761:
Owenite
National Union of the Working Classes. The Union's objects began with the usual invocation of Upper Canada having been "singularly blessed with a Constitution the very image and transcript of that of Great Britain" but continued with a list of the ways in which that constitution had been abridged before concluding on a radical democratic note. It was not an electoral organization per se, but, like its British model, a voluntary political organization devoted towards electoral reform. It, like its successor, the Canadian Alliance Society, was formed immediately after an election, not before, since their aim was to influence the legislature rather than elect candidates. This union collected 19,930 signatures by May 1833 on a petition protesting Mackenzie's unjust expulsion from the House of Assembly by the Family Compact. It dissolved shortly thereafter.
630:) by the radical political unions. The London-based, Owenite inspired National Union of the Working Classes was founded in 1831 by former members of the Metropolitan Political Union. They organized a constitutional convention at Coldbath-Fields to challenge the British parliament in the spring of 1833. They called for adult male suffrage, the secret ballot, annual elections, equally sized electoral districts, as well as for salaries and the elimination of property qualifications for members of parliament. The government prohibited the meeting, and sent 1,800 police against a crowd of 3,000 or 4,000, leading to a general riot. Mackenzie was no doubt aware of the riot as he was living a ten-minute walk away, and news of the riot was published back in Upper Canada by his newspaper, the
1193:", not republicanism. Historian Paul Romney has argued that the turn to "responsible government" was a strategy adopted by reformers in the face of charges of disloyalty to Britain in the wake of the Rebellions of 1837. In his view, the ascendancy of Loyalism as the dominant political ideology of Upper Canada made any demand for democracy a challenge to colonial sovereignty. Later, struggling to avoid the charge of sedition, the reformers purposefully obscured their true aims of independence from Britain and focused on their grievances against the Family Compact; responsible government thus became a "pragmatic" policy of alleviating local abuses, rather than a revolutionary anti-colonial moment. The author of this pragmatic policy was
912:
in small amounts to farmers on security of their property, due in fifteen years, at 6% simple interest. It offered long term credit, as opposed to the 90-day loans of the Bank of Upper Canada, and would be repaid yearly rather than quarterly, since farmers had only one crop a year to sell. As these farmers paid their yearly installments, this money would be reloaned to others, on a shorter period, so that at the end of fifteen years, the original pool of notes would provide compound interest; the profits from this compound interest would be sufficient, after expenses, to pay off the provincial debt at the end of fifteen years. The petitions were referred first to a select committee of the House of
Assembly composed of
643:
487:(pronounced "gore-lay"). Gourlay was a well-connected Scottish emigrant who arrived in 1817, hoping to encourage "assisted emigration" of the poor from Britain. He solicited information on the colony through township questionnaires, and soon became a critic of government mismanagement. When the local legislature ignored his call for an inquiry, he called for a petition to the British Parliament. He organized township meetings, and a provincial convention - which the government considered dangerous and seditious. Gourlay was tried in December 1818 under the 1804 Sedition Act and jailed for 8 months. He was banished from the province in August 1819. His expulsion made him a martyr in the reform community.
703:. They published a People's Charter on 8 May 1838 calling for universal suffrage. The London Working Men's Association was aware of the unrest in the Canadas in early 1837, and themselves petitioned the British Parliament after a public meeting to protest the "base proposals of the Whigs to destroy the principle of Universal Suffrage in the Canadas". To implement the Chartist plan, they called a series of mass meetings across the country in the summer of 1838 to select delegates to a "General Convention of the Industrious Classes". After the General Convention of the Industrious Classes met in May 1839, their Charter petition was rejected by Parliament. This rejection led to the
833:
550:
820:
they had begun in Hope to all four
Ridings of York, and to establish a "General Convention of Delegates" from each riding in which to establish a common political platform. This convention could then become the core of a "permanent convention" or political party – an innovation not yet seen in Upper Canada. The organization of this convention was a model for the "Constitutional Convention" Mackenzie organized for the Rebellion of 1837, where many of the same delegates were to attend.
170:
468:
648:
647:
644:
362:
649:
476:
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first civilian band in the province) to the Old Court House where the convention was held. David
Willson was the main speaker before the convention and "he addressed the meeting with great force and effect". The convention nominated 4 Reform candidates, all of whom were ultimately successful in the election. The convention stopped short, however, of establishing a political party. Instead, they formed yet another Political Union.
646:
770:
898:
the means by which "the proceedings of our government may be bounded – the legislative council rendered elective, and the government and council made responsible – and that all
Eccliastics be prohibited from holding seats in the council and that no officer of the government should be irresponsible". this may have been the inspiration for the constitution Mackenzie published just before the rebellion.
650:
778:
614:. c. 45) that introduced wide-ranging changes to the electoral system of England and Wales. William Lyon Mackenzie was in London appealing his expulsion from the Upper Canadian Legislative Assembly to the Colonial Office at the time, and was present in the galleries of the British Parliament for the debate on the
745:
522:
with violence by
Orangemen, he travelled to England to personally present his appeal in March 1832. Mackenzie trip to England was to prove inspirational, as he was exposed to the power of the British form of reform activity, the Political Unions, in the run-up to the passage of the Great Reform Act of 1832.
906:
The first of the petition movements initiated by the
Canadian Alliance Society was a call to form a "Provincial Loan Office". This was a source of loans for pioneer farmers hard pressed to meet expenses in bad years; its inspiration lay with the credit union formed by the Children of Peace in 1832. A
897:
its president. This branch met every two weeks during the parliamentary session to discuss the bills before the assembly. One of their more interesting proposals was to create a petitioning campaign for a written provincial constitution; Hughes was appointed to the committee. A constitution would be
942:
The
Toronto Political Union called for a Constitutional Convention in July 1837, and began organizing local "Vigilance Committees" to elect delegates. The structure of the convention was much like that of the "General Convention of Delegates in 1834, and many of the same delegates were elected. This
911:
1 or £2 against the security of their farms. The petition called for the establishment of a loan office in each district associated with the registry office; these offices would issue "provincial loan notes" equal to twice the provincial debt which would be legal tender. These notes would be loaned
840:
As they were organizing the
Convention of Delegates, the reformers also built their own meeting place, which they proposed to call "Shepard's Hall" in honour of Joseph Shepard, one of the political union organizers. The reformers built the hall because their open public electoral meetings were under
517:
and the
Baldwins were discouraged and withdrew from politics. At this point, William Lyon Mackenzie organized a "General Committee on the State of the Province" which organized the first truly provincial petitioning campaign to protest a whole series of ills. Although 10,000 signatures were obtained
760:
was in England. Although inspired by British examples, the Upper Canada Central Political Union was more radical than most reform organizations of the period. The goals proposed by Thomas Morrison at the York election hustings in late 1832 mirrored those of the Metropolitan Political Union, and the
521:
Mackenzie's organizational efforts made him many enemies in the House of Assembly. When the House reconvened, Mackenzie was unjustly expelled. Over the next two years, Mackenzie was re-elected only to be expelled a total of five times. As demonstrations in support of Mackenzie were increasingly met
938:
The Canadian Alliance Society was reborn as the Constitutional Reform Society in 1836, when it was led by the more moderate reformer, William W. Baldwin. After the disastrous 1836 elections, it took the final form as the Toronto Political Union in October 1836, again with Baldwin as president. By
823:
The Convention was held on 27 February 1834 with delegates from all four of the York ridings. The week before, Mackenzie published Willson's call for a "standing convention" (political party). The day of the convention, the Children of Peace led a "Grand Procession" with their choir and band (the
819:
Mackenzie returned to Toronto from his London journey in the last week of August, 1833, to find his appeals to the British Parliament had been ultimately ineffective. At an emergency meeting of Reformers, David Willson proposed extending the nomination process for members of the House of Assembly
1166:
sought the same democratic goals. The Canadian rebels believed that the right of citizens to participate in the political process through the election of representatives was the most important right, and they sought to make the legislative council elective rather than appointed. When the British
865:
London Radical Reform Organization; the Toronto Institute was formed by a member of the London Mechanics' Institute in 1831. The three legs of the developing Reform movement were thus the political union, the Children of Peace and the Mechanics Institute; the Tories referred to it as the "Holy
645:
845:. Shepard's Hall was to move several times; it began in a converted court house, moved to Mackenzie's old newspaper office in the second Market building, before taking its final home in "Turton's Building", which they shared with Mackenzie's newspaper
540:
Upper Canadians saw themselves as citizens of Great Britain with all the rights granted by the British Constitution. It is no surprise then, that the Upper Canadian Reform Movement should adopt the organizational forms of the British Reform Movement.
594:
and William Gast. The MPU was radically democratic, and depended upon its members' input to function. It not only advocated parliamentary reform, but embodied these reforms in the way in which it was organized; it was committed to
954:
violence, so that the reformers began to protect themselves and resort to arms to do so. As the violence continued, peaceable reform meetings tapered off in October, to be replaced by instances of men drilling for battle. The
946:
The Toronto Political Union complained of many issues, but none more than the effects of the financial panic of 1836, and the effects of bankrupt banks like the Bank of Upper Canada suing poor farmers and other debtors.
882:. It was at this time that they moved into Turton's Building, built on land owned by William W. Baldwin. The Canadian Alliance Society adopted much of the platform (such as secret ballot & universal suffrage) of the
800:, a branch of Quakerism, became the new focus of reform activity. They were leaders in the new Fourth Riding of York (a part of the riding that had continued to re-elect Mackenzie over the years). A member of the group,
808:), established a "committee of vigilance" to nominate an "independent member" for the Assembly in June 1832. Half the committee were members of the Children of Peace, including the leader of the Children of Peace,
1201:, the Premiers of the Canadas, shepherded the Rebellion Losses Bill through Parliament in 1849. It sparked Orange riots, and the burning of the Parliament buildings as much of Europe was similarly engulfed in a
446:
that eliminated much political corruption in the English Parliamentary system. Those who adopted these new forms of public mobilization for democratic reform in Upper Canada were inspired by the more radical
1189:, the author of the Great Reform Bill of 1832, arrived in the Canadas to investigate the causes of the Rebellion and make recommendations for reform of the political system. He was to recommend "
1698:
571:, "to be achieved by a general political union of the lower and middle classes of the people". Other more radical Political Unions, like the "Metropolitan Political Union" had their roots in
510:" in the province. It gained 10,000 signatures by the time it was sent to the British Parliament in March 1831. The petition gained little due to direct intervention by the Church of England.
563:
During the late 1820s, large scale, national petitioning campaigns were organized through a new form of organization, the "Political Union". One of the first and largest was the
1862:
414:
It started as a rudimentary grouping of loose coalitions that formed around contentious issues. Support was gained in Parliament through petitions meant to sway MPs. However,
994:
1691:
626:
Disappointment about the refusal to include the working classes in the Great Reform Act of 1832 led to a more protracted campaign for universal suffrage (known as
939:
March 1837, however, the more moderate reformers withdrew in disappointment with their electoral loss, leaving William Lyon Mackenzie to fill the political vacuum.
1684:
1855:
907:
province wide "loan office" had been discussed in the colony for more than a decade. This provincially sponsored bank would loan farmers small sums of
1947:
987:
338:
2032:
723:(1838–39) can be seen to share a similar republican impetus. They should all be viewed in the context of the late-18th- and early-19th-century
323:
924:; they drafted a bill, but the session ended before it could be enacted. Lount and Duncombe would be key organizers of the Rebellion of 1837.
1848:
2037:
390:
285:
980:
2185:
2154:
874:
In January 1835, shortly after the elections, the Upper Canada Political Union was reorganized as the Canadian Alliance Society, with
1887:
1783:
1048:
917:
1983:
438:, began to emulate the organizational forms of the British Reform Movement and organized Political Unions under the leadership of
618:. Seeing the effectiveness of the political unions in the United Kingdom, Mackenzie recommended their adoption in Upper Canada.
2195:
1871:
578:
The London-based "Metropolitan Political Union" was formed by members of the London Radical Reform Organization, including
295:
260:
2042:
1998:
1942:
1623:
Michel Ducharme, "Closing the Last Chapter of the Atlantic Revolution: The 1837-38 Rebellions in Upper and Lower Canada,"
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131:
2149:
1819:
1707:
728:
270:
207:
1517:'Union is Strength': W. L. Mackenzie, The Children of Peace and the Emergence of Joint Stock Democracy in Upper Canada
1502:'Union is Strength': W. L. Mackenzie, The Children of Peace and the Emergence of Joint Stock Democracy in Upper Canada
1472:'Union is Strength': W. L. Mackenzie, The Children of Peace and the Emergence of Joint Stock Democracy in Upper Canada
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2047:
1197:, who spent the next decade fighting for its implementation. Ironically, it was not achieved until after Baldwin and
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801:
1597:
Union is Strength: W.L. Mackenzie, the Children of Peace, and the Emergence of Joint Stock Democracy in Upper Canada
1567:
Union is Strength: W.L. Mackenzie, the Children of Peace, and the Emergence of Joint Stock Democracy in Upper Canada
1415:
Union is Strength: W.L. Mackenzie, the Children of Peace, and the Emergence of Joint Stock Democracy in Upper Canada
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1036:
383:
1879:
300:
893:
The Children of Peace immediately formed a branch of the Canadian Alliance Society in January 1835, and elected
2123:
2113:
805:
1351:
Parssinen, T.M. (1973). "Association, convention and anti-parliament in British radical politics, 1771-1848".
1284:
Transatlantic Subjects: Ideas, Institutions, and Social Experience in Post-Revolutionary British North America
809:
781:
2098:
1893:
90:
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878:, a city Alderman, as president, and Timothy Parsons as secretary. They were also leaders in the Toronto
376:
290:
280:
177:
152:
1551:
1162:, and Spanish America (1810–1825) were all inspired by the same republican ideals. Even Great Britain's
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2014:
1934:
1198:
1147:
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2190:
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2072:
1978:
1968:
1430:
Union is Strength: W. L. Mackenzie, the Children of Peace, and the Emergence of Joint Stock Democracy
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military crushed the rebellions, they ended any possibility the two Canadas would become republics.
1142:
The rebellions in 1837 must be viewed in the wider context of the late-18th- and early-19th-century
621:
1963:
1758:
568:
443:
427:
227:
188:
2108:
2052:
1762:
1737:
1733:
1159:
854:
579:
531:
514:
431:
1676:
599:, annual parliaments, and vote by ballot, all eventually incorporated in the Chartist platform.
2006:
1988:
1973:
1908:
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1775:
1754:
1750:
1725:
1190:
1180:
1125:
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1063:
1043:
1023:
1004:
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933:
861:. The Mechanics' Institute was a working class educational institute that had its roots in the
757:
503:
491:
484:
439:
435:
343:
328:
305:
275:
1622:
886:
National Union of the Working Classes in London, England, that were to be integrated into the
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1815:
921:
858:
797:
785:
753:
708:
408:
1143:
655:
333:
95:
1840:
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8:
2057:
1364:
1202:
1103:
972:
879:
591:
456:
136:
1823:
1805:
1741:
1538:
1395:
1337:
1310:
1155:
1115:
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968:
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596:
583:
507:
352:
314:
237:
161:
126:
1952:
1920:
1151:
1130:
1093:
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of December 7, 1837, marked the end of the Political Union movement in Upper Canada.
813:
631:
607:
197:
715:. Rather than view each rebellion in isolation, the Newport Rising (1839), the two
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1929:
1452:
1387:
1360:
1333:
1306:
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611:
832:
2067:
1085:
793:
622:
National Union of the Working Classes and the Coldbath-fields National Convention
615:
603:
558:
535:
499:
116:
777:
513:
By mid-1831, the leaders of the reform faction in the House of Assembly such as
2144:
1779:
1771:
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1176:
1120:
908:
704:
684:
587:
366:
265:
1640:
Getting it Wrong: How Canadians Forgot Their Past and Imperilled Confederation
1378:
Tilly, Charles (1993). "Contentious Repertoires in Great Britain, 1758-1834".
2179:
1993:
1729:
688:
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founded in 1830. Its stated aim was to campaign for electoral reform of the
1793:
1053:
951:
913:
842:
251:
217:
1456:
764:
169:
2139:
1801:
1077:
1058:
1010:
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64:
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2168:
indicate parties represented in the legislature but not yet registered.
1584:. Toronto: Journal of the Canadian Bankers' Association. pp. 17–8.
1399:
70:
1582:
The Early History of Canadian Banking: The First Banks in Upper Canada
1489:. Montreal-Kingston: McGill-Queens University Press. pp. 146–147.
1286:. Kingston / Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press. pp. 3–41.
1271:. Montreal/Kingston: McGill-Queens University Press. pp. 85–114.
752:
The Upper Canada Central Political Union was organized in 1832–33 by
700:
506:(who was one of only 3 Anglicans) circulated a petition against an "
99:
1391:
1324:
LoPatin, Nancy (1991). "Political Unions and the Great Reform Act".
1297:
LoPatin, Nancy (1991). "Political Unions and the Great Reform Act".
1256:. Montreal/Kingston: McGill-Queens University Press. pp. 66–84.
1241:. Montreal/Kingston: McGill-Queens University Press. pp. 51–53.
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A loose committee of the "Friends of Religious Liberty" composed of
475:
1163:
950:
The meetings in the Home District met with an increasing degree of
887:
680:
663:
627:
452:
442:. The British Political Unions had successfully petitioned for the
103:
518:
the only real gain was to organize the reformers in the province.
462:
1706:
1487:
Popular Politics and Political Culture in Upper Canada, 1800–1850
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883:
862:
696:
602:
The Representation of the People Act 1832 (commonly known as the
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448:
82:
1269:
Popular Politics and Political Culture in Upper Canada 1800-1850
1254:
Popular Politics and Political Culture in Upper Canada 1800-1850
1239:
Popular Politics and Political Culture in Upper Canada 1800-1850
943:
became the organizational structure for the Rebellion of 1837.
769:
676:
1569:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 132–4, 143.
804:, the president of Canada's first farmers' cooperative (the
1870:
1170:
812:. The group also included Randal Wixson, the editor of the
734:
544:
1002:
418:
Reform activity emerged in the 1830s when Reformers, like
1519:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 137–139.
1504:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 132–138.
668:
The membership of the NUWC was later integrated into the
1611:
Revolutions in the Atlantic World: A Comparative History
1599:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 192–9.
1443:
Greer, Alan (1995). "1837–38: Rebellion Reconsidered".
1432:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 181ff.
1417:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 181–2.
853:. Shepard Hall shared its large meeting space with the
765:
Children of Peace and the Grand Convention of Delegates
739:
1642:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 57–8.
792:
In the absence of Mackenzie, the village of Hope (now
1474:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 129.
1226:. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart. pp. 93–99.
637:
502:, Joseph Shepard and nineteen others, chaired by
2177:
1626:Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society,
483:Organized collective reform activity began with
1655:Louis-Hippolyte LaFontaine & Robert Baldwin
654:Dramatisation of the trial of the Chartists at
463:Early organized reform activity in Upper Canada
963:Atlantic Revolution and the Rebellions of 1837
1856:
1708:Members of the Reform Movement (Upper Canada)
1692:
988:
606:or sometimes as the Great Reform Act) was an
471:William Lyon Mackenzie, Radical Reform Leader
384:
869:
866:Alliance Hay Loft" in the market buildings.
68:
1224:Upper Canada: the Formative Years 1784-1841
1863:
1849:
1699:
1685:
1657:. Toronto: Penguin Books. pp. 89–108.
1594:
1564:
1514:
1499:
1469:
1427:
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995:
981:
927:
525:
391:
377:
1350:
1281:
1171:Republicanism vs. responsible government
831:
776:
768:
743:
735:Political Union Movement in Upper Canada
729:republicanism of the American Revolution
641:
548:
545:Political unions and the Reform Act 1832
474:
466:
1872:Provincial political parties in Ontario
1323:
1296:
901:
699:socialism and the movement for general
2178:
1960:Freedom of Choice, Peace & Justice
1637:
1628:Oct 2006, Vol. 116 Issue 2, pp 413-430
1579:
1484:
1266:
1251:
1236:
727:that took their inspiration from the
719:(1837–38) and the subsequent American
1844:
1680:
1442:
1377:
1221:
976:
2033:Co-operative Commonwealth Federation
1652:
773:Sharon Temple National Historic Site
740:Upper Canada Central Political Union
849:, and William O'Grady's newspaper,
339:Burning of the Parliament Buildings
13:
1365:10.1093/ehr/LXXXVIII.CCCXLVIII.504
1338:10.1111/j.1750-0206.1991.tb00253.x
1311:10.1111/j.1750-0206.1991.tb00253.x
658:, including background information
14:
2212:
2186:Political parties in Upper Canada
2063:Protestant Protective Association
2003:People's Progressive Common Front
1665:
827:
553:First page of the Reform Act 1832
851:The Correspondent & Advocate
707:of 1839 in Wales, suppressed by
670:London Working Men's Association
638:Atlantic Revolution and Chartism
360:
168:
1646:
1631:
1616:
1603:
1588:
1573:
1558:
1523:
1508:
1493:
1478:
1463:
1436:
1421:
1406:
836:Second market in York (Toronto)
675:an organization established in
405:Reform movement in Upper Canada
301:Book & newspaper publishers
2026:represented in the legislature
1371:
1344:
1317:
1290:
1275:
1260:
1245:
1230:
1215:
1203:wave of republican revolutions
479:Bust of Robert Fleming Gourlay
1:
1208:
695:. They were associated with
683:movement. The founders were
16:Political party in Canada
2196:Political history of Ontario
407:was a political movement in
286:Work and labour organization
7:
1653:Saul, John Ralston (2010).
1595:Schrauwers, Albert (2009).
1565:Schrauwers, Albert (2009).
1515:Schrauwers, Albert (2009).
1500:Schrauwers, Albert (2009).
1470:Schrauwers, Albert (2009).
1428:Schrauwers, Albert (2009).
1413:Schrauwers, Albert (2009).
10:
2217:
2015:Stop the New Sex-Ed Agenda
1445:Canadian Historical Review
1199:Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine
1187:John Lambton (Lord Durham)
1174:
1148:American Revolutionary War
966:
931:
661:
565:Birmingham Political Union
556:
529:
353:Province of Ontario topics
2163:
2133:Pre-confederation parties
2132:
2086:
2023:
1999:People with Special Needs
1918:
1878:
1714:
1353:English Historical Review
1205:and counter-revolutions.
1018:
870:Canadian Alliance Society
411:in the mid-19th century.
315:Province of Canada Topics
122:
109:
89:
78:
69:
60:
45:
30:
21:
2087:Other historical parties
1948:Confederation of Regions
1888:Progressive Conservative
1282:Christie, Nancy (2008).
1158:of 1791–1804, the
816:in Mackenzie's absence.
444:Great Reform Act of 1832
1763:Marshall Spring Bidwell
1160:Irish Rebellion of 1798
928:Toronto Political Union
532:Radicalism (historical)
526:British Reform Movement
432:Marshall Spring Bidwell
1776:William Warren Baldwin
1726:William Lyon Mackenzie
1485:Wilton, Carol (2000).
1380:Social Science History
1267:Wilton, Carol (2000).
1252:Wilton, Carol (2000).
1237:Wilton, Carol (2000).
1222:Craig, Gerald (1963).
1191:responsible government
1181:Responsible government
1044:William Lyon Mackenzie
1024:Upper Canada Rebellion
1006:Upper Canada Rebellion
934:Upper Canada Rebellion
837:
789:
774:
758:William Lyon Mackenzie
749:
679:in 1836, that led the
659:
554:
504:William Warren Baldwin
492:William Lyon Mackenzie
485:Robert Fleming Gourlay
480:
472:
440:William Lyon Mackenzie
436:William Warren Baldwin
329:Responsible Government
276:Upper Canada Rebellion
1672:Cold Bath Fields Riot
1638:Romney, Paul (1999).
1580:Shortt, Adam (1897).
1457:10.3138/chr-076-01-01
1326:Parliamentary History
1299:Parliamentary History
890:movement in England.
835:
780:
772:
754:Thomas David Morrison
747:
709:Sir Francis Bond Head
653:
552:
478:
470:
409:British North America
296:Imprisonment for debt
1880:Legislative Assembly
1738:William John O'Grady
1144:Atlantic revolutions
902:Provincial Loan Bank
855:Mechanics' Institute
725:Atlantic revolutions
656:Shire Hall, Monmouth
451:who led the British
334:Underground Railroad
324:Legislative Assembly
261:Legislative Assembly
2155:Reform (Baldwinite)
2058:Patrons of Industry
2053:Liberal-Progressive
2024:Historical parties
1533:. 27 February 1834.
1037:Montgomery's Tavern
880:Mechanics Institute
806:Farmers' Storehouse
717:Canadian Rebellions
457:Mechanics Institute
271:The Reform Movement
252:Upper Canada Topics
2150:Reform (Mackenzie)
1824:James Hervey Price
1816:Thomas D. Morrison
1806:Anthony Van Egmond
1742:Henry John Boulton
1720:
1156:Haitian Revolution
1154:of 1789–1799, the
1150:of 1775–1783, the
1069:Anthony Van Egmond
969:Rebellions of 1837
922:Thomas D. Morrison
838:
796:), founded by the
790:
775:
750:
748:Thomas D. Morrison
713:Edmund Walker Head
693:Henry Hetherington
660:
597:universal suffrage
584:Henry Hetherington
555:
508:Established Church
481:
473:
449:Owenite Socialists
367:Ontario portal
266:The Family Compact
242:1867–present
208:Province of Quebec
162:History of Ontario
127:Politics of Quebec
2173:
2172:
2043:Labor-Progressive
1984:None of the Above
1935:Canadians' Choice
1838:
1837:
1833:
1832:
1546:Missing or empty
1531:Colonial Advocate
1152:French Revolution
1139:
1138:
1131:Nils von Schoultz
859:Children of Peace
814:Colonial Advocate
798:Children of Peace
786:Children of Peace
651:
632:Colonial Advocate
612:2 & 3 Will. 4
608:Act of Parliament
573:Owenite Socialism
401:
400:
246:
245:
145:
144:
132:Political parties
61:Succeeded by
2208:
2191:Reform movements
2094:Family Coalition
1989:Northern Ontario
1957:Electoral Reform
1865:
1858:
1851:
1842:
1841:
1784:Charles Duncombe
1717:
1716:
1701:
1694:
1687:
1678:
1677:
1659:
1658:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1635:
1629:
1620:
1614:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1549:
1544:
1542:
1534:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1219:
1049:Charles Duncombe
1013:
1007:
997:
990:
983:
974:
973:
918:Charles Duncombe
847:The Constitution
841:attack from the
784:, leader of the
705:Newport Uprising
652:
592:Daniel O'Connell
569:House of Commons
393:
386:
379:
365:
364:
363:
202:1500s–1763
185:
184:
172:
147:
146:
115:
74:
73:
56:
54:
41:
39:
19:
18:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2159:
2128:
2124:Socialist-Labor
2082:
2025:
2019:
1914:
1905:Independent (6)
1874:
1869:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1827:Joseph Shepard
1826:
1822:
1818:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1766:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1745:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1710:
1705:
1668:
1663:
1662:
1651:
1647:
1636:
1632:
1621:
1617:
1608:
1604:
1593:
1589:
1578:
1574:
1563:
1559:
1547:
1545:
1536:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1513:
1509:
1498:
1494:
1483:
1479:
1468:
1464:
1441:
1437:
1426:
1422:
1411:
1407:
1392:10.2307/1171282
1376:
1372:
1349:
1345:
1322:
1318:
1295:
1291:
1280:
1276:
1265:
1261:
1250:
1246:
1235:
1231:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1183:
1175:Main articles:
1173:
1140:
1135:
1116:Hunters' Lodges
1112:
1111:
1073:
1040:
1039:
1032:Reform movement
1014:
1005:
1003:
1001:
971:
965:
936:
930:
904:
872:
830:
767:
742:
737:
711:'s cousin, Sir
666:
642:
640:
624:
616:Reform Act 1832
604:Reform Act 1832
561:
559:Reform Act 1832
547:
538:
536:Reform Movement
530:Main articles:
528:
500:Egerton Ryerson
465:
397:
361:
359:
232:1841–1867
222:1791–1841
212:1763–1791
156:
141:
113:
102:
98:
67:
52:
50:
37:
35:
26:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2214:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2171:
2170:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2145:Family Compact
2142:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2078:United Farmers
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2048:Liberal-Labour
2045:
2040:
2035:
2029:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2011:Public Benefit
2009:
2004:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1937:
1932:
1926:
1924:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1912:
1906:
1903:
1897:
1894:New Democratic
1891:
1884:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1868:
1867:
1860:
1853:
1845:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1830:
1813:
1811:
1798:Peter Matthews
1791:
1789:
1780:Francis Hincks
1772:Robert Baldwin
1769:
1767:
1748:
1746:
1723:
1721:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1704:
1703:
1696:
1689:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1667:
1666:External links
1664:
1661:
1660:
1645:
1630:
1615:
1609:Wim Klooster,
1602:
1587:
1572:
1557:
1522:
1507:
1492:
1477:
1462:
1435:
1420:
1405:
1370:
1343:
1316:
1289:
1274:
1259:
1244:
1229:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1195:Robert Baldwin
1177:Robert Baldwin
1172:
1169:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1121:Abram D. Smith
1118:
1113:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1082:
1081:
1072:
1071:
1066:
1064:Peter Matthews
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1000:
999:
992:
985:
977:
967:Main article:
964:
961:
932:Main article:
929:
926:
903:
900:
871:
868:
829:
828:Shepard's Hall
826:
766:
763:
741:
738:
736:
733:
685:William Lovett
662:Main article:
639:
636:
623:
620:
588:William Lovett
557:Main article:
546:
543:
527:
524:
464:
461:
399:
398:
396:
395:
388:
381:
373:
370:
369:
356:
355:
349:
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341:
336:
331:
326:
318:
317:
311:
310:
309:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
263:
255:
254:
248:
247:
244:
243:
240:
234:
233:
230:
224:
223:
220:
214:
213:
210:
204:
203:
200:
198:Pays d'en Haut
194:
193:
191:
181:
180:
174:
173:
165:
164:
158:
157:
150:
143:
142:
140:
139:
134:
129:
123:
120:
119:
111:
107:
106:
93:
87:
86:
85:, Upper Canada
80:
76:
75:
62:
58:
57:
47:
43:
42:
32:
28:
27:
23:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2213:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2167:
2162:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2114:Social Credit
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2022:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1994:Ontario Party
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1917:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1866:
1861:
1859:
1854:
1852:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1828:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1759:John McIntosh
1756:
1755:Samuel Hughes
1752:
1751:David Willson
1747:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1730:James Lesslie
1727:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1713:
1709:
1702:
1697:
1695:
1690:
1688:
1683:
1682:
1679:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1656:
1649:
1641:
1634:
1627:
1624:
1619:
1612:
1606:
1598:
1591:
1583:
1576:
1568:
1561:
1553:
1540:
1532:
1526:
1518:
1511:
1503:
1496:
1488:
1481:
1473:
1466:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1439:
1431:
1424:
1416:
1409:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1374:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1347:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1320:
1312:
1308:
1305:(1): 109–10.
1304:
1300:
1293:
1285:
1278:
1270:
1263:
1255:
1248:
1240:
1233:
1225:
1218:
1214:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1182:
1178:
1168:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1126:Bill Johnston
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1012:
1008:
998:
993:
991:
986:
984:
979:
978:
975:
970:
960:
958:
953:
948:
944:
940:
935:
925:
923:
919:
915:
910:
899:
896:
895:Samuel Hughes
891:
889:
885:
881:
877:
876:James Lesslie
867:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
834:
825:
821:
817:
815:
811:
810:David Willson
807:
803:
802:Samuel Hughes
799:
795:
787:
783:
782:David Willson
779:
771:
762:
759:
755:
746:
732:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
689:Francis Place
686:
682:
678:
674:
671:
665:
657:
635:
633:
629:
619:
617:
613:
609:
605:
600:
598:
593:
589:
585:
581:
576:
574:
570:
566:
560:
551:
542:
537:
533:
523:
519:
516:
511:
509:
505:
501:
497:
496:Jesse Ketchum
493:
488:
486:
477:
469:
460:
458:
454:
450:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
424:Jesse Ketchum
421:
420:Robert Randal
417:
412:
410:
406:
394:
389:
387:
382:
380:
375:
374:
372:
371:
368:
358:
357:
354:
351:
350:
345:
344:Confederation
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
321:
320:
319:
316:
313:
312:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
258:
257:
256:
253:
250:
249:
241:
239:
236:
235:
231:
229:
226:
225:
221:
219:
216:
215:
211:
209:
206:
205:
201:
199:
196:
195:
192:
190:
189:First Nations
187:
186:
183:
182:
179:
176:
175:
171:
167:
166:
163:
160:
159:
154:
149:
148:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
124:
121:
118:
112:
108:
105:
101:
97:
94:
92:
88:
84:
81:
77:
72:
66:
63:
59:
48:
44:
33:
29:
20:
2165:
1820:David Gibson
1814:
1794:Samuel Lount
1792:
1770:
1749:
1724:
1654:
1648:
1639:
1633:
1625:
1618:
1610:
1605:
1596:
1590:
1581:
1575:
1566:
1560:
1548:|title=
1530:
1525:
1516:
1510:
1501:
1495:
1486:
1480:
1471:
1465:
1448:
1444:
1438:
1429:
1423:
1414:
1408:
1386:(2): 261–2.
1383:
1379:
1373:
1356:
1352:
1346:
1332:(1): 113–4.
1329:
1325:
1319:
1302:
1298:
1292:
1283:
1277:
1268:
1262:
1253:
1247:
1238:
1232:
1223:
1217:
1184:
1141:
1099:Pelee Island
1086:
1076:
1054:Samuel Lount
1031:
1022:
952:Orange Order
949:
945:
941:
937:
914:Samuel Lount
905:
892:
873:
850:
846:
843:Orange Order
839:
822:
818:
791:
788:, in old age
751:
672:
667:
625:
601:
577:
562:
539:
520:
512:
489:
482:
415:
413:
404:
402:
306:Orange Order
291:Corporations
218:Upper Canada
79:Headquarters
2140:Clear Grits
2099:Natural Law
1969:Libertarian
1802:Jesse Lloyd
1104:Short Hills
1078:Patriot War
1059:Jesse Lloyd
1011:Patriot War
721:Patriot War
459:movements.
428:Peter Perry
281:Agriculture
228:Canada West
65:Clear Grits
2180:Categories
1921:recognized
1734:John Rolph
1451:(1): 1–3.
1359:: 504–33.
1209:References
580:Henry Hunt
96:Radicalism
71:Parti bleu
2119:Socialist
1953:Consensus
1943:Communist
1539:cite news
1185:In 1838,
1164:Chartists
957:Rebellion
701:education
416:organized
137:Elections
100:Reformism
46:Dissolved
24:Reformers
2073:Trillium
2007:Populist
1979:New Blue
1974:Moderate
1939:Centrist
1930:Alliance
1109:Windmill
1087:Caroline
888:Chartist
857:and the
681:Chartist
664:Chartism
628:Chartism
453:Chartist
178:Timeline
153:a series
151:Part of
104:Chartism
91:Ideology
2201:Owenism
2166:Italics
2104:Peoples
2068:Soldier
1964:Freedom
1923:parties
1900:Liberal
1400:1171282
1355:. 348.
1094:Windsor
884:Owenite
863:Owenite
697:Owenite
238:Ontario
110:Colours
83:Toronto
51: (
36: (
31:Founded
2109:Reform
2038:Labour
1919:Other
1613:(2009)
1398:
1146:. The
1089:affair
920:, and
794:Sharon
756:while
677:London
434:, and
155:on the
117:Orange
114:
1909:Green
1396:JSTOR
515:Rolph
1896:(28)
1890:(79)
1552:help
1179:and
1009:and
691:and
534:and
455:and
403:The
53:1849
49:1849
38:1817
34:1817
1911:(2)
1902:(9)
1453:doi
1388:doi
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