or loss in postural tone (the principal manifestations of "simple faints"), to
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Numerous types have been described. The best known, if not necessarily the best understood, is the "simple
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syndrome. Finally, there are likely to be other types of anoxic seizure or syncope not yet characterized.
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stage, children with reflex anoxic seizures may report out-of-body experiences with a dream-like quality.
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Recovery is often rapid, but usually the child is sleepy after the attack, and there may be persisting
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are also widely recognized as reflex anoxic seizures. Other types include cardiac syncope (including
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room; when witnessing "blood and gore"; at the dentist office, school, place of worship, or the
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encountered mainly, but not exclusively, in young children. Reflex anoxic seizures are not
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blows to the head appeared to be particularly provocative. Pain, especially from emotion (
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Form of loss of consciousness and postural tone encountererd mainly in young children
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A minor bump to the head is the most commonly reported precipitant. Usually the
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reflected the duration of the asystole up to a maximum of 3 minutes of
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307:). In addition, anoxic seizures are a feature of both
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335:are protected from them. They usually start in
165:. Some cases recorded took longer to recover.
372:Prasher, Vee P.; Kerr, Mike P., eds. (2008).
157:. Doctors reported that the length of the
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375:Epilepsy and intellectual disabilities
324:beginning of the second year of life.
400:"Authoritative Neurology Information"
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267:. At least in infants and children,
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378:. New York: Springer. p. 63.
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283:), syncope due to standing (see
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297:gastroesophageal reflux disease
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109:trips and falls; the child's
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301:upper airway obstruction
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238:'s; and whilst watching
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93:events and nonepileptic
51:Reflex asystolic syncope
36:Reflex asystolic syncope
351:(Roddy et al. 1983) or
285:orthostatic hypotension
269:breath-holding attacks
18:Reflex anoxic seizures
83:loss of consciousness
44:Reflex anoxic seizure
143:Urinary incontinence
277:cardiac arrhythmias
353:dental extractions
333:mental retardation
293:Valsalva maneuvers
193:. They noted that
101:Signs and symptoms
63:epileptic seizures
279:, and structural
273:long QT disorders
265:vasovagal syncope
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30:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
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135:opisthotonus
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313:rectal pain
305:suffocation
236:hairdresser
211:frustration
41:Other names
359:References
240:television
232:anesthetic
215:excitement
75:blood flow
207:annoyance
195:occipital
139:asymmetry
127:asystolic
123:nystagmus
111:caregiver
91:myoclonic
414:Category
345:mobility
275:, other
199:surprise
177:(hence "
149:Recovery
67:epilepsy
337:infancy
107:toddler
59:syncope
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213:, and
191:fright
179:reflex
163:stupor
155:pallor
95:spasms
79:oxygen
263:" or
261:faint
255:Types
248:blood
219:fever
169:Cause
117:or a
87:tonic
380:ISBN
331:and
203:fear
115:gasp
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