45:
1420:) grew disproportionally. In the cities, too, the number of poor rose. At the same time, rural subject territories became more and more (financially) dependent on the cities. The political power was concentrated in a few rich families, that over time came to consider their offices as hereditary and tried to limit them to their own exclusive circle. This solicited the response of both peasants and free citizens, who resented such curtailing of their democratic rights, and around 1523/25, also fuelled by the reformatory spirit, revolts broke out in many cantons, both rural and urban. The main objective of the insurgents was the restitution of common rights of old, not the institution of a new order. Although commonly called the
2161:
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405:
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232:
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888:(to put an end to the independent study of biblical sources). Overall, these measures were successful: not only did they prevent the spreading of the Reformation into the Catholic cantons but also they made the Church dependent on the state and generally strengthened the power of the civil authorities.
458:
In the following two years, profound changes took place in ZĂĽrich. The Church was thoroughly secularised. Priests were relieved from celibacy and the opulent decorations in the churches were thrown out. The state assumed the administration of Church properties, financing the social works (which up to
1608:
demanded their naturalisation and strict adherence to the
Calvinist doctrine, whereas Basel, where the university had re-opened in 1532, became a center of intellectual freedom. Many of these immigrants were skilled craftsmen or businessmen and contributed greatly to the development of banking and
1580:
was invented in ZĂĽrich and promptly used to triangulate the city. Basel and Geneva became important printing centres, with an output equal to that of e.g. Strasbourg or Lyon. Their printing reformatory tracts greatly furthered the dissemination of these ideas. First newspapers appeared towards the
1113:
749:
In the tense atmosphere, small incidents could easily escalate. Conflicts arose especially over the situation in the common territories, where the administration changed bi-annually among cantons and thus switched between
Catholic and Protestant rules. Several mediation attempts failed such as the
1428:, where the hostilities escalated and the rebellion was put down by force, there were only isolated armed conflicts in the confederation. The authorities, already involved in reformatory or counter-reformatory activities, managed to subdue these uprisings only by granting concessions. Yet the
711:
services and the financial recompensations for the same. They could not afford to lose this source of income, which was a major target of reformatory criticism. In contrast, the cities' economies were more diversified, including strong crafts and guilds as well as a budding industrial sector.
392:
Nevertheless, many of the problems of the Church also existed in the Swiss
Confederacy. Many a cleric, as well as the Church as a whole, enjoyed a luxurious lifestyle in stark contrast to the conditions of the large majority of the population; this luxury was financed by high church taxes and
1209:
1415:
that could no longer significantly expand its territory. The dependence of the confederation on imports increased, and prices soared. In the countryside, settlements of estates increasingly led to smaller and smaller properties insufficient to sustain a family, and a new class of daytalers
1108:
within the
Catholic territories of Savoy again and as a result intensified its relations with the Swiss confederacy and Bern and Zürich in particular. Its plea for full acceptance into the confederation—the city was an associate state only—was rejected by the Catholic majority of cantons.
384:
After the violent conflicts of the late 15th century, the Swiss cantons had had a generation of relative political stability. As part of their struggle for independence, they had already in the 15th century sought to limit the influence of the Church on their political sovereignty. Many
871:
While the official Church remained passive during the beginnings of the
Reformation, the Swiss Catholic cantons took measures early on to keep the new movement at bay. They assumed judicial and financial powers over the clergy, laid down firm rules of conduct for the priests, outlawed
938:
Parallel to these efforts to reform the
Catholic Church, the Catholic cantons also proceeded to re-Catholicize regions that had converted to Protestantism. Besides reconversions in the common territories, the Catholic cantons in 1560 first tried to undo the Reformation in
1232:
contracts and defence alliances with partners on all sides. Some of these contracts neutralized each other, which allowed the confederation to remain neutral. Politically, the neighbouring powers all tried to take influence, by way of mercenary commanders such as
548:
and banned him and Farel from the city in 1538. Three years later, following the election of a new city council, Calvin was called back. Step by step he implemented his strict program. A counter-revolt in 1555 failed, and many established families left the city.
1278:
were a loose federation of 48 individual communes that were largely independent; their common assembly held no real powers. While this had helped avoid major religious wars during and following the
Reformation, feuds between leading clans (e.g. between the
1314:, who managed to play the French off against the Spaniards. Until 1639, the Three Leagues had re-acquired their whole territory, buying back the parts occupied by Austria. They even were restituted their subject territories in the south (Valtellina,
1460:
but also with the civil authorities because, not having found any
Biblical justification, they refused to pay taxes or to accept any authority. Both Catholic and Protestant cantons persecuted them with all their might. Following the forced
1250:
developed a strong consensus against any direct military involvement. The confederacy did not allow any foreign army to cross its territory: the alpine passes remained closed for Spain, just as an alliance offer of the
Swedish King
742:), translated variously as Cristian Civic Union, Christian Co-burghery, Christian Confederation and Christian Federation (in Latin Zwingli called it Civitas Christiana or Christian State); the Catholic ones entered a pact with
727:) to combat the spreading of the new faith. Both sides tried to strengthen their positions by concluding defensive alliances with third parties: the Protestant cantons formed a city alliance, including the Protestant cities of
614:
took over his post in ZĂĽrich. Reformers in
Switzerland continued for the next decades to reform the Church and to improve its acceptance by the common people. Bullinger in particular also tried bridging the differences between
44:
757:
After numerous minor incidents and provocations from both sides, a Protestant pastor was burned on the stake in Schwyz in 1529, and in retaliation ZĂĽrich declared war. By mediation of the other cantons, open war (known as the
1502:("whose region, his religion") meant that subjects had to adopt the faith of their rulers. Dissenters who didn't want to convert typically had to (but also were allowed to) emigrate elsewhere, into a region where their faith
1158:, had placed Geneva under an embargo. With the new situation of 1589, the city now got support not only from Bern but also from the French king, and it went to war. The war between Geneva and Savoy continued even after the
1166:
in 1598, which ended the wars in France proper. In the night from 11 to 12 December 1602, the duke's troops unsuccessfully tried to storm the city, which definitely maintained its independence from Savoy in the peace of
1456:, who took the idea of deriving new societal rules from the direct study of Biblical sources even further than the Protestant reformers only into conflict not only with the established Churches over the question of
960:(chief magistrate) of Glarus. But due to lack of money, they could not intervene in Glarus by force. In 1564, they settled for a treaty which prescribed the separation of religions in Glarus. There were henceforth
1403:) amongst children under the age of five occurred every four to five years. Nevertheless, the population in Switzerland grew in the 16th century from about 800,000 to roughly 1.1 million, i.e. by more than 35%.
1525:
were held in both Protestant and Catholic cantons. These often ended with death sentences (usually burning) for the accused, who typically were elderly women, crippled persons, or other social outcasts.
816:(and thus to the Alpine passes in the Grisons) were forcibly re-Catholicised. In their own territories, the cantons remained free to implement one or the other religion. The peace thus prescribed the
3000:
1310:
France intervened a first time in 1624, but succeeded to drive the Spanish out of the Grisons only in 1636. However, Henri de Rohan's French army had to withdraw following the political intrigues of
595:
in 1531, where Zwingli was killed on the battlefield, were a serious setback, ultimately limiting Zwinglianism to parts of the Swiss confederacy and preventing its adoption in areas north of the
707:
remained staunchly Catholic. Their opposition was not uniquely a question of faith; economic reasons also played a role. Besides on agriculture, their economy depended to a large degree on the
1366:
3229:
808:). It gave Catholicism the priority in the common territories, but allowed communes that had already converted to remain Protestant. Only strategically important places such as the
687:
and its rapid territorial expansion definitely made this religious renewal a political issue and a major source of conflict between the thirteen cantons. The alpine cantons of
279:
Map of the thirteen cantons of the Swiss confederacy in 1530 (green) with their separate subject territories (light green), condominiums (grey) and associates (brown)
1581:
end of the 16th century, but disappeared soon again due to the censorship of the absolutist authorities. In architecture, there was a strong Italian and especially
1061:
in 1534, the duke's troops were bound by the French engagement there, and Bern promptly conquered the Vaud and, together with the Valais, also territories south of
855:
Protestant cities in the Holy Roman Empire were severed: many cities, like Konstanz, were re-Catholicised and many were placed under a strictly aristocratic rule.
389:
had already come under secular supervision, and the administration of schools was in the hands of the cantons, although the teachers generally still were priests.
1139:. In 1586, the seven Catholic cantons (the five alpine cantons, plus Fribourg and Solothurn) formed an exclusively Catholic alliance called the "Golden League" (
1192:, another Protestant city, wanted to join the confederacy in 1588, but like Geneva some twenty years earlier, it was rejected by the Catholic cantons. In the
444:. The first disputation of ZĂĽrich of 1523 was the breakthrough: the city council decided to implement his reformatory plans and to convert to Protestantism.
522:, which all three had a more republican structure, individual communes decided for or against the Reformation. In the French-speaking parts, reformers like
1200:
valley. However, in 1603 the Catholic cantons intervened, and with their support re-Catholicisation succeeded and the Protestant families had to emigrate.
502:
officially pronounced Bern as the second Protestant Swiss canton. Their subject territories were converted to Protestantism by decree. In Basel, reformer
907:'s plans for the creation of a new bishopric in central Switzerland. However, they did participate in the education program of Trent. In 1574, the first
1564:
worked until 1526 in Basel; his high renaissance style had a profound influence on Swiss painters. Conrad Gessner in ZĂĽrich did studies in systematic
146:
3078:
140:
1357:
and the head of the French delegation, he succeeded to get the formal exemption from the empire for all cantons and associates of the confederacy.
1041:
belonged to the duchy. The Reformation prompted the conflicts to escalate once more. Geneva exiled its bishop, who was backed by Savoy, in 1533 to
467:, turned over the convent including all of its rights and possessions to the city authorities on 30 November 1524. She even married the next year.
260:
1188:, an associate of the confederacy, prompted the military intervention of the Protestant cantons, which quickly restored the old Protestant order.
1866:
Marabello, Thomas Quinn (2021) "The 500th Anniversary of the Swiss Reformation: How Zwingli changed and continues to impact Switzerland today,"
1785:"Philip Schaff: History of the Christian Church, Volume VIII: Modern Christianity. The Swiss Reformation - Christian Classics Ethereal Library"
1291:
in 1619, a subject territory of the Three Leagues, the population there responded in kind, killing the Protestant rulers in 1620 and calling
847:, but in the German religious wars of 1546/47, ZĂĽrich and the other Swiss Protestant cantons remained strictly neutral. With the victory of
2023:
1350:
3005:
2118:
397:. Many priests were poorly educated, and spiritual Church doctrines were often disregarded. Many priests did not live in celibacy but in
2438:
1424:, the movement also included the free citizens, who saw their rights restricted in the cities, too. Contrary to the development in the
723:
The five alpine cantons perceived the Reformation as a threat early on; already in 1524 they formed the "League of the Five Cantons" (
575:
in 1529 failed. Although the two charismatic leaders found a consensus on fourteen points, they kept differing on the last one on the
3234:
1225:
3116:
2589:
970:) in the canton, a Catholic and a Protestant one, and Glarus would send one Catholic and one Protestant representative each to the
1521:
in Europe, and Switzerland was no exception. Beginning about 1530, culminating around 1600, and then slowly diminishing, numerous
2372:
1001:, where both confessions coexisted more or less peacefully, the counter-reformatory activities beginning with the arrival of the
428:
tradition, had led him to preach against injustices and hierarchies in the Church already in 1516 while he was still a priest in
1307:. The Valtellina became Spanish, and other parts in the north-east of the Grisons were occupied and re-Catholicised by Austria.
2675:
2433:
1604:
and other Protestant refugees from all over Europe fled to Basel, Geneva, and Neuchâtel. Geneva under Calvin and his successor
3071:
2680:
2523:
2398:
1917:
1899:
1885:
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253:
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were not yet a member of the Confederacy but were involved in the war from 1620 onward, which led to their loss of the
200:
61:
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2128:
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1726:
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as a pretext, but on 11 October 1531, the Catholic cantons decisively defeated the forces of ZĂĽrich in the battle of
171:
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in the 1520s. It led to significant changes in civil life and state matters in ZĂĽrich and spread to several other
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all followed the example set by ZĂĽrich. Bern was the first to follow ZĂĽrich, in 1528, when the aftermath of the
345:), no other major armed conflicts directly between the cantons occurred. Soldiers from both sides fought in the
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2838:
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2423:
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1817:
928:
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1147:, who were also supported by Spain. In 1589, Henry III was assassinated and Henry of Navarre succeeded him as
800:. Zwingli was killed on the battlefield. The Protestant cantons had to agree to a peace treaty, the so-called
2833:
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became truly the flesh and blood of Christ, whereas Zwingli considered the bread and wine only symbols. This
220:
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to march through the Protestant cantons to the Grisons. A common defence was mounted only in 1647 when the
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876:, and reserved the right to nominate priests in the first place, who previously had been assigned by the
526:
had been preaching the new faith under Bernese protection since the 1520s, but only in 1536, just before
205:
769:) was not exactly favourable for the Catholic party, who had to dissolve its alliance with the Austrian
2828:
2635:
2535:
2483:
2066:
1938:
by "Presence Switzerland", an official body of the Swiss Confederation. (In English, available also in
341:
Despite their religious differences and an exclusively Catholic defence alliance of the seven cantons (
215:
1436:. By 1650, the absolutist order was firmly established and would prevail for another 150 years as the
3186:
2963:
2813:
2798:
2778:
2061:
1498:
818:
181:
1853:
A History of Switzerland / The First 100,000 Years: Before the Beginnings to the Days of the Present
880:. They also banned printing, distributing, and possessing Reformist tracts; and banned the study of
843:
When their Protestant city alliance was dissolved, ZĂĽrich and the southern German cities joined the
3158:
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2715:
2500:
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The Old Swiss Confederacy on a map included in the "Topographia Helvetiae" by Matthäus Merian 1652
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business. His ideas were received favorably, especially by entrepreneurs, businessmen, and the
421:
311:
33:
2281:
1758:
1514:, which was re-Catholicised after the second war of Kappel, to the Protestant city of ZĂĽrich.
1452:, amplified by the conflicts between Protestants and Catholics, left no place for dissenters.
633:
of 1566, which finally included all Protestant cantons and associates of the confederacy. The
424:
are now considered to be the start of the Reformation in Switzerland. His own studies, in the
3106:
2931:
2896:
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2599:
2221:
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1672:
1395:
surges in Switzerland between 1500 and 1640, accounting for 31 plague years, and since 1580,
1330:
1006:
661:
of 1619 it would become the theological foundation of Protestantism of the Calvinist strain.
464:
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then were managed entirely by the Church), and also paid the priests. The last abbess of the
364:
and would not let Switzerland fall into the hands of one of their rivals. The Three Leagues (
315:
96:
360:
managed to maintain their neutrality, partly because all major powers in Europe depended on
3153:
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and his ideas differed from the latter in several points. A reconciliation attempt at the
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Despite their conversion to Protestantism, the citizens of Geneva were not ready to adopt
8:
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2306:
1626:
1590:
1554:
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Spain for help. For the next twenty years, the Grisons was ravaged by a war known as the
1136:
1054:
844:
759:
717:
658:
404:
327:
2160:
1939:
3045:
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2685:
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The Catholic cantons also maintained their domination of the Catholic Church after the
713:
611:
436:, he expanded his criticism also onto political topics and in particular condemned the
236:
76:
1975:
1569:
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2276:
1913:
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1703:
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361:
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The five Catholic cantons formed a military alliance with the Pope and the Catholic
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2346:
2311:
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303:
1747:
The Zwinglian Reformation in Zurich // Past and Present, No.15 (Apr. 1959), p. 28.
1311:
1299:. For the Habsburgs, the Grisons was a strategically important connection between
1234:
915:. Others soon followed, and in 1579, a Catholic university for Swiss priests, the
1478:
1229:
1163:
1002:
881:
837:
797:
326:. After the victory of the Catholic cantons in 1531, they proceeded to institute
82:
1961:
1955:
1949:
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policies in some regions. The schism and distrust between the Catholic and the
323:
86:
2951:
809:
460:
306:, who gained the support of the magistrate, Mark Reust, and the population of
3218:
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2906:
2542:
2341:
2326:
2193:
1605:
1375:
1275:
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broke out. ZĂĽrich was taking the refusal of the Catholic cantons to help the
704:
688:
568:
523:
357:
2091:
867:
Religious division of the Old Confederacy during the 17th and 18th centuries
369:
3192:
2936:
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was rejected. The sole exception was the permission for the French army of
1196:, the Reformation had had some success especially in the lower part of the
1144:
993:
in 1529, when Basel became Protestant. In 1581, the bishopric regained the
932:
616:
483:
3056:
1984:
1855:, Society for the Promotion of Science & Scholarship, Palo Alto 1986.
1365:
1354:
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2667:
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2032:
1573:
1546:
1522:
1506:
the state religion. The Bullinger family, for instance, had to move from
1496:
in Switzerland—or indeed all of Europe—at that time anyway. The maxim of
1449:
1342:
1089:
1085:
1062:
1038:
873:
696:
646:
584:
527:
398:
1068:
The alliance of 1560 of the Catholic cantons with Savoy encouraged duke
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2188:
2001:
1577:
1550:
1518:
1466:
1453:
1288:
1246:
1213:
1189:
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on all sides. Those from Protestant cantons fought on the sides of the
986:
956:
903:(1545 to 1563), although they had accepted its positions. They opposed
832:
830:
in 1555. Politically, this gave the Catholic cantons a majority in the
765:
732:
479:
451:
409:
394:
373:
331:
283:
275:
1448:
The generally widespread intolerance of the time, as witnessed by the
1143:, named after the golden initials on the document) and sided with the
776:
2286:
1433:
1388:
1319:
1128:
1029:
had tried already for centuries to gain sovereignty over the city of
998:
931:
were also called to help; a Capuchin cloister was founded in 1581 in
793:
738:
708:
620:
576:
534:
convert to Protestantism. The same year, Bern conquered the hitherto
515:
386:
72:
1112:
1096:) to Savoy in 1567, and the Valais returned the territories west of
679:
Map of the Old Swiss Confederacy 1536 showing the religious division
506:
was active, in St. Gallen, the Reformation was adopted by the mayor
433:
307:
2921:
2291:
1601:
1582:
1542:
1529:
1462:
1396:
1322:), yet these had to remain Catholic under the protection of Milan.
1292:
1185:
1081:
1077:
770:
728:
650:
319:
1208:
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1171:, concluded in the following summer. The rebuttal of this attack,
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influence, visible in many a rich magistrate's town house. Famed
1511:
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912:
891:
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813:
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cantons defined their interior politics and paralysed any common
657:
of 1563, where Bullinger also played an important role, and the
2336:
2321:
2226:
1932:
by Markus Jud. In English, also available in French and German.
1594:
1565:
1534:
1470:
1384:
1315:
1260:
1193:
1151:, and thus the Protestant mercenaries now fought for the king.
1101:
1046:
1042:
1030:
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924:
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642:
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491:
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tendencies kept slowly transforming the democrat cantons into
1224:, Switzerland was a relative "oasis of peace and prosperity" (
470:
1300:
1058:
1050:
920:
751:
596:
487:
441:
1345:
in 1499, the confederacy was still officially a part of the
1005:
resulted in a split of the canton in 1597 into the Catholic
812:
or those along the route from Schwyz to the Rhine valley at
2331:
1093:
1034:
994:
804:, which forced the dissolution of the Protestant alliance (
538:
495:
1568:, and the geographic maps and city views produced e.g. by
780:
The forces of ZĂĽrich are defeated in the battle of Kappel.
637:
was also accepted in other European Protestant regions in
1228:) in war-torn Europe. The cantons had concluded numerous
416:
The main proponent of the Reformation in Switzerland was
401:. The new reformatory ideas thus fell on fertile ground.
3230:
16th-century establishments in the Old Swiss Confederacy
1872:
https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/sahs_review/vol57/iss1/3
322:, however, which led to intercantonal wars known as the
1411:
This population growth caused significant changes in a
1399:
outbreaks with an especially high mortality rate (80–90
1760:
A Reformation reader: primary texts with introductions
1287:) were common. When such a feud spilled over into the
563:
Zwingli, who had studied in Basel at the same time as
1962:
1123:
Mercenaries of the Swiss cantons participated in the
1049:
took advantage of the duke's involvement in northern
1956:
1950:
1616:
287:
Map of the Swiss Confederacy by Sebastian MĂĽnster (
1910:Johannes Atrocianus – Text, Übersetzung, Kommentar
1473:in ZĂĽrich in 1527, many Anabaptists emigrated to
552:
3216:
1530:Science and arts: the Renaissance in Switzerland
1244:Despite the cantons' religious differences, the
773:. The tensions remained essentially unresolved.
762:) was barely avoided, but the peace agreement (
379:
1890:Burnett, Amy Nelson and Campi, Emidio (eds.).
1878:Double Cross – The Code of the Catholic Church
1072:to raise claims on the territories his father
3072:
2017:
1549:led to new advances in science and the arts.
822:-principle that would also be adopted in the
567:, had arrived at a more radical renewal than
254:
1135:, while the Catholic troops fought for king
1033:, surrounded by Savoyard territory, for the
3086:
1020:
3079:
3065:
3001:Cultural Property of National Significance
2024:
2010:
1756:
1443:
1329:, lobbied for a formal recognition of the
623:. He was instrumental in establishing the
261:
247:
1406:
1177:, is still commemorated in Geneva today.
541:and also instituted Protestantism there.
2031:
1868:Swiss American Historical Society Review
1719:Geschichte der Schweiz und der Schweizer
1533:
1517:The 16th century also saw the height of
1364:
1207:
1111:
890:
862:
775:
674:
601:
469:
446:
403:
282:
274:
1912:. Hildesheim: Georg Olms Verlag, 2018.
1750:
1689:
943:, where the Catholics were a minority.
478:Over the next few years, the cities of
3217:
1360:
1076:had lost in 1536. After the treaty of
858:
851:the previously close relations to the
664:
3060:
2005:
300:Protestant Reformation in Switzerland
16:Protestant Reformation in Switzerland
1969:Historical Dictionary of Switzerland
1892:A Companion to the Swiss Reformation
1203:
997:valley lying southwest of Basel. In
983:Jakob Christoph Blarer von Wartensee
1576:. In 1601, an early version of the
1572:show the beginning of a scientific
1053:and his opposition to France. When
13:
1806:
338:until well into the 18th century.
14:
3246:
1923:
1848:, Lawrence, Kansas: Carrie, 1998.
1777:
1341:independent since the end of the
1100:two years later in the treaty of
1013:, which both had one vote in the
627:of 1549 with John Calvin and the
579:: Luther maintained that through
3235:History of Switzerland by period
3127:
2159:
1894:, Leiden – Boston: Brill, 2016.
1870:, Vol. 57: No. 1. Available at:
1647:
1633:
1619:
1080:of 1564, Bern had to return the
591:and the defeat of ZĂĽrich in the
546:Calvin's new strict Church order
230:
43:
1763:. Fortress Press. p. 183.
1333:as an independent state in the
1154:Since 1586, the duke of Savoy,
1104:. Geneva was thus a Protestant
530:arrived there, did the city of
2519:President of the Confederation
1818:University of Manchester Press
1738:
1721:, Schwabe & Co 1986/2004.
1489:in Geneva on 27 October 1553.
553:In search of a common theology
1:
1987:Confessio Helvetica posterior
1680:(or Second War of Villmergen)
630:Confessio Helvetica posterior
408:Huldrych Zwingli (woodcut by
288:
559:Theology of Huldrych Zwingli
380:Development of Protestantism
7:
1995:Zweiter Kappeler Landfriede
1841:Renaissance and Reformation
1612:
927:was opened in Lucerne. The
802:Zweiter Kappeler Landfriede
420:, whose actions during the
10:
3251:
3225:Reformation in Switzerland
3199:Reformation in Switzerland
1936:Reformation in Switzerland
1930:Reformation in Switzerland
1694:The main sources used are
668:
583:the bread and wine in the
556:
302:was promoted initially by
3187:Irreligion in Switzerland
3179:
3136:
3125:
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3018:
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2759:
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2177:
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2157:
2052:
2043:
1908:, and Hindermann, Judith
1499:cuius regio, eius religio
1353:, who was also prince of
1180:Also in 1586, a Catholic
950:, and had the support of
819:Cuius regio, eius religio
318:. Seven cantons remained
2479:Administrative divisions
2366:list of cities and towns
1990:(English transcription).
1880:. Theo Press Ltd, 2006.
1492:There was no individual
1297:Confusion of the Leagues
1021:Developments in the west
964:legislative assemblies (
720:also remained Catholic.
653:, and together with the
432:. When he was called to
3088:Religion in Switzerland
2676:Pharmaceutical industry
1833:Miller's Church History
1663:First War of Villmergen
1444:Persecution of heretics
1327:Johann Rudolf Wettstein
1239:Johann Rudolf Wettstein
1125:French wars of religion
610:After Zwingli's death,
347:French Wars of Religion
216:Territorial development
2681:Science and technology
2524:Federal administration
1906:Harich-Schwarzbauer, H
1700:Geschichte der Schweiz
1668:History of the Grisons
1539:
1413:pre-industrial society
1407:Absolutism on the rise
1380:
1349:. With the support of
1274:had no such luck. The
1217:
1120:
911:school was founded in
896:
868:
806:Christliches Burgrecht
781:
680:
607:
504:Johannes Oecolampadius
475:
455:
422:Affair of the Sausages
413:
295:
280:
237:Switzerland portal
3107:Swiss Reformed Church
1814:The Swiss Reformation
1673:Swiss Reformed Church
1593:was born 1599 in the
1537:
1383:Historians count 13 (
1368:
1211:
1115:
1007:Appenzell Innerrhoden
894:
866:
784:Two years later, the
779:
685:Reformation in ZĂĽrich
678:
671:Reformation in ZĂĽrich
605:
557:Further information:
473:
465:Katharina von Zimmern
450:
407:
316:Old Swiss Confederacy
286:
278:
97:Old Swiss Confederacy
3006:World Heritage Sites
1940:many other languages
1846:University of Kansas
1690:Notes and references
1609:the watch industry.
1325:The mayor of Basel,
1092:(between Geneva and
985:, moved his seat to
840:of the confederacy.
786:second war of Kappel
744:Ferdinand of Austria
655:Heidelberg Catechism
593:Second War of Kappel
426:renaissance humanist
2804:Firearms regulation
2373:Statistical regions
2182:Physiographic areas
1835:. 1880. Chapter 41.
1757:Denis Janz (2008).
1717:Schwabe & Co.:
1627:Christianity portal
1591:Francesco Borromini
1555:University of Basel
1494:freedom of religion
1487:burned at the stake
1361:Social developments
1335:peace of Westphalia
1137:Henry III of France
1055:Francesco II Sforza
1009:and the Protestant
859:Counter-Reformation
845:Schmalkaldic League
760:First War of Kappel
683:The success of the
665:Religious civil war
659:Canons of Dordrecht
625:Consensus Tigurinus
376:from 1623 to 1639.
328:Counter-Reformation
127:Transitional period
2769:Capital punishment
2701:Telecommunications
2595:Popular initiative
1981:in Geneva in 1602.
1946:Bauernkrieg (1525)
1655:Switzerland portal
1540:
1381:
1351:Henri II d'Orléans
1218:
1156:Charles Emmanuel I
1149:Henry IV of France
1121:
1070:Emmanuel Philibert
917:Collegio helvetico
897:
869:
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725:Bund der fĂĽnf Orte
681:
612:Heinrich Bullinger
608:
606:Heinrich Bullinger
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2590:Political parties
2583:Council of States
2506:Foreign relations
2461:
2460:
2457:
2456:
1918:978-3-4874225-5-8
1900:978-90-04-30102-3
1886:978-0-9554133-0-8
1826:978-0-7190-5118-0
1770:978-0-8006-6310-0
1704:Kohlhammer Verlag
1481:fared no better;
1426:Holy Roman Empire
1347:Holy Roman Empire
1331:Swiss confederacy
1222:Thirty Years' War
1204:Thirty Years' War
919:, was founded in
905:Cardinal Borromeo
828:Holy Roman Empire
824:peace of Augsburg
581:sacramental union
393:abundant sale of
362:Swiss mercenaries
354:Thirty Years' War
271:
270:
69:(200 BC – AD 400)
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2757:
2756:
2738:Waste management
2671:
2631:Economic history
2624:
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2578:National Council
2563:National Redoubt
2472:
2471:
2179:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2163:
2139:Military history
2109:Early Modern era
2026:
2019:
2012:
2003:
2002:
1964:
1958:
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1851:Luck, James M.:
1831:Miller, Andrew.
1800:
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1745:Norman Birnbaum.
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1479:Antitrinitarians
1160:Peace of Vervins
1133:Henry of Navarre
1037:in the north of
952:Aegidius Tschudi
901:Council of Trent
573:Marburg Colloquy
500:Bern Disputation
494:, Mulhouse, and
454:in Zurich, 1524.
418:Huldrych Zwingli
358:thirteen cantons
304:Huldrych Zwingli
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211:Military history
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2087:Federal Charter
2082:Old Confederacy
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1812:Gordon, Bruce.
1809:
1807:Further reading
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1733:Other sources:
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1570:Matthäus Merian
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1263:armies reached
1206:
1164:Edict of Nantes
1045:. Bern and the
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979:Bishop of Basel
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750:disputation of
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2151:Historiography
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1966:in the online
1943:
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1924:External links
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1920:
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1888:
1876:Ranan, David.
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1641:History portal
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1265:Lake Constance
1257:Henri de Rohan
1226:Grimmelshausen
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1098:Saint Gingolph
1027:Dukes of Savoy
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991:Jura mountains
948:Duchy of Savoy
895:Carlo Borromeo
860:
857:
836:, the federal
669:Main article:
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508:Joachim Vadian
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336:foreign policy
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2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2072:Early history
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2027:
2022:
2020:
2015:
2013:
2008:
2007:
2004:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1965:
1959:
1953:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1862:
1861:0-930664-06-X
1858:
1854:
1850:
1847:
1843:
1842:
1838:Gilbert, W.:
1837:
1834:
1830:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1810:
1790:
1786:
1780:
1772:
1766:
1762:
1761:
1753:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1734:
1728:
1727:3-7965-2067-7
1724:
1720:
1716:
1713:
1712:3-17-017051-1
1709:
1706:, 1974/2001.
1705:
1701:
1697:
1696:
1695:
1685:
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1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1645:
1642:
1631:
1628:
1622:
1617:
1610:
1607:
1606:Theodore Beza
1603:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1562:
1559:Hans Holbein
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1536:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1483:Miguel Servet
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1441:
1439:
1438:Ancien RĂ©gime
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1422:Peasants' War
1419:
1414:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1378:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1312:JĂĽrg Jenatsch
1308:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1276:Three Leagues
1273:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1253:Gustav Adolph
1249:
1248:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1235:Jörg Jenatsch
1231:
1227:
1223:
1216:fort in 1641.
1215:
1212:Siege of the
1210:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1176:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1141:Goldener Bund
1138:
1134:
1131:, supporting
1130:
1126:
1118:
1117:Goldener Bund
1114:
1110:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
975:
973:
969:
968:
967:Landsgemeinde
963:
959:
958:
953:
949:
944:
942:
936:
934:
930:
926:
923:. In 1586, a
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
893:
889:
887:
883:
879:
875:
865:
856:
854:
850:
846:
841:
839:
835:
834:
829:
825:
821:
820:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
778:
774:
772:
768:
767:
761:
755:
753:
747:
745:
741:
740:
737:Christliches
734:
730:
726:
721:
719:
715:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
677:
672:
662:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
631:
626:
622:
618:
613:
604:
600:
598:
594:
590:
586:
585:Lord's Supper
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
560:
550:
547:
542:
540:
537:
533:
529:
525:
524:William Farel
521:
518:, and in the
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
472:
468:
466:
462:
453:
449:
445:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
411:
406:
402:
400:
396:
390:
388:
377:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
350:
348:
344:
343:Goldener Bund
339:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
285:
277:
273:
264:
259:
257:
252:
250:
245:
244:
242:
241:
238:
228:
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202:
199:
197:
194:
193:
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187:
186:
183:
180:
179:
173:
170:
167:
166:Federal state
164:
163:
162:
161:
158:
155:
154:
148:
145:
142:
139:
136:
133:
132:
131:
130:
126:
125:
119:
118:Ancien RĂ©gime
116:
113:
110:
107:
104:
103:
102:
101:
98:
95:
94:
88:
84:
81:
78:
74:
71:
68:
65:
63:
60:
59:
58:
57:
54:
53:Early history
51:
50:
46:
42:
41:
38:
32:
31:
26:
21:
20:
3198:
3193:Landeskirche
3191:
3117:Old Catholic
3102:Christianity
2979:National Day
2902:Coat of arms
2892:Architecture
2859:Swiss people
2849:Prostitution
2819:Homelessness
2789:Demographics
2774:Conscription
2711:Trade unions
2646:Central bank
2531:Human rights
2484:Constitution
2209:Subdivisions
2144:list of wars
2103:
2046:Major topics
2045:
1998:, in German.
1994:
1986:
1977:
1967:
1945:
1909:
1891:
1877:
1867:
1852:
1839:
1832:
1813:
1792:. Retrieved
1788:
1779:
1759:
1752:
1744:
1740:
1732:
1718:
1699:
1698:Im Hof, U.:
1693:
1599:
1560:
1541:
1523:witch trials
1516:
1503:
1497:
1491:
1447:
1417:
1410:
1382:
1374:
1371:Hans Holbein
1338:
1324:
1309:
1284:
1280:
1269:
1245:
1243:
1219:
1181:
1179:
1172:
1169:Saint Julien
1153:
1140:
1122:
1116:
1067:
1024:
1014:
1011:Ausserrhoden
976:
971:
965:
961:
955:
945:
937:
916:
898:
870:
842:
831:
817:
805:
801:
783:
763:
756:
748:
736:
724:
722:
682:
634:
628:
624:
617:Zwinglianism
609:
562:
543:
484:Schaffhausen
477:
457:
415:
391:
383:
365:
351:
342:
340:
299:
297:
272:
206:LGBT history
147:Regeneration
111:
2952:Röstigraben
2829:Immigration
2636:Agriculture
2510:Government
2394:Earthquakes
2119:Restoration
2104:Reformation
2067:Enlargement
2033:Switzerland
1904:Guerra, C,
1794:21 November
1574:cartography
1561:the Younger
1547:Renaissance
1519:witch-hunts
1454:Anabaptists
1450:Inquisition
1434:oligarchies
1369:A sheet of
1343:Swabian War
1337:. Although
1220:During the
1182:coup d'Ă©tat
1090:Pays de Gex
1086:Lake Geneva
1074:Charles III
1063:Lake Geneva
1039:Lake Geneva
874:concubinage
697:Unterwalden
647:Netherlands
641:, Hungary,
528:John Calvin
474:John Calvin
461:FraumĂĽnster
399:concubinage
395:indulgences
387:monasteries
352:During the
292: 1550
196:Immigration
174:(1914–1945)
149:(1830–1847)
143:(1814–1830)
141:Restoration
137:(1798–1814)
120:(1648–1798)
114:(1516–1648)
112:Reformation
108:(1291–1516)
36:Switzerland
34:History of
3219:Categories
2959:Literature
2814:Healthcare
2799:Euthanasia
2779:Corruption
2691:Swiss made
2670:(currency)
2573:Parliament
2568:Neutrality
2189:Swiss Alps
2129:World wars
2092:RĂĽtli Oath
1702:, 7th ed.
1589:architect
1583:florentine
1578:theodolite
1551:Paracelsus
1508:Bremgarten
1467:Felix Manz
1430:absolutist
1289:Valtellina
1281:von Planta
1247:Tagsatzung
1214:Hohentwiel
1190:Strasbourg
1174:L'Escalade
1015:Tagsatzung
987:Porrentruy
972:Tagsatzung
957:Landammann
925:nunciature
878:bishoprics
833:Tagsatzung
766:Landfriede
733:Strasbourg
480:St. Gallen
452:Iconoclasm
430:Einsiedeln
410:Hans Asper
374:Valtellina
366:Drei BĂĽnde
332:Protestant
201:Swiss Jews
172:World Wars
89:(900–1300)
62:Prehistory
3159:Ahmadiyya
2927:Languages
2794:Education
2716:Transport
2658:Companies
2501:Elections
2439:Mountains
2419:Hydrology
2356:Districts
2170:Geography
2077:Roman era
1602:Huguenots
1389:St Gallen
1387:) or 14 (
1376:Totentanz
1355:Neuchâtel
1320:Chiavenna
1285:von Salis
1230:mercenary
1129:Huguenots
1084:south of
1065:in 1536.
999:Appenzell
929:Capuchins
849:Charles V
794:Musso war
771:Habsburgs
754:in 1526.
739:Burgrecht
718:Solothurn
709:mercenary
635:Confessio
621:Calvinism
577:Eucharist
516:Appenzell
438:mercenary
368:) of the
79:(400–900)
73:Alemannia
67:Roman era
3149:Hinduism
3144:Buddhism
3041:Category
2986:Religion
2922:Helvetia
2917:Folklore
2834:Pensions
2764:Abortion
2696:Taxation
2558:Military
2467:Politics
2414:Glaciers
2382:By topic
2062:Timeline
2037:articles
1978:Escalade
1820:, 2002.
1789:ccel.org
1613:See also
1545:and the
1543:Humanism
1463:drowning
1397:smallpox
1339:de facto
1293:Habsburg
1283:and the
1186:Mulhouse
1162:and the
1088:and the
1082:Chablais
1078:Lausanne
1057:died in
729:Konstanz
714:Fribourg
651:Scotland
536:Savoyard
412:, 1531).
320:Catholic
182:Timeline
87:Burgundy
77:Burgundy
25:a series
23:Part of
3180:Related
3171:Sikhism
3166:Judaism
3025:Outline
2996:Symbols
2947:Romansh
2942:Italian
2907:Cuisine
2879:Culture
2864:Welfare
2844:Poverty
2839:Prisons
2752:Society
2706:Tourism
2641:Banking
2619:Economy
2424:Islands
2409:Forests
2389:Climate
2217:Cantons
2054:History
1963:Italian
1587:baroque
1512:Freiamt
1510:in the
1475:Moravia
1469:in the
1458:baptism
1379:, 1538.
1305:Austria
1272:Grisons
1267:again.
1261:Swedish
1119:of 1586
1106:enclave
989:in the
933:Altdorf
913:Lucerne
853:Swabian
826:in the
814:Sargans
810:Freiamt
792:in the
790:Grisons
764:Erster
701:Lucerne
639:Bohemia
565:Erasmus
520:Grisons
370:Grisons
314:of the
312:cantons
188:Topical
3046:Portal
2937:French
2932:German
2897:Cinema
2887:Anthem
2809:Health
2668:Franc
2663:Energy
2600:Voting
2489:Courts
2449:Rivers
2097:Growth
2035:
1957:French
1951:German
1916:
1898:
1884:
1859:
1824:
1767:
1725:
1710:
1595:Ticino
1566:botany
1471:Limmat
1418:Tauner
1393:plague
1385:Geneva
1318:, and
1316:Bormio
1194:Valais
1145:Guises
1102:Thonon
1047:Valais
1043:Annecy
1031:Geneva
954:, the
941:Glarus
909:Jesuit
882:Hebrew
703:, and
693:Schwyz
649:, and
645:, the
643:Poland
589:schism
569:Luther
532:Geneva
512:Glarus
492:Bienne
442:guilds
434:ZĂĽrich
356:, the
308:ZĂĽrich
168:(1848)
106:Growth
83:Swabia
27:on the
3154:Islam
3137:Minor
3095:Major
3032:Index
2991:Sport
2969:Music
2964:Media
2869:Women
2784:Crime
2444:Parks
2429:Lakes
2404:Fauna
1600:Many
1301:Milan
1198:RhĂ´ne
1059:Milan
1051:Italy
921:Milan
886:Greek
752:Baden
597:Rhine
510:. In
488:Basel
2912:Flag
2731:road
2726:rail
2536:LGBT
1985:The
1976:The
1960:and
1948:in
1914:ISBN
1896:ISBN
1882:ISBN
1857:ISBN
1822:ISBN
1796:2022
1765:ISBN
1723:ISBN
1708:ISBN
1485:was
1303:and
1270:The
1094:Nyon
1035:Vaud
1025:The
995:Birs
977:The
884:and
838:diet
731:and
716:and
619:and
539:Vaud
496:Bern
298:The
2721:air
2548:Law
1504:was
1465:of
1373:'s
1237:or
1184:in
962:two
705:Zug
689:Uri
3221::
2347:ZH
2342:ZG
2337:VS
2332:VD
2327:UR
2322:TI
2317:TG
2312:SZ
2307:SO
2302:SH
2297:SG
2292:OW
2287:NW
2282:NE
2277:LU
2272:JU
2267:GR
2262:GL
2257:GE
2252:FR
2247:BS
2242:BL
2237:BE
2232:AR
2227:AG
2222:AI
1954:,
1942:.)
1844:.
1816:.
1787:.
1597:.
1557:.
1477:.
1440:.
1391:)
1241:.
1017:.
981:,
974:.
935:.
746:.
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695:,
691:,
599:.
514:,
490:,
486:,
482:,
463:,
349:.
289:c.
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75:·
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3073:t
3066:v
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2018:t
2011:v
1972:.
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1828:.
1798:.
1773:.
1729:.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
